Tatar Intellectuals: Hadi Atlasi. Problems of the history of Siberia. Pedagogical and socio-political activities

Formulation of the problem. Contemporary Russian society is going through a difficult process of rethinking its history. Against the background of these changes, the internal need of historical science itself is manifested in the reconstruction of the historical truth about the past of the peoples of Russia, including the Tatar people. Therefore, it is essential to appeal to the work of the glorious representatives of the Tatar historical school, who successfully developed the problems of their native land and played a significant role in the spiritual revival of their nation. Comprehension of the scientific heritage of thinkers of the past allows you to select valuable ideas that need to be further developed and used in practical activities! sti. In this regard, the study of the creative laboratory and the historical heritage of the prominent Tatar scientist and public figure Mukhammadhadi Miftahutdinovich Atl-lasov (1876-1938) is of undoubted scientific interest. The most significant pages of Russian history are reflected in his biography.

Relevance of the research topic. The dissertation research is devoted to the study of the life and creative activity of H. Atlasi - a famous historian, teacher and public figure. The need for a comprehensive study of H. Atlasi's work is due to the poor study of his historical heritage, the inadequacy of determining the specific contribution of the scientist to the formation of Tatar historical thought. His peculiar understanding and original coverage of the history of the Tatar people, determination of its place and role in the development of the Eurasian civilization have not lost their significance at the present time. H. Atlasi's scientific works make it possible to better understand the history and fate of the Tatars, contribute to a better understanding of the current state of society. Proceeding from this, the appeal to the scientific heritage of the historian is both timely and relevant.

Certain aspects of the scientist's work attracted the attention of historians. However, until now in the Tatar scientific thought there is no monographic study dedicated to H. Atlasi.

The degree of knowledge of the problem. The historiography of the issue as a whole is very few. Chronologically, it can be classified as follows:

2) publications that date from the mid-1980s to the present day. During this period, the main historical works of H. Atlasi were republished. After a long oblivion, the process of gradual restoration of historical justice in relation to the scientist began. :

Researchers first started talking about the work of H. Atlasi after the publication of his main works in 1913. In the journalistic articles of various authors, mainly biographical information was given, an attempt was made to highlight the pedagogical, social and scientific activities of the historian. Among the first publications, it should be noted in the Muslim calendar - "Zaman calendar" an article by an anonymous author, in which H.

In 1914, under the pseudonym Altai, a long article was published in the Yulduz newspaper, in which the work Syuyunbike was characterized as a study vividly recreating the life of a famous statesman and national heroine.3

The historical works of H. Atlasi were examined at that time by the beginner, and later became the world famous Turkologist A.-Z. Validi.

1 Zaman calendar.-1913.-B.58

2 Most likely this is the pseudonym of G.B. Batgal.

His review was somewhat critical. He did not share the assessment of H. Atlasi regarding the reasons for the fall of the Kazan Khanate. According to A.-Z. Validi, the main reasons for the historical tragedy of the Kazan Tatars were objective. However, the reviewer generally praised the scientist's attempts to create a scientific history.

H. Atlasi's historical works attracted the attention of Russian orientalists. Academician V.V. Barthold, in his review, written in 1916, explained that H. Atlasi objectively assessed the activities of Russian statesmen of the 15th-16th centuries, respectively, giving them a positive assessment. V.V. Barthold called H. Atlasi a Tatar patriot, since the scientist spoke with pain in his heart about the loss of statehood by the Tatars in the second half of the 16th century.5

In general, in the pre-revolutionary period, the assessment of H. Atlasi's work was in the nature of reviews and was not a thorough and comprehensive study of the historical works of the Tatar scientist.

In the Soviet period, at the beginning of the 1920s, H.Atlasi's study "Kazan Khanate" was republished, which was highly appreciated by historians. In his famous essays, Jamaletdin Validi wrote about Hadi Atlasi as a prominent scientist who devoted himself to the study of national history.6 The works of the scientist, primarily the “Kazan Khanate”, were highly appreciated by Gaziz Gubaidullin. According to G. Gubaidullin, the work is a serious scientific study, valuable and remarkable for the fact that Hadi Atlasi was the first among historians to widely attract new materials, for example, the khan's label Sahib-Girey. In general, G. Gubaidullin assessed the works of H. Atlasi as a new phenomenon in the Turkic-Tatar historiography.

