Assignments for students on the topic "Digestion" Card number 1: The meaning of food and its composition. Digestive organs. 1. What are the functions of the digestive organs? List the organs of the alimentary canal and indicate the associated digestive glands. 2. What is the essence of digestion and why is it necessary? Define digestion. 3. List foods and nutrients. Why should our diet include foods of both plant and animal origin? 4. List foods rich in proteins, fats and carbohydrates, mineral salts and vitamins. What is the importance of these substances in the human diet? Card #2: Digestion in the mouth. 1. How are teeth divided according to structure and function? Why does tooth change occur? What is the structure of a tooth? 2. What is caries? What are the causes of caries? Tell me about dental care. 3. What glands are in the oral cavity and what are their functions? Name the functions of saliva and its composition. 4. Under what conditions is the swallowing movement carried out, what is the role of the epiglottic cartilage? 5. What is the role of the tongue in the process of digestion? Card number 3. Digestion in the stomach and intestines. 1. How is the stomach arranged? What layers does the wall of the stomach consist of, and what function do they perform? 2. What is the composition of gastric juice? What substances break down enzymes in the stomach, and to what level? What is the meaning of hydrochloric acid? 3. What is the structure and function of the small intestine? What substances are cleaved by pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes? 4. What is the role of the liver? Where does the bile duct flow into and what is the significance of bile? 5. What is the importance of the large intestine? What is the role of fiber in intestinal peristalsis? Card number 4. Regulation of digestion. 1. What systems regulate digestion? Why is it carried out in different parts of the digestive tract in a coordinated manner? 2. Give examples of reflex and humoral regulation of the digestive organs. 3. How to explain the physiology of digestion from the standpoint of IP PAVLOV's teachings? 4. Disassemble according to the scheme (Fig. 68, Dragomilov A. G., Mash R. D.) arcs a) food unconditioned reflex; b) conditioned salivary reflex; c) an unconditioned orienting reflex to the light of a light bulb; d) already developed conditioned reflex salivary reflex; e) extinction of the conditioned reflex when this reflex is not reinforced with food; e) unconditional inhibition. Card number 5. Diseases of the digestive system. 1. List the modern methods of studying the digestive tract and describe them. 2. What are the signs of poisoning. What should be done when they appear? 3. Name the causes and methods of prevention of helminthic and infectious diseases. 4. How to prevent metabolic disorders (malnutrition, obesity, malnutrition)? List the principles of proper nutrition. 5. How does alcoholism affect the digestive system? Card number 6. Test (performed by options). The test is designed for 5-7 minutes. Therefore, the number of questions in the test should not be large. 1 option. Choose the correct option. 1) Proteins are digested ... in the oral cavity; only in the stomach; in the stomach and duodenum; only in the duodenum. 2) What substances are broken down by the enzyme ptyalin? proteins; fats; carbohydrates. 3) In which part of the digestive tract is most of the water absorbed? stomach; small intestine; colon; rectum. 4) In what environment is the lipase enzyme most active? in neutral; in sour; in alkaline. 5) What organic substances are synthesized in the intestinal epithelium and absorbed into the lymphatic system? glucose; amino acids; fats. 6) Where is bile produced? in the small intestine; in the pancreas; in the stomach; in the liver. Option 2. Complete the statements. 1. Bread, milk, vegetables, fruits belong to ..., and proteins, fats, carbohydrates - to ... 2. Dietary proteins, fats, carbohydrates cannot be immediately absorbed by the body due to ... reactions. 3. Starch is decomposed by saliva enzymes to ... Protein is decomposed by enzymes of gastric juice (pepsin) and pancreas to ... 4. The crown of the tooth is covered ..., it is located under it ..., and inside the tooth is ... 5. The liver secretes ... into the duodenum, its excess is stored in ... 6. In poorly digested and fried meat, they may turn out to be alive ... if the meat has not passed the inspection of the veterinary service.
Didactic cards in biology are my developments as a result of work on the topic
"Implementation of interdisciplinary connections of an integrated approach in biology lessons as a means of forming a holistic worldview and communicative qualities of students"
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Cards
Topic: "Methods of studying nature"
Artwork: "Operation. Forty Nest, Gavriil Semenovich Kolesnikov
Excerpt: " In our school, under the supervision of Pal Palych, the "Book of Nature" was kept. It recorded the most interesting and important of what we managed to see and learn during hikes in the forest, in the field, on Manych. It was considered a special honor to make an entry in the book. This time, Kolya, Vasya and I were entrusted with writing down a story about how brave magpies saved a pheasant from a fox. We must have done a great job writing about it. The book with our story was in great demand. Even teachers read it. High school students came to us specifically to ask about the details. We, of course, tried to tell more interesting. And, when there was nothing to tell, they began to twist a little; not on purpose, of course, - for the interest. So the details appeared, how one magpie almost pecked the bloodthirsty fox in the eye, and the other sat on the back of the beast and fearlessly pecked it with its beak.
Tasks:
1. What is the passage talking about?
2. What method of study in biology is described in this passage.
3. Write down in your notebook what you see outside the window from the point of view of a biologist.
Topic: “Plants. The role of plants in nature and human life»
Composition: "Sun Catchers", Gavriil Semenovich Kolesnikov
Excerpt: “The vital essence of all plants is to catch the rays of the sun with their greenery. This means that the crown should also be built so that the area of \u200b\u200bthe leaves is the largest with the smallest volume. It is the ball that best meets this requirement. Therefore, the crown of a tree, freely standing in the steppe space, not constrained by its relatives in the forest community, is rounding, it wants to become a ball.
