The beginning of Jewish history is connected with the biblical era. The biblical history of the Jewish people covers the period from the appearance of the Jews in the arena of history in the time of Abraham, as the founder of the Jewish people, to the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great.
As a nation, the ancient Jews took shape in 2000 BC. e. in the territory of ancient Canaan. Chronologically, the emergence of the Jewish people coincided with the era of the birth of the most ancient written civilizations, and geographically, its “national hearth” arose at the crossroads of the Ancient World - where the paths connecting Mesopotamia and Egypt, Asia Minor, Arabia and Africa meet.
According to the Jewish tradition recorded in the Torah, the Jewish people were formed as a result of the Exodus from Egypt and the adoption of the Law of the Torah at Mount Sinai. The Jews who came to Canaan were divided into Twelve Tribes - tribes descended from the sons of Jacob-Israel
XIII - XI centuries. BC: The Jews were divided into 12 "tribes" (tribes) descended from the sons of the patriarch Jacob-Israel.
1006 - 722 BC e .: the era of the kingdoms - until 925 BC. e. united kingdom of Israel, which then broke up into Israel in the north and Judah in the south. At this time, there is a consolidation of Jewish tribes around, built in Jerusalem by King Solomon - the so-called "Age of the First Temple".
722 - 586 BC e .: the period of existence of an independent kingdom of Judah, in which only 2 tribes remained: Judah and Benjamin. In 722 BC. e. after the capture of the capital of Samaria, the population of the kingdom of Israel - 10 tribes - was resettled by the Assyrians in Media, where, according to legend, it laid the foundation for the Jews of Armenia, whose community existed until the beginning of the 20th century, and the lahluhs of Kurdistan. The place of the deportees was taken by the Arameans, who, having mixed with the remaining Jewish population, laid the foundation for the Samaritan community.
586 - 537 BC: the period of the "Babylonian captivity". In 586 BC. e. The Babylonians conquered the Kingdom of Judah, destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem and drove a significant part of the population to Mesopotamia. Most of the Jews (50 thousand) returned to Judea, where the "Second Temple" was built (515 BC - 70 AD), around which the ethnic consolidation of the Jews takes place. Part of the Jews remained in Babylonia and laid the foundation for the Iranian Jews. According to Kartli tradition, Georgian Jews descended from the Jews of Mesopotamia.
537 - 332 BC: Development of Jewish religious culture based on ancient biblical tradition; transition to Aramaic as a spoken language.
332 - 164 years. BC: the era of the subordination of Palestine to the Macedonian kingdom, the Egyptian Ptolemies (301-198 BC) and the Syrian Seleucids. In the III century. BC e. with the favorable attitude of the Ptolemies, the Jews penetrated into Egypt, forming, in particular, a large community in the capital, Alexandria.
164 BC e. - 6 CE: The era of Judean independence, led by the Hasmonean (167-37 BC) and Herod (37 BC-6 CE, 37 -44). At this time, the Hellenized and non-Jewish Semitic populations of the Negev and Transjordan deserts were merging into the Jewish people.
6 - 131: the province of Judea, with its capital at Caesarea, within the Roman Empire. The Sanhedrin, which met in the temple of Jerusalem, led the life of the Jewish communities. The advent of the Judeo-Christians. In 66-70 years. there was an uprising of the Jews (I Jewish War), which ended in defeat and the expulsion or flight of a significant part of the Jews from Palestine. Jerusalem became the Roman city of Elia Capitolina and Jews were allowed to visit it only once a year.
136 - 438: The religious center of the Jews moved from Jerusalem to Galilee. There were now more Jews in the Diaspora outside Judea than there were left in it, although the main population of Palestine remained Jewish.
212 - 324: The Jewish population is integrated into the economic and social life of the pagan society of the empire.
219 - 1050: Mesopotamia - the center of Jewish culture and education.
324 - IX century: Jews of the Byzantine Empire are segregated from the bulk of the Christian population. The Jews enjoy, according to the "Code of Theodosius" (438), religious freedom, but they are forbidden to marry Christians. With 425 Jews dismissed from public services. There was a ban on the construction of new synagogues on the territory of the empire and on the possession of Christian slaves by Jews. In 545, Justinian II (527-565) introduced a ban on the ownership of synagogue land and some restrictions on the liturgical service. By the 4th century - the transition of the Jews from the Aramaic spoken language to Greek.
634: Muslims expelled Christians and Jews from southern and western Arabia, where Jews had lived since the 1st century BC. - the time of the destruction of the First Temple.
638 - 1099: Arabization of the Jewish population of Palestine.
IX - XI centuries: the peaceful stay of the Jews in the Catholic world of Western Europe; large communities of Jews live in 3 regions of Europe: in Spain, France and Germany; the beginning of the formation of the Ashkenazi subethnos ..
May-June 1096: pogrom of the Jews of Central Europe, from the Rhine to the Danube, carried out by participants in the First Crusade. 1st large emigration of Jews to Poland.
1096 - 1349: persecution and pogroms of Jews in Western Europe, caused by rumors of ritual murders, witchcraft and the spread of plague in 1348-1349.
XIII - XV centuries: the expulsion of Ashkenazi Jews from various countries of Western Europe and their resettlement to the east, where the center of Jewish culture moved. In 1290 Jews were expelled from various parts of Europe.
1333 - 1388: Call by King Casimir III the Great (1310/1333-1370) to populate the empty lands of Poland with Jewish settlers. In 1334 Casimir extended the extended "Statute of Kalisz" giving special rights to Jews. In 1388, Grand Duke Vitovt of Lithuania (c. 1350/1392-1430) issued a similar charter for Lithuanian Jews. Ashkenazim populate Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus.
XV - middle of the XVII century: "Golden Age" of Polish and Lithuanian Jews; The Commonwealth is the cultural and economic center of European Jewry. By the end of the XVI century. in the Commonwealth there were more than 100 thousand Jews - the largest number in Europe, up to 1/3 of the entire Jewish population of the earth.
the end of the 15th century: the resettlement of Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 (c. 165 thousand) and Portugal to Holland, England, Italy, Scandinavia and the Ottoman Empire.
1648 - 1656: the genocide of the Jews of the Commonwealth, carried out in Ukraine in 1648-1649 by the Cossacks of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (c. 1595-1657), who considered the Jews proteges of the pans, and in 1655-1656 in Poland by the Poles, who accused the Jews of collaborating with the Swedish invaders. Destruction of 700 Jewish communities in the Commonwealth. Killed 50-100 thousand Jews, reverse emigration of the Ashkenazi.
1734 - the beginning of the 20th century: Hasidism, a mystical movement in Judaism founded by Israel Baal Shem Tov, became widespread among the Ashkenazim of Poland, and later Russia. Modern Hasidim are regarded as Orthodox Jews.
1738 - 1772: Jewish pogroms in the Right Bank of the Polish Ukraine carried out by the rebellious Haidamaks. Most Jews of the world live in the Russian Empire in the "Pale of Settlement".
1789 - 1871: Jews receive civil rights and integrate into the society of Western European countries, leaving the Jewish quarters and ghettos.
1861 - 1948: the development of Zionism, a movement with the goal of returning Jews to their historical homeland in Israel.
1881 - 1924: Mass emigration of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe to the USA.
1882 -1939: "Aliya" - Mass resettlement of Jews from Europe to the USA, Palestine.
July 31, 1941 - spring 1945: The Holocaust - the systematic extermination of the Jew by the German National Socialists and collaborators. 5,820,960 people died.
1945 - 1946: a series of pogroms in Poland, of which the largest was the pogrom in Kielce on July 4, 1946, in which 42 people died. In total, as a result of 115 anti-Semitic actions, approx. 300 people. As a result of the pogroms, most of the approximately 200,000 Polish Jews who survived the Holocaust moved to Israel.
May 14, 1948 - present: mass immigration of Jews to the State of Israel, which adopted the ideology of Zionism and became the center of the Jewish world.
Expulsion of Jews. Photo of a Jewish girl
Chapter 1. Formation and development of the Jewish diaspora. 1.1 The emergence and development of the Jewish diaspora in the 19th and early 20th
1.2 Migration, number and placement of Jews in the Soviet period.
Chapter 2. Reproduction, sex, age and social composition.
2.1 Birth rate, death rate and sex and age structure. 2.2 Features of the social composition
Chapter 3. Ethnic processes among the Jewish population.
3.1 Traditional Jewish culture in the 19th - early 20th centuries
3.2 Development of assimilation processes in the Soviet period.
3.3 Anti-Semitism as a factor in ethnic processes.
Dissertation Introduction 2000, abstract on history, Proschenok, Tatyana Vladimirovna
Ethnic history is one of the key aspects of national history. Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in the interest of scientists and the general public in this problem. Due to the diversity of the ethnic composition of the population of Russia, the national question is traditionally of great importance, both politically and socioculturally. From a scientific point of view, turning to the study of the problems of various ethnic groups is a necessary condition for recreating a holistic and impartial picture of the historical development of the Russian state.
The Jews were one of the most numerous peoples inhabiting our country. The relevance of the research topic is determined primarily by the fact that the history of the Jewish population still remains a "blank spot" on the ethnic map of the Urals. The formulation of this issue is dictated by the need to fill a serious gap in historiography on the history of the Jewish people in Russia and the former USSR, as well as on the ethnocultural history of the Urals. The study of the development of the Jewish diaspora in the Urals is fundamentally important both for the historical self-awareness of the Jewish people themselves, and for the most complete disclosure of the problems of interethnic relations and cultural interaction between Jews and other peoples inhabiting the region.
The object of the study is the Jewish population in the Urals, belonging to the Ashkenazi sub-ethnic group. The Jewish population of the world is traditionally divided into a number of so-called communities, distinguished by the totality of their historical, geographical and linguistic features. The group of Ashkenazi Jews includes the descendants of the Jews of Eastern Europe who spoke Yiddish in the past. The Ashkenazim were chosen as the object of study as the most numerous sub-ethnic group of the Jewish population of Russia and the USSR.
The subject of the study is the demographic and ethno-cultural image of the Jewish diaspora in the region, which was formed as a result of a long process of historical development.
The purpose of the work is to study the direction and results of the process of historical development of the Jewish population in the Urals. Based on this goal, the following research objectives were identified:
To study the patterns of formation of the Jewish population in the Urals;
To identify the main migration flows of Jews to the region, to investigate their course, direction, causes and features;
Conduct an analysis of the dynamics of the number and distribution of the Jewish population;
To study the processes of the natural movement of the Jewish population;
Explore its social structure;
To analyze the course and results of ethnic processes, for which purpose to investigate the degree of adherence of Jews to traditional culture, to restore a retrospective picture of the cultural, religious and social life of the Diaspora;
To study the extent of the spread of anti-Semitism in the Urals, to study its role in the system of interethnic relations and its impact on changes in the ethno-cultural image of the Jewish population of the region.
The chronological framework of the work is the beginning of the 19th century - the 1980s. The lower chronological boundary is associated with the beginning of the formation of the Jewish population in the Urals. The choice of the upper chronological boundary is due to the date of the last All-Union population census (1989) and fundamental changes in the socio-political and socio-economic structure of the state that occurred in the early 1990s. The last decade of the 20th century is certainly one of the most interesting and dynamic stories in the history of the Jews of the former Soviet Union. However, the lack of a representative source base currently makes it impossible to objectively and fully study this story. Thus, the dissertation research covers the entire period of existence of the Jewish diaspora in the region, with the exception of the so-called post-Soviet period.
The territory that belonged in the 19th - early 20th centuries was chosen as the initial territorial boundaries. to the Perm province, one of the largest Ural provinces. Numerous changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Urals, which took place in the first decades of Soviet power, make it much more difficult to determine such a framework that would exactly coincide with the boundaries of the former Perm province. In this case, the most reasonable for the Soviet period is the choice of the territories of the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions (in the modern administrative-territorial division).
The methodological basis of the work is the principle of historicism, an objective account of all historical factors that determined the nature of the phenomena and processes under study. Trends in the historical development of the Jewish diaspora in the Urals are studied in the context of specific historical events in the country and region in each specific period. At the same time, the Jewish population of the Urals is considered, firstly, as a kind of independent whole, secondly, as one of the elements of the Jewish diaspora of Russia and the USSR, and thirdly, as an integral part of the population of the country and the region as a whole. For a deeper understanding of the causes and content of the main ethnic processes that took place among the Jewish population of the region, both the general laws of the functioning of the culture of the Jewish people and the socio-economic and political conditions that influenced the ethnic development of the Jewish diaspora are taken into account. The theoretical approach to the problems of the historical development of the Jews in the Urals is based on the main provisions of modern ethnology and historical demography.
The history of the Jewish diaspora in the Urals is extremely poorly covered in scientific literature. At the same time, the history of Russian and Soviet Jewry has a rich domestic and foreign historiography. The object of study in this area is the Jewish population of Russia and the Soviet Union as a whole, as well as individual problems of the ethnic history of the Jews. The author of the dissertation does not aim at a special analysis of historiography on the problem of the history of Russian Jewry, especially since in general works the questions of the formation and development of the Jewish population in the Urals, as a rule, are not touched upon. This review includes works directly used in the dissertation research.
Among the largest studies on the history of the Jewish people relating to the pre-revolutionary period, the works of Yu. I. Gessen and S. M. Dubnov should be mentioned. Extensive factual material on Jewish history and culture is contained in the Jewish Encyclopedia, published in Russia in the early 20th century. .
In the first decades of Soviet power, the growth of interest in the history of the Jews led to the appearance of many scientific publications on various aspects of this problem. Among them is an article by S. M. Ginzburg "Martyrs-Children", published in the journal "Jewish Antiquity" (1930). The object of the author's research is the institute of cantonists and its role in the policy of Christianization of Jews during the reign of Nicholas I. Along with unique data on the number of Jews in the battalions of cantonists, including data on the Ural battalions, the article contains extensive material on the legislative provisions that regulated the carrying of Jews recruitment, goals and methods of forced baptism of cantonists.
In the USSR since the late 1940s. the history of the Jewish population becomes almost a taboo topic for researchers. The study of this problem has been resumed only since the mid-1980s. Thus, the issues of migration, the size and distribution of the Jewish population in the 19th - early 20th centuries. found reflection in a number of works by N. V. Yukhneva. General problems of the evacuation of the Jewish population of the western regions of the Soviet Union, and in particular, issues of state policy in relation to the problem of evacuation, are considered in the articles by I. Arad and C. Schweibish. A fundamental study of the scale of human losses of the Jewish population of the USSR during the Second World War was carried out by MS Kupovetsky. A. Sinelnikov's articles are devoted to the issues of demography of Russian and Soviet Jews. So, in his work “Why is Russian Jewry Disappearing?” the researcher examines the dynamics of the main demographic indicators that characterize the state of the Jewish diaspora in the USSR and modern Russia, analyzes the reasons that caused the decrease in nominal numbers, birth rates, etc. Jewish population.
In the last decade, due to the increased interest of researchers in ethnic history, a large number of publications have been published on the content and consequences of the official policy of nation-state building in the USSR. Among such works are articles by Ts. Gitelman, R. V. Rybkina, D. Furman, A. M. Chernyak. The main focus of the authors is on revealing the reasons for the aggravation of the processes of acculturation and assimilation of Soviet Jewry and the actual decline of Jewish culture and self-consciousness. The works of R. V. Rybkina, in addition, contain data from a sociological survey conducted in 1995 among the Jewish population of the years. Yekaterinburg, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don and Khabarovsk and reflecting the current state of Jewish national culture and identity.
A special complex of Russian historiography is made up of studies devoted to certain issues of Russian and Soviet history, affecting, in addition, some aspects of the history of the Jewish people. Among them are the works of historians - demographers S. I. Bruk and V. M. Kabuzan. They contain extensive information about the quantitative characteristics of the Jewish population of the Russian Empire, and the dynamics of the Jewish population in the pre-Soviet period is traced.
Specific issues of migration processes in the Soviet era are considered in a number of scientific works devoted to both the Jewish population of the USSR and the population of the country as a whole. So, when studying the migration of Jews of foreign subordination to the Urals in the 1930s. we used the work of S. V. Zhuravlev and V. S. Tyazhyalyshkova “Foreign Colony in Soviet Russia in the 1920s-1930s (Problem Statement and Research Methods)”, as well as the works of A. V. Bakunin. To study the fate of migrants - foreigners, the article by N. V. Petrov and A. B. Roginsky "The Polish operation of the NKVD 1937 - 1938" is of considerable value, revealing another aspect of Stalin's repressions - terror against former citizens of Poland, among which a significant part were Jews. A similar aspect is also considered in the monograph by V. 3. Rogovin "The Party of the Executed" and a number of other publications.
The problem of the deportation of Jewish refugees to the eastern regions of the USSR in the early 1940s. was reflected in the studies of N. F. Bugai, A. E. Guryanov, V. N. Zemskov. In addition to describing the content side of these migration processes, the authors provide statistical material on the number of Jews - Polish refugees on the territory of the Soviet Union and the Ural regions.
A great difficulty for the researcher is the study of the migration of the Jewish population during the Great Patriotic War. The evacuation of Jews to the Urals during this period led to a significant increase in the Jewish population, but it is very difficult to trace the specific dynamics of the number. Information about the total number of arrivals in the Urals, the placement of evacuees and their approximate national composition is contained in the works of A. A. Antufiev, G. E. Kornilov, V. P. Motrevich.
