Everything about everything. Volume 1 Likum Arkady
Who wrote the first English dictionary?
Do you know how the dictionary came about? In Latin there was a word "dicionarius", which meant "a collection of words." The English teacher, whose name was John Garland, first named a list of Latin words that students were required to know by heart. It was around 1225. The English name of the explanatory dictionary comes from this Latin word.
For more than 300 years, no English word has appeared in any dictionary. Most of the dictionaries in England were written to help people learning Latin. The titles of these books were truly picturesque, for example, "Warehouse for Babies" or "Garden of Words".
Finally, in 1552, the first dictionary of English words was published. It was compiled by Richard Haloet. The name of the dictionary was long: "Absedarium Anglico-Latinum about Tirunculis". As you can see, this book was also called in Latin. Its difference from other dictionaries was that each English word in it had an English explanation, and only then only a Latin translation. Since the dictionary placed English words and their explanations first, it was recognized as the first English explanatory dictionary.
The Absedarium contained 26,000 words. It was very popular, but quite expensive. As a result, a large number of similar books were released, smaller in volume, but more accessible to the common reader.
In those days, the creators of dictionaries did not seek to include in them all the words of the English language: they explained only the most difficult ones. The first book entitled "The English Explanatory Dictionary" appeared in 1623. It was compiled by Henry Cocker.
In 1807 in the United States, Noah Webster began work on a huge dictionary, which was published in 1828. The dictionary contained 12,000 words and 40,000 comments to them. Nobody before Webster did this kind of work. Webster has simplified the spelling of difficult words a bit, making the spelling of some English words different in England and America.
From the book English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary PC the author Mizinina IrinaENGLISH-RUSSIAN AND RUSSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF COMPUTER VOCABULARY Building the dictionary Dictionary entries are arranged strictly in alphabetical order: even if you need to find a term that is a combination of words, then in this case you must follow the order
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From the book The Big Book of Wisdom the author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich"But all my friends tell me that I wrote a cool novel ..." Another professional advice: never refer to the opinions of friends and acquaintances! They are just people. Normal. And no matter how much you tell them that you want to hear the truth and only the truth about your work,
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From the author's bookForeign languages See also: "English", "Translation", "Dictionary" Who does not know foreign languages, does not know anything about his own. Johann Wolfgang Goethe * The Romans would never have had time to conquer the world if they had to first learn Latin. Henry
You rarely meet a person who has not looked into a dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.
Let's talk about what dictionaries are, what is their classification and recall the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.
Dictionary Science
Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics dealing with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who is engaged in the classification, puts forward the requirements for the design of articles and their content.
The scholars who compose dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards, on which the meanings of words and their forms are recorded. In this case, the compiler can use both cards he personally collected and cards collected by a whole staff of linguists.
Classification of modern dictionaries
All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.
Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Encyclopedias include
What are the linguistic dictionaries? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.
Bilingual dictionaries contain languages and their foreign language equivalent.
Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.
The most used types of dictionaries
What kind of dictionaries are there? Among monolingual dictionaries, the following should be highlighted:
Famous dictionaries of the Russian language
Let's now discuss what Russian dictionaries are.
- The most famous is the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language", compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dal. This guide contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is more than a century old, it is read as one of the most complete and used in our time.
- The second no less important "Explanatory Dictionary", compiled by another famous linguist S. I. Ozhegov.
- The Orthoepic Dictionary was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
- We also note the "Dictionary of Synonyms" by Z. E. Alexandrova and "Dictionary of Antonyms" edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.
What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many words familiar to us by referring to the work of N. M. Shanskiy "A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language", and the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by A. I. Molotkov will help you to get acquainted with phraseological units and their meaning.
It is also worth noting the "Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language" edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language, D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova.
Dictionary entry structure
In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.
Any dictionary entry begins with a heading, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.
We note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, therefore, if you doubt the spelling of a particular word, it is not necessary to refer to the spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any available at your fingertips.
Most dictionaries also indicate correct stress. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?
The heading word is followed by information about which part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary article ends with examples of usage - quotes from books, magazines. If this word has features in use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.
conclusions
We have sorted out what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.