Tasks:
1. What is the passage talking about?
2. What devices help plants perform this function?
Theme: "Algae"
Composition: "On the seas, on the waves", Gavriil Semenovich Kolesnikov
Excerpt: “...Perhaps even beautiful. But the entire water column is covered with algae. In autumn, this green infirmity will settle to the bottom to rot there, emit a cloud of hydrogen sulfide. This green disease is not so harmless - it can defeat all living things if we ourselves do not cope with it ... "
Tasks:
1. What plants are mentioned in the passage?
2. What is the role of algae described in the passage?
3. What is the importance of algae in nature?
Topic: "Seed. Seed germination conditions.
Composition: Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, novel "Virgin Soil Upturned", excerpt from chapter 37:
“... The earth quickly dried up. The growing grain, eating poorly, was unable to throw the sprout out. The sharp sting of the sprout, tender and weak, lay listlessly under the loose clods of warm, sun-smelling earth, strove for the light and could not pierce the stale earthen cover, devoid of moisture. Davydov dismounted on arable land - kneeling, tearing the ground with his hand and, looking at a grain of wheat with a thin sprout swept out in the palm of his hand, he felt a bitter feeling of pity for the millions of grains buried in the earth, so painfully reaching for the sun and almost doomed to death. He was infuriated by the realization of his helplessness. Rain was needed, and then the kubanka would cover the arable land with green ivy. But there was no rain, and the arable land was densely overgrown with strong, tenacious and unpretentious weeds.
Tasks:
3. Sketch the structure of the seed according to its description in the passage of the novel.
4. Compare your seed drawing with the drawing in the tutorial.
5. What happened to the seeds?
6. What conditions are described in the novel under which wheat seeds germinated?
7. So what conditions are necessary for favorable seed germination?
Topic: “Plants. Wind pollinated plants. Conditions for seed germination
Composition: “Wind from the Motherland”, Vladimir Semenovich Molozhavenko
Excerpt: “A mighty wind-hurricane swept over the birch grove like a violent whirlwind. He plucked a fresh sprout that barely had time to appear in the grove. He tore it off, and carried it far, far away, and threw it somewhere in a foreign land. The sprout put its weak roots into the ground, because life in it has not yet ended ... And a birch tree, thin, sad, grew out of the sprout. Green leaves blossomed on it, but they were rare and lethargic: it is boring and dreary to grow under a strange sky ... But then one day a light breeze flew in, and the birch tree started up: it was a wind from native lands. Feeling the greetings of the Fatherland, the birch came to life and trembled: its foliage curled up, and, caressed by the native breeze, it rustled, sang ... "
Tasks:
1. What type of pollination is mentioned in this passage?
2. Name the adaptations of plants of this type.
3.Schematically sketch the seed development cycle.
Topic: “The meaning of plants. Medicinal plants»
Composition: "Let's save the adonis", Gavriil Semenovich Kolesnikov
Excerpt: “Thyme has become a symbol of the Don region, its sandy and rocky wastelands. It inconspicuously leans to the ground, blooms brightly with small purple-red flowers. In the plant family, thyme is the closest relative of sage.
To our delight and to our own misfortune, thyme is strongly fragrant, it is even brewed instead of tea. They are treated with it, and therefore they are actively harvested from year to year, sometimes tearing it out of their native soil along with the root ... Whoever saw the lush golden-yellow crown of adonis at the time of flowering will never forget it. But the trouble is, it's getting harder and harder to see the adonis. This is a miraculous heart remedy. We strive to collect it as much as possible, and there are fewer and fewer places in the steppe for both thyme and spring adonis.”
Tasks:
1. What is the passage talking about?
3. Can these plants be classified as medicinal? Why? Find support for your answer in the text.
4. Sketch thyme or adonis according to the description.
5. Compare the drawings in the guide and in the notebook.
6. Distribute by taxonomic units any of the plants in this passage.
Tasks:
Artwork: Grigory Kolesnikov, “Northern Guest. Secrets of the steppe forest, excerpt
“... It turns out that this northern larch came to visit us. Botanists call it a deciduous pine tree. Dropping needles for the winter, larch has adapted to the harsh conditions of the North. In winter, all its juices could freeze through the green needles, and the tree could dry up. Losing needles for the winter, the tree saves itself from death. The wood of larch is beautiful - heavy, dense, resistant to rot ... "
Tasks:
1. What plant is referred to in this passage?
2. Which department of plants does larch belong to.
3. What are the biological adaptations of larch for wintering?
Topic: "Growth and development of the plant organism"
Composition: Usov M. “In winter you won’t see on the branches ...”, excerpt
“... In winter, you won’t see even a dry leaf on the branches, it seems: the tree is dead.
But it is worth taking a closer look - and you will notice a kidney on any branch. Barely noticeable, under the gray color of the tree bark, they look more modest than modest. And small - just a grain, or even less.
And spring will come, heat will increase - those tree buds cannot be recognized. For a long time only a very keen eye could notice them. Now all the branches - from the trunk to the very tip - are densely dotted with large buds. Each was distributed, poured with spring force.
And finally one of the most amazing miracles will happen. A gray, unremarkable bud becomes a green leaf, so tender that the thinnest vein is visible. And then a snow-white, or pink, or yellow flower will open, and in it, among the pistils and stamens, a golden bee is already swarming.