In the last decade, the number of publications devoted to the problem of nationalism and its historical development in Russia has grown significantly. In 1992, S. A. Stepanov’s monograph “The Black Hundred in Russia. 1905-1914, entirely devoted to the activities of the Black Hundred organizations and the problem of anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire. In 1994, a monograph by the Ural historian I. V. Narsky was published. In it, the author presents extensive factual material on the activities of the Black Hundreds in the territory
Ural, about the extent of spread of anti-Semitic sentiments in various social circles, analyzes the number of Black Hundred organizations, the extent of their political influence, etc. From the point of view of the problems posed in this dissertation, the work of I. V. Narsky is of great interest and scientific value.
Foreign historiography on the problems of the history of the Jewish population of Russia and the USSR is very extensive. Of great interest and scientific value is the Brief Jewish Encyclopedia - an ongoing publication of the Society for the Study of Jewish Communities (published since 1972 in Jerusalem). This consolidated reference book on Judaica contains rich factual material on both the key issues of Jewish civilization in general and their manifestations on the territory of the Russian Empire and the USSR, its scientific assessment is given within the framework of a single conceptual approach.
Particular attention of foreign researchers is attracted by the demographic development of the Jewish population of the former Soviet Union. This interest is due to a number of crisis demographic phenomena among the Jewish diasporas in many countries of the world. A detailed development of this problem is contained in the works of the prominent demographer Sergio Della Pergola. The problem of the social composition of the Jewish population of Russia and the USSR is reflected in the work of A. Nov and D. Newt.
General issues of the policy of the Russian state towards the Jewish population are reflected in the monograph by D. Bayel, where the problems of the history of the Jewish population of Europe and the Russian Empire are considered in the context of modernization processes (unlike other works on this issue, the distinguishing feature of which is ethnocentrism) . The dissertation work also used the article by R. Pipes "Catherine P and the Jews: The Origin of the Pale of Settlement". The famous American scientist offers his own interpretation of the main factors that contributed to the emergence in the Russian state of such a unique phenomenon as the “Pale of Settlement”. The problem of anti-Semitism, its origins and forms, received a detailed consideration in the conceptual monographs of X. Arendt, W. Lacker, M. Hay.
Summing up the literature review, it should be noted that it is mainly devoted to general issues of the history of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, as well as some aspects of the historical development of the Jewish population of Russia and the USSR. This complex of literature makes it possible to sufficiently investigate the patterns of development of the Jewish diaspora in our country, to identify the main trends in ethnic processes characteristic of Russian and Soviet Jewry, as well as the main directions of state policy towards the Jewish population. Despite the rapid growth of interest in the history of the Jewish population in Russia and the USSR, the history of regional groups of the Jewish population in Russia is not always adequately reflected in the works of researchers. As for the Urals, to date there is no comprehensive study on this issue. The exception is publications devoted to its individual narrow aspects.
One of the first attempts to comprehend the formation and development of the Jewish diaspora in the Urals was made in the second half of the 1980s. Perm scientists B. I. Burshtein and A. I. Burshtein. In the work “Formation of the Jewish population of the city of Perm”, the authors proposed a periodization of the processes of migration of the Jewish population to the Urals and, using the example of the city of Perm, described the main features of its stages. This periodization, in our opinion, is quite reasonable and is the basis of this work. Using a relatively small source base, the authors managed to identify the most important patterns in the formation of the Jewish population of the Urals. On the other hand, the publication is of an overview nature, and therefore many issues of the history of the Jewish diaspora in the region were not disclosed in it. Thus, the study almost does not touch upon the problems of the specifics of the Ural region and its impact on the social composition of the Jewish population.
Particularly noteworthy is the article by A. I. Burshtein and B. I. Burshtein “The Dynamics of the Nominal Fund of the Jews of Perm. 1918-1987 (name of a small group in a multinational city) ". Based on the study of qualitative and quantitative changes in the nominal fund of the Jewish population of the city throughout the Soviet period, the authors trace the processes of acculturation and assimilation of this ethnic group, the impact of state policy on the self-consciousness of Perm Jews. Unique in its methodology, the study contains valuable material for developing questions of the ethnocultural history of Jews in the Urals.
In the 1990s As part of the study of various individual aspects of the history of the Jewish population in the Urals, a number of popular science publications appear. The undoubted value of these works lies in the richness of factual material, first introduced into scientific circulation. Thus, the study of the history of the Jewish population of the city of Perm was carried out by A. Bargteil and X. Pinkas. Turning to archival sources, the authors were able to recreate the general milestones of the social, cultural and religious life of the Jewish population of the city during the 19th-20th centuries. A similar publication devoted to a brief history of the Jews in Yekaterinburg, Perm and Tyumen was written by I. E. Antropova and M. I. Oshtrakh.
The problem of anti-Semitism and its manifestations in the Urals is reflected in the works of I. Balonov, S.L. Belov, A.S. Kimerling, O. Leibovich. Of great interest to researchers are the biographies of the Ural Jews, figures of science, culture, and education. In this regard, I would like to especially note the works of Yu. E. Sorkin, A.V. Wolfson, M.S. Lutsky, who collected and summarized unique historical and biographical material. Thus, the reference book by Yu.E. Sorkin “Famous Doctors - Jews of Yekaterinburg” contains data on doctors of Jewish nationality who worked in Yekaterinburg at the end of the 19th-20th centuries. The book of essays by A. V. Volfson “The Jews of Uralmash in the years
Great Patriotic War” includes, in addition to information about Jewish workers in the Ural heavy industry, interesting material on the problem of the evacuation of the Jewish population to the Urals during the Great Patriotic War.
Among the latest publications concerning the problems of ethnic culture and self-consciousness of Jews in the Urals, sociological studies conducted in the first half of the 1990s are of considerable value. among the Jewish population of the Perm region and the city of Yekaterinburg. The results of these studies reflect the current state of the Jewish diaspora in the region, which has become the result of a long process of demographic, social and cultural transformations among the Jewish population.
In general, the literature review shows that researchers of the history of the Jews of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union have accumulated extensive factual and theoretical material on various aspects of this problem. The study of historiography is of great importance in terms of clarifying the general trends in the historical development of the Jewish population of our country. At the same time, the history of the Jews of the Urals actually remains unstudied, since so far it has not been the subject of special research either in domestic or foreign historiography.
On the other hand, the availability of a very informative source base to a certain extent compensates for the lack of research on this topic. The dissertation work is based on the analysis of an extensive complex of archival materials and published sources. Among the archival documents, files from 62 funds of 9 archives of the country were used in the work: the State Archives of the Russian Federation (SARF), the Russian State Archives of Economics (RGAE), the Russian Center for the Storage and Use of Documents of Recent History (RTsKhIDNI),
State Archive of the Administrative Bodies of the Sverdlovsk Region (GAAOSO), State Archive for the Politically Repressed of the Perm Region (GADPR PO), State Archive of Recent History and Socio-Political Movements of the Perm Region (GANIOPD PO), State Archive of the Perm Region (GAPO), State Archive of the Sverdlovsk region (GASO), the Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region (TsDOOSO).
According to the type classification adopted in source studies, the sources involved in the study can be divided into the following categories: legislation, office documentation, statistical sources, periodicals, reference publications, works of memoirs and fiction. Consider the information potential of each of these complexes.
Legislative sources are of great value for studying the main directions of state policy on the Jewish question, some aspects of the historical development of the Jewish population of the Russian Empire and the USSR, as well as the very approach of the authorities to determining the legal status of Jews. This type of source is represented primarily by documents of the 19th - early 20th centuries: decrees, manifestos, royal orders, charters, regulations, etc. In addition to information about the content of a specific decision taken, legislative acts sometimes include a description of the situation or precedent that caused the issuance of a new act. As part of the documents of this complex, in addition to legislative acts published in various publications (Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, Code of Laws of the Russian Empire) and periodicals, there are never published acts that were confidential. Legislative sources of the Soviet period include decrees and resolutions of higher and central state bodies.
Office documentation is the largest array of archival materials used in the work. It contains documents of the central and local authorities of the pre-Soviet and Soviet periods, as well as documents of the mining administration of the Urals, the Orthodox Church
XIX - early XX centuries) and central and local bodies of the CPSU (b) - the CPSU. As part of this array, the following groups of documents can be distinguished: correspondence, petitioning documents, judicial and investigative, administrative, military, reporting documentation, protocols, etc.
Documentation relating to the pre-Soviet period belongs to the funds of GAPO and GASO. Basically, these are cases that arose in the process of control of local authorities over the arrival, residence and economic activities of Jews in the Urals. A characteristic feature of these documents is that a significant part of them belongs to the funds of the mining administration, which confirms the influence of the specifics of the region on the formation and development of the Jewish population. The used array of documents from the pre-Soviet period contains detailed representative information on various aspects of the problem under study. This information is practically not reflected either in the scientific literature or in published sources and is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
In the complex of office documentation, a significant amount is correspondence. It has a wide variety of documents. Of particular interest are the instructions, instructions, orders, circulars of local authorities on the issues of residence and economic activities of Jews in the region. This file is closely connected with legislative acts, since the documents belonging to it often explain certain nuances of the legislation on the Jewish question in relation to the territory of the Urals. The study of this set of sources is fundamentally important for clarifying the problem of the legal foundations for migration and the economic activity of the Jewish population in the Urals, as well as for the implementation of all-Russian legislation on the "Jewish question" in the localities. Another type of correspondence is the correspondence of lower bodies with higher ones: reports, reports, petitions, etc. Basically, these are documents of the control of various local authorities over the residence of Jews in the Perm province.
Important material was extracted from the files of the mining administration funds - the Ural Mining Administration (GASO.F.24), the Head Office of the Yekaterinburg Mining Plants (GASO.F.25), the Office of the Chief Head of the Ural Mining Plants (GASO.F.43). The materials of the mining administration funds fully reflect the peculiarities of determining the rights of Jews in the sphere of residence and activity at the Ural mining plants. In particular, much attention in the documents of these funds is paid to the practice of observing the decree of Alexander I of December 19, 1824 on the prohibition of the residence of Jews in areas subordinate to the mountain administration. The funds of the organizations of the mining department also contain reporting documentation on the stay of Jews in the service in mining plants, and materials related to the baptism and religious activities of Jewish servicemen of the mining battalions.
The work also used office documentation from the funds of the Perm provincial government (GAPO.F.36) and the Office of the Perm Governor (GAPO.F.65). Among the materials of these funds, of great interest are the reports of district police officers on the number and composition of Jewish refugees from the period of the First World War, sent to live in the Perm province. It should be noted that this aspect of the migration of the Jewish population to the region as a whole is rather poorly reflected in the sources and literature, and therefore the study of documents of the provincial authorities is of particular importance. In addition, from the materials of these funds, reports of police police officers on the number of prayer houses of the Jewish faith in the Perm province, as well as a case that arose on the report of the Krasnoufimsk district police officer about the riots in the city of Krasnoufimsk associated with manifestations of interethnic hatred, were involved in the study.
A number of sources used in this work belong to the funds of the police oversight bodies - the Yekaterinburg city police (GASO.F.35), the Verkhotursky district police department (GASO.F.621), the Verkhotursky district police officer (GASO.F.183). In the complex of materials from these funds, reports on the size and social composition of the Jewish population living in various districts of the Perm province should be highlighted. They contain lists of names of Jews indicating the type of occupation, the date of arrival in the given area, the place of registration and the grounds on which the person received the right to reside outside the "Pale of Settlement". The disadvantage of this type of source is the lack of unity of place and time, since the reports were compiled according to separate instructions of the Perm Governor and refer to the Jewish population of different counties in different periods of time. An exception is the reports of the Yekaterinburg city police (GASO.F.35), on the basis of which it is possible to trace the dynamics of the number of Jews in the city in the 1840s-60s, their gender and age composition, and also to reveal some information about religious activities.
The funds of the police supervision bodies also contain an array of documents on the economic activities of Jews (issuing certificates for various types of occupations, etc.). In addition to information about this activity, this documentary complex includes numerous excerpts from the legislation on the "Jewish question" and their interpretation, i.e., reveals the mechanism for applying laws to the Jewish population of the Perm province.
A certain part of archival sources of the pre-Soviet period is concentrated in the funds of local city governments and current administrative accounting bodies. These include, in particular, the funds of the Yekaterinburg City Duma (GASO.F.8), the Yekaterinburg City Council (GASO. F.62) and the Perm City Information (GAPO.F.35). The documents of these funds mainly reflect the details of the economic and religious life of the Jews in the cities of Perm and Yekaterinburg. For example, the files of the Yekaterinburg city government contain data on the national composition of persons engaged in private entrepreneurship, including information on the size of the capital of enterprises in the national context. Similar information is contained in the documents of the Perm city information. Local self-government bodies also resolved some issues related to the religious activities of the Jewish population. Thus, the materials of the funds of these bodies include documents on the permission of the Jewish communities to construct buildings for cultural and religious needs.
From the point of view of studying the processes of the conversion of Jews to Orthodoxy, the documents of the funds of organizations of the spiritual department are of great interest. These include the fund of the Ekaterinburg Spiritual Consistory (GASO.F.6). In this department, questions about the acceptance of Jews into Orthodoxy were resolved, the relevant petitions of persons of the Jewish faith were sent here.
A significant place among official office work is occupied by forensic investigative documentation. In the course of the trial and investigation, various types of documents were formed: testimonies of the accused and witnesses, memos of investigators, indictments, statements of the defendants, and a court verdict. In the dissertation work, materials of criminal cases, one way or another related to the research issues, were used.
The problem of the conversion of Orthodox Jews to Judaism is reflected in the materials of the Yekaterinburg District Court (GASO.F.11). These are the judicial and investigative cases of Jewish residents of the city of Yekaterinburg, which arose as a result of the latter's refusal to profess Orthodoxy. The information potential of the source is very high. It fully reflects the legal issues and conflicts of this problem, contains copies of legislative acts, references to similar precedents in Russian criminal practice, detailed information about the accused, etc.
Forensic documentation was also used as a source on the history of ethnic hatred and anti-Semitism. This is a set of cases for investigating the riots on October 19-20, 1905 in Yekaterinburg from the fund of the prosecutor of the Yekaterinburg District Court (GASO.F.180). They mainly contain testimonies of witnesses, victims and defendants, as well as physical evidence, in particular, leaflets. With all the subjective nature of this source, it is indispensable in the study of the public sentiments of the inhabitants of Yekaterinburg in relation to the Jewish population, as well as in the study of the activities of the Black Hundred organizations. It is interesting that representatives of the most diverse social strata note the presence of an anti-Semitic orientation in the actions of the Black Hundreds in their testimony, which is another proof of the real existence of pogrom sentiments in the events of October 1905.
A very informative source that significantly fills in the gaps in the history of the Jewish population of Yekaterinburg in the 1840s-50s. is military documentation. These are books of orders of the linear Orenburg battalion No. 8, subordinate to the mountain administration (GASO.F.122). Books of orders provide the researcher with valuable information about the number of Jews in the battalion, the demographic characteristics of Jewish soldiers (in particular, marriage and mortality), religious life, the adoption of Orthodoxy, the attitude of the military authorities towards this category of persons, etc. The disadvantage of the source is its formal and bureaucratic nature, due to which some aspects of the stay of Jews in the army are reflected incompletely or distorted.
Record-keeping documentation of the Soviet period is concentrated in the funds of central and local archives (GARF, RGAE, RTSKHIDNI, GAAO SO, GADPR PO, GANIOPD PO, GAPO, GASO, TsDOOSO).
The documents of the central government authorities used in the dissertation research belong to the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). These sources were involved in the work to study such little-known aspects of the history of the Jewish diaspora in the Urals as labor and forced migration of Jews to the region in the 1920-40s. So, in the fund of the People's Commissariat of Labor of the USSR (F.5515-r), memorandums on the use of foreign workers in various industrial enterprises, summary statements on the number of this contingent by industry were deposited. Of considerable interest are documents that arose in the course of the activities of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs-NKVD of the USSR. These include certificates and statements about the number and placement of Jews - Polish refugees deported in 1940 to the eastern regions of the USSR (fund of the 4th special department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs). The “Special Folder” of the Secretariat of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR (F.9401-r) contains documents on the repatriation of former Polish refugees from the USSR to Poland in the second half of the 1940s. This aspect of the migration of the Jewish population is reflected in more detail in the documents of the fund of the Main Resettlement Administration under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR (F. A-327) - references and memorandums on the number of former Polish citizens who left for Poland.
The presence in the collections of central and local archives of documents of organizations whose activities were aimed at implementing the goals of state policy in the field of Jewish culture and education, greatly facilitates the solution of many of the tasks set in the study. In particular, the documents of the funds of the All-Union Society for the Land Management of Working Jews (GARF.F.9498-r) and the Perm branch of this society (GAPO F.210-r), which mainly include the minutes of meetings of the organizing committees of these organizations, reveal the features of the social economic transformations among the Jewish population, contain data on OZET organizations in the Urals, their subsidiaries, the number of young people employed at these enterprises, etc. Materials from the fund of the Union of the Societies of Handicraft and Agricultural Labor among the Jews "ORT-Ferband" (RGAE.F.5244-r) contain documents on the employment of Jews - citizens of European countries in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s-30s.
