The fate of the city of Puchezh is unusual. He had two lives. The first lasted several centuries, the second began in 1952. In connection with the construction of the Gorky hydroelectric power station, Puchezh fell into the flood zone, and it was decided to move the city to a new, elevated place. The old city with its churches, merchant buildings, and a beautiful embankment disappeared forever. Part of the wooden buildings was moved to the new city, and all the stone buildings were destroyed. One church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary survived, but it suffered a bitter fate: in the early 1960s it was dismantled. But the old city lives in the memory of people, in historical documents. The earliest surviving document mentioning Puchezh is dated 1614, but it contains references to the petitions of the Puchezh elders and kissers from 1604 and 1594, which confirms that in the second half of the 16th century Puchezh was a significant settlement.
The name Puchezh was given by the rivers Big Puchezh (now Pushavka) and Small Puchezh (now Mole), at the confluence of which into a small river Pushavka, the Puchezhskaya Slobidka was located, where the inhabitants were engaged in crafts and trade. They did not engage in farming. The earliest information about the Puchezhans and their occupations is in the cadastral book of 1676. The Puchezhskaya Sloboda was included in the Order of the Grand Palace, i.e. belonged personally to the royal family and paid tribute to the royal treasury. There were then 114 residential yards in the settlement, in which about 500 people lived. They traded in krashin (painted canvas), leather, salt and soap. Of the crafts, dyeing of canvases and blacksmithing were quite significant. In addition to the quitrent, the Puchezhans supplied the royal court with fish and salt.
Near the Puchezhskaya Sloboda, on the other side of the Pushavka River, there was a men's monastery - the Pushavin Hermitage. It was small, lived in it at different times from 6 to 20 monks. In 1717, at the expense of Metropolitan Job of Novgorod and Galich, a stone church of the Resurrection of Christ was built in the monastery instead of a wooden one. Job donated a lot of valuable utensils and a shroud of 1441 to the monastery. In 1918, the shroud was confiscated and is now kept in the funds of the Kremlin museums.
In 1793, by decree of Empress Catherine II, Puchezhskaya Slobidka was transformed into the settlement of Puchezh. The monastery was closed by that time. The nunnery - an almshouse at the Podgorny parish survived until 1917. In it, in a separate cell at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, the mysterious nun Arcadia lived. In the second half of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries, Puchezh dramatically changed its appearance. Puchezh merchants began to buy and sell bread and flax, drove large caravans of barges to the main grain market of the country - to Rybinsk. ) contracted to transport bread for the Puchezh merchants. Therefore, Puchezh was one of the major centers for hiring barge haulers. With a population of about 1,000 people, up to 6,000 barge haulers gathered by the beginning of navigation. By the middle of the 19th century, about 700,000 poods of flax were turned over at the Puchezh market per year. The Vyaznikovsky merchant Iosif Senkov built a flax-spinning factory in Puchezh in 1862 with about 1,000 workers.
In connection with the reforms in Russia in 1860-1870. Puchezh received elements of self-government. Since 1863, a zemstvo was introduced, in 1870 a city government appeared in Puchezh with a city head at the head, and its coat of arms appeared. According to the data of 1898, the population of the settlement is 2315 people. In the suburb there were 6 churches, an elementary school, a higher elementary school, a city public bank, a savings bank. The change of power in 1917 was calmly endured by the Puchezhans, they only held re-elections to the city government, which were won by the Socialist-Revolutionaries. On February 25, 1918, the City Council was created. In 1924, when the population of Puchezh was already 4088 people, a city power station was built, in 1925 the first residential buildings for workers were built, Puchezh officially received the status of a city. In 1929, the Puchezhsky district was created, which changed its shape and area many times. In 1947, the fate of Puchezh was decided, a decision was made to build the Gorky hydroelectric power station.
Now Puchezh with 9 thousand inhabitants does not look like the old one. High-rise buildings and new buildings make up the city. Among them are a flax mill, a plant for reinforced concrete structures, a stitching and sewing factory, and an enterprise for the repair of agricultural machinery.
Based on materials from the site: http://tourizm.ivanovo.ru
Additional information http://kond-nikolaj.narod.ru/puchezh-histori-01.html
King's Square (Plaça del Rei - Plaza del Rei) is one of the main attractions of the Gothic Quarter of Barcelona. It is an almost completely enclosed space: you can go to Plaza del Rey from the side of Veger Street (carrer del Veguer) and Santa Clara Lane (baixada de Santa Clara), on the other three sides the square is surrounded by the medieval buildings of the Governor's Palace (Palau de Lloctinent), The Grand Royal Palace (Palau Reial Major) and the Chapel of St. Agatha (Capella de Santa Àgata) with a high bell tower dominating the square. Another dominant feature is the five-tiered Sentinel (aka observation or watch) Tower of King Martin (Mirador del rei Martí), towering over the Grand Royal Palace and the Viceroy's Palace (by the way, it is often called the Count's Palace and the Viceroy's Palace). The steps on the right lead to the Tinell Hall (Saló del Tinell) - the main hall of the royal palace, which was used for celebrations, receptions, and later for meetings of the Spanish Inquisition.