4 Validy A.-3. Seenbike // Sembike, - 1914, - No. 4, - B.7-11; - No. 5, - B.5-6

5 Notes of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Archaeological Society. - 1916.-T.2-3, issue З-4.-С.421-422.

6 Validi J. Essays on the history of education and literature of the Tatars. - M.-P., 1923.- S. 146.

7 Gubaidullin G.S. The development of historical literature among the Turkic-Tatar peoples // First All-Union Turkological Congress. - Baku, 1926.- p. 48

Since the end of the 1920s, due to accusations of anti-Soviet activity, the work of H. Atlasi was undeservedly forgotten for a long time. In fact, it is these works of J. Validi and G. Gubaidullin that the historiography about H. Atlasi of the Soviet period is limited to.

A new stage in the study of H. Atlasi's work began only in the mid-80s. After many years of silence, in December 1986 a large article by prominent Tatar scientists-professors Ya.G. Abdullina, M.A. Usmanov and I.R. Tagirova.8 The publication was timed to coincide with the 110th anniversary of the birth of the Tatar historian. It covered the life of the scientist, analyzed the social, political, pedagogical and scientific activities of H. Atlasi, and appreciated his creative heritage. Famous Tatar scholars characterized him as a major historical figure. The article was the first important step in restoring the good name and legacy of Hadi Atlasi.

Soon afterwards, an article by the same authors was published in the Nauka newspaper (July 24, 1989), which was titled "The Truth About Hadi Atlasi." Later in 1995, the same article was included in the book by Y. G. Abdullin "Millat Yazmyshy" ("The Fate of the Nation"), 9

In the 1990s, Professor B made a significant contribution to the study of H. Atlasi's creativity; F. Sultanbekov. Using the rich archival material of the multivolume "Atlasov Case", he recreated the tragic periods of the scientist's life.10 The works of BF Sultanbekov contain important information for studying the socio-political and historical views of H. Atlasi on topical issues of domestic and international life.

Of great importance for the study of the scientific works of Hadi Atlasi were

8 Abdullin Ya.G., Gosmanov M.A., Tairov I.R. Nadi Atlasi turenda // Kazan utlary.-1986.-№ 11.-B. 172176.:

9 Abdullin Ya.G., Gosmanov M.A., Tairov I.R. Sadi Atlasi - galim em demagat eshlekles // Abdullin Ya.G. Millet ulcers. - Kazan, 1999.-B.103-112.

10 Sultanbekov B.F. The case of Hadi Atlasov in the context of the political atmosphere of the 30s // His same. Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev: Fates. People. Time. - Kazan, 1991.-P.72-100 Soltanbekov B.F. Sadi Atlasi kisete // His. Tarikh serlere achila.- Kazan, 1994.-B.13-23. the works of Doctor of Historical Sciences S.Kh. Alishev, who in the early 90s headed a group of Tatar scientists to republish the works of the historian. S.Kh. Alishev wrote an introductory article to the collection of republished works of the scientist "History of Siberia", "Syuyunbike", "Kazan Khanate." ...

Peru, a prominent Tatar scientist, academician A.G. Karimullin, wrote the article "Ladi Atlasi Em Ansch" Seen-bike "se" ("Khadi Atlasi and his" Syuyunbike "), published in the newspaper" Sheri Kazan "(" City of Kazan ") in 1991. A.G. Karimullin thoroughly covered the scientific activities of H. Atlasi, noted a wide range of sources attracted by the scientist, including in foreign languages. The academician wrote that the historical works of H. Atlasi are imbued with a deep feeling of love for his nation.

In the preface to the reprinted reprint of "Syuyunbike" (1992) Academician M.A.Usmanov noted that the work of H. Atlasi occupies a special place in Tatar science, since his works are distinguished by purposefulness and consistency.12 The strength of this work, according to the academician, is is the condemnation of the Tatar feudal lords for greed and gluttony in relation to power and wealth. M.A.Usmanov pointed out that H. Atlasi in his work made the most of the opportunities available at that time to attract source material for a more truthful presentation of the life story of Syuyunbike. ;

Professor of Kazan University A.L. Litvin in his publications, relying on rich archival documents, highlighted recent years

The 13th life of a scientist showed its tragic ending. Articles by A.L. Litvin ha

11 Alishev S.Kh. Tatars tarikhchysy Sadi Atlasi // Atlas II.Ceoep tarikhy. Seenbike. Kazan khanlygy.-Kazan, 1993.-B, 3-15.