Some of the sources used in the work belong to the funds of the Central Bureau of Jewish Sections under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (RTSKHIDNI. F. 445) and the Department of the Central Commissariat for Jewish National Affairs under the Perm Gubernia Executive Committee (GAPO. F. 945-r). The functions of these organizations included the management of the activities of Jewish public educational institutions. The information potential of these archival materials makes it possible to study the main milestones of cultural policy among the Jewish population of the Urals in the 1920s, its influence on ethno-cultural processes. Similar information is quite widely presented in the documents of the funds of the departments of public education under the local Councils of Deputies (GAPO.F.23-r; GASO.F. 17-r, 233-r).
The documents of the funds of local authorities and state administration are very informative. These are mainly the funds of the administrative departments of the executive committees of the Councils of Deputies of various levels (GAPO.F.115-r; GASO.F. 102-r, 286-r, etc.). Since the powers of these bodies included control over religious and cultural organizations (in particular, the issues of granting and withdrawing prayer houses were resolved here), the records of the administrative departments contain information about various details of the life of the Jewish communities in Perm and Sverdlovsk.
The religious life of the Jewish diaspora of the Urals in the post-war decades was reflected in the documents of the fund of the authorized Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Perm Region (GAPO.F. 1204-r) and the fund of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU (TSDOOSO.F.4). The annual reports of the representatives of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions contain data on the number, composition and activities of the Jewish communities in the years. Perm and Sverdlovsk. Of great interest is the case of the Jewish religious community in the city of Sverdlovsk (1920-1938) from the fund of the Police Department for the Sverdlovsk Region of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (GASO.F.854-r).
Of considerable interest for the study of such a little-studied aspect of the history of the Jews in the Urals as the evacuation of the Jewish population to the region during the Great Patriotic War are the documents of the funds of the department for the economic organization of the evacuated population in the Sverdlovsk region (GASS). F.540-r) and the resettlement department of the Sverdlovsk regional executive committee ( GASS).F.2508-r). Documents of organizations involved in the reception, registration and employment of the evacuees include lists and information on the number of this category of migrants in certain cities and districts of the Sverdlovsk region, as well as memos on the welfare of the evacuees. These sources in some cases contain valuable information about the ethnic composition of the evacuation population, and in addition, important evidence about the mood of the local population regarding the evacuees, including those of Jewish nationality.
The information potential of sources on the Soviet period allows us to explore such an aspect as the problem of anti-Semitism. Basically, this aspect was reflected in the documents of the funds of local party bodies: the Perm Regional Committee of the CPSU (GANIOPD PO.F.Yu5), the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU (ODOOSO.F.4), the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the Komsomol (TSDOOSO.F.61) . Among these documents are memos of secretaries of party cells of enterprises and organizations on cases of anti-Semitism (1920-30s), memos of secretaries of party organizations on consumer services for the evacuated population (1941-1945), information letters from local regional committees of the CPSU to the Central Committee of the CPSU about the reaction of the population to the "case of doctors" (1953), etc.
A large array of documents is represented by the personal files of persons of Jewish nationality who lived and worked in the Urals. In the collection of the Ts DOOSO (funds of local party committees), these are mainly documents of Jewish members of the CPSU (b) - CPSU, employees of the administrative apparatus and some mass professions. Personal files contain an extensive range of information of a historical and biographical nature and make it possible to trace the fate of specific people in connection with historical events. In the dissertation work, this source is used as an illustrative material in the analysis of the social composition of the Jewish population of the Urals.
In addition, the study used the personal files of Jews convicted during the Stalinist repressions of 1937-38 (collection of the SAAOSO and the GADPRPO). Although the dissertation does not aim at a special study of the national aspect of political repressions, these sources are used to concretize such issues as the migration of Jews of foreign citizenship to the Urals in the 1930s. and the further fate of this category of migrants. The personal files of the repressed Jews-foreign nationals include a profile of the person under investigation containing biographical data, as well as court and investigation materials (interrogation protocols, indictment, verdict of the "special troika"),
The dissertation work also used scientific publications of documents from the central archives. These are documents that reveal the peculiarities of the national and cultural policy of the Soviet state, the attitude of the authorities to the "Jewish" question. Among them is a recording of a conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and a delegation of the Workers' Progressive Party of Canada, during which the situation of the Jewish population in the USSR was discussed. Problems of emigration of the Jewish population from the Soviet Union in the 1970s. found reflection in the publications of notes and references of the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the Central Committee of the CPSU. Of great interest are also the publications of the memorandums of the chairmen of the Council for Religious Affairs under the SNK of the USSR. They contain information about the state of the Jewish religious communities during the Great Patriotic War.
In general, it can be stated that office documentation is one of the most important sources on the subject under study; its information potential is very high and allows for a multilateral full-fledged study of most aspects of the history of the Jewish population in the Urals.
Statistical sources are widely used in the work to study the demographic characteristics of the Jewish population. These include the censuses of the Russian Empire and the USSR (1897, 1920, 1923, 1937,
1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989). In addition, the dissertation uses data from administrative and police records of the population of the Perm province and data from labor statistics (1950-1970s).
Statistical sources include information about the size of the Jewish population, its location, specific gravity, social, professional, class, sex and age composition, marriage rate, literacy rate, degree of language acculturation, etc. The study of this type of sources allows us to solve a significant part of the tasks set in the dissertation.
The specificity of statistical sources is associated with a certain degree of inaccuracy or incompleteness of information. This applies primarily to population statistics in the pre-Soviet period. First, statistical accounting in the 19th century. in general had many significant shortcomings. Secondly, a confessional sign was taken as the basis for determining ethnicity (in the language of the official terminology of the 19th and early 20th centuries, “Jew” meant “Jew”), which means that baptized Jews fell into the Orthodox population. Nevertheless, the statistical data of the pre-Soviet period are an important source in terms of numbers, distribution, specific gravity, etc. Jewish population of the region.
Information about the quantitative characteristics of the Jewish population in the Urals is presented in a number of reference publications and dictionaries (V. Vesnovsky, P. Golubev, X. Mosel, P. Semenov, and others). As a rule, these data are obtained in the course of current administrative and police records. The reference book by P. Golubev published the results of the 10th revision of the population in 1857 in the Perm province. The most informative source is the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. It should be noted that by the time of the 1897 census, the Jewish diaspora of the Urals had already been sufficiently formed, acquired its own characteristics, and, therefore, the analysis of the data from this source makes it possible to trace all the specific features Jewish diaspora. The population census of 1897 provides the researcher with very detailed information about the size of the Jewish population, its location and proportion, social, professional, estate, sex and age composition, marriage rate, literacy rate, degree of linguistic acculturation, etc. Despite the fact that the results of the census have some defects, this source is indispensable in the study of the local characteristics of the Jewish population.
As for the statistical account of the Jewish population in the Soviet period, it also did not cover the entire population of this ethnic group. Since self-consciousness was used as a criterion for determining nationality during the All-Union population censuses (i.e., the nationality was indicated by the subject of the survey), the assimilated Jews were counted as representatives of other nationalities. Another drawback of the All-Union population census data is their incompatibility. Since the administrative-territorial division of the Urals underwent a number of changes in its development (in 1918, 1919, 1923, 1930, 1934, 1938, 1941), attempts to trace the dynamics of the Jewish population within the boundaries of any territory over a long period of time cannot guarantee obtaining reliable results. With a high degree of certainty, only the data of the 1959-1989 censuses can be compared, since during this time, the administrative-territorial division of the Urals remained unchanged. In addition, in the published materials of the All-Union population censuses of 1939 and 1959. Jews - Ashkenazi and other sub-ethnic groups of the Jewish population (Mountain, Georgian, Crimean, Central Asian Jews) are not separated into different categories, which makes it difficult to compare the data of these censuses with subsequent ones, where Jews of Ashkenazi origin were counted separately from other groups.
The information of the All-Union population censuses is less detailed than the data of the First General Population Census of 1897. The development of results in the national context usually included the number, share, composition by sex, and information about the native language. On the other hand, such a unification of data makes it possible to identify the dynamics of the main demographic indicators of the Jewish population of the Urals.
In addition to published statistical sources (see above), unpublished data on the statistics of the Jewish population of the Urals in the Soviet period were also used in the work. Among them are the results of the All-Union Population Census of 1937 (the so-called "repressed census", the results of which were published only in brief) and the All-Union Population Census of 1939. This source belongs to the fund of the Russian State Archive of Economics "Central Statistical Office (CSO) under the Soviet Ministers of the USSR "(F.1562-r). The population census of 1937 was involved in the study to study such an aspect as the migration of Jews of foreign citizenship to the Urals in the 1930s. It contains information about foreign citizens of Jewish nationality who were on the territory of the USSR at the time of the census, indicating their location, citizenship and gender. The data of the 1939 census for the Molotov and Sverdlovsk regions include information on the number and proportion of the Jewish population, its gender and age composition and native language.
The study also used documents from the fund of the statistical department of the Sverdlovsk region of the Central Statistical Office under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (GASO.F.1813-r). These are the annual reports of scientific institutions and organizations of the Sverdlovsk region for the 1950-70s. on the number and composition of specialists. It is important that this source includes information about the ethnic composition of scientists, which to some extent fills in the gaps in the study of the structure of employment of the Jews of the Urals.
The periodical press includes materials from the local pre-revolutionary newspapers Dumy Ural, Ekaterinburgskaya Nedelya, Yekaterinburg Diocesan Gazette, Zauralsky Krai, Ural, Uralskaya Zhizn, and Uralsky Krai. Basically, this source contains information from local chronicles or correspondence, as well as publications of legislative provisions regarding the Jewish population. The advantage of the source lies in the relevance of the published information and its detail. This information reflects the most diverse aspects of the life of the Jewish diaspora in the region: features of migration, economic, cultural, social, religious activities, the legal status of Jews, etc. Periodicals, in addition, are an indicator of the spread of anti-Semitic sentiments in society, therefore, can serve as a source for studying anti-Semitism in the Urals. However, this is precisely why one should approach with great caution the assessments that are given in the periodical press of events related to the Jewish population, since. the period to which this source refers is characterized by an increase in anti-Jewish sentiments at the public and state levels.
Another set of sources is made up of various reference publications published in the 19th and early 20th centuries, including commercial and industrial reference books and address calendars. In addition to information about the size of the Jewish population of the Urals (see above), they contain valuable information about the occupations, social, cultural and religious activities of the Jews living in the Perm province. Similar information is presented in reference and statistical publications of the Soviet period.
The works of memoirs and fiction include the novel by A. I. Herzen "The Past and Thoughts" and the story by D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak "The Gide". In the novel by A. I. Herzen, the writer's meeting with a stage of Jewish boys - cantonists is described. The story of the famous Ural writer is dedicated to D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak's friend, doctor B.I. Kotelyansky, who lived in the second half of the 19th century. in Yekaterinburg. These works not only reflect the atmosphere of the era, but also convey specific historical realities associated with the life of the Jewish population of the Urals.
Let us sum up some results of the review of historiography and sources on the subject of the dissertation work. The presence of a number of studies on the history of the population of Russia and the USSR in general and the history of the Jewish population of our country in particular makes it possible to identify the main patterns
27 of the historical development of this ethnic group, which is important when studying the regional groups of the Jewish diaspora in Russia and the USSR. To some extent, these patterns are covered in publications on the history of the Jewish population of the Urals. But since, in general, the issues of the history of the Jewish population of the region are poorly reflected in the literature, the sources are of particular importance and significance. They contain rich factual material, on the basis of which it is possible to study the main trends in the historical development of the Jewish diaspora of the Urals and to fully solve the problems posed in this study.
Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "The Jewish population of the Urals in the XIX-XX centuries."
These conclusions are confirmed by data on the demographic development of the Jewish population of the Russian Empire as a whole. The birth rate of the Jewish population, which was very high until the middle of the 19th century, began to decline sharply by the end of the century, and at the beginning of the 20th century. was one of the lowest in Russia. In 1896-1897. it was 36.0% for the Jewish population, and 50.0% for the country's population on average. .8, Catholics - 149.0, Mohammedans - 166.4).
When analyzing the census data on the age composition of the Jewish population, attention is also drawn to the low proportion of age groups aged 40 years and older. Using the terminology of E. Rosset, we can say that the Jewish population of the province was in the stage of demographic youth (the proportion of people over 60 was less than 8%). The gap between the indicators for the Jewish population and the population of the province as a whole was 2.6% in the age group of 40-49 years old, 1.6% in the age group of 50-59 years old and 2.7% in the age group of 60 years and older (see Fig. Table 4). It is characteristic that, in terms of average life expectancy, Jews at the end of the 19th century. yielded only to Latvians, Lithuanians and Estonians: it was 36.6 years for men and 41.4 for women (for Russians, respectively, 27.5 and 29.8, for Ukrainians 36.3 and 36.8, for Belarusians 35.5 and 36.8). The death rate of the Jewish population was in 1896-1897. 18%o against the national average of 32%o. In addition, the Jewish population was also distinguished by a lower proportion of people suffering from illnesses and severe physical ailments. In the country as a whole, this figure for Jews was 3.27 per 1,000 people. against 4.17 per 1 thousand people. in the general population. , in the Perm province, respectively, 2.8 per 1 thousand people. and 5.0 per 1 thousand people.
Thus, a small percentage of older generations in the Jewish population of the Urals was not the result of a high mortality rate. This peculiarity of the age structure is rather explained by the fact that the bulk of the Jews of the Ural diaspora arrived in the region in the 1860s and 1990s. and by the time of the census had not yet reached the age of 40 (people of young age traditionally take the most active part in migration processes). In addition, there were administrative obstacles to settling outside the "Pale of Settlement" for the elderly. According to Article 3 of the clarification to Art. 13 app. to Art. 68 of the Charter on Passports, ed. 1903, the right of residence outside the "Pale of Settlement" under the Jewish head of the family (in his care and on the same passport with him) was used by: wife, sons until adulthood, daughters before marriage, brothers and sisters until adulthood and in the event that parents are no longer alive. The residence of parents was allowed only if, for health reasons or due to advanced age, they could not do without outside care and at the same time did not have the means to live in the "Pale of Settlement". For the settlement of elderly parents with their children outside the "Pale of Settlement", special permission was required from the Ministry of the Interior.
The First General Population Census also provides very important information for demographic research on the composition of the Jewish population of the Perm province by sex in ten-year age groupings (see Table 5).
List of scientific literature Proschenok, Tatyana Vladimirovna, dissertation on the topic "National history"
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47. Ginzburg S.M. Decree op. pp. 55-56, 76
48. GASO. F. 122, Op. 1.D. 12.L.56 ob-57 ob., 63-65 ob.
49. Ibid. F. 122. He. 1. D.23. L.58-58 rev.
50. Ibid. F.35. Op.1. D.563. T.2. L.340
51. Ibid. F.122. Op.1. D.23. L.55-57
52. Ibid. F.122. Op.1.D.42.L.19-20
53. Ibid. F.24.0p.32.D.4560L1-1 rev.
54. Golubev P.A. Historical and statistical tables for the Perm province, compiled from reports, yearbooks and special editions of various ministries. Perm, 1904.- P.75
55. Perm province // Jewish Encyclopedia. T. 12.- P.444
56. Commemorative book of the Perm province for 1863, published under the Perm provincial government by the editor of the unofficial part of the Perm provincial journals S.S. Penn Perm, 1862.-S. 102-111
57. Perm province / / Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Russian Empire / Ed. P Semenov. SPb., 1865, - T.4.-S.61
58. Mosel X. Materials for the geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Perm province.- SPb., 1864-P.2.-S.468
59. Bargtail A., Pinkas X. Op. P.173
60. Jews // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus Efron.- T.11.- S.45730. There.
61. Yekaterinburg week. -1879. -No. 7
62. Vesnovsky V.A. All Yekaterinburg. Directory-yearbook.- Yekaterinburg, 1903,- P.16
64. Vesnovsky V. A. All Yekaterinburg, - S. 17
65. City of Yekaterinburg. Collection of historical, statistical and reference information on the city, with an address index and with the addition of some information on the Yekaterinburg district, - Yekaterinburg: Publishing house of I.Isimanov, 1889.- P.97
66. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897. XXXPerm province. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Central Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1904, - P. 92-95, 98-100
67. Vesnovsky V. A. All Yekaterinburg. S. 15
68. GASO. F.24. Op.32. D.4560.L.8-9
69. Ibid. Op.24. D.8170.L.1-1940. There. D.8165. L. 1-9
70. Kabuzan V.M. The peoples of Russia in the first half of the 19th century: Number and ethnic composition, - M .: Nauka, 1992 P. 162
71. Ryvkina R.V. Jews in post-Soviet Russia, who are they? - M., Publishing house of URSS, 1996.-p.15
72. Cities of Russia in 1910, - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Central Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1914, - P. 714
73. GAS0.F.62.0p. 1.D.524.L. 136
74. State Archive of the Perm Region (GAPO). F.36.0p.Z.D.2.L. 19-68, 98-102
75. Ibid. Op.2.D.40, 42, 46,48,49,52; There. Op.11.D.184
76. GAS0.F.621.0p.1.D.255.L.1-8, 48.456 rev., 493-494; D.258.L.26v.,33
77. Ibid.D.238.L.38; Uryson NS. Explanation by the Senate of the electoral rights of certain categories of Jews//Pravo.-1912.-№28.-S. 1496
78. GAS0.F.621.0P.1.D.255.L.38.94
79. Ibid. L.91 rev.; GAS0.F.24.0p.23.D393.L.16-16 rev.
80. GAP0.F.36.0pL.D.Z.L, 16 ob-17.21.50; There.Op.Z.D.1.L,50
81. GAS0.F.621.0p.1.D.255. L. 181-181 rev.53. Ibid.L.4854. Ibid. D.258.L, 3-3 v.55. There.D.255.L.91
82. Ibid. D.255.L.38.48; D.258.L.26-27 v.57. “You can lean on a bayonet, you can’t sit on it” / Publ. prepared Stepanova V.//Source. -1993. -Number 3. -FROM. 5 8, 63
83. Kupovetsky M.S. The Jewish population of Moscow (XV-XX centuries) / / Ethnic groups in the cities of the European part of the USSR M, 1987 - P.61
84. GAS0.F.62.0p.1. D.435.L.21-21 v.60. Ibid.D.87.L.27-27 rev.
85. Chlenov M.A. Jews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994.-S.156
86. GAPO.F.Zb.Op. 11.D.6.L. 1.563. Ibid.L. 13-14 about., 62
87. Ibid.L. 18, 22-24, 26-27 v.65. Ibid.L.42-43, 76
88. Ibid. Op.Yu.D.19.L.194; F.65.0p.5.D.156.L.173
89. There.F.65, Op.5.D. 156.L. 17068. Ibid. Op.Z.D.596.L.1
90. Ibid.L.20-21; GAS0.F.24.0P.32.D.4511.L.51
91. GAPO.F.65, Op.5.D. 156.L. 170-171; There.F.146.0p.1.D.21.L.67-70, 80-88
93. Voroshilin S.I. Temples of Yekaterinburg, - Yekaterinburg, 1995.-S.95
94. GAP0.F.36.0p.Z.D.2.L. 131-137
96. GAP0.F.36.0p.Z.D.56.L.22, 78
97. Ibid.F.43.0p.1.D.1420.L.2, 7
98. Migration, number and distribution of Jews in the Soviet period
99. Chlenov M.A. Jews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia, - P.156
100. Israel: people in the Diaspora// Brief Jewish Encyclopedia (KEE).- Jerusalem: Ed. Society for the Study of Jewish Communities, 1986, - Т.З. - С.318
101. GASO.F.17r.Op. 1.D.838.L.229-229 rev.
102. Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region (TsTs00S0). F.76.0p.1.D.427.L.15-15 v.