CC BY-SA 3.0 , maximdankov.ru)">King's Square has repeatedly changed its shape. In its modern form, the most ancient of its listed buildings are the Chapel of St. Agatha, built on the remains of Roman walls, at the beginning of the 14th century, and the Grand Royal Palace, more or less finally taking shape in the late 14th - early 15th centuries. The Palace of the Governor and the Tower of King Martin appeared a little later - in the 16th century. At one time there was a fountain on the square, and one of the columns of the Roman temple of Augustus was also installed here. Currently, all four preserved columns can be seen in the Catalan excursion center (Centre Excursionista de Catalunya), located near Plaza del Rey - on Paradis Street (carrer Paradís).
CC BY-SA 3.0 , commons.wikimedia.org)">
Another building of the modern King's Square, which we have not mentioned until now, is Casa Clariana Padellàs. It was built in the 14th century, and at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries it was significantly updated. However, originally this building was located in a completely different place, on Mercaders street (carrer Mercaders), and was transferred to Plaza del Rey literally brick by brick in the 30s of the XX century. At the same time, the ruins of the Roman Barcino were discovered under the square, including streets, houses and even wineries. All these finds were preserved in their places - underground. Nevertheless, they can be seen - King's Square hides the Museum of the History of Barcelona (Museu d "Història de Barcelona). As a matter of fact, the entrance to the museum is located in the house of Clarian Padellas transferred here.
Why is the tropical zone in South Africa much smaller than in North Africa? Why does Lake Chad change its shape and area during the year? Why is Antarctica considered the highest continent on Earth?
Answers:
1) North Africa is elongated in the sublatitudinal direction, and South in the submeridional direction, therefore, a feature of the configuration of Africa is the unequal land area north and south of the equator. The northern part of the mainland is more than twice as wide as the southern one: the greatest distances between the extreme eastern and western points of the northern and southern parts of the mainland are 7600 and 3100 km, respectively. 2) If it were not for the southern rivers Shari and Komadugu-Yobe, which feed the lake with their waters, it would have disappeared long ago. These tributaries flow down the slopes of the relatively low mountains that separate the Chad catchment from the basins of the great African rivers of the Nile and the Congo. Here falls about 500-600 millimeters of precipitation during the year. This amount of moisture is enough to feed both the rivers and Lake Chad. Confronting the desert, the lake often changes its boundaries, and this causes the area of the water surface to change dramatically. 3) Antarctica is covered by an ice shell, the average height of which is 2040 meters (2.8 times the average height of the surface of all other continents). Near the South Pole, the thickness of the ice shell reaches 3800 meters. The total mass of frozen water concentrated in Antarctica is 30 million cubic kilometers. Under its weight, the earth's crust on this continent sagged up to 950 meters.
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a) the Central part of South America;
B) Southern and Central parts; c) the narrowed southern part of the mainland.
2) the length of the Amazon River is: a) 5971 km; 6) 6437 km; c) 6537 km.
3) On the Amazonian lowland there is a unique in its size and degree
moisturizing the natural complex of the Amazon. Which of the following reasons does not affect
its formation:
A) the flatness of the territory;
B) the penetration of the trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean into the interior of the mainland
C) position in equatorial latitudes;
D) cold Peruvian current along the Pacific coast.
4) The South American coast was mapped in the 16th-17th centuries.
mainly due to swimming:
A) the English b) Spaniards; c) the Portuguese.
5) The relief of South America is dominated by plains, but unlike Africa here:
A) lowlands prevail; b) hills and plateaus predominate;
C) lowlands and plateaus occupy approximately the same area
6) The most important distinctive feature of the geographical location of South America
from Africa and Australia is that the South American mainland:
A) crosses the equator
B) it is washed by the waters of two oceans - the Pacific and the Atlantic;
7) The Guiana Plateau is formed mainly by:
A) sedimentary cover of an ancient platform;
B) ledges of the ancient crystalline foundation of the platform
C) an area of new folding.
8) Andes stretched: a) along the east coast; b) along the western
coasts; c) from west to east of South America.
9) The largest alpine lake in the Andes:
A) Cotopaxi b) Titicaca; c) Chimborazo.
10) Moist equatorial forests in Yu.A. are called: a) hylaea; b) jungle; in)
selva.
11) Descendants from marriages of Indians with blacks are: a) sambo; b) mulattoes; c) mestizos.
12) South America is located on the territory of several climatic zones.
A large area on the mainland is occupied by: a) equatorial;
B) subequatorial; c) tropical climate zone.
13) The forests of the Amazon are the focus of snakes. A giant water boa lives here:
A) anaconda b) mamba; c) gyurza.
14. The main source of moisture in the Atacama Desert are:
A) atmospheric precipitation; b) fogs; c) underground water.
15) Tropical deserts occupy a smaller area in South America than in Africa
or Australia. This is explained by:
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B) South America has a smaller extent from west to east in tropical
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C) South America has a large extent from north to south.
Help if anyone can, I want to pass the test normally, please help!!!1. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point in Africa?