12 Usmanov M.A. Avyr tarihnisch mozla kaytavazy. // Atlasov L. Seenbike.-Kazan, 1992.-B.64-71.

13 Litvin A.L. Milletcheler eshe // Kazan utlary.-1993.-№4; Its the same. Operation Nationalists // Ban on Life. - Kazan, 1993.-P.42-60 are characterized by the use of new sources, in particular, we are talking about the letter of H. Atlasi to Stalin. The article contains the last word of the scientist at the court session in 1938, after which H. Atlasi was shot. !

In connection with the 120th anniversary of Hadi Atlasi, the magazine "Kazan utlary" published the first article "Ut echengde kalgan kugerchen kebek" ("Like a pigeon caught in the fire"), the authors of which were S.Kh. Alishev, Doctor of Historical Sciences and Candidate of Historical sciences RG Galliamov.14 In this article, the authors highly appreciated the journalism of H. Atlasi, in particular the historian's brochure: "Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarymyz" ("New law and our i ulema"). It also contains the text of this work in Russian with comments from the authors of the publication. Modern Tatar scientists believe that the work "Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarymyz" is relevant to this day, and many of the thoughts expressed in it are consonant with our reality15.

In understanding the creative heritage of H. Atlasi, the anniversary conferences (1996, 2001), held in Bugulma and Kazan under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, played a significant role. At one of these conferences, Academician I.R. Tagirov highly appreciated the activities of Hadi Atlasi as a historian. He emphasized the originality of H. Atlasi's views on the history of the Tatar people, called the scientist a true historian16.

Certain aspects of H. Atlasi's creative activity are highlighted in the monograph by D.M. Usmanova “The Muslim faction and the problems of“ freedom of conscience ”in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917).” 17 The monograph contains materials on the activities of Muslim deputies of various convocations of the State Duma. XX century.

14 Alishev S.Kh., Gallyamov R.G. Ut echende kalgan kugerchen kebek // Kazan utlary.- 1996.- №12.-Б.157-158.

15 Ibid. |

16 Tagirov I.R. The land of Almetyevskaya is the birthplace of outstanding figures of Tatar culture // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. -Almetyevsk, 1999, November 23-25. - S.25-29

17 Usmanova D.M. Muslim faction and problems of "freedom of conscience" in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917) .- Kazan, 1999.

The book contains a summary table of the members of the Muslim faction I-IV of the State Duma. The sixth number in this table is Atlasov Hadi Miftahutdinovich. 18

In the last decade of the 20th century, the life and work of H. Atlasi were actively studied1 in the context of research into the biographies of prominent people in the Almetyevsk region, where the scientist worked at one time. Detailed information about the prominent Tatar researcher should be included in the forthcoming Almetyevsk encyclopedia. In particular, it will present interesting information about the activities of H. Atlasi in the State Duma.19;

Considering the Tatar historiography of the late XIX - early XX centuries, Professor R.U. Amirkhanov noted the

20 the direction of H. Atlasi's creativity.

In 1996, the public of the city of Bugulma created the H. Atlasi Foundation. This foundation established a prize, which is awarded annually to those who have made the greatest contribution to the development of Tatar science and culture. Famous scientists and cultural figures have already become laureates of the H. Atlasi Prize: R. Fakhrutdinov (1996), M. Usmanov (1997), G. Dautov (1998), F. Idelle (1999), Z. Zainullin (2000), etc. ...

The author of the thesis does not support the point of view that the Russian historian VV Trepavlov expressed in his work "History of the Nogai Horde". V.V. Trepavlov, characterizing the works of the Tatar enlighteners of the last quarter of the XIX - early XX century, including the works of H. Atlasi, pointed out that they “have no scientific value and serve as evidence of a certain (initial) stage in the formation of national history. riography. ”21 In the stated position, in our opinion, traces

18 Usmanova D.M. Muslim faction and problems of "freedom of conscience" in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917). -P.129.

19 Her. State Duma deputies from the southeastern region of Tatarstan. // From the history of the Al-metyevsk region.-Almetyevsk, 1999.-Issue 1. -C. 183.