103. GAPO.F.945r.Op.1.D.4. L. 120.129; D.13.L.1-2
104. Russian Center for the Storage and Use of Documents of Recent History (RTSKHIDNI). F.445.0p. 1. D.31.L. ten; GASO.F. 17r. Op. 1.D.821.L.27-287. GAPO.F.484r.Op.2.D.64.L.7
105. RTSKHIDNI.F.445. Op. I. D. 31L 8a-8a ob9. KomZESHSEE.-T.4.-S.434
106. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). F.9498r.Op.1.D.161.L.47-48v.,70
107. GARF.F.9498r.Op.1.D.261.L.17; GAPO.F.2Yur.Op.1.D.12.L.2.12; D.25.L.36; DAL. 13812. GAP0.F.2Yur.0p.1.D.4.L.113
108. GARF.F.9498r.Op.1.D.311.L.Z
109. Ibid. D.161.L.6.29; D.261.L.7, 14-15.17; GAPO.F.2Yur.Op.1.D.4.L.138; CD00S0.F.4.0P. 10.D.695.L.71-72
110. GALO.F.210r.Op. 1.D.6.L. 17
111. Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE).F.5244.0p.1.D.238.L.89-90
112. Kozlov V.I. Nationalities of the USSR: Ethno-demographic review M. Finance and statistics, 1982.-p.141
113. GARF.F.5515.Op.ZZ.D.26.L.70
114. Ibid. Op.23.D. 1.L. one; D41.L.21-22; D.42.L.5
115. RTSKHIDNI.F.17.0p.120.D.35.L.7-8
116. Zhuravlev S.V., Tyazhelnikova B.C. Foreign colony in Soviet Russia in the 1920-1930s (Formulation of the problem and research methods) / / Otech. history.-1994.-W.-S.184
117. Irbe K.Zh. International relations of the Urals and foreign workers in the pre-war five-year plans // Industrial Ural: Abstracts of the reports of the regional scientific and practical conference. 1996, - Yekaterinburg: USTU, 1997.-p.37
118. RGAE.F.5244, Op. 1.D.553.L.77
119. TsDOOSO.FAOP. 11.D556.L. 126
120. Ibid. Op.10.D.696.L48; Op.11.D.556.L.88,91,98,108,126-127; Op.13.D.150.L.5-12; F.88.0p.1. D. 176. L. 2-8; D.217. L 4-5
121. Zhuravlev S V., Tyazhelnikova V.S. Op. 181
122. GARF.F.5515.Op.23.D.60.LL;GASO.F.693-r.Op.1.D.1.L.41,60,68,98,103,104; CD00S0.F.4.0P. 10.D.697.L. one
123. RGAE.F.1562.0p.329.D.148.L. 1-109; D149.L.1-136
124. State Archive of the Administrative Bodies of the Sverdlovsk Region (GAA0S0).F.1.0p.2.D.475Yu.L.Z,475
125. Petrov N.V., Roginsky A.B. Polish operation of the NKVD 1937-1938 - p.40
126. SAAESO.F. 1. Op.2.D.ZZ 19.2679.1243; State Archive for the Politically Repressed of the Perm Region (GADPRPO).F. l.on. 1. D. 1875.2339
127. SAAESO.F. 1 Op.2.D.34114.T. 1.L.311-321
128. All-Union census of the population of 1937. Brief results M .: Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1991- P. 91-92
129. Jewish Refugees from Poland in Belorussia, 1939-1940//Jews in Eastern Europe.-Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997.-№1(32). pp.46-47; Catastrophe//КЭЭ.-Т.4.-С. 142.166
130. Guryanov AE. Polish special settlers in the USSR in 1940-1941. // Repressions against Poles and Polish citizens, - M .: Links, 1997, - Issue. 1,- S. 11841. Ibid.-S. 120
131. Bugay N.F. 179
132. Zemskov V.N. Special settlers (according to the documents of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR) // SOCIS.-1990, - No. 11.-S.7
133. GARF.F.9479.0p.1.D.61.L.111
134. Parsadanova B.C. Decree op. pp.37-38
135. Motrevich V.P. Foreign citizens in the Urals in the 40s// The Urals in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Ekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History and Archeology, 1995, - P. 97
136. Paletskikh N.P. Decree op. P.338 See also: Goldstein G. Pages of our life//Menorah. -1996.-No. 11 -12.-S. four
137. GASO.F.693-r.Op.2.D.Z.L.Z-4; State Archive of Recent History and Socio-Political Movements of the Perm Region (GANIOPD P0).F.Yu5.0p.6.D.216.L.8; D.224L 13-14; Op.7.D.71.L.45-47; D.301.L.ZZ
138. Kupovetsky M.S. Human losses of the Jewish population in the post-war borders of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War / / Vestn.
139. See: Arad I. Attitude of the Soviet leadership to the Holocaust / / Vestn.Evr. University in Moscow.-1995.-No. 2 (9). S. 17, 22-23; Catastrophe//KEE. - V.4.- S. 167; Schweibish C. Decree. op. - P.41, 48, 50-52
140. Kornilov G.E. Ural village and war. Problems of demographic development. - Yekaterinburg: Uralagropress, 1993. P.99
141. GASO.F.540-r.Op. 1.D.94.L. 10; f.2508-r.0p. 1.D.20.L.97; D.84.L.2-23
142. Wolfson A.V. Jews of Uralmash during the Great Patriotic War. Documentary essays, Yekaterinburg: Lavka, 1998.-p.32
143. GASO.F.540-r.Op. 1.D.91.L.23-73v.; Wolfson A.V. op.cit -S.33
144. Kornilov G.E. Decree op. S.98; Potemkina M.N. The problem of evacuation and the evacuated population in the Urals during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. (Historical and party aspect): Diss. . cand. ist. Sciences. - Chelyabinsk, 1994. -p.204
145. Kornilov G.E. Decree op. S.101,109; GASO.F.2508-r.Op.1.D.23.L.53
146. GASO.F.2508-r.Op. 1.D.92. L.7-7ob.61. Arad I. Op. S.29,31
147. GARF.F.9401-r.Op.2.D. 105.L.21
148. Bugai N.F. Decree. Op.-S. 180; GARF.F.A-327.0p.1 D.5.L.255
149. GARF.F.5446.0P.47.D.63.L.5-10
150. GARF.F.A-327.0p.1.D.14.L.24-26,33-34; GASO.F.2508-r.Op. 1.D.87.L.2266. Bugay NF.Decree Op. P. 184
151. Nov A., Newt D. The Jewish population of the USSR: demographic development and professional employment / / Jews in Soviet Russia (1917-1967). - Jerusalem, 1975 -S. 166
152. Barggale A., Pinkas X. Op. cit. pp. 95-96
153. Burshtein A.M., Burshtein B.I. Formation of the Jewish population of the city of Perm.-S.93-94
154. Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. P.62; Samuels R. On the Paths of Jewish History. -M.: Library-aliya, 1991.-p.356
155. Ryvkina R.V. Jews in modern Russia//Social sciences and modernity. 1996.-As5.-C.55
156. Bargtail A., Pinkas X. Op.cit. S. 1761. To chapter 2
157. Birth rate, death rate and sex and age structure
158. GASO.F. 122.0p.1.D.48.L.67
159. Burshtein A.M., Burshtein B.I. Formation of the Jewish population of the city of Perm. S. 92
160. GASO.F.122.0p.1.D.29.L.50; Ibid.D40.L.152: Ibid.D.42.L.116v.; There. D.44.L.188
161. GASO.F. 122.0p.1.D.ZZ.L.57; D.36.L.77; D.38.L.1 vol.; D.40.L.238v.; D.42.L.245; D44.L.39, 63, 145, 164, 177
162. GASO.F. 122.0p.1.D38.L.1 rev.
163. GASO.F. 122.0p. 1.D. 14.L.8-8v.; D17.L.101 rev.; D.23.L.103v.; D.ZZ.L.12, 18
164. GASO.F. 122.0p. 1.D.23.L.55-58
165. Mosel X. Materials for the geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Perm province. - St. Petersburg, 1864, -4.1. P.292
166. Commemorative book of the Perm province for 1863, published under the Perm provincial government by the editor of the unofficial part of the Perm provincial sheets S.S. Penn S. 102-105
167. Calculated according to: First General Census of the Russian Empire, 1897 Russia//КЭЭ.-Т.7.-С.383
168. Beizer M. Jews in St. Petersburg. Israel. Library - Aliya, 1990. - S. 106
169. Rosset E. The process of population aging. demographic research. M.: Statistics, 1968. - P.69
170. Chernyak A.M. Decree op. -S.21816. Russia//КЭЭ.-Т.7.-С.383
171. Stepanov S.A. Black Hundred in Russia. 1905-1914 M.: VZPI Publishing House, Rosvuznauka JSC, 1992.-p.24
172. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897 XXXG Perm province. - P. 166
173. GAPO.F.36.0p.Z.D.2.L.88,120
174. See: Age pyramid // Population: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-Chief G. G. Melikyan. Editorial Board: A.Ya. Kvasha, A.A. Tkachenko, N.N. Shapovalova, D.K. Shelestov, - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994640 e.-S. 5221. Russia//KEE. T.7. - p.382
175. The population of the USSR for 70 years. M.: Nauka, 1988. - P.78
176. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897 XXXG Perm province.-S. 158-159
177. GAP0.F.37.0p.6.D.Yu92.L. 186-189, 190-193 v.25. Ibid.L. 14-28.29 vol.-40
178. See: Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. S. 17; Russia//KEE. - Jerusalem: Ed. Society for the Study of Jewish Communities, 1996. - T.7.- P.382
179. Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. -FROM. eighteen
180. Demography//KEE. T.2. -p.321; National policy of the CPSU (b) in numbers. - M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, 1930. - P. 40; Peoples of Russia. - p.20
181. GAPO.F.484-r.Op.2.D.64.L.7
182. Kozlov V.I. Nationalities of the USSR. Ethno-demographic review M.: Finance and statistics, 1982.-S. 154
183. RGAE.F.1562.0p.336.D.324.L.732. Ibid
184. RGAE.F.1562.0p.336.D.306.L.8; D.323.L.8; D.324.L.6
185. Kupovetsky M.S. Human losses of the Jewish population in the post-war borders of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War / / Vestn.
186. Sinelnikov A. Why does Russian Jewry disappear?//Vestn. Heb. university in Moscow. -1996.- No. 2 (12). -p.51-67
187. See: Demography/LSEE. T.2. - P.319; Kotov V.I. Ethno-demographic situation in the RSFSR in the 60-80s// Patriotic history. - 1992. - No. 5. - P.40; Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. - p.20
188. Kupovetsky M.S. Human losses of the Jewish population in the post-war borders of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War// Vestn.Evr.un-ta in Moscow. -1995.-№2. -FROM. 148
189. Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. -S.21
190. The result of the All-Union population census of 1970. - M.: Statistics, 1973. V.4. -p.373
191. Ryvkina R.V. Jews in Modern Russia//Social Sciences and Modernity. -1996,- №5.-p.48-49
192. Burshtein A.M., Burshtein B.I. Formation of the Jewish population of the city of Perm. -S.94
193. Results of the All-Union population census of 1959. RSFSR. -M.: Gosstatizdat, 1963. -S.326; Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1979. -M., 1989. T.4.-S.305,336
194. Kupovetsky M.S. Jewish population of Moscow (XV XX centuries).- P.67
195. Chernyak A.M. op.cit. S.220-221
196. Sinelnikov A. Why does Russian Jewry disappear?//Vesgn. Heb. university in Moscow. -1996, - No. 2 (12). -p.55
197. Razinsky G.V. Jews of the Russian province: strokes to the social portrait//SOTSIS. 1997. No. 10.S.37,3948. Russia//KEE. T.7. - p.402
198. Features of the social composition
199. Bromley Yu.V. Ethnosocial processes: theory, history, modernity. M.: Nauka, 1987. - S.202-204; Starovoitova G.V. Ethnic group in a modern Soviet city. - L.: Nauka, 1987. - S.78-79
200. Sinelnikov A. Socio-demographic consequences of limiting marriages between Jews in the German states in the XVII-XIX centuries.// Vestn. Heb. University in Moscow. -1993.-№3.-S. 34
201. Residence // Jewish Encyclopedia. T.7, - S.591
202. Jews // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - St. Petersburg, 1893. T.P. - S. 454-455
203. GAS0.F.621.0p.1.D.255.L.153; There. F.35.0p.1.D.464.L173; See also: Kupovetsky M.S. Jewish population of Moscow (XV-XX centuries) pp. 60-62
204. GASO.F.35.0p.1.D.563.T.1.L.75.90
205. Ibid. F.122.0p.1.D.17.L.Yu1 v.; D.38.L.122 about
206. Ibid.F.122.0p.1.D 14.L.1 v.; D25.L.9 v.; D.44.L.152; D.38.L.85 rev.
207. Flisfish E. Cantonists. Tel Aviv: Effect Publishing, B.G. - P.228-229
208. GAS0.F.122.0p.1.D.166 ob.-167
210. Stepanov S.A. Black Hundred in Russia. 1905-1914 M.: VZPI Publishing House, Rosvuznauka JSC, 1992.-p.45-46
211. Russia//Jewish Encyclopedia.-T. 13.-S.659-654
212. Jews // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. T. 11.-S.460
213. Stepanov S.A. Op.cit.- P.45-46
214. GAS0.F.62.0p.1.D.524.L.138 rev., 140 rev.
215. Sorkin Yu.E. “Kheirug” means “freedom” // Tikvateynu. - 1996. - No. 7-8, - P.2; Yekaterinburg week, - 1893.-17 Oct.; Ibid. - 1894. - July 24