The kidney is small and unsightly in appearance, and in it is all the beauty of the tree, the whole coming harvest ... "
Tasks:
1. What is the difference between the growth and development of a plant?
2. What process is described in the passage?
3. Sketch the three stages of development of the plant described in the passage.
“... And then the wind will bring to the gardens from the steppe ridge the finest breath of frost-scorched wormwood, the daytime smells and sounds will die out, and along Chernobyl, along the weeds, along the breeze faded on the stubble, along the wavy mounds of chill, inaudibly, like a gray she-wolf, night will come from the east, - like footprints, leaving trails of twilight shadows across the steppe…”
“... On the side of the road is a grave mound .. On its top, licked by the winds, the bare branches of last year's wormwood and sweet clover mournfully rustle, the brown hairs of the Tatar man sullenly sink to the ground, along the slopes, from the very top to the sole, bunches of yellow fluffy feather grass spread. Joylessly dull, faded from the sun and bad weather, they stretch their fibrous stalks over the ancient, weathered soil, even in spring, among the jubilant flowering of herbs, they look senilely dull, obsolete, and only in autumn they shine and shimmer with proud frosty whiteness ... "
Tasks:
Family;
Inflorescence;
Fetus
Topic: "Families of the Dicotyledonous Class"
Composition: M.A. Sholokhov, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, excerpts:
“... Rain was needed, and then the kubanka would cover the arable land with green ivy. But there was no rain, and the arable lands were densely overgrown with strong tenacious and unpretentious weeds ... "
“... And then before, it happened, - a person throws seeds and waits for which one will come out. And it comes out next to the pashenichka and wheatgrass, and sow thistle, and wild oat, and euphorbia, and any other grass ... "
Tasks:
1. Write down the names of plants.
2. Describe the plants according to the plan:
An annual or perennial plant;
Family;
Inflorescence;
Fetus
3. Draw in a notebook a plant that belongs to the cereal family.
Topic: "Families of the Dicotyledonous Class"
Composition: M.A. Sholokhov, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, excerpts:
“... In the steppe, the wheatgrass rose above the knee. Behind the pasture bloomed sweet clover. By evening, his honey smell spread throughout the farm, stirring the hearts of the girls with languor ... "
“... At this early morning hour, neither the steppe plantain, nor the drooping branches of the yellow sweet clover, nor the life that appeared on the hill and approached the path closely exuded their daytime smells. Even the all-powerful wormwood lost it even then - all the smells were absorbed by the dew lying on the bread, on the herbs so generously, as if a short, loose July rain had recently passed here ... "
Tasks:
1. Write down the names of plants.
2. Describe the plants according to the plan:
An annual or perennial plant;
Family;
Inflorescence;
Fetus
3. Prepare a message about a plant that belongs to the plantain family.
Topic: "Families of the Dicotyledonous Class"
“... Rare stars swayed in the ashen dawn sky. The wind was blowing from under the clouds. Over the Don, the fog walked on its hind legs, spreading along the slope of the chalk mountain, crawling into the pits like a gray headless viper. The left-bank Obdon, the sands, the valleys, the reedy impassability, the dew-covered forest blazed with a frenzied cold glow. Beyond the line, not rising, the sun was languishing ... "
“Near the Tsar’s Pond there is a sandy ridge alluvial from spring water. The yellow camel's hump was stunted with holly snake onions ... "
“... Only the trinity remained in the farmyards: dry savory scattered on the floors, dust of crumpled leaves and wrinkled, obsolete greenery of cut oak and ash branches stuck near the gates and porches ...”
Tasks:
1. Write down the names of plants.
2. Describe the plants according to the plan:
An annual or perennial plant;
Family;
Inflorescence;
Fetus
Topic: "Families of the Dicotyledonous Class"
Composition: Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, novel "Quiet Flows the Don", excerpts:
“... Holly green wheat sprouts, grows; after a month and a half, the rook is buried in it with its head, and is not visible; sucks the juices from the earth, sprouts, then blooms, golden dust covers the ear, swells the grain with odorous and sweet milk. The owner will go out into the steppe - he looks, he is not overjoyed ... "
“... There was a transparent silence in the steppe behind the farm. Behind the cleanup, behind a stooped mound, the earth was being combed with plows, chauffeurs were whistling, and here - above the path - a blue gray of stunted wormwood, a roadside sweet clover plucked with sheep's teeth, a mountaineer bent in a prayerful bow, and the ringing glassy frost of the cooling sky, cut by the flying threads of a semi-precious cobweb ... »
“... In the beam - delayed by the dam - spring water was blue. The silt near the pond was stained with traces of cattle approaching the watering hole. Weeds and weeds grew on the hump of the crumbling dam, sedge languished near the water, sharp-leaved bream rustled in the rain ... "
Tasks:
1. Write down the names of plants.
2. Describe the plants according to the plan:
An annual or perennial plant;
Family;
Inflorescence;
Fetus
Theme: "Birds"
Work: Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" excerpt from chapter 22:
“... At dawn, wild geese, geese, flocks of ducks swam up to the gardens in search of food. Copper-voiced loons cackled like dawns in the tuba. Yes, even at noon it was clear how a wave of white-skinned teals was nursing and nursing across the wind-tossed expanse of the Don ... "
Tasks:
Theme: "Birds"
Artwork: Grigory Kolesnikov, “You just need to want. Secrets of the steppe forest, excerpt
“... Evening is approaching the Don. Suddenly, like an explosion, a huge flock of some birds rises up. Maybe starlings? They covered the sky with a black cloud. Most likely, the young began to fly and learn to fly, train.
A swan floats majestically out of a thicket of dark green reeds.
There is a whole colony of snow-white gulls on the sandbank. Worked out during the day, getting ready for bed, resting.
Stretching out its long legs, a large heron slowly flies over the river.