20 Amirkhanov R.U. Tatar historiography: oriental-turkological aspects. // Scientific Tatarstan.-2000.-№3.-С.70-74.

21 Trepavlov V.V. History of the Nogai Horde.- M., 2001.-P.9. There is a definite attempt to consider the historical science of the past from the point of view of the present day, the current state of science. Such an approach cannot but raise a well-founded objection.

Foreign historiography is also not numerous, but it gave an objective assessment earlier than the domestic one. The biography of H. Atlasi was included in one of the encyclopedias published in 1970 in Turkey.22 It contains information that is not found in domestic publications. For example, it is said about the participation of H. Atlasi in 1920 in Baku in the Congress of Eastern Peoples, material is given about the work of the scientist on the work "Altyn Urda tarikhy" - "History of the Golden Horde". However, this encyclopedia contains certain inaccuracies. They relate to the year of birth and death, the place of birth and death of the scientist. The publication, in particular, states: HADI ATLAS I (SIMBIR 1875-SOLOVKI 1940) - Hadi Atlasi (Simbir 1875-Solovki 1940).

Biographical information is available in the writings of a well-known scientist

23 hoturkologist Akhmet Temir, one of the relatives of H. Atlasi.

In general, noting a certain degree of study of the biography of the thinker, it can be concluded that the work of Hadi Atlasi as a historian in Russian historiography has not yet been sufficiently considered. His historical views were not subjected to a holistic and systemic study. Therefore, this topic needs further development. The process of formation of the historical concept of H. Atlasi, his multifaceted scientific and social activities deserve close attention of scientists.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the historical works of H. Atlasi, to determine his place and role in the development of Tatar historical science. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set:

22 Ansiklopedik s6zlfik.-Ankara, 1970.-C.272.

23 Turk kulturu ara§tirmalan.-Ankara, 1993.-C.20-37.

1. Trace the main milestones in the life of Hadi Atlasi.

2. Consider the process of formation and development of H. Atlasi as a historian.

3. To highlight the views of the scientist on the early period of development of the Tatar people, the history of the Siberian Khanate and the Kazan Khanate.

4. Describe his pedagogical and socio-political activities:

The object of this research was the creative activity of H. Atlasi, a famous Tatar scientist of the late 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. His historical work became the subject of a dissertation study.

The chronological framework of the work covers the period of the last third of the 19th century - the end of the 30s of the 20th century. At this time, the vital activity of X: Atlasi, the formation and development of his historical views fell. ;

To write a dissertation, the author used the methods of scientific research used in modern historical science. The methodological basis of this work was such principles as comprehensiveness, objectivity, historicism. They made it possible to consider historical phenomena in organic connection with the conditions that give rise to them, the mutual dependence of historical events and facts. The dissertation research was carried out taking into account the unity of internal and external, objective and subjective factors in the development of the historical process.

Objectivity as a scientific principle presupposes a presentation of this or that event or phenomenon as close as possible to the historical truth. A prominent Tatar scientist of the early XX century R. Fakhretdin noted: “Since those who write history have friends and enemies, they can sometimes depict white as black, black as white. However, history itself has neither enemies nor friends. Before her, all peoples and states are equal. Her path consists of truth and she does not stray from it and therefore cannot look at people with different eyes. " The use of the principle of objectivity allowed the dissertation author to more clearly present the creative laboratory of Hadi Atlasi, analyze the formation and development of his historical views.

The dissertation candidate proceeded from the methodological position of H. Atlasi's contemporary - the famous Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, according to which history acts not as a teacher, but as an overseer,

25 punishes for ignorance of the lessons of the development of society. It follows from this that mistakes that have taken place in the past should not be allowed, so as not to repeat such mistakes in the present and the future. The true spiritual and cultural revival of the people, which Tatar thinkers dreamed of in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, implied a new rise in national consciousness, and this is really impossible without taking into account the past, characteristics of the present, and forecasting the future.

The works of famous scientists of the second half of the XX century S.Kh. Alishev, A.G. Mukhamadiev, I.R.Tagirov, M.A.Usmanov, R.G. Fakhrutdinov, A.Kh. Khalikov played an important role in understanding the place and role of of the Tatar people in the historical development of Eurasia. Thus, the research of I.R.Tagirov "The history of the national statehood of the Tartar people and Tatarstan" allowed the author of the dissertation to trace the evolution of the statehood of the Tatars at various stages of historical development. Another work of I.R.Tagirov "Essays on the history of Tatarstan and the Tatar people (XX century)" made it possible to better represent the historical era, which fell on the main part of H. Atlasi's work.