217. GAPO.F.35.0p.1.D.266.L.40v.-68
218. GASO.F.8, Op. 1.D. 1989.L.49-50
219. Ibid.F.8.0p.1.D. 1988.L.3-4v.,38-39
221. Yekaterinburg and the Urals. Commercial and industrial reference book for 1914 - Yekaterinburg, 1914.-p.317
223. GAS0.F.621.0P.1.D.255.L.493-49426. Ibid.L.827. Ibid.D.258.L.26v.,28
224. Ibid.F.62, Op. 1. D.87. L. 1-12; 34rev.
225. There.F.621.0p.1.D.238.L.1330. Ibid.D.255.L.38,4531. Ibid. L.515-518 rev.
226. Ibid.F.62, Op. 1.D.87.L.7-40
227. Ibid.F.621.0p.1.D.138.L. 12-15 about.
228. Ibid.F.24.0p.32.D.4560.L.8-9
229. Ibid. Op.24.D.8165. L. 10-1136. Ibid.L.1-9; L.54-54v.
230. Ibid.F.24.0p.32.D.4560.L. 1 vol.
231. Ibid. Op.23.D.393L 13.15-15v.
232. Ibid. Op.32.D.4560.L.1v.-2
233. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897 XXXG Perm province. - S. 186
234. GASO.F.24.0p.23.D.393.L.20-22, 28-31, 51-54
235. Ibid. Op.24.D.8165.L.22-23
236. All Yekaterinburg. Commercial and industrial reference book for 1910 - Yekaterinburg, 1910.-S. 128
237. GAS0.F.621.0p.1.D.255.L.212-239, 535-539 about
238. Ibid.F.62.0p. 1.D.435.L.26-35
239. Sorkin Yu.E. Famous doctors - Jews of Yekaterinburg. Biographical guide. Yekaterinburg: Ed. gas. "Stern", 1997.- P.60-61
240. GASO.F.621. Op. 1. D.258. L.34-35
241. Bargail, A., Pinkas, X. Op.cit., p. 175
243. Yekaterinburg week. 1895.-Sept. 24; Ural Territory, - 1909.-28 Feb.; GASO.F. 11. Op. 1.D 5748. Sheet 32v.
244. Yekaterinburg and the Urals. Commercial and industrial reference book for 1914 - p.308
245. TsOOSO. F.6. OPL.D.1493.L.2 rev.
246. GAPO.F. 115r.Op. 1. D. 101 .L. 1-3; Ibid.D. 102. L. 1,4,6
247. GAPO.F. 115r.Op.1.D.146.L.46-48
248. Israel: the people in the Diaspora//КЭЭ.-Т, 3.-С.318; See also: Social portrait of the dispossessed (on the materials of the Urals): Sat. documents / Comp. E.V. Baida, V.M. Kirillov, L.N. Mazur and others; Rep. ed. T.I. Slavko.- Ekaterinburg: USU, 1996.-p. 105-106
249. Israel: people in the Diaspora//KEE. T. 3 .-S. 320
250. National policy of the CPSU (b) in numbers M., 1930 - S.282
251. GASO.F.233r.Op. 1.D.1158.L.10-11
252. Nov A., Newt DUkaz.op.-S. 186
253. Israeli people in the Diaspora//КЭЭ.-Т.3.-С.320
254. RyvkinaRV. .Jews in the post-Soviet Russia! - Who are they? - M, Publishing house of URSS, 1996.-S.61
255. Province in figures. Monthly Bulletin of the Ekaterinburg Provincial Statistical Bureau, -1923.-No. 3 (11).-S. 12
256. National policy of the CPSU (b) in numbers. pp.290-29164. There. S.284 -285
257. GASO.F.233r.Op.1.D. 1158. L. 10-11
258. Province in numbers, - 1923. - No. 3 (11). - P. 12
259. TsDOOSO.F.b.Op. 1. D. 1493.L.Z
260. Israel: people in the Diaspora//КЭЭ.-Т.3.-С.319
261. Nov A., Newt D. Ukazhoch. S. 179
262. Wolfson AV. Decree op. pp.36-37
263. See: Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia.-S.456; Radaev VV Ethnic entrepreneurship: world experience and Russia// Polis. 1993.- №5.- P.83 - 84
264. Nov A., Newt D. Decree cit. - S. 18973. Ibid. -FROM. 190
265. GASO.F.1813-r.Op.11.D.116.L.2-3v., D.588.L.5v.
266. Ibid. D.514.L.39 rev.-166 rev.
267. Ibid.L.49v. 72v, 166v
268. Ryvkina R.V. Jews in post-Soviet Russia. pp.65-6678. There.
269. Razinsky G.V. Jews of the Russian province: strokes to the social portrait//SOTSIS. 1997. Sh0.S.36-381. To chapter 3
270. Traditional Jewish culture in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
271. See: Yu.V. Bromley. Ethnosocial processes: theory, history, modernity. M.: Nauka, 1987. - P. 74; Kazmina O.E., Puchkov P.I. Fundamentals of ethnodemography: Proc. allowance. - M. . Science, 1994. - S.90-91; Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. - -S.461,466
272. For details see: Jew//КЭЭ.-Т.2.-С.405-411; Judaism//KEE.-T.Z.-S.975-977
273. See: Halakha//КЭЭ.-Т.2.-С.7-16; Pilkington S.M. Judaism / Per. from English. EGBogdanova. -M. FAIR PRESS, 1998. - P.74
274. See: Chlenov M.A. Jews//Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedia.-S. 152-153; Hebrew language//КЭЭ.-Т.2.-С.631-639; Yiddish language//КЭЭ.-Т.2.-С.664-671
275. See: Members M.A. Jews// Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedia - S. 154; Jews // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary - St. Petersburg, 1893. T.P. - S.454; Zhidovshiy//КЭЭ.-Т.2.-С.508-510
276. Ginzburg S.M. Decree.op., - S.55-58; Flisfish E. Op. cit. - P.222-225
277. Ginzburg S.M. Decree op. S.60, 78-79
278. GASO.F. 122. Op. 1.D. 12.L.93; D.14.L.5rev., 27.59.75.119; D.17.L.8, 47v.; D.20.L.38, 42; D.25.L 3 ob., 65.89; D.36.L.43; D.38.L.7 rev., 158
279. See: Kantonisgy//КЭЭ.-Т.4.-С.77; GASO.F.24.0p.23.D.7190.L.8-8v.
280. GASO.F.43 Op.2.D. 1518. L.2v; There. F.24.0p.23.D.7190.L1 rev.
281. GASO.F.43.Op.2.D. 1386.L.1-7v.; There. F.122.0p.1.D.14.L22
282. GASO.F. 122.0P.1.D.36.L.43-43 ob.13. There. D. 12. L. 62 v. 14. There. D.23.L. 19-20 rev.
283. See for example: GASO.F. 122.0p.1.D25.L.21; Ibid.D.27.L.6; There.D.29.L10 about
284. GASO.F.122.0pL.D.23.L.20ob.17. There. D.36.L125
285. GASO.F.35.0p.1.D.464.L.130,134
286. Ibid. F.43.0p.2.D. 1366.L.1-6
287. Ibid. F. 122.0l. 1D42.L.116 rev., 144 rev.
288. There. F.35.0p.1.D662.L.158,179
289. Bargtail A., Pinkas X. Op.cit., - P.172
290. GAS0.F.25.0p. 1.D.2398.L.2-14
291. Bargtail, A., Pinkas, X. Op. cit., p. 174
292. See: City of Yekaterinburg. Collection of historical, statistical and reference information on the city, with an address index and with the addition of some information on the Yekaterinburg district. - Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of II Simanov, 1889. - P. 944
293. Vesnovsky V.A. All Yekaterinburg. Directory-yearbook - Yekaterinburg, 1903 -p.227
295. Cities of Russia in 1910 shdu.-S.734
296. Jews // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron.- T. 11.- P.456
297. Mosel X. Materials for the geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Perm province.- SP6.D864.-P.2.-S.427
298. Bargtail A., Pinkas X. Op.cit. P.174; GAP0.F.37.0p.6.D. 1092.LL 89
299. Ural commercial and industrial address-calendar for 1907. P.53
300. Address-calendar of the Perm province for 1910 Perm. Publishing House of the Perm Provincial Statistical Committee, 1909. - S. 179
302. City of Yekaterinburg. Collection of historical, statistical and reference information on the city, with an address index and with the addition of some information on the Yekaterinburg district. S.944
303. Pilkington S.M. Op.cit.- S.13538. There.-S. 119.169
304. Perm province / / Semenov P. Geographical and statistical dictionary of the Russian Empire. - SPb., 1865 T.4.-S.61
305. Overview of the Perm province for 1904. Perm: Typo-lithography of the Provincial Board, 1904. - P.68
306. Review of the Perm province for 1913. Perm: Typo- lithography of the Provincial Board, 1914.-S. 125
307. GAP0.F.35.0p. 1.D270.L. 1-3
308. Chlenov M.A. Jews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia, - S. 155
310. Yekaterinburg week. 1888. - No. 3346. GAPO.F.35.0p.1.D.240.L.63
311. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897 XXX Shermskaya province, -S. 122-12348. There. -S.98
312. See: Sinelnikov A. Socio-demographic consequences of restricting marriages between Jews in the German states in the XVII-XIX centuries / / Vesta. Heb. University in Moscow.-1993.-№3.-p.40-44
313. Demography//КЭЭ.-Т.2.-С.З11
314. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897 XXXG Perm province, - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Central Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1904, - P. 98
315. GAS0.F.6.0p.4.D.277.L.1-2v., 19-21
316. GAS0.F.6.0p.4.D.87.L. 7,125,172,185,204
317. The first General census of the population of the Russian Empire, 1897. ХХХЗ. Perm province, - S. 27055. Ibid.S.98
318. Yekaterinburg week. 1888. - No. 5
319. GASO.F. 11.0p.5.D.4049.L.17-20 rev., 38A058. GAS0.F.6.0p.4.D.87.L.185
320. See: Flisfish E. Cantonists. Tel Aviv: "Effect Publishing" - pp. 280-286
321. GAS0.F.6.0p.4.D. 186.L.2 vol. 3 vol.
322. GASO.F. 11.0p.5.D.3960.L6,14-21 rev.
323. GASO.F. 11.0p.5.d.4049. L.38-40,42-42 ob63. Ural. 1905. - 14 Sep.
324. See for example: GAS0.F.6.0p.4.DL86
325. See for example: Beizer M. Decree. op. p.229
326. See: GAP0.F.36.0p.2.DL7,21,22
327. GAP0.F.36.0p.Yu.D.25.L.2-11
328. Voroshilin S.I. Churches of Yekaterinburg. Yekaterinburg, 1995, -p.95
329. GAPO.F.36, Op.4.D.58.L. 1-4
331. See: Mikve//KEE.T.5.S.346-347
333. GASO.F.62, Op. 1.D.599.L 12a, 35-35 rev.
334. Yekaterinburg and the Urals. Commercial and industrial reference book for 1914 Yekaterinburg, 1914.-p.303
335. Trans-Ural region. -1916. Feb 28; There. - 1916. - 27 Apr.77. GAP0.F.36.0p.Z.D.43.L.21
337. Yekaterinburg and the Urals. Commercial and industrial reference book for 1914 Yekaterinburg, 1914. -p.212
339. GAPO. F.65. Op. 5 .D. 156.L. 171
340. Perm Jewish children's hearth. 1st year of existence (February 1, 1916 to December 31, 1916). Perm, 1917. -S.1,12,14
342. Development of assimilation processes in the Soviet period
343. Decrees of Soviet power (October 25, 1917 March 16, 1918). - M.: Politizdat, 1957.-S.39-40
344. Jewish Commissariat//KEE. T.2. - P.421-422; Evsektsiya // Ibid. - p.464
345. Gitelman Ts. Op. Op. P.40
346. Ibid; Jewish Commissariat//KEE. T.2. - p.422
347. See: GAPO.F.945-r.Op. 1 D.2.L.98. There. D. 10.L. 1419. Ibid.D. 12. L.9,43,50
348. Ibid. D. 12.L 8.49; D. 15.L. 1311. Ibid.D. 12.L. 16-17,2012. There. .D.4.L.17013. Ibid.D. 10.L.47-47 rev.
349. GAPO.F.115-r.0p.1.D.146.L1,44-48,143
350. GASO.F. Yu2-r.Op. 1 D.502.L.8
351. GASO.F.17-r.Op.1.D.821.L25,100,16517. Ibid.D.838.L.223
352. Ibid. D.821.L. 165-166; D.838. L.220-220 rev.
353. Ibid.D.821.L.6-6v., 27; RTSKHIDNI.F.445.0p.1.D.31.L.10 about.
354. TsD00S0.F.76.0p. 1.D.427. L. 15-15 about.
355. GAPO.F.23-r.Op. 1.D. 176.L.42;GASO.F. 17-r.Op.1.D.838.L.229;F. 102-r.Op.1.D.502.L.8
356. GAPO.F.945-r.Op. 1. D.2. L 38 D.4.L. 100;D.6. L.9; D. 11 L If APO.F.23-r.Op.1.D.176.L44
357. Lenishrad//KEE.T.4.S.778; Moscow//KEE.T.5.S.477
358. All-Union population census of 1926. M.: Ed. Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR, 1928.-V.4.-S. 103-134
359. RGAE.F.1562.0p, 336.D.306.L.8; D. 323.L8-9; D.324.L.7
360. See: Zhyromskaya V.B. Believers and non-believers in 1937: demographic characteristics // Population of Russia and the USSR: new sources and research methods. -Ekaterinburg, 1993. -p.28
361. GASO.F. Yu2-r.Op. 1.D.376.L.244
362. GAPO.F. 945-r. Op. 1.D.2.L.3529. There. L.27
363. GAPO.F.945-r.Op. 1.D. 10.L. 15231. Ibid.L.55
364. GAPO.F.115-r.Op. 1.D.97.L. 152 -153 rev.
365. RTSKHIDNI.F.445.0p.1.D.31.L91 ob34. There.
366. GASO.F. 102-r.0p. 1.D.502.L. one
367. GASO.F.854-r.Op. 1. D.2. L.7, 22, 100; Ibid.F.511-r.Op.1.D.123.L.536, 543, 547, 551, 555
368. GASO.F.854-r.op. 1.D.2.L.26,40,45,159
369. GASO.F. 102-r. Op. 1.D.416.L. eighteen
370. GASO.F.854-r.Op. 1.D.2.L72 rev. 90.147; There. F.575-r.Op.1.D.22.L.14
371. GASO.F. 102-r. Op. 1.D.502.L. 1341. There.D.416.L.6-7
372. Ibid. D.668. L. 12,16,22; There.F.575-r.Op.1.D.22.L.22
373. GASO.F.286-r.Op. 1 D.884.L. 146
374. Ibid. F. Yu2-r.Op. 1 D416.L.745. Ibid.D.502.L.Z46. There. L. 8
375. Religious organizations in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1943-1945 / Otech. Archives. -1995. - No. 3. - P. 44-45
376. State and church during the war. Reports of the chairmen of the Council for the Russian Orthodox Church and the Council for Religious Cults under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR / / Isg. archive.-1995.-№4.-S. 134
377. TsD00S0.F.4.0p.58.D. 112.L.238-239; Op.53 D. 111 .L.81
378. Ibid. Op.53.D. 111.L.81-82
379. Ibid. Op. 47.D. 129.L.126; Op.58.D.112.L.238
380. Ibid. Op.59.D. 110.L.25-26.81
381. Ibid. Op.47.D.109L 126; Op.53 .D.111.L.82
382. Ibid.0p.53.D 111 .L.81-82; Op.47.D.129.L. 125
383. Ibid. Op.58.D. 112.L.238; Op.59.D1Yu.L.2556. Ibid. Op.53.D. 111.L.81
384. Ibid. Op.59.D. 110. L.24; Op.53 .LENGTH.L.8258. Ibid. Op.53 D111 .L. 110
385. Ibid. Op.53.D. 111.L.82; Op.58.D.112.L.238; Op.59.D. 110.L.24
386. Ibid. Op.47.D. 129. L. 12661. Ibid. Op.59.D. 110.L.2462. There. L.68
387. GAPO.F.1204-r.Op. 1.D.5.L.72,123,198,25864. Ibid.D.7.L.237-240
388. GASO.F.286-r.Op. 1.D.2071.L. 1-3
389. Results of the All-Union population census of 1959. RSFSR. -M.: Gossgatizdat, 1963. -S.326; Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1970. M.: Statistics, 1973. - V.4. -FROM. 123-130; Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1979. - M., 1989. - V.4. -S.305,326
390. Burshtein A.M., Burshtein B.I. Dynamics of the nominal fund of the Jews of Perm. 1918-1987: Name of a small group in a multinational city. - M., 1989 P.126-12768. There. S. 132
391. Ryvkina R.V. Jews in modern Russia / Social sciences and modernity. -1996.- №5.-p.51-52
392. Razinsky G.V. Op.cit.//SOTSIS.-1997 - No. 10.-S.38
393. Berzin B.Yu., Gushchina AE. Self-awareness of the national (ethnic group). -Ekaterinburg: Ural personnel center, 1993. -S. 57, 77
394. Ryvkina P.B. Social types of Jews in modern Russia // Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow. -1996. No. 2. - p.41
395. Razinsky GV. Decree. Op. -S.38
396. Sinelnikov A. Why does the Russian Jewry disappear?//Vestn. Heb. university in Moscow. -1996, - No. 2 (12). -FROM. 56
397. Anti-Semitism as a Factor of Ethnic Processes
398. Anti-Semitism//КЭЭ.-Т.1.-С.141
399. Kozlov V.I. Anti-Semitism // Great Soviet Encyclopedia. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1970. - V.2. - p.80
400. Dzhunusov M C. Nationalism: Dictionary-reference book.-M. : Publishing House "Slavic Dialogue", 1998.-p.34
401. Dzhunusov M.S. Nationalism: Dictionary-reference book. pp.277-278
402. See for example: Akhiezer A. Decree cit. - P.98-128; Members M.A. Jews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia, - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994.-S.154-155; Bloody Naveg//KEE.T.4.S.581-589
403. See: Pipes R. Catherine II and the Jews: The Origins of the Pale of Settlement// Soviet Jewish Affairs, v.5, no.2 (1975): p.l5
404. See for example: Yekaterinburg week. 1881. - No. 24; 1882. - Nos. 15,21,31, 35
405. See for example: Yekaterinburg week. 1883. - No. 44.48; 1884. - No. 15
406. See: Yekaterinburg week. 1890. - No. 18; 1894. - No. 15
407. See: On the Jewish Faith//Ekaterinburg Diocesan Gazette. 1897. -№18; Conversation in the car // Ibid. -1914.-№3
408. GAP0.F.65.0p. 1.D.1385.L. 1-5
409. Pogroms//Jewish Encyclopedia. SPb., 1912. -T.12.S.618
410. See: Baranov A. 1905 in the Urals. M: Publishing House of the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiles, 1929. - P. 72-73; The history of the Urals in the period of capitalism. -M.: Nauka, 1990.; Narsky I.V. Decree. Op., -S. 13-14
411. TsD00S0.F.41.0p.2.D.63.L.1-11, Lisovsky N.K. Down with autocracy! From the history of the revolution of 1905-1907. in the South Urals. Chelyabinsk: South Ural book publishing house, 1975.-S. 126
412. See for example: The Labor Movement and the Bolshevik Party in 1905 in the Urals. Materials for the anniversary of 25 years of the revolution of 1905 Sverdlovsk, 1930. - 33 e.; Revolution 1905-1907 in Prikamye: Documents and materials. - Molotov, 1955. - 328 p.