There are also places on our Don where a fearless bird lives. You just have to want to see her…”
Tasks:
1. Find the names of the birds from the passage of the work.
2. What can be said about the life of these birds?
3. Students make a classification by taxonomic units.
Theme: "Birds"
Artwork: Grigory Kolesnikov, “Birds in the city. Secrets of the steppe forest, excerpt
“... Rooks, jackdaws, pigeons, sparrows, crows, in some places magpies settled, in the spring - starlings. These are all old-timers and constant friends of the townspeople. But it is possible and necessary to attract other representatives of the feathered kingdom to the city. In our squares and parks, finches, goldfinches, and tits may well live and breed. There was a place for nightingales. Unfortunately, there are almost no such places in Rostov. Our parks are too overregulated and illuminated even in such corners where there is no need for this ... "
Tasks:
1.Fill in the table:
Birds | settled birds | wandering birds | Migratory birds |
Theme: "Birds"
Artwork: Usov M., "Pink Cloud".
"...Locust!" It meant the same as: "The enemy is coming!". The alarm bell rang from village to village. In terrible anxiety, people hurried to the fields, taking with them shovels and brooms, and some even guns. They galloped on horseback, dusted the wagon trains along the roads. And from beyond the horizon, in a dirty gray endless cloud, shading the sun, locusts were approaching. Innumerable, gluttonous. People were exhausted, trying in vain to save the bread. And then pink starlings came to their aid. From morning until dusk, their flocks of the field did not leave. They pecked at the locust, tore it to pieces. Only thirst distracted the pink starlings in search of water. But, having intercepted a sip, the birds again attacked the locusts ... "
Tasks:
1. Make a food chain of 5 links (one of the links is locusts, the other is starlings)
Topic: “Birds. Nest building»
Artwork: the story of an old bird-lover, "The Grasshoppers", an excerpt:
“...-Come on, tell me, what kind of bird immures itself when it hatches its chicks? Don't you know?... Kalao!
I don’t know any of your kalavas, I tell him.
Well, the big Indian rhinoceros! he gets excited. - Such a bird is found in India!
After a few days with other news runs:
Do you know Molotoglov? Not? Oto bird! Lives in Africa! Do you know what kind of nests she makes? From twigs and clay, like a ball! Two meters across. Climb up, jump as much as you want - and it won't fall apart. And inside there are three rooms: an entrance hall, a dining room and a bedroom. In a bird!
Tasks:
1. What birds are mentioned in the story?
2. What kind of nests do these birds build?
3. Homework: find in additional sources whether such birds really exist or are they the boy's inventions.
Theme: "Pisces"
Composition: Pyotr Vasilievich Lebedenko, the tale of the Light-winged Song and the Cossack Makar the Tearless, excerpt:
“... It used to happen that a Cossack would set up nets in the Don, wait for fishing luck, like a clear sun, and at night a reckless wind would fly in from the sea, whistle, dance, spin the waves on the mighty river, and again quietly. A Cossack will come to the Quiet Don, he will look, no fish, no nets. Only wet floats on a light swell near the shore sway, as if laughing. Makar will shake his head, move his thick eyebrows, and say: - Ehma! That is OK…"
Tasks:
1. Link the passage to the topic of our lesson.
2. What is the role of fish in this passage?
3. Why did the Cossack not catch the fish?
4. What conditions are necessary for the fish to be on the surface of the water, and not in its thickness?
Theme: "Pisces"
Composition: V. Deryabin, "Smart Heron", excerpt:
“... We were somehow on a boat up the Don. Towards a self-propelled barge. I look: there is a heron on the spit. On one leg. I was dreaming, apparently about something. Or dozing in the sun? It turns out it's neither. She was waiting for a self-propelled gun. Yes, yes, self-propelled! A barge caught up with her, noisily pulled water from the shore. And the bird suddenly came to life. She started up and rushed with all her legs behind the fleeing edge of the water. The sand was bare, and stupid fish fluttered on it, not having time to go deep into the depths. Here the heron ate them. And how clever!
Tasks:
1. Make a food chain of five links (one of the links is a heron, the other is a fish)
Theme: "Pisces"
Composition: “Like the Don by the river”
Like the Don by the river
Cossacks are fishing.
Malets Andrey
Caught three bass.
And the father of the roots
Four carp.
And grandfather Gavril
Caught two catfish.
Tasks:
- Read the Don nursery rhyme.
- What is the joke about?
- Link the content of the work and the topic of our lesson.
- What fish did the Cossacks catch?
- Students make a classification by taxonomic units.
Topic: “Systematics. Systematic units and groups"
Composition: Petr Vasilyevich Lebedenko, "Ignatka", excerpt:
“..A long time ago it was ... a lot of water has flowed since then from the Pacific Don to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. But even now you can still see how something suddenly sparkles in the depths of the river, sparkles, lights up with golden lights. This, probably, is the hero Quiet Don, walking, looking with a keen eye, listening with a sensitive ear: is it not visible where the enemy hordes are, is not the clatter of the enemy heard? Snakes, worms, snails, crabs with long claws nodded their heads and crawled away ... "
Tasks:
1. What are the representatives of the animal world referred to in the passage?
2.Fill in the table:
Name animal | Kingdom | Sub-kingdom | Type of | Class | Habitat |
Topic: “Public insects-bees and ants. Beneficial insects»
Artwork: B. Agurenko, Drones.
There were few drones in the hive. But they behaved so defiantly, they despised everyone so much that the bees at the meeting demanded:
Let the drones show what they are capable of!
And they smiled:
Just think, an important thing is to collect honey! Anyone can do it.
They sit around the flower, push, buzz, and where to start - they won’t figure it out right away!
And you only know how to eat! - indignantly buzzed a swarm of bees and threw the drones out.
Since then, the bees have been throwing them out of the hive.