24 Fakhretdin R. Syngan kutseleme ve yangan yeregeme yuanich. // Gasyrlar avazy.-Echo of centuries.-2001.-№3 / 4, -B.60.

23 Klyuchevsky V.O. Notebook with aphorisms. Aphorisms and thoughts about history. - M., 2001.-P.260

When working on the dissertation project, the monograph by MA Usmanov "Tatar sources of the 17th-18th centuries" was used.26 This publication helped the dissertation candidate to classify and characterize the sources associated with the scientific activities of X. Atlasi.

The following range of sources allows to reveal the set goal and objectives of the research:

3. Publications in the periodicals of his contemporaries about the life and work of the historian.

4. Memoirs of the students of Hadi Atlasi.

5. Personal documents from the Atlasov family archive.

6. Materials of interviewing descendants of H. Atlasi.

7. Historical works of contemporaries.

The main sources for writing the dissertation were the published works of H. Atlasi. Many of the historian's manuscripts were confiscated during the years of repression and were irretrievably lost. The bibliography of the scientist's scientific works contains more than 40 titles dating back to the period 1902 -1924. These are three monographs, as well as a cycle of scientific and popular science articles. I

One of the earliest scientific researches of H. Atlasi "Tarikhi ta-bigy" ("Natural history", Kazan, 1902, 31 pages) was published as a school textbook. The publication dealt with the issues of a training course in natural geography. This book was published in the printing house of I.N. Kharitonov, who made a significant contribution to the Tatar printing of the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The scientist's brochure titled "Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarymyz" ("New law and our ulema") was published in Orenburg in 1906. It was directed against the conservative Muslim clergy, I

26 Usmanov M.A. Tatar historical sources HUP-HUShv.-Kazan, 1976. opposed to new educational ideas in the field of national education. ^

H. Atlasi's works covered a wide range of problems of the Tatar linguistics, history and public education. Publicistic articles published in the magazines Maktep (School), Shura (Council) prevailed among them. Since 1909, H. Atlasi's publications began to dominate the historical theme. In this regard, it is necessary to highlight such articles of the scientist as "Urlar hakynda tarikhi maglumat" ("Historical light

27 28 denya about notch lines ")," Sarkyl sheere "(" City of Sarkel ")," Pro

9Q professor Katanov ile mosekhebe "(" Conversation with Professor Katanov "),

Bashkortlar hakynda berer sus "(" About the Bashkirs "). They revealed the views of the scientist on certain problems of the history of the Turks, including the Tatar people. The above articles, as well as other materials by Hadi Atlasi, were published in numerous magazines and newspapers in Arabic script ^ Many of them are still not known to the general scientific community.

Historical works "Seber tarikhi" ("History of Siberia"), "Seenbike" ("Syuyunbike"), "Kazan khanlygy" ("Kazan Khanate") were published in 1911-1914 by the publishing house "Umid" of the Akhmadullin brothers and brought the author the greatest fame. At the beginning of the 20th century, this publishing house occupied an important place among the Kazan printing houses specializing in the publication of books in the Tatar language.31 The first study "History of Siberia" was published in 1911 and was never reprinted. The second of the major works "Syuyunbike" was published in 1914. In the first edition of the Magarif Printing Company, the year of issue was not indicated. In the 90s of the XX century, the book "Syuyunbike" was republished in Cyrillic. The monograph "Kazan khanlygy" was published in

27 Shura.-1909.-No.14.-B.432-434.

28 Ibid. -1911.-№9.-Б.273-275.

29 Ibid. -1911.-№23.-B.711-713.

30 Shura.-1913.-No.9.-B.261-263; No.10.-B.297-299.

31 Karimullin A.G. Tatar book of the early XX century.-Kazan, 1974.-p. 120.

1914, and was reprinted twice in 1920 and 1924. The last reprint of the three main works of H. Atlasi was carried out in 1993, which made it possible to return the fundamental works of the scientist to a wide range of modern readers who do not know Arabic graphics. The works of Hadi Atlasi were an important source for studying the history of the Tatar people, analyzing the worldview and views of the scientist.