413. Plotnikov N.F. Bolsheviks of the mining Urals in three revolutions. -Sverdlovsk, 1990. -S.33-34
414. GASO.F. 180.0p.1.D.208.L. 78.79.156.161; D.211.L.70 rev.
415. Ibid.D.208. L.58, 155v.
417. GASO.F. 180.Op.1.D.212.L.99,106; Ural.-1905.-30 okg.
418. GASO.F. 180.0p.1.D.208.L. 165
420. GASO.F. 180.op.1 .D.209.L. 132-132 v.27. Ibid.L.112-112ob.28. Ural.-1905.-29 okg.
421. Narsky I.V. Decree. op. S.42-43
422. GAS0.F.62.0p. 1.D.262.L.4.10
423. GASO.F. 180.0p.1.D.208.L.61; D.211.L.42
424. GASO.F. 180.0p.1.D.209.L.76; D.213.L.11
428. Stepanov S. A. Op. - P. 21-23
429. Monarchists//Ural historical encyclopedia. Ekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg Publishing House, 1998. - P.338
430. GASO.F. 11.Op.5.D.3397.L. 1-13; D2788.L.43-46
432. GASO.F. 183.Op.1.D.39.L. eighteen
433. See: Lebedeva Kaplan V. The Jews of Petrograd in 1917 / / Vestn.Evr.un-ta in Moscow. -1993.-№2.-S. 12-13
435. Israel: people in the Diaspora//КЭЭ.-Т, 3.-С.317
436. TsOOSO.F.41 .Op.2.D. 188.L.62-63
437. Kozlov V.I. Anti-Semitism // Great Soviet Encyclopedia. p.81
438. See: Belov S.L. Anti-Semitism in the Tyumen Territory in the 1920s// Second Tatishchev Readings. Abstracts of reports and communications. Yekaterinburg, April 28-29, 1999 - Yekaterinburg: IIIIA Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ural State University, 1999. S. 188-194
439. GASO.F.233-r.Op. 1 D. 1164.L. 170
440. TsDOOSO.F.61 .Op. 1 .D.651 .L.4
441. RTSKHIDNI.F.445.0p.1-D.31.L.92
442. TsDOOSO.F.61.Op.1.D.301a.L.98
443. Ibid.F.4.0p.10.D.695.L.70
444. Ibid. F.61. Op. 1 .D.651 .L.73
445. See for example: Catastrophe//КЭЭ.-Т.4.-С.159-170; Romanovsky D. The Holocaust in Eastern Belarus and North-Western Russia through the eyes of non-Jews / / Vestn. Heb. unta in Moscow. 1995. - No. 2. - P.79-85
446. See: GASO.F.2508-r.Op. 1 .D.21 .L.54,133; D.69.L.102
447. GASO.F.2508-r.Op. 1.D.20.L.61; D21.L.1, 54v.; TsD00S0.F.4.0p.37. D228.L.130; Op.36.D.277.L. 105239
448. Paletskikh N.P. Social policy of the Soviet state in the Urals during the Great Patriotic War: Diss. . doc. ist. Sciences.-Chelyabinsk, 1996. P.323; TsTs00S0.F.4.0p.37.D. 158.L.2
449. See for example: Rogovin V. LD Trotsky on anti-Semitism // Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow. -1993. No. 2.-S.90-102
450. Members of the MAJews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia.-S.157
451. See: Cosmopolitans// CEE. T.4. - S.525-527
452. Members M.A. Jews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia.-S. 157; Malyar I. Anti-Semitism through centuries and countries. Jerusalem, 1995. - p.75
453. GAS0.F.1813-r.0p.11.D.26.L.2-26v.
454. N. S. Khrushchev: "We overthrew the tsar, and you were afraid of Abramovich." Record of the conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and the delegation of the Workers' Progressive Party of Canada / / Source. 1994. -№3. - S. 99-100
455. Laqueur W. Black Hundred. The origin of Russian fascism / Per. from English - M .: Text, 1994, - S. 165
456. See: “How to get the Jewish question out of your pocket”// Source. 1996. - No. 1. -FROM. 154159
457. Razinsky G.V. op.cit.-p.40
458. Ryvkina R.V. Jews in modern Russia//Social sciences and modernity. -1996,- №5.-p.56-57
459. Berzin B.Yu., Gushchina A. E. Decree. op. p.71
460. List of used sources and literature1. Sources
462. F. A-327 Main Resettlement Administration under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and its predecessors1. Op. 1. D. 5.14
463. F.5446-r. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR - Council of Ministers of the USSR Op. 47. D.63
464. F.5515-r People's Commissariat of Labor of the USSR (NKT USSR) Op. 23. D. 1.41, 42, 60 Op. 33. D.26
465. F. 9401-r. "Special folder" of the Secretariat of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR Op.2. D. 105
466. F. 9479-r. 4th special department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Op.1. D.61
467. F. 9498-r All-Union Society for Land Management of Working Jews (OZET) Op.1. D.161, 261, 31111.2 Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE)
468. F. 1562-r. Central Statistical Office (CSB) under the Council
469. Ministers of the USSR. 1918-1987. Op. 329. D. 148, 149 Op. 336. D.306, 323, 324
470. F. 5244-r. Union of public handicraft and agricultural work among the Jews "ORT-Ferband" Op.1. D.238, 55311.3 Russian Center for the Storage and Use of Documents of Recent History1. RTSHIDNSh
471. F. 17 Department of Propaganda and Agitation of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - CPSU Op.120. D.35
472. F.445 Central Bureau of Jewish Sections under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Op.1. D. 3111.4 State Archive of the Administrative Bodies of the Sverdlovsk Region (GAAO SO)
473. F.1. Investigative cases 1937-1939
474. Op.2. D. 1243, 2679, 3319,4900,34114 (T.1), 4751011.5 State Archive of Contemporary History and Social and Political Movements of the Perm Region (GANIOPD PO)
475. F.105 Perm Regional Committee of the CPSU (VKP(b)) Op.6. D.216,224 Op.7. D.71, 301 0p.20. D. 185, 40711.6 State Archive of the Perm Region (GAPO)
476. F.35 Perm city certificate Op.1. D.240, 266, 270
477. F.36. Perm provincial government Op.1. D.Z
478. Op.2. D. 17,21,22, 40,42, 46, 48,49, 521. Op.Z. D.1, 2, 43, 561. Op.4. D.581. Op.Yu. D. 19, 251. Op.11. D. 6.184
479. F.37 Perm Spiritual Consistory of the Office of the Orthodox Confession Op.6. D. 1092
480. F. 43 Perm provincial office for zemstvo and city affairs Op.1. D. 1420
481. F.65. Office of the Perm Governor Op.1. D. 1385 Op.Z. D.596 Op.5.D.15b
482. F. 146 Office of the Perm district military chief Op. 1. D.21
483. F.23-r Department of Public Education of the Executive Committee of the Perm Provincial Council of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies (GubONO) Op.1. D. 176
484. F. 115-r Perm District Administrative Department under the District Executive Committee of the Council of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies of the Ural Region1. Op.1. D.97, 101,102, 146
485. F.210-r Perm branch of the All-Russian Society for the Land Management of Jews (OZET)1. Op.1. D. 4, 6, 12.25
486. F.484-r Perm Regional Museum of Local Lore Op. 2. D. 64
487. F.945-r. Department of the Central Commissariat for Jewish National Affairs at the Perm Gubernia Executive Committee
488. Op.1. D.2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15
489. F.1204-r. Commissioner of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Perm Region Op.1. D.5, 711.7 State Archive for the Politically Repressed of the Perm Region (GADPR PO)
490. F. 1 Investigative cases 1937-1939. Op.1.D. 1875, 233911.8 State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region (TACO)
491. F.6 Ekaterinburg spiritual consistory Op.4. D.87, 186, 277
492. F.8 Ekaterinburg City Duma Op.1. D. 1988, 1989
493. F. 11 Yekaterinburg District Court Op.1. D. 5748
494. Op.5. D.2788, 3397, 3960, 4049
495. F.24. Ural Mining Administration Op.23. D.393
496. Op. 24. D. 7190, 8165, 8170 Op. 32. D.4511,4560
497. F.25. The main office of the Yekaterinburg Mining Plants Op.1. D.239, 2257
498. F.35 Yekaterinburg city police
499. Op.1. D.323,350,393, 423, 464, 501, 530, 563 (T. 1.2), 590, 615, 645, 662, 691
500. F.43. Office of the head of the Ural mining plants Op.2. D. 1366, 1386, 1518
501. F. 62 Yekaterinburg city government Op.1. D. 87, 262.435, 524, 599
502. F. 122 Ural mining battalion
503. Op.1. D. 12, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 29, 33, 36, 38, 40, 42.44, 48
504. F.180 Prosecutor of the Yekaterinburg District Court Op.1. D. 208,211, 212,209,213
505. F. 183 Verkhotursky district police officer Op.1. D.39
506. F. 621 Verkhotursk district police department Op.1. D. 138.238, 255.258
507. F.17-r Department of Public Education of the Executive Committee of the Yekaterinburg Provincial Council of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies (GubONO) Op.1. D.821, 838
508. F.102-r Administrative Department of the Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies (Regional Department) Op.1. D.376, 416, 502,668
509. F. 233-r Department of Public Education of the Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies (Uraloblono)1. Op.1. D.1158,1164
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708. Nb.Chlenov M.A. Jews // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia, - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994.-S. 152-157
709. Schweibish C. Evacuation and Soviet Jews during the Holocaust//Vestn.Evr.un-ta in Moscow. -1995. -№2(9). -p.36-55259
710. Biale, David. Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History. N.Y.: Schocken Books, 1986. - 244 p.
711. DellaPergola, Sergio. Marriage, Conversion, Children and Jewish Continuity: Some Demographic Aspects of "Who is a Jew?" // Survey of Jewish Affairs. 1989, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. pp. 171-187
712 Finestein, Israel. 1939-1989: Assessing the Changes in Jewry// Survey of Jewish Affairs. 1990. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. - pp. 250-259
713. Jewish Refugees from Poland in Belorussia, 1939-1940//Jews in Eastern Europe.- Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997.-№l(32).-pp.45-60
714. Pipes R. Catherine II and the Jews: The Origins of the Pale of Settlement// Soviet Jewish Affairs, v.5, no.2 (1975) p.3-20
715. Porath, Jonathan D. Jews in Russia. The Last Four Centuries. A Documentary History. - United Synagogue commission on Jewish Education, 1974, - 197 p.
From the book "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat", and other stories from medical practice author Sachs Oliver
Bibliography General Literature Hughlings Jackson, Kurt Goldstein, Henry Head, A.R. Luria - outstanding scientists, fathers of neurology. Their reflections and discoveries are devoted to problems not so different from those that we have to face today. Work
From the book "LOOK" - THE BEATLES OF PERESTROIKA. THEY PLAYED ON THE KREMLIN NERVES author Dodolev Evgeny YurievichBibliography Dodolev E. & Nikolaeva E., Telesecurity Techniques // Top Secret, No. 2, July 1989 Dodolev E. "The View". Chronicle of the ban // Top Secret, No. 7, July 1991 Dodolev E. For some reason I do not enjoy respect among colleagues // Journalist, No. 12, December 1991 Dodolev E.
From the book Stalinsky 37th. Labyrinths of conspiracies author Romanenko Konstantin KonstantinovichBibliography Albats E. Delayed action mine. M., 1992. Balandin R., Mironov S. Conspiracies and the struggle for power. M., 2003. Budyonny S. The path traveled. Book. 3. M., 1973. Bullock A. Hitler and Stalin. 1998. Book. 1. Russian. 1994. Military archives of Russia. Issue No. 1. P. 103. Will. 1993. No. 11. Spark. 1993. No. 4. Heinrich
From the book Slaves of Freedom: Documentaries author Shentalinsky Vitaly AlexandrovichBibliography GeneralBlum A. V. Soviet censorship in the era of total terror: 1929–1953. SPb.: Academic project, 2000. Large censorship: Writers and journalists in the Land of Soviets. 1917–1956 / Ed. acad. A. N. Yakovleva; comp. L. V. Maksimenkov. M.: MFD, 2005 (Russia. XX century.
From the book by Sergei Fudel author Saraskina Ludmila IvanovnaBibliography Reflections on one text [Manuscript of an unknown author, obtained from Sov. Russia] // Bulletin of the Russian Student Christian Movement. Paris, 1969. No. 94. Udelov F. I. Dostoevsky and the Optina Hermitage // Bulletin of the Russian Christian Movement. Paris,
From the book Anatomy of a Murder. The death of John Kennedy. Secrets of the investigation author Shanon PhilipBibliography
From the book The Secret Side of the Penkovsky Case. Unrecognized Russian victory author Maksimov Anatoly BorisovichBIBLIOGRAPHY Antonov V., Karpov Ya. Secret Informants of the Kremlin (Biographical Essays on Intelligence Officers). M.: Gaia-Iterum, 2000, 2001. Blake J. There is no other choice. Autobiography. M.: International relations, 1991. Bobkov F. KGB and power. M .: Veteran MP, 1995. Bodrov M. (Maksimov A.) GRAD is acting ...
From the book The Canarian, or The Book of the Conquest of the Canary Islands and the Conversion of Their Inhabitants to the Christian Faith by Jean de Bethencourt, a Nobleman from Caux, compiled by Mona by Bontier Pierre From the book Masonic Biographies author Team of authorsBibliography Periodicals The Equinox. London and Detroit, 1909-1919. The Kneph. London, 1881-1900. Oriflame. Berlin and London, 1902-1913. Books and articles Crowley, Aleister, The Confessions of Aleister Crowley. London: Jonathan Cape, 1969. Crowley, Aleister, The Magical Record of the Beast 666. London: Duckworth, 1972. Evans, Isaac Blair, The Thomson Masonic Fraud. Arrow Press: Salt Lake City, 1922. Gilbert, R. A., "William Wynn
From the book Sex Education Standards in Europe author Team of authorsBibliography A. References BZgA/WHO Regional Office for Europe [FCCL/WHO Regional Office for Europe] (2006). Country papers on youth sex education in Europe. Cologne, (http://www.sexualaufklaerung.de/cgi-sub/fetch.php?id=489). Frans E, Franck T [Frans E., Frank T.] (2010).
From the book Defending the Motherland. Pilots of the Great Patriotic War author Vinogradova LyubovBibliography Abramov A. Courage in inheritance. Sverdlovsk, 1988 Agranovsky V. White Lily. Moscow, 1979Adam V. Difficult decision. Moscow, 1967 Aleksashin M. Vasily Stalin's last fight. Moscow, 2007Altukhov P.V. Interview // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2012. May 9Amet-Khan Sultan. Profile //
From the book "Black Cabinets" History of Russian perusal. 18th - early 20th century author Izmozik Vladlen SemenovichBibliography I. Sources I.1. ArchivesArchive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI)Archive of the State HermitageArchive of the FSB Directorate for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad RegionState Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF)National Archives of the Republic of Karelia
From the book The collapse of the Barbarossa plan. Volume II [Foiled Blitzkrieg] author Glantz David MBibliography German sources Order of enumeration: army group - tank group - division with numbering within each level of subordination. HGp Center, KTB, Anlagen. HGp Center 26974/8.HGr Nord , Ia, Besprechungsund Vortragsnotizen, 19.9.4112.1.42, Band 2. HGp North 14985/60.HGp Nord, KTB, July 41. HGp Nord 75128/1.HGr Nord, KTB
From the book Winter Road. General A.N. Pepelyaev and anarchist I.Ya. Strod in Yakutia. 1922–1923 author Yuzefovich LeonidBibliography Documents Materials of the investigation file of A. N. Pepelyaeva and others (1923–1927). - Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Novosibirsk Region, d. 13069, v. 1–9. - Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Novosibirsk Region, d. 17137. Investigative file of I. Ya. Stroda. – Central
From the book Blue Division, prisoners of war and interned Spaniards in the USSR author Elpatyevsky Andrey ValeryanovichBibliography 1. Basistov Yu.V., Political work among the enemy troops on the Leningrad front during the Great Patriotic War. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences, L., 1983.2. Basistov Yu.V., Special theater of military operations.
From the book Troubles and Institutions author Gaidar Egor TimurovichBibliography Amalrik A.A. Will the Soviet Union survive until 1984?//Dive into the quagmire. - M., 1991. Arbatov G.A. Prolonged recovery. - M., 1991. Akhmatova A.A. Poems and poems. - L., 1977. Berdyaev N.A. The fate of Russia. - M., 1918. Bernstein E. Problems of socialism and tasks
Fireworks are noticeable, but there is little sense from them: no heat, no light. It sparkles, pleases for a moment - and that's it. The work of Jewish communities in the Russian diaspora often resembles this favorite form of holiday entertainment.