Tasks:
1. What insects are mentioned in the story?
2. Are bees classified as social insects? Name the structure of their society.
3. Do ants belong to social insects? Name the structure of their society.
4. Name the reasons for the conflict between drones and bees described in this story.
Topic: “Mammals. Insectivores»
Composition: G. Kolesnikov, “Look at the living!”, Excerpt:
“... We have a mysterious and mysterious animal living on the Don - a muskrat. Few have seen him. There are many reasons for this: small number, nocturnal lifestyle, caution.
I saw it in the local history museum. Rare exhibit! The animal is not large - from a young hedgehog, with a long flat and strong tail. Small paws - with claws and membranes. The muskrat has a very rational form for aquatic life: it resembles half a cone lying on the ground with a cut, or, more precisely, half a thick pear. The fur of the animal is soft, fluffy and very thick. Its tone is beautiful: dark brown on the back and sides and light gray on the breast and underbelly. Fur is considered extremely valuable. In the pre-revolutionary years, the animal was transferred to fur coats. A fur coat on a muskrat is prestigious. She is beautiful, warm and precious. The animal was mercilessly beaten out ... I so want to see it, especially since on the Don, in our remote places, the muskrat still lives under the protection of the All-Union Red Book.
Tasks:
1. Draw a muskrat animal according to the description of the author.
2. Consider the drawing of the animal in the textbook. Are your drawings similar?
3. What did you learn about the desman from the story?
4. Why did the number of desman decrease?
5. Who is guarding this animal?
Topic: "Blood circulation".
Work: the novel "Virgin Soil Upturned" by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, an excerpt from chapter 24:
“... Davydov, wearily bending his legs stiff from fast riding, sank heavily into an old chair that stood just opposite the chair on which Nesterenko was sitting, looked blankly at the shabby armrests of a cheap chair woven from wicker rods, and then listened to the incessant chirping of sparrows in the acacia bushes and looking at the yellow face of Nesterenko ... "
Tasks:
1. Read an excerpt from the novel "Virgin Soil Upturned" by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
2. Link the passage from the novel to the topic of our lesson.
3. Why are Davydov's legs numb?
4. What happens to the movement of lymph when the blood flow to the limb is blocked?
5. Is the movement of lymph restored if the blood flow to the limb is restored?
6. Why is this phenomenon dangerous?
Topic: "Type of temperament"
Composition: “Seventh Channel”, Veniamin Efimovich Kisilevsky
Excerpt: “Here Igor rode up to them on a bicycle. Stopped, watching them try. Igor - the guy is already big - he is studying in the fifth grade. But he hardly plays with boys of his age. More and more with kids. Because, probably, he likes to command very much. How that is started - he is the most important. And that still forces him to fight. But how to fight if it is so heavy and big? Gleb, for example, barely reaches his shoulder. Of course, Igor always wins. Gleb offered him: “Come on, Vovka and I are together against you alone. You are so healthy." Doesn't want to. It is necessary, he says, to be honest, one on one. Here he is, Igor"
Tasks:
1. Read an excerpt from the story.
2. Based on Igor's description, can you determine his type of temperament?
3. What type of temperament does Igor have?
Theme: "Mutations"
Composition: "Colorful sparrows", Gavriil Semenovich Kolesnikov
“Behind the window I had a feeder for sparrows attached - a wide shelf is satisfied. That time, as usual, I opened the window; sprinkled bread crumbs on the shelf. Sparrows knew their hour and immediately flocked to feed. But today there were two special ones among them: one is almost white, only a little smoky, the other is yellowish-golden. At first I mistook them for other birds. But no, the whole appearance, all the habits of a sparrow: they jump easily and softly, like a sparrow, do not step. I was lucky to see sparrows very close - albinos, one of the rare amusements of nature.
Tasks:
1. Read the story.
2. What is said in the text.
3. Connect the topic of our lesson and the main idea of this story.
4. Answer the question: what is an albino? Mutation? Adaptation? Idioadaptation?
5. Sketch what you think an albino sparrow looks like.
Topic: "Type of temperament"
Artwork: "The Magic Box", Ivan Dmitrievich Vasilenko
Excerpt: How old are you? asked the Duke.
It will be ten soon. And you?
I'm already thirty-one. And who is your father?
Soldered pots, kettles. He has already died.
And mine was a deacon. Not a duke, but a deacon. I lied about the duke. I like to joke. Where did you study?
In the parish.
And I, brother, graduated from the seminary. They almost didn’t make me a priest, but I guessed in time to give a drape.
What is your name?
My name is Alexei Evseevich. And it’s easier for Evse and Ichem. Here is my last name Pogrebny. I am a cheerful person, I love the sun, grass, I love birds to the point of passion. Why do I need such a surname? .. And what do you like?
I loved many things: beans with pickles, honey halva, cranberry kvass, decals. But I did not dare to talk about it, lest Yevseich would think that I was still quite small.
Tasks:
1. According to the description, determine the type of temperament in the boy and Alexei Evseevich.
Topic: Digestion. Diseases of the teeth»
Composition: "Alyoshkino heart", M.A. Sholokhov
Excerpt: “… A week has passed. Alyoshka's gums were festering. In the mornings, when he gnawed at the bark of karaich from nauseating hunger, his teeth swayed and danced in his mouth, and convulsions squeezed his throat ... "
Tasks:
1. What disease is mentioned in the passage?
2. Why did Alyoshka have problems with his teeth.
3. Develop a plan for restoring your teeth.
Active handout for the lesson of biology "Magnifying devices" Grade 6
Active handout is designed for self-study of the topic by students of grade 6. Can be used at any stage of the lesson. It is called upon to provide methodological assistance to biology teachers working in the 6th grade of secondary schools.