In addition to monographs, the dissertation examines and analyzes his publicistic works, mainly of the pre-revolutionary period.

The second group of sources on the topic of scientific research consisted of archival materials. A number of important sources are kept in the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan. First of all, these are documents related to the biography, political and social activities of the scientist.

The fund of the Kazan Spiritual Consistory (NA RT.F.4) contains information about the place and date of birth of the scientist, information about the parents of Hadi Atlasi.

The personal fund of F. Karimi (NA RT.F. 1370) contains important historical information about the actions of H. Atlasi in 1906 against the Russification policy of the Russian government, as well as his personal letters to F. Karimi.

The study of the fund of the Kazan Committee for Press Affairs (NA RT.F.420) made it possible to trace the publication time of the scientist's works, determine the circulation of publications and obtain information about the censors of his historical works.

Biographical data of Khadi Atlasi from 1903 to 1920 were preserved in the materials of the Chistopol Revolutionary Tribunal Foundation (NA RT. FR-779). Of particular interest are certificates that belonged to the chairman of the Almetyevsk village council, an employee of the agitation train “Krasny; Turkestan "N. Safargaliev, which gives a brief description of the pedagogical and social activities of H. Atlasi.

Archival materials, as well as the memories of eyewitnesses, made it possible to recreate the historical truth about the scientist, to assess the actions and decisions that were made during the difficult years of the revolution and civil war. They refute the information contained in the book "City of Happy Destiny", published by the Tatar book publishing house in Kazan in 1981. The following lines could be read in it: “The Almetyevsk mullah Atlasov played a sinister role in this. According to his lists and instructions in the Almetyevsk and Kichuy volosts, Tatar teachers, activists of the Soviet power in Tatar villages were almost completely exterminated ”32. The authors of the above publication insulted the people's memory of the outstanding son of the Tatar people, slandered H. Atlasi, attributed to him those actions that he did not actually perform.

In the 1st century BC. the famous Roman orator Cicero formulated the i main requirements for history: “Ne quid falsi audeat, ne quid veri nom audeat historia” 33 (“History should not lie, it should tell the truth”). In our opinion, the actions of people should be based on historical truth and justice, in this case the historical reality was distorted. ;

The pedagogical activity of the historian in the city of Bugulma is evidenced by documents from the fund of the Bugulma cantonal department of public education (NART. FR-315).

Materials of a multivolume investigative case from the fund of the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documentation of the Republic of Tatarstan (TsGA IPD RT. F.8233.D.2-9521) contain information about the tragic years of the scientist's life. Based on the interrogation protocols of H. Atlasi, one can show his political convictions, reflect the evolution

32 The city of happy destiny. - Kazan, 1981.-P.78

33 Zelinsky F.F. The ancient world and us. - SPb., 1997, - P.86 17 tion of historical views. Undoubtedly, the study of these materials requires a critical approach. The confessions during the many-day "conveyor" interrogations, which were forced out by the NKVD workers at H. Atlasi, were organized in advance in the form of theses-answers. At the same time, according to these materials, one can judge about his position on issues of national policy, collectivization in agriculture, and religion.

The participation of the thinker in the 2nd Muslim Congress of 1917 in the city of Kazan is evidenced by the protocols drawn up by the famous Tatar scientist, public figure - R. Fakhretdin. These documents are kept in the personal fund of the scientist (NA AN RB.F.7) in the scientific archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan. According to the fund, the works of H. Atlasi ("Bashkortlar hakynda berer suz", "Kazan khanlygy"), together with R. Fakhretdin's manuscripts, first came to the famous orientalist A. N. Samoilovich, then to the department of manuscripts of the Saltykov-Shchedrin public library. Currently, these works are in the scientific archive of the Institute of Oriental Studies in St. Petersburg.