Meetings, conferences, ceremonial magazines under a glossy cover - all this is noticeable, "reportable", understandable to the auditors. But genuine, real work is done invisibly, in depth and completely imperceptibly.
Here in front of me is a small book by I.E. Antropov, M.I. Oshtrakh History of the Jews in the Urals. Catalog of Documents from the Archives of the Sverdlovsk, Perm and Tyumen Regions. This work was published by the "Sverdlovsk Jewish Studies Association".
The annotation says that the book is “dedicated to the history of the Jews living in Yekaterinburg and the Urals. For 12 years of work, historians have managed to collect the most interesting, unique material. It is systematized and comprehended for the first time.
The first section of the book is devoted to the history of the emergence of Jews in the Urals.
The second is a catalog of archival documents.
There is also a third section, modestly called the "Appendix" by the authors, but the "Appendix" is also extensive and of great interest.
The authors write: “Documents related to the living of Jews in the Urals begin to appear mainly from the 1920s. XIX century. It is significant that one of the first documents discovered by the authors has a "denunciatory" character. They did not want to let Jews into the Urals. On December 19, 1824, “the ruler is weak and crafty” issued a decree to the Minister of Finance: “During my journey along the Ural Range, I noticed that Jews, contrary to indigenous and state laws, flock to mining plants and, secretly buying precious metals, corrupt the inhabitants there to the detriment of the treasury and private breeders. I command you to order the most strict mountain chiefs of the Ural Range and take other decent measures so that the Jews are by no means tolerant both in state and private factories ... neither in transit nor in residence.
Just a few lines about how the empire drove the Jews into the Pale of Settlement, into poverty and lack of rights. One must think that the real bloodsuckers of the Ural serfs and workers got rid of their competitors.
It's not just about the dealers in these very "precious metals". I read another curious document in the book by Antropova and Oshtrakh. The authors write: “In addition, the Ural mining authorities from the mining battalions “were eliminated by Jews - the lower military ranks, and these units were no longer replenished with Jews.” It is unlikely that the "lower ranks" were engaged in the iron trade.
Jews with higher education had the right to widespread settlement throughout the Russian Empire, and therefore the Urals and Siberia were inhabited by Jews of special energy and intellectual qualities. But even for such people it was not easy. The authors of the book publish a document according to which Dora Abramovna Shpilberg, a graduate of Warsaw University, who arrived from Harbin, asks for permission to open a dental office in Nizhnyaya Salda. The district police officer, the head of this ruinous place, Dora Abramovna refused this request. He certainly had healthy, strong teeth.
I must say that the efficiency of this book is optimal, the density of the material is significant. No water, no empty "reasoningism". The reader himself can draw conclusions, think for himself, extract from this work what he needs.
Sometimes, the authors sum up the cited documents. Well, for example: "As a result, by 1930, almost all of the above institutions were closed, and Jewish education was eliminated." In general, the documents are so eloquent that such a "point" is not required.
I was especially interested in the "Appendices" to the book "History of the Jews of the Urals". The authors managed to find the most curious, documentary evidence. I did not know anything about the interest of the writer D.N. Mamin - Siberian to the Jewish theme. I have not read his story "The Gide". Here is an excerpt from this story, given in the book: “He fled from Egypt, he wandered again in the barren desert - how unbearably thirsty in these hot sands, what a pitiless sun! He went into Babylonian captivity - how terribly children and women wept. He was tortured by the Holy Inquisition, he rotted alive in the Jewish quarters of medieval, dirty towns, he burned at the stake, he was afraid of his own shadow. He didn't even know where to run... No, it's terrible, terrible, terrible! Levinson died two weeks later.
The verses of the famous Jewish novelist Andrei Sobol are curious. Antropova and Oshtrakh found them in the archive, as they write, "a Jewish girl from the Urals, Sarah Simanovskaya."
The lyrics never got in the way of the story. Sometimes, behind the driest document there is more poetry, tragedy, drama than in other, rhyming lines. Here is an example of one such document from the book: “The case of the Yekaterinburg District Court on the charge of the merchant Evgraf Mikhailovich Sokolov (aka Yankel Itskov Kogan) of apostasy from the Orthodox faith.
The indictment dated December 31, 1887, stating that Kogan converted to Orthodoxy, “but, living for about 12 years in the Pokrovsky village of the Tomsk province, he never fulfilled the requirements of the Orthodox faith, evading it and apparently returning to the faith of his fathers.” Petition of Sokolov (Kogan) to the Ekaterinburg Spiritual Board, explaining that he (Kogan) was baptized against his will and the will of his parents at the age of 9 when he was enrolled in the cantonists of the Omsk battalion and "throughout his whole life he remained in the faith of the fathers according to the Law of Moses" "" .
Here is another similar document: “The indictment of the Yekaterinburg District Court dated May 31, 1889, based on the testimony of B. Katz, that “she accepted the Christian faith, being in a painful condition and not understanding, due to her youth, the essence of Christian teaching, why at present time remains in the Jewish faith.
In this regard, I would like to tell you about a book sent to Israel by my cousin, journalist Leon Flaum, from Omsk. It is called "Omsk Crossings", and the central place in this book is occupied by an essay about the Pantofel family. Leon managed to find a unique text in the archive: “A brief recollection of the life of the Nikolaev soldier Abram Markovich Pantofel, dedicated to his children and grandchildren.”
I must say that today, according to Flaum, there are 25 grandchildren, 36 great-grandchildren, and 11 great-great-grandchildren in the Pantofele family. “Pantofeli live in several cities of Russia and other post-Soviet states, most of all in Omsk. The total seniority of the dynasty is not so easy to calculate. Only those who lived and live in our city have at least about 2 thousand years.” Surely there are Pantofeli in Israel.
So, the forefather of this family writes in his notes of the cantonist of the middle of the 18th century: “At the age of nine, he stopped going to the cheder, he entered a faience, crockery factory. The first month he worked ten kopecks a day, then twelve.
A little time passed, as in August 1850, at 12 o’clock at night, while I was sleeping soundly in a hut on the stove after tedious work, I was awakened by the sotsky and some people. They removed it from the stove in their arms with the words: “Come, Avrumka, sleep with us.” I cried….
Of all the cities, we were most afraid of Kazan. It was said that cantonists were forcibly baptized in it. In the arena, the colonel examined us. He asked: "Does anyone have a claim?" All answered in the negative. He ordered that all those wishing to be baptized should take three steps to their front. I repeated it again. Nobody came out. They were silent. The colonel announced that everyone in Tobolsk would be christened anyway. This made us sad. The older cantonists, under the guise of illness, tried to stay on the way in the county towns, in the infirmaries. The rest of the trip from Kazan went well. And upon arrival in Tobolsk, they ended up in a separate company of military cantonists. For almost a year, our journey continued through villages and cities ....
In Tobolsk, the first thing we did was forbade us to speak Jewish, our prayer books were taken away, we were given uniforms, distributed among the barracks, on wooden beds with linen mattresses and the same pillows with straw.”
One detail of these wonderful "memories" seemed to me extremely curious, perhaps to some extent explaining the causes of anti-Semite phobia in places where there were very few Jews.
An amazing piece, in my opinion. The children were obviously strangers: they were still dressed unusually, they did not know how to speak Russian, they prayed in their own way, and the peasants pitied them as orphans, as slaves of the tsar, the same as they were. But the children were forced to lie by force... Who knows, maybe the memory of this lie still remains in the memory of the descendants of those peasants.
A taste for historical research is a sure sign of the intellectual health of a people. Jews in the Diaspora live differently, but, as before, there are many people among them who, under modern, favorable conditions, do everything to preserve the memory of their ancestors in Russia.
What is behind this "love for father's coffins", a simple and normal desire to know the truth about one's people? Of course, both. In any case, the work of the Ural and Siberian historians is worthy of deep respect. This is honest, professional, talented work.
The life and way of life of the Jews of the "Pale of Settlement" is well known from the works of the classics of Jewish literature, memoirs, and family traditions. We know much less about the lives of those who left their native lands in search of happiness and settled in the inner provinces of the Russian Empire, where the life of the Jews was completely different. Even during the conquest of Siberia by Yermak in the 16th century, a Jewish community with a prayer meeting is mentioned in the history of the Urals. Subsequently, the Jews began to be exiled to the Urals and Siberia to "serve", "to arable land", to the mines for various offenses, they also fled here from Poland, which was engulfed by unrest.
Contemporaries noted that the Jews of Siberia were more like the inhabitants of these regions - Christians. They were distinguished by “breadth of character, hospitality, cordiality, calmness, self-esteem, gentleness and directness, they never humiliated themselves before officials, did not hide their belonging to the Jewish nation. They knew Jewish literacy poorly, but were devout in their own way, learned local customs and customs, participated in village round dances, and sang Russian songs. What made them so was their free, comfortable existence among the benevolent local population, who did not know serfdom” (1).
The 60s of the 19th century were years of increased migration of Jews beyond the "Pale of Settlement", to where the standard of living was higher, there was practically no competition and it was possible to fully realize their professional and educational levels, more opportunities were provided to break out of the conservative religious environment and to join the Russian culture.
In 1903, a special order of the Holy Synod of the Government was adopted, forbidding Jews to be baptized outside the Jewish Pale of Settlement without providing a certificate of residence from the police, “so that they do not use the adoption of Christianity as a means of acquiring benefits not granted by law to persons of the Jewish faith, without real intention to be baptized” (2).
Most of all moved from the eastern provinces of Belarus - Mogilev, Polotsk and Vitebsk, where Jews who often traveled to Russia were more literate and knew Russian better. They spoke the Lithuanian-Belarusian dialect of Yiddish, often did not have a characteristic appearance. Retired Nikolaev soldiers, merchants, artisans and doctors, having received permission, settled not only in Ufa and other cities, but also in the counties of the Ufa province.
Here, far from the "Pale of Jewish Settlement", there is a change in the traditional way of life, the system of Jewish spiritual values. Living in close proximity to Christians and Muslims, Jews could no longer strictly observe all traditions, including the obligation not to work on Saturday (if they did not have their own shop or workshop), their clothes are not much different from the clothes of those around them. Among the resettled Jews, there are practically no devoting themselves to the study of the Torah and the Talmud: completely different priorities worked.
Jews managed to win the respect and trust of local residents for their religiosity, healthy lifestyle (kosher food, sobriety and moderation helped maintain good health), high professionalism, education, bright personality, goodwill. Yes, and they were convenient for the authorities - hard-working, law-abiding people who regularly pay taxes.
But it was still impossible to call the life of the Jews in the Ufa province idyllic. Above them weighed a code of laws, circulars, decrees that limited the settlement of Jews in the inner provinces of Russia. Severe in relation to the Jews, Russian legislation required local authorities to keep a close eye on them and regularly report to higher authorities about the measures taken to limit the resettlement of Jews in the territory of the region.
The fact is that only retired lower ranks and members of their families had the right to permanent residence outside the Jewish Pale. Craftsmen and merchants of Jewish nationality had the right to reside only if they were engaged in their professional activities. Thus, craftsmen, even those who had worked here for ten or more years, had to confirm their skills with a certificate from the craft council of the place of registration. The testimonies of their owners were ignored. Those who were engaged in non-guild craftsmanship were required to provide certificates of breeders or manufacturers certified by the police, in whose establishments they were engaged in trade. If they stopped working or changed their job profile, they were subject to eviction.
The decision to move out became a tragedy for the Jewish family: people had time to settle down, establish business, acquire clients. And suddenly everything collapsed. For five years (from 1886 to 1891) the case “On the expulsion of the Jews Grodzinsky, Revzon, Kogan and Rezina from the city of Sterlitamak in the area of permanent Jewish settlement” (3) dragged on for the fact that they were not engaged in their crafts, but in trade . The request to cancel the eviction decision on the grounds that they should, according to the Decree of 1876, be attributed to merchants, and not to artisans, was not taken into account. After the inquiry of the merchants and townspeople of the city of Sterlitamak, incl. vowel of the City Duma Naum Abramovich Oblivannikov, it was decided to evict all of them.
Most often, the Jews tried at all costs to stay in the inner provinces, but not to return to where the towns were devastated by recent pogroms, where poverty awaited them, because there was no one and nothing to buy their goods. But most often, despite the apparent lack of logic, the authorities resolved the issue in the negative.
Throughout the second half of the 19th century, the history of Belarusian Jews who ended up in the Urals is full of the most dramatic events: persecution, discrimination, expulsion. Little has changed with the advent of the twentieth century.
In 1905, the right of residence of the Nesvizh tradesman Shlomo Davidovich Bam, aged 39, was considered, in whose passport book there was an entry: “This book is valid where Jews are allowed” (4). “Honestly and conscientiously, with excellent knowledge of the matter,” he was engaged in the manufacture of ink, but there was little work, and he had to retrain as a manufacturer of artificial mineral and fruit waters.
Here Bam was in for trouble. Although he observed the technology and collected authoritative conclusions from experts, but since he was not formally engaged in his profession, Bam was evicted.
Members of the Jewish community of the province helped the deportees as much as they could, stood up for them before the authorities, who sometimes made concessions. Thus, the police department did not evict from Ufa Faiva Ioselevich Nekhamin, who had been living there for 28 years, who did not practice his craft for health reasons, especially since “he is not harmful to the surrounding population” (5), and Naum Ilyich Fridyev from Zlatoust, who “ due to his advanced age and state of health, he really cannot do without constant care and has no means of living in the Pale of Settlement” (6). However, not only their co-religionists spoke out in defense of the evicted. A petition to leave 65-year-old M.Kh.Basin in Belebey, who was no longer able to bake bread and therefore he was forced to engage in grain trading, was signed by 27 residents of this city. The authorities did not object in this case either.
In April 1907, Vice-Governor A. Tolstoy brought to the attention of the Ufa police chief and county police officers that “after considering the list of Jews living in the Ufa province in the provincial government, it was noticed that a significant contingent of them was made up of newly arrived Jews who settled illegally without all sorts of rights and with very dubious rights, tending in one way or another to circumvent the law. (7) It often turns out that Jews are engaged in the wrong craft and skill for which they have documents and the right to reside outside the Pale of Settlement. All the shortcomings in the observance of the laws concerning the Jews can only be explained by the lack of attention on the part of the police officers. The provincial government considers it useful only to draw the attention of the proper police officers, district police officers and the Ufa police chief to the fact that the rights of Jews to live outside the Pale of Settlement are always carefully checked and all legal measures ... are applied in a timely manner ... and all urgent information on this case is provided with with proper completeness and accuracy in due time".
According to family legends and memoirs of old-timers, the duties of the Ufa rabbi (8) were performed by Leib (Leonty) Aronovich Golynko (Galynka) who moved from Minsk with his family in 1876 (9), who was officially considered a hosiery master, who moved to Ufa in 1876. in the Minsk archive, a record of the issuance of a passport to him in 1871 gives some idea of the appearance of this person: height - 2 arshins, 4 inches (a little over 160 cm - E.Sh.), eyes - brown, hair and eyebrows - dark blond , special signs - a wart near the right eye (10). Apparently, he was an authoritative and energetic person. It was he who visited the directors of the Ufa gymnasiums and asked them to allow Jewish gymnasium students not to attend classes on Saturdays. This, as a rule, was allowed on the condition that the gymnasium students did not lag behind their comrades in their studies. At the house of L.A. Golynko was a kosher canteen for bachelors.
But there were some laws of living conditions in the Urals, which were unacceptable for the Jews of the former Pale of Settlement. Thus, members of the Ufa Jewish Prayer Society once appealed to the Ufa provincial government with a request “to allow our society to have permanently one spiritual person for cutting animals and birds according to our religious rite, because a thorough study of the sanitary condition of animals and the suitability for consumption of kosher meat is required, as well as circumcision and other spiritual requests. We need to have a special clergyman - a massacre, who must be invited from the Jewish Pale of Settlement.
The answer of the provincial government of March 1, 1900 read: “The regulation on the butchers is valid only in the Pale of Settlement. The petition cannot be satisfied, since the current circular about Jews outside the Jewish Pale of Settlement legitimization of a special clergyman - a butcher was not established. The performance of all Jewish faith rites is entrusted exclusively to government-approved rabbis and their assistants, and no other person except them can perform these duties ”(11).
At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. in the Ufa province there are more than 700 Jews: shoemakers and hosiers, locksmiths and tinsmiths, tailors and cap makers, small traders and merchants, soap makers and cheese makers, midwives and doctors, dentists and pharmacists. Jews took an active part in the public life of the province, were members of various committees of trustees.
As in other central and eastern provinces of the Russian Empire, Jews in the late XIX - early XX centuries. are experiencing a crisis of the traditional way of life that began with the advent of wage labor. The way of life, psychology, even the appearance of people are changing. In many photographs of the early twentieth century. men no longer wear headdresses, married women do not cover their heads with a scarf, they are dressed in the fashion of that time. According to a long Jewish tradition, the names of many are double, and some of them have a name that is characteristic of the first half of the 19th century. diminutive-pejorative connotation (Rivka, Mordko). It can be assumed that, constantly communicating with the non-Jewish population, they call themselves names more convenient for pronunciation, remaking them in the Russian manner.