Target: self-study by students of the topic "magnifying devices"
Tasks: to acquaint students with magnifying devices, the history of their discovery, the rules of work, the assimilation of knowledge of the sequence of preparation of a micropreparation;
Development of skills to independently acquire knowledge, think logically, instill interest in the subject;
Encourage respect for educational equipment.
1. Read the riddle, what is it about?
If you look into that pipe,
You can see a lot:
What is invisible to the eye,
The pipe will show us right away.
Close one eye! And so -
Everything will “enlarge” ......... (microscope)
2. Consider magnifying devices (figure 7 of the textbook, page 25), which ones do you know?
Discovery history
Today it is difficult to imagine a professor without a microscope. The microscope in modern times is actively used by professors of medicine, biology, materials science, geology. The microscope is the greatest invention, without which it is impossible to even make a correct diagnosis, control treatment, develop new drugs and make scientific discoveries.
Approximately at the same time when the exploration of space with the help of telescopes began, the first attempts were made to reveal the secrets of the microcosm with the help of lenses.
A more perfect tool for observing microscopic objects is a simple microscope. When these devices appeared, it is not known exactly. At the very beginning of the 17th century, several such microscopes were made by the spectacle craftsman Zacharias Jansen from Middelburg. The work of A. Kircher, published in 1646, contains a description of the simplest microscope, which he called "flea glass". It consisted of a magnifying glass embedded in a copper base, on which an object table was fixed, which served to place the object in question; at the bottom there was a flat or concave mirror, reflecting the sun's rays onto an object and thus illuminating it from below. The magnifying glass was moved by means of a screw to the object table until the image became distinct and clear. The first outstanding discoveries were made just with the help of a simple microscope. In the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch naturalist Anthony van Leeuwenhoek achieved brilliant success. For many years, Leeuwenhoek perfected himself in the manufacture of tiny (sometimes less than 1 mm in diameter) biconvex lenses, which he made from a small glass ball, which in turn was obtained by melting a glass rod in a flame. Then this glass ball was ground on a primitive grinding machine. During his lifetime, Leeuwenhoek made at least 400 such microscopes.
3. Look at the image of the microscope, guess riddles, sign its parts.
1. What is not visible to the naked eye,
You can see it right away under a microscope.
Not one cell, sometimes a couple
Eye closer to ... .
2. A ray of light directs,
The drug illuminates them ...
3. Keep the drug on the table
Two tough guys...
4. They set in motion,
They drive a table or a tube ... ..
5. Tube, mirror, screws, stage, lens
Putting it all together... .
4. Read the rules for working with a microscope and remember.
A good light source is essential for working with a microscope. In natural light, it is recommended to work near windows facing north. The microscope is taken by the middle part of the tube holder and placed on the table, the eyepiece and lens are wiped with a soft cloth, the lens is set at low magnification and the light is directed using a mirror so that it enters the microscope tube through the hole in the table. The material to be studied must be thin so that light passes through it, otherwise only the contours of the preparation will be visible in the microscope. They look into the eyepiece alternately with one eye, then with the other, as the eyes get tired quickly. Initially, the drug is considered at low magnification. Without looking into the eyepiece, with the help of a screw, bring the lens closer to the glass by about 0.5 cm, then look into the eyepiece, raise the microscope tube until the image of the preparation appears and, slightly turning the screw to the right and left, set the tube so that a clear image is obtained. If it is necessary to examine the material at high magnification, then, without looking into the eyepiece, slowly raise the microscope tube with a screw. By easily turning the microscrew, a clear image of the preparation is obtained. When working with a microscope, one should sit comfortably, without bending close to the eyepiece. During operation, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the lenses, avoiding the ingress of liquid on the objective lens. Do not touch the surface of the lenses with your fingers, as this leaves greasy marks that interfere with a clear image. After finishing the work, the tube is raised high up and only after that the preparation is removed from the table. When these rules are followed, the risk of damaging the lens and crushing the glass is eliminated.
5. Write down the names of the items needed to work with the microscope
according to the numbers (cover slip, slide, pipette, tweezers, micropreparation, dissecting needle, water) (Figure 8 page 26 of the textbook)
Incredible facts.
- The Hubble Telescope is essentially a robotic telescope that sits at the outer edge of the atmosphere and orbits around our planet. The Space Telescope is named after Edwin Hubble, is a joint project between NASA and the European Space Agency, and was launched on April 24, 1990 of the year. One of the telescope's most sophisticated cameras was able to create a sky mosaic of 10,000 galaxies.
Hubble helped discover a million new objects. A person can see about 6,000 stars with the naked eye.
Hubble passes around the earth every 90 minutes. The distance he covered is about 3,000 million km, which is more than the distance to Neptune.
- For the presence on the planet of such organisms as microbes and bacteria, we must say "thank you" to the microscope. If scientists had not seen them under a microscope, we could still suffer from unknown diseases and be at a loss as to how and with what to treat it.
Thanks for the lesson!
Plants, like animals, have a cellular structure. Cells in plants are not isolated, they interact with each other, are located in certain parts of the body, have a different structure and perform different functions.
A group of similar in origin and structure cells that perform a specific function is called a tissue. The most important plant tissues are educational, basic, integumentary, mechanical, and conductive. Tissues can be simple and complex, simple tissues consist of only one type of cell (meristem, integumentary tissue of a young root). As the plant ages, the structure of its tissues also improves, they become complex, i.e. They are a collection of different cells, and along with the main one, other functions begin to perform.