The third group consists of materials from periodicals in the Tatar and Russian languages ​​of the first third of the XX century. They contain some information about the creative activity of H. Atlasi. The study of such periodicals as "Zaman Calendar", "Syuyumbike", "Shura", "Yulduz" made it possible to determine what resonance in scientific circles caused the historical works of the scientist. The social and political activity of Atlasi1 was investigated on the basis of materials from the newspapers Duma (St. Petersburg, 1907), Kazanskoe Slovo (Kazan, 1917), and Tormysh (Life) (Ufa, 1917-1918). j

The fourth group included the memoirs of the former students of H. Atlasi - A. Kayumova, M. Rafikova-Mustafina, containing valuable material about the personality of Hadi Atlasi as a historian and teacher. For the pre-Soviet period of H. Atlasi's work, the study of political history was characteristic; the study of socio-economic factors remained outside the author's field of vision. From the memoirs of the thinker's students, it is clear that the scientist in the Soviet period paid the most serious attention to the economy, the influence of the objective conditions of the development of the state on all aspects of the socio-political life of the people. Unfortunately, the historical works of H. Atlasi, written in Soviet times, were not published, and the manuscripts were later lost. In this regard, it is rather difficult to trace the evolution of the scientist's creativity in full. The development of H. Atlasi's views can be judged on the basis of the recollections of his students and the materials of the interrogations to which he was subjected in 1936-1938:

The fifth group of sources are documents of personal origin. The dissertation makes extensive use of the scientist's letters to his relatives. About 16 letters have survived, which are currently kept in the city of Bugulma in the Atlasov family archive. It is clear from these letters that H. Atlasi wrote historical works in Soviet times, which were lost and did not find their readers. The materials from the Atlasov family archive, including private correspondence, made it possible to feel the spirit of the times in which the thinker lived and worked. Information about the Solovetsky period of the researcher's life can be obtained from personal letters sent by H. Atlasi to his sister Halima.

The manuscript of the plan for educational and methodological work, which belonged to the scientist's pen, gives an idea of ​​the teaching methodology of H. Atlasi, of some aspects of his pedagogical activity at school No. 12 in the city of Kazan. This source is currently also kept in the Atlasov family archive. ;

The sixth group includes conversations with the son of an outstanding scientist - Ugyz Khadievich Atlasov, during which it was possible to clarify some facts of H. Atlasi's biography, his views on life, attitude to religion. In particular, it is interesting that a scientist was invited to work in the Eastern category of St. Petersburg University during the First World War.

To reveal the research topic, the works of other well-known historians of the early 20th century in the Tatar and Russian languages ​​were used. They make it possible to determine the real contribution of H. Atlasi to the development of national historical science. When working on the dissertation, the works of V.V. Bartold, M.G. Khudyakov were used. The merit of V.V. Bartold lies in the fact that he gave a wide panorama of the development of various Turkic ethnic groups, which made it possible to better represent the picture of the origin of the Tatars, the formation and development of Turkic statehood.34

The history of the Kazan Khanate, written by M.G. Khudyakov, repressed in 1936, was a fundamental study in which various factors related to the creation, existence and fall of the largest state

I 35 education of our ancestors. This study is interesting for comparing the historical concepts of two different historians who lived in the same historical time - H. Atlasi and M. G. Khudyakov.

To characterize the historical views of H. Atlasi, to compare his scientific work with the work of his contemporaries, the historical works of G. Akhmarov, R. Fakhretdin, G.-B. Battal, A.-Z. Validi, G.S. Gubaidullin and others were involved. Unlike V.V. Bartold and M.G. Khudyakov, they belonged to the Tatar historical school, based on the traditions of Muslim historical thought. It goes without saying that the approaches of these authors differed in many respects from those of Western European or Russian researchers. I

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the proposed dissertation is the first attempt at a comprehensive study of the scientist's creative heritage. On the basis of numerous sources not previously introduced into scientific circulation, the author tried to highlight a little

34 Bartold V.V. Compositions. Works on the history and philology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, -M.D968.-T.5.

33 Khudyakov M.G. Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate.-M., 1991. studied sides of the creative and personal biography of H. Atlasi.

The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used in the study of topical issues of the development of the Tatar people. It seems possible to use the provisions and conclusions contained in the works of H. Atlasi in the development of the problems of the history of nation-building, social thought of the Tatars.

Materials of the candidate's dissertation can be used to create popular essays on H. Atlasi, defining his place and role among prominent representatives of Tatar historical science. The materials of the author's research have significantly replenished the funds of the school museum in the city of Bugulma. The activities of this museum are dedicated to the life and work of its famous countryman.

Structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of used sources and literature.