A) 16° S 3° E
B) 10°N 51°E
B) 51°N 11 E
D) 16°N 3°W
2. What conclusion can be drawn about the climate of Africa based on the fact that the mainland is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
3. What researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered the Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
4. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
5. South and East Africa have more than North Africa:
6. In the subequatorial zone of the Northern Hemisphere in Africa, precipitation falls:
7. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west coast, since there:
8. The most full-flowing river in Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, these are: A) Nile, B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
9. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
10. What plant or animal is not typical for the savanna zone?
12. What peoples live in northern Africa?
13. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt B) South Africa C) Algeria D) Nigeria
2) What is the absolute height of the territories of most countries in South Africa
3) Where are the lowlands located in South Africa? The mountains?
4) In the basins of which rivers and which oceans is South Africa located
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
2. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point in Africa?
A) 16° S 3° E
B) 10°N 51°E
B) 51°N 11 E
D) 16°N 3°W
3. What type of climate is indicated on the map by hatching?
A) subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
B) tropical humid
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion about the climate of Africa is fashionable to draw on the basis of the fact that the mainland is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa receives a large amount of heat all year round.
B) Africa is in the zone of the trade winds
C) Africa has tropical and equatorial climatic zones.
D) All of the above
6. What researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered the Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Juncker C) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Dragon Mountains C) Mount Kilimanjaro D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. There are more in South and East Africa than in North:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) Uranium ores D) Gas
9. In the subequatorial zone of the Northern Hemisphere in Africa, precipitation falls:
A) Throughout the year B) in summer C) in winter D) in September and March
10. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west coast, since there:
A) moist equatorial air masses act
B) a cold current cools the air and contributes to the formation of precipitation
C) monsoons in the southern hemisphere during the summer
D) The trade winds bring humid air from the Indian Ocean.
11. The most full-flowing river in Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, these are:
A) Nile B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. What plant or animal is not typical for the savanna zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria
Lake Chad is the only large reservoir of its kind located in Central Africa, as well as one of the most significant and famous attractions. The lake is located in the west of the republic, near the lands of Shari. By the way, it is worth noting that it is these waters that are today the most ancient sources in Africa, thanks to which the republic got its current name. Chad is considered one of the most unstable lakes in the entire world. This can be done based on the fact that the lake is constantly changing its external outlines, either expanding in length, then losing width, then shrinking to unimaginable sizes, then vice versa - increasing tenfold. The lake has no external drains, the waters are slightly salty and not intended for drinking, here people can only have a good beach holiday and swim in plenty. The maximum depth here is only eleven meters. The territory of the lake today is one of the richest territories of the Republic of Chad, because it is here that an unimaginable accumulation of wildlife is collected, which is rarely seen in such arid regions. Numerous vegetation grows around the lake, which annually serves as a home and a cozy corner for thousands of various animals and birds. The waters serve for local residents today, to a greater extent, as a source of marine products and a territory for fishing. It's no secret that at least more than fifty species of marine life are found here.
The Shari River with its Logone tributary carries its bottoms to Lake Chad. Fluctuations in water flow in the river are very significant. At N'Djamena, near the confluence of the Logone, the Shari is 84 m wide in early June, but at the flood in November it reaches 600 m.
Shari is rightfully considered one of the most fishy rivers on earth. The largest fish, called the captain, can reach two meters in length and 80 kg in weight, and besides, it is very delicate in taste. According to Nachtigal, the flow of water through rains and rivers is 100 cubic meters. km, and the loss of water through evaporation is 70 cubic meters. km. In view of the absence of a visible source of water from the lake, while the water of the lake remains fresh, Nachtigal suggests the existence of an underground channel in a northeasterly direction to Aegea and Borku. Near the mouths of the rivers, the water in the lake is fresh, in the rest of it it is slightly brackish; the insignificance of mineralization is apparently due to the constant change of water in the lake due to the underground outflow of infiltration waters. In a very rainy season (which happens extremely rarely), with extraordinary high water levels, a temporary surface runoff of the lake is formed in the northeast (along the dry channel of the Bahr el-Ghazal). The dark, dirty water of the lake is thickly overgrown with algae in places. From July to November, under the influence of rains, the water level gradually rises and the low southwestern coast is widely flooded almost to Cook. Over a considerable area, the lake is very shallow (here you can ford it on horseback); the western part near Ngornu and Maduari is distinguished by great depth. The maximum depth during the rainy season is 11 meters. The shores are mostly swampy and overgrown with papyrus; to the northeast, the terrain has the character of a steppe, and only the southern coast is distinguished by rich tropical vegetation.
In the eastern part, the lake is covered with a network of islets (up to 100 in number), of which the Buduma, Karka and Kuri groups are inhabited (up to 30 thousand people) by people from neighboring tribes (Buduma, Kuri, Kanemba, Kanuri, Bulala and Dats).
In 2006, a lake with an area of 23,000 square kilometers, located on the borders of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and the Republic of Chad, decreased by 26 times and continues to dry up, which became known thanks to the monitoring of the Earth, carried out by the international system Disaster Monitoring Constellation. It is known that Chad dries up for the seventh time in the last millennium. Scientists - paleontologists have established this by the remains of animals found there.
The area of the upper reaches of the Shari is the most fertile and populated in the country. The population