Remember, if you have difficulty in writing or pronouncing a word, you cannot find the most successful one, you just need to open one of the books we have listed.
In ancient times, people conveyed information to each other in different ways - for example, they used the so-called nodular writing, painted their messages on special tablets or cloth.
Various events were captured by carving drawings in stone. Gradually, the need arose to make these images coherent, and from the drawings they made up a semblance of an alphabet. But it was not very convenient, and over time, pictures began to be replaced with symbols.
Later, this way of transmitting information has undergone changes, and symbols began to denote combinations of sounds. The so-called syllabic writing emerged.
A glimpse into history
The first alphabet from letters appeared about four thousand years ago. It is reliably known that the letters were already used by the ancient Phoenicians, and after them - by the ancient Greeks and Romans, who appeared two and a half thousand years ago. 
About three and a half millennia ago, the inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast began to use the same symbol to denote the same sound in different combinations. The Egyptians made up a kind of alphabet of 24 characters, meaning certain sounds. The Slavs began to use letters later - about a thousand years ago.
Today it is impossible to unequivocally answer the question of who was the first to invent the letters. We only have the opportunity to analyze the appearance of writing in this or that country, among this or that people.
Writing was not invented overnight, and its author could not be one person. Although there are examples when the alphabet was born as a result of the creative process in a certain period of time. And we know for sure the names of the creators of the Slavic alphabet - their names are Cyril and Methodius. They are often called "The Solun brothers".
Cyril and Methodius
The emergence of Slavic writing is associated with the transition in Moravia in the 9th century to worship in the Slavic language. For this it was necessary to prepare priests and translate church books. This means that the need arose to create a literary Slavic language. 
The translation mission was entrusted to two brothers from the city of Solun (Thessaloniki) - Constantine and Mikhail, or Cyril and Methodius. Cyril knew many languages and was a very educated person, Methodius was distinguished by his oratorical talent. Both brothers spoke excellent Slavic.
It is believed that - the Glagolitic - the brothers created on the basis of Greek writing and some Hebrew signs even before leaving for Moravia. The first translations of church books were made into the Old Church Slavonic language, and it was the Glagolitic alphabet that was used.
The Cyrillic alphabet was invented later in Bulgaria, and scientists are still arguing about its authorship. According to one version, the Cyrillic alphabet was created by a student of the Solunsk brothers, Kliment Ohridsky, who named the alphabet after his teacher.
Glagolitic and Cyrillic: differences
In the study of any alphabet, meaningful and formal approaches are used: meaningful examines the correspondence of a letter to a specific sound, and formal studies the history of drawing a letter as a symbol. Glagolitic, from the point of view of scientists, is a more interesting subject for research than Cyrillic. 
In Glagolitic, the number of letters corresponds to the number of sounds in the Old Church Slavonic language. The symbolism of both alphabets resembles Greek, but at the same time there are features in the Glagolitic alphabet that are characteristic of the Slavic alphabet. In the Cyrillic alphabet, some letters are a complete borrowing of Greek symbols. Both in Glagolitic and Cyrillic, each letter is not just a sound, but a concept.
In chapter Other to the question Who invented the first Russian dictionary? And when was it invented? given by the author Alexander Makhnovsky the best answer is The first Russian dictionaries appeared at the end of the XIII century and were small lists of incomprehensible words with their interpretation, found in the monuments of Old Russian writing.
Since the 16th century, dictionaries began to be compiled in alphabetical order, as a result of which they were called "ABCs".
In 1596, the scientist Lavrenty Zizaniy Tustanovsky published in Vilna the first printed dictionary "Lexis, that is, sayings, briefly collected from the Slovenian language into simple Russian and interpreted dialect", which contained 1061 words.
The Dictionary of the Russian Academy is the first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, containing 43 357 words in 6 parts. The work on the dictionary began in 1783 and took 11 years. The dictionary contained elements of an etymological dictionary: words were located along a common root, forming branched semantic nests. Using the dictionary, it was possible to determine where the word came from; in addition, the publication included many new words in the Russian language - in particular, scientific terms introduced by MV Lomonosov into science. The costs of the dictionary, especially in terms of intricate botanical terminology, were criticized in the pages of the "Explanatory Dictionary" by V. I. Dahl.