Attempts to change the names in the documents aroused the discontent of the authorities. In this regard, in April 1893, in the 129th issue of the Government Bulletin, the Highest Approved Opinion of the State Council was cited, which forbids Jews to change their names and nicknames, “under which they are recorded in registers of births.” Children at birth receive already quite officially more acceptable, from the point of view of their parents, names. The provincial government "does not see anything reprehensible" in this: "Jews have the right at birth to give their children such names that are common among the people in whose territory they live."
In the future, this process among the assimilated part of the Jewish population of the region is very intensive. If at the beginning of the XX century. the most common male name (or patronymic) was Moshko (Movsha, Mordko), then their children or grandchildren are already Marks, women often have the name Lyuba and absolutely unusual Slava. In registers of births for 1908-1911. new names appear, many of which will become widespread among Russian Jews in the 20th century: Anna, Polina, Emilia, Adele, Tamara, Iraida, Clara, Dina, Nadezhda, Netta, Lydia, Vitaly, Zinovy, Vladimir, Lev.
The educational level of the Jews is high. Statistical data testify to the high attendance by Jews of the library and museum of the Ufa Provincial Committee. At the beginning of the twentieth century. a large number of doctors, dentists and pharmacists work in the Ufa province, although the authorities tried, if possible, to replace them with people of other nationalities.
Thus, a significant contribution to the development of psychiatric care in Bashkiria was made by Yakov Febusovich Kaplan, assigned to the Minsk noble assembly, who, after graduating from the medical faculty of the University of Tartu and specializing in psychiatry in Berlin and Heidelberg, came to Ufa in 1901. Here, in a short time, he published 15 scientific articles, for the first time in Russia, he translated into Russian "Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry" by the German psychiatrist E. Krepelin (30 clinical lectures). Having become the head of a psychiatric hospital, J. Kaplan sought to improve and expand assistance to the mentally ill, improve the supply of medicines and tools, and change the existing procedure for conducting a forensic psychiatric examination. However, in this last question, I did not find the support of colleagues. In this situation, on August 17, 1907, he was killed by one of the criminal subjects. He was only 32 years old (12).
Despite the relative stability of life, the Jews in the Ufa province did not feel comfortable either. After the terrible Kishinev pogrom, the Emperor's Decree "On the desirability of the influence of the Orthodox clergy on its flock in order to prevent it from manifesting a hostile attitude towards the Jews" was sent to all dioceses. The local clergy were instructed to “explain and inspire their parishioners that the Jews, like all the tribes and peoples that make up the Russian Empire, are subjects of the same state and citizens of the same fatherland. To inflict any kind of violence on them is a flagrant crime, disastrous not only for the rioters themselves, who must be brought to justice, but also harmful for the whole society and the state. (13)
In 1905, the newspapers wrote: "In view of the rumors about the upcoming pogrom, the administration took measures to suppress the riots at the very beginning." (14) However, pogroms occurred in Ufa and other cities. And yet it was calmer here than in the southern provinces of Russia. It is no coincidence that during the years of post-revolutionary reaction (1906-1910), a stream of refugees from pogroms rushed to the Ufa province, and the number of Jews increased 1.5 times.
With the outbreak of the First World War, about 400,000 Jews stood "under arms". Their percentage in the active army, as well as the percentage of those killed and wounded (about a hundred thousand Russian Jews died), was higher than what they were in relation to the total number of citizens of the Russian Empire (15).
Despite the fact that the Jews shed blood defending the Fatherland, the headquarters of the High Command in May 1915 decides to immediately deport two hundred thousand Jews from the border provinces of Courland and Kovno to the Volga region, to the Urals and other regions in connection with accusations of their complicity enemy, because, unlike other residents, they could freely communicate with the Germans in their native language, Yiddish (16). The provision on the "Pale of Settlement" was temporarily canceled.
The eviction was carried out within 48(!) hours. Often people were not allowed to take the necessary things with them, they were transported in wagons with the inscription "Spies". A little later, with the outbreak of hostilities in the territory of the western provinces, some of the Jews voluntarily left the shtetls. Accustomed to a semi-beggarly existence, crushed by unbearable taxes, the inhabitants of the shtetls were struck by the prosperity of the Ufa residents. Life was cheap, the abundance of meat, honey was remembered later all my life, many stayed here after the war forever.
It was these deeply religious people who received a traditional Jewish education, who did not know the Russian language well, who were almost not touched by the outbreak that began at the end of the 19th century. emancipation, brought the Jewish mentality, traditions and language into the already significantly assimilated Jewry of the Ufa province. In accordance with centuries-old traditions, members of the local community provided the arriving refugees with all possible assistance and support.
Among the Jews who arrived in Ufa, one can note the family of a tar-burner from near Minsk, Khaim Abramovich, the nephew of the famous Jewish writer Mendele Moikher-Sforim (Sholom-Yakov Abramovich). Chaim's son Lev fought as a volunteer, and then lived for some time in Ufa, graduated from the medical faculty in Smolensk and left for Palestine in the early 1920s, where he headed a hospital in Tel Aviv for many years.
In 1914-1918. The Ufa rabbi was Shimen Abramovich Bogin (1859-1918), who came from Belarus, whose descendants still live in Ufa.
During the years of the First World War, the Jewish population of the Ufa province almost doubled. The overwhelming majority of the new settlers were poor small-town handicraftsmen, shoemakers, tailors, furriers with numerous families, just like those who fled here from the pogroms in 1905. Prisoners of war, Austrian subjects, who were often settled in Jewish families, also ended up in Ufa.
Refugees settled not only in cities, but also in villages (Iglino, Davlekanovo), where Jewish communities used to be. Only in Ufa in 1916 about 5 thousand refugees (Jews, Poles, Latvians) accumulated. Half of them were placed by national organizations in private apartments, 2 rubles per month were allocated for the maintenance of each refugee. There was a special section under the provincial guardianship committee, and the apartment trustees visited the assigned apartments every day (17).
On April 11, 1915, a meeting of the Ufa Jewish community was held, which was attended by more than 50 people. Bomshtein, chairman of the board, reported to the audience that the Ufa governor had allowed the board of the society to establish a temporary committee to collect donations among Jews for the needs of Jews affected by the hostilities. From the reports of the St. Petersburg Jewish Committee, more than 500 thousand refugees found themselves in conditions of hunger and poverty. “Until now we have made donations,” said one of the speakers, “now it is time [ourselves] make sacrifices” (18).
A ladies' charitable committee was established to help local and passing Jews who do not have the means to travel further, which was supposed to give them funds to travel to the nearest large city or station. The committee under the community undertook to arrange in the Ufa province from 100 to 150 Jewish artisans (turners, plumbers, tailors), provided they had a craft certificate giving the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement (19).
In the Ufa province, where the revolutionary movement was quite intense, in all the revolutionary parties there were also Jews in the leader groups.
Before the revolution and during the years of the civil war, Jews participated in all parties and left-wing political movements that existed at that time in the Ufa province. A Jewish socialist club functioned in Ufa, which included 76 people. A little time will pass, and some of them will create a Jewish section of the RCP in Ufa, which will launch active propaganda activities among Jewish artisans. Although there was practically no Jewish proletariat here, after the February Revolution, the Bashkir organization BUND was created, which included workers from the Ufa railway workshops and small private enterprises. Since 1917, the Zionist organization "Poalei Zion" also existed in Ufa. On the initiative of the local Jewish youth, a circle was formed, which entered into direct contact with the Zionists of Petrograd.
At the end of 1917, the Ufa Jewish Provisional Committee for Assistance to War Victims launched a "hearth". An outpatient clinic, an almshouse, and a children's hearth were equipped. The Ufa public Jewish school was created. The head of the school was Isaac Margolin, who later also served as a public rabbi.
On July 30, 1919, a Jewish section was organized at the Ufa Provincial Party Committee, which was supposed to carry out communist work among the Jewish proletariat. “We hope for the broadest support from the Jewish proletariat, because the repeated statements by the Jewish workers about their desire to join the Communist Party give confidence in the success of our propaganda,” the resolution of the first meeting reads (20). On August 2, the section was approved by the Gubernia Committee, which was reported to the Central Bureau of the Jewish Sections in Moscow, as well as to the sections in Kyiv, Minsk, and Samara, who were asked for literature.
The Evsektion was organized by 10 communists and 22 sympathizers. The activists were communists Geller, Drukarov, Kruger, Persians, Tumarkin, Pomerants, Hasid and "sympathizers" Vinokurov, Rosa and Sarra Goldshmid, Kapuschevsky, Lemer, M. Livshits, Khotimlyansky, H. Friedman, F. Shub. S. D. Persov became the chairman of the bureau, and after him S. Anshels. The technical work was done by E. Lehmer, Stoler was the correspondent. These young people came from the western provinces of Russia, their native language was Yiddish, but they were also fluent in Russian literacy. They demanded the registration of all communists who knew this language, and directed them to meetings or other events held by the Jewish community in order to constantly keep the situation under control.
One of the activities of the Jewish section was the offensive against Zionism, which the Bolsheviks had always opposed. "Counter-revolution in Ufa," is how the Izvestiya newspaper called the Zionist Gubrevkom (at the suggestion of the Yevsektsiya, which drew the attention of the local GChK to their "harmful counter-revolutionary activities supported by the Entente imperialists") and Kolchak's agents (for under him the Zionist party was legal), " under the wing of the League of Nations and the civilized British, who even under Soviet Russia tried to stupefy the Jewish working masses (21). However, the city committee of the Zionist organization will exist for some time and will carry out its activities. There was a youth organization "Gahover" in Ufa and an "offshoot" from the Zionist organization "Geholuts".
A significant role in the life of the Jewish community of Ufa was played by people from the North-Western Territory. Among them are teachers of Jewish schools, who then worked only in Ufa and were located in the synagogue. There were 203 pupils in the school of the first step No. 30. Among the teachers were Livshits Chaim Lipovich, who graduated from the Vilna Jewish Teachers' Institute (he lived in Ufa since March 1916, a member of the Jewish Social Democratic Party "Poalei Zion"), and Ostrun Beyla Samuilovna, who graduated from the 6th grade of the Vilna gymnasium. 100 children studied at the first stage school No. 62, and among the teachers were Zaleskver Beila Geshelevna, who graduated from the gymnasium in Mogilev and pedagogical courses in Ufa, a member of the BUND, and Shenderovich Riva Peisakhovna, who came from Bobruisk, a member of the CPSU (b) (she was also in charge of the Jewish library).(22)
In Ufa, during the difficult years of devastation and famine, orphanages for Jewish children were temporarily created. At the beginning of 1920 there were three of them: two for school-age children and one for preschool children. They existed until 1923.
Anna (Khana) Levina, who arrived with her relatives in Ufa in 1919, first worked in orphanage No. 19 for children of school age, then she was in charge of orphanage No. 4 for preschoolers. In 1922, together with her children, she moved to orphanage No. 18. In September 1923, this orphanage was transferred to the city of Gomel.
Repressions against Judaism also affected Bashkiria. In 1929, the synagogue in Ufa was closed by the decision of the BashTsIK (the NKVD club was located in its building). Jews began to pray at home, despite the persecution of the authorities. On October 23, 1931, Samuil (Shmuel) Movshevich Gershov, who had played a prominent role in the life of the Ufa Jewish community for almost 70 years, addressed a letter to the chairman of the BashTsIK. He was called a "holy man". “We Jews,” wrote S. Gershov, “not only took away what we had, and not only did not give anything in return, but in every possible way put up various obstacles to ensure that we have our own corner” (23).
Gershov's daughter, Basya Samuilovna Vagner, in her memoirs entitled “We are Jews from Ufa”, writes: “Father came to Ufa in 1915 on mobilization from the village of Druya, Vilna province, worked as a shoemaker. Mother, Dvoira Berkovna, a seamstress, moved here with six children a year later. In Ufa, they had two more children. All their lives they were religious people: they went to the synagogue (the father and sons - every week, the mother and daughters - on holidays, and sat on the second floor on the balcony). The pope was well known in the city (even non-Jews). If a needy Jew appeared somewhere, he was sent to the pope, who helped with housing, in acquiring fuel, clothes, with getting a job, and gave money. Working at the factory named after Voroshilov, he achieved a day off on Saturday (he worked on Sunday). Parents were literate in Jewish (Yiddish). Children were taught by melamed at home. I didn't have to study. At home they spoke Jewish, and when the grandchildren appeared, it was already in Russian with them. After the closing of the synagogue, they prayed at home, and most often at our place, at all the addresses where my father lived. He was summoned many times to the GPU, the NKVD, demanding that he stop holding prayer houses, but each time he insisted on his own and demanded that the synagogue be returned. Despite threats from them, he continued to collect minyan on Saturdays and holidays.
“They began to bake matzo at home,” continues B.S. Wagner. “In 1931, several families gathered at our house - relatives, friends, neighbors, to bake matzo. Someone reported it. They came from the financial department and, accusing my father of illegal income, described and took out almost all the furniture, the sewing machine. When my father was acquitted, it was too late - all our furniture was sold in a commission shop for next to nothing. Mom and aunt Khaya Eidelman were constantly engaged in charitable activities: they collected money and things for the poor.
The way of life is changing, the range of interests and opportunities is expanding, young people are moving away from traditions, family professions, working at construction sites for five-year plans, studying, serving in the Red Army. The daughter of a rabbi from Belarus, Frida Borisovna Sternin, a dermatovenereologist, is developing an original method for treating eczema. Her sister Berta Borisovna came to Bashkiria after graduating from the Saratov Medical Institute in 1923 and worked as a surgeon at the First Sov Hospital. Here she performed the first heart operation in the republic. The life of this remarkable woman was cut short tragically in 1937, when the plane on which she took out the patient operated on by her from Krasnousolsk crashed.
Nearly 4,000 Jews lived in the republic before the war. But with the beginning of the war, thousands of people were evacuated to Bashkiria along with enterprises and institutions, universities and research institutes - the flower of the scientific, cultural and technical intelligentsia. Among them were many Jews. Academicians taught at institutes. Labor veterans recall that several factories had "Jewish" workshops, i.e. practically only Jews worked.
Echelons marched from the western regions of the USSR, the former Jewish Pale, day and night under enemy fire, taking refugees to the east - the elderly, women, and children. At the Ufa railway station, at small stations, they were met by crowds of people: Bashkirs, Tatars, Russians. They brought visitors to their homes, fed them, looked after them, helped them find work, and provided moral support. A grateful memory of this is kept not only by the children of the war, but also by their children and grandchildren, who were born and raised on the land of Bashkortostan today.
Refugees were settled in dormitories, communal apartments (often 8-10 people in a room), private apartments, many in villages and villages. A significant increase in the population could not but cause certain difficulties and discontent among individual local residents, who were "compacted"; prices jumped on the market, in the winter of 1941-1942. starving people had to stand for days in the cold for bread rations. However, it was the same everywhere. To the credit of our fellow citizens, they understood the misfortune of people who lost everything in the occupied territories: relatives and shelter. The Ufa Jewish community organized assistance to the evacuees. In the house of Sofia Karpovna Pavluker, the poor were fed.
Having conquered, the front-line soldiers came here to their families. And today many Jews live in Bashkortostan, who found salvation from the Holocaust here. The former prisoners of the ghetto also settled in the republic after the war, for whom it was too hard to stay where everything reminded them of what they had experienced. After the end of the Great Patriotic War, 8-9 thousand Jews lived in our republic, of which almost half were those who found salvation from the horrors of the Holocaust in Bashkortostan.
But the troubles of the Jewish people did not end with the end of the war. During the campaign for the "fight against cosmopolitanism" (1948-1953), the most prominent figures of Jewish culture were destroyed. Among those repressed during these years in Bashkiria was a wonderful teacher and literary critic, a native of Drissa, Moisei Grigorievich Pizov.
At the height of the war, in 1942, M. Pizov defended his Ph.D. thesis “Prose of M.Yu. Lermontov and Western European Romantic Literature of the First Half of the 19th Century”, in 1943 he was approved as an associate professor at the Department of Russian and General Literature of the Bashkir Pedagogical Institute. A brilliant lecturer and teacher, the idol of the youth of that time, Moses Pizov was an implacable fighter against dogmatism in literature.
In 1950 M.G. Pizov was arrested and charged with creating an anti-Soviet group, Trotskyism, and anti-Soviet agitation. In an effort to prevent repression against his wife and bullying, he was forced to plead guilty. Under article 58-10, M.G. Pizov was sentenced to 10 years in prison and transferred to Siberia, to a camp near Irkutsk. Here he fell ill with tuberculosis, in October 1954 he was commissioned and returned half-dead to Ufa. In November 1956, his case was reviewed, the decision of September 2, 1950 in relation to M.G. Pizov was canceled and the proceedings were terminated.
Until the last days of his life, he worked as the head of the Department of Russian and General Literature of the Belarusian State University. M.G. Pizov wrote more than 20 articles on literary criticism about creativity
A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, V. Kaverin, Goethe, Balzac, Shakespeare, Heine, about the mutual influence of Russian and Western European literature, he left over 60 poems, brought up a wonderful galaxy of Bashkir writers.
In the 50-70s, many young men and women from Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova graduated from Ufa universities, who came here, because it was easier for a Jew in the Urals to enter an institute than in the European part of the USSR. Some of them stayed to work here. The Urals became their homeland.