The main findings of the dissertation are as follows:

1. Life and 1 work of H. Atlasi fell on a turbulent period of transformations in Russia. These transformations were characterized by the modernization of the national economy, a significant rise in the economy, a significant increase in the spiritual needs of society, the accelerated development of culture and education. H. Atlasi's life coincided with the period of the national revival of the Tatar people. The growth of the economy, the strengthening of the political positions of the national bourgeoisie contributed to the rise in the field of national and historical self-awareness of the Tatars. It was in these conditions that the creative activity of H. Atlasi flourished, who, along with S. Mardzhani, stood at the origins of the creation of the scientific history of the Tatar people. The pre-Soviet period is characterized as the most fruitful in the scientific work of H. Atlasi. His scientific activity was inextricably linked with his active work in the pedagogical and socio-political spheres.

2. In the system of scientific knowledge H. Atlasi assigned the primary role to history. In his opinion, the main and most important function of historical knowledge is its enormous educational impact. The scientist emphasized that history should instill in a person a sense of national pride and unite the nation. Thanks to history, each nation accumulates its own historical experience, using this experience for successful state building.

The significance of the historical works of H. Atlasi in the first third of the XX century was that they contributed to the development of a higher level of national self-awareness of the Tatars. His works contributed to the expansion of the historical horizons of the people, introduced to the cultural values ​​of both the West and the East.

3. The formation of H. Atlasi as a historian was determined by the level of development of the historical science of Russia at that time, by the system of knowledge, by the methods of scientific research that were used by Russian and foreign researchers. The most important achievement of Tatar historical thought of that time was the accumulation of rich factual material. H. Atlasi's knowledge of the Arabic, Persian, Turkish languages ​​allowed him to attract additional source material to develop new approaches to studying the issue of the origin of the Tatars, the place and role of the Tatar people among the Turkic peoples. He was the first Tatar historian to put into circulation a significant amount of materials extracted from Russian monuments of the 15th-16th centuries. The information obtained contributed to the improvement of the narrative method for characterizing the centuries-old history of various Turkic state formations. The result of the scientific research of H. Atlasi is to raise the question of the multi-root origin of the Tatars.

4. In 1911-1914, H. Atlasi created the main works "Seber tarikhi", "Seenbike", "Kazan khanlygy", which have not lost their scientific significance at the present time. The value of the scientist's historical works lies in the wide coverage of various sources, the conceptual presentation of the material. He managed to approach the study of the history of the Tatar people on the basis of those scientific approaches that corresponded to the level of development of historical science at that time. According to the scientist, the history of the Tatars should be based on the common Turkic heritage represented by those early Turkic states that arose and existed in Altai. one

In the works of the scientist, an attempt is traced to systematize views on the origin of various Turkic peoples, including the Tatars, the desire to characterize certain stages in the development of national statehood. H. Atlasi, characterizing the historical development of the Tatar people, adhered to the idea of ​​the continuity of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. Among the Tatar states, the scientist considered the fate of the Kazan Khanate as key. The historian believed that the tragic fall of Kazan historically caused the death of other Tatar khanates. |

5. H. Atlasi considered the role of personality as the most important factor in the historical development. The scientist considered the history and fate of the Kazan Khanate and the Siberian Khanate from the point of view of significant influence on the events of certain politicians. In particular, highly appreciating the importance of Syuyunbike's activities, H. Atlasi expressed regret that she and her associates had failed to prevent the military actions of the Russian state against the Kazan Khanate, to avoid the fall of Kazan. H.Atlasi gave a high assessment to the Siberian Khan - Kuchum, considering him as a true patriot of his homeland. On the other hand, the thinker severely criticized that part of the Tatar society that conspired with Ivan IV and betrayed their national interests. As such historical figures, he called Shah-Ali, the murza of Ka-May.

6. During the Soviet period, H. Atlasi's work was less productive. This was due to objective circumstances: in 1920, 1929, 1936 he was repressed three times. The arrest of 1936 finally interrupted the scientific and pedagogical activities of the scientist. The totalitarian regime did not allow Hadi Atlasi to fully realize his creative potential. However, despite this, he managed to leave a significant mark I in the Tatar historical science. As a historian, H. Atlasi gained fame not only in the social and scientific circles of Russia, but also abroad, primarily in the Muslim world.

Conclusion

In the conclusion, the main conclusions are drawn on the tasks that were formulated in the introduction. Based on the study of the creative heritage of H. Atlasi, the dissertation candidate considers him as a prominent scientist-historian who made a significant contribution to the development of Tatar scientific thought at the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th centuries.

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