Educational tissues, or meristems, take part in the formation of all permanent plant tissues and actually form its body. The main feature of meristem cells is the ability to divide for a long time, and some cells divide throughout the life of the plant. Meristem cells are thin-walled, with a dense non-vacuolated cytoplasm, with a nucleus located in the center. They are multifaceted (up to 14 faces), fit tightly to each other and can divide in different directions. Meristem cells are located in strictly defined parts of the plant: at the tops of the root and stem, at the base of the flowering shoot (in amaryllis, tulip), shoot nodes (in cereals), i.e. where new cells are vigorously formed, due to which plant growth occurs.
fabrics, arising from meristematic, are called permanent, as they perform a certain function for some time and, as a rule, do not turn into other tissues.
The basal tissue, or parenchyma, is the tissue that makes up the bulk and bulk of the plant's body. Parenchyma cells are isodiametric (the length of the cell is equal to the width) or have a tabular shape (the length is not more than 2 times the width). This is one of the few tissues that, depending on the position in the body of the plant and the characteristics of its habitat, is capable of performing various functions. According to the functions, chlorophyll-bearing (chlorenchyma, or assimilation tissue), storage, air-bearing (aerenchyma) parenchyma are distinguished.
Chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma is formed in green leaves and steels of plants and performs the function of photosynthesis (Fig. 8.1). The cells of this tissue contain chloroplasts. Depending on the shape, size and arrangement of cells in angiosperms, columnar (palisade) and spongy (loose) chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma are distinguished. differentiation to columnar and spongy tissues in leaves is associated with the peculiarity of illumination. If the lower and upper sides of the leaf are equally illuminated, there is no differentiation. In the needle-shaped leaves of gymnosperms, a special type of chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma develops - folded. Since chloroplasts are located in the wall layer of the cytoplasm, the folding of the cell wall is an adaptation to an increase in the number of chloroplasts, and, consequently, the photosynthetic surface.
Reserve Nutrients
In the cells of the storage parenchyma, reserve nutrients (starch, fats, proteins) are deposited in solid or dissolved form, which are subsequently used by the plant in the process of life. In plants that periodically experience an acute shortage of water, it accumulates in the storage tissues of the stem (cacti) or leaves (juvenile, stonecrop, aloe), water accumulates. A large amount of storage parenchyma is found in the stems of woody plants, bulbs, tubers, rhizomes, grains of cereals, in juicy fruits. Sometimes substances that are excreted from the metabolic process (resins, organic acids, calcium oxalate) accumulate in storage tissues.
In higher plants that live in water (water lilies, egg capsules), a special type of basic tissue develops - the air-bearing parenchyma. Its main function is to ensure normal gas exchange in the plant body under conditions of reduced aeration. The cells of the air parenchyma can have a variety of shapes (round, stellate) and are located loosely, since there are large intercellular spaces between them, through which gaseous substances circulate coming from the atmosphere and formed in the plant.
Integumentary tissues are found on the surface of all plant organs. They perform mainly a protective function - they protect plants from overheating and hypothermia, excessive evaporation of water and dry air, pathogens, etc. Integumentary tissue can be simple or complex.
Roots and stems
Young roots, stems of herbaceous plants, leaves are covered with a simple single-layer integumentary tissue - the skin (epidermis, epidermis). The skin cells are thin-walled, isodiametric or elongated, with more or less sinuous walls, tightly adjacent to each other, do not contain chloroplasts. Very often, the epidermis is covered with a wax coating or hairs, which is an additional protective device. In the leaves and green stems, stomata are scattered between the cells of the skin, which open and close automatically and regulate the water and air regime of the plant. The active work of stomata is associated with the process of photosynthesis.
In trees and shrubs on the stem, as well as on the roots, over time, the skin is replaced by more durable and complex integumentary tissues.
By autumn, the stems of shrubs and twigs of trees begin to turn brown. This indicates that the skin is replaced by a secondary, multilayer integumentary tissue - the periderm, in which the cork performs a protective function.
Cork cells are tabular and arranged one above the other in regular rows. The cell membranes are gradually impregnated with suberin, and the cells are suberized. Neither nutrients nor air can enter through the corky membrane, so the contents of the cell die and it is filled with air. The connection of the plant with the external environment is carried out through special breakthroughs in the integumentary tissue - lentils, through which gaseous substances freely penetrate into the plant and in the same way are brought out.
Integumentary tissue
On old branches and tree trunks, as they age, an even more complex integumentary tissue is formed - a crust. It arises due to the fact that the secondary integumentary tissue in woody plants is formed every year further from the surface among the living parenchymal tissue. As soon as the parenchyma sections are between two layers of cork, they die off. Thus, the crust is also a dead integumentary tissue, but more dense and thicker. Since the tree trunk grows in thickness every year, and dead cells cannot stretch, the crust on the surface bursts and separates into pieces. The surface of the tree becomes clumsy, rough.
On old roots, only secondary integumentary tissues are formed; as a rule, there is no crust on them.
Mechanical tissues give strength to various parts of the plant. In the stem, mechanical tissues are located mainly on the periphery, and are also part of the vascular bundles. In leaves, they are well developed in petioles. The shape, structure, physiological state of the cells that form mechanical tissues are different. In petioles of leaves and young stems, a living mechanical tissue (collenchyma) appears. Due to the uneven deposition of pectin, its cells have unevenly thickened shells. Pectin substances are able to easily absorb water from the intercellular spaces surrounding the cell and give it away. Thanks to this, the turgor state of the leaf, petiole and other parts of the plant is maintained and their orientation in space is carried out (leaves in many plants, inflorescences can turn after the sun). This tissue does not prevent cell elongation and, consequently, the growth of the organ. It remains in the leaf until the end of his life.
Mechanical cloth
In the stem, as it ages, the living mechanical tissue is replaced by a dead one (sclerenchyma). Its cells have uniformly thickened lignified or non-lignified shells. Long mechanical cells are called fibers, rounded cells with very thick membranes are called stony. The fibers are located most often in the stems, there are many of them in the stems of flax, hemp, linden, and rope. The fibers of many plants are used in the textile industry. Stony cells are located in groups in immature pear fruits or singly in the leaves of ficus, tea bush, camellia.
The stronger the mechanical tissue in the stem is developed, the more powerful the above-ground mass can be formed by the plant.
Conductive tissues serve to move water with minerals dissolved in it from the roots to leaves and other parts of the plant, as well as to deliver organic substances to them that were synthesized in organs containing chlorophyll-bearing tissue.
In plants, two types of conductive tissue are distinguished - xylem (wood) and phloem (bast). Xylem is the water-carrying system of a plant. It is a complex tissue, which includes specialized elements that conduct water - tracheitis and trachea (vessels), as well as cells of parenchymal and mechanical tissues. Tracheitis - narrow, dead cells with pointed ends and lignified shells. The lignification of the shells occurred gradually and contributed to the strengthening of the walls of the water-conducting Elements, and therefore helped to create a continuous watercourse. In primitive organisms, annular and spiral thickenings first appeared on thin-walled shells, and annular and spiral tracheitis arose.
Thin-walled pore
In the process of evolution, lignification spread to almost the entire shell, but thin-walled sections (pores) remained in it, arranged in a certain order and having a rounded or oblong shape. So different types of tracheitis were formed. Tracheites are part of the water-conducting system of ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and gymnosperms. They are also formed in primitive angiosperms (water lilies), but in most angiosperms, the movement of water occurs through the trachea. Tracheas are also dead elements of conductive tissue. They consist of short wide cells (segments of blood vessels), which are located one above the other. In these cells, the transverse partitions disappeared, and the side walls gradually became lignified. Like tracheitis, tracheas are annulated, spiral, ladder, porous. They pass through the entire body of the plant, their length is actually equal to the length of the plant. The trachea is much wider than the tracheitis, so water, without encountering obstacles in the form of transverse partitions on its way, moves along them very quickly.
Phloem is the tissue through which the assimilator is drained. Like xylem, it is a complex tissue, consisting of sieve tubes with companion cells, as well as parenchymal and mechanical tissues.
Sieve tubes are formed by living cells in which there is no nucleus, the cytoplasm is located in the central part and its strands through through holes in the transverse partitions (sieve plates) pass into neighboring cells. This allows cells to communicate with each other. Sieve tubes, like vessels, run along the entire length of the plant. Companion cells are adjacent to sieve tubes. They have a typical structure for plant cells and, obviously, play a catalytic role, helping the movement of organic substances.
Sieve tubes in woody plants function for 1-3 years. Then they can perform a storage function or are destroyed. Instead, new elements of the phloem are formed.
Xylem and phloem are usually in interaction with each other and form bundles that can be seen with the naked eye in the leaves in the form of veins. The bundles are also located in the central part of the stem and root. In addition to conducting elements, bundles also contain elements of basic and mechanical tissues.
HandoutBiology Greek bios life + logos word, teaching
(from bio... and ...logia), the totality of the sciences of wildlife, the doctrine of the organization and life of animals and plants. - Biological sciences: zoology, botany, anatomy, histology, embryology, physiology, etc.
subject of study B.- all manifestations of life: the structure and functions of living beings and their natural communities, their distribution, origin and development, connections with each other and with inanimate nature.
The tasks of B. are the study of all biological laws, the disclosure of the essence of life and its manifestations with the aim of knowing and managing them. The term "B." proposed in 1802 independently of each other by two scientists - a Frenchman J. B. Lamarck and the German G. R. Treviranus. According to other sources, the term "biology" in 1800 was introduced by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (Burdach Karl Friedrich, 1776-1847
In the first third of the 19th century in Russian, the word "biology" was more often used (literal translation - tracing paper - of Lamarck's term), although words derived from "biology" were sporadically used (for example, "biological" in 1812). Finally, the word "biology" entered the Russian language to 1834.
Basic Methods B .: observation, which allows describing a biological phenomenon; comparison, which makes it possible to find patterns that are common to different phenomena (for example, individuals of the same species, different species, or for all living beings); experiment, or experience, during which the researcher artificially creates a situation that helps to reveal the deeper properties of biological objects; finally, historical method, allowing, on the basis of data on the modern organic world and its past, to learn the processes of development of living nature. In contemporary biology, no strict boundary can be drawn between these basic research methods; the once justified division of B. into descriptive and experimental sections has now lost its meaning.
B. is closely connected with many sciences and with the practical activity of man.
Some sections of BIOLOGY
The system of biological sciences is extremely multifaceted, which is due to both the variety of manifestations of life and the variety of forms, methods and goals of the study of living objects, the study of living things at different levels of its organization. All this determines the conditionality of any system of biological sciences. Animal sciences were among the first to develop in Byelorussia - zoology and plants - botany, as well as human anatomy and physiology - the basis medicine. Other major sections of B., allocated according to the objects of study, are microbiology- the science of microorganisms, hydrobiology- the science of organisms inhabiting the aquatic environment, etc. Narrower disciplines were formed within the banking system; within zoology - the study of mammals - theriology, birds - ornithology, reptiles and amphibians - herpetology, fish and fish-like - ichthyology, insects - entomology, ticks - acarology, shellfish - malacology, the simplest - protozoology; inside botany - studying algae - algology, mushrooms - mycology, lichens - lichenology, mosses - bryology, trees and shrubs - dendrology etc. The subdivision of disciplines sometimes goes even deeper.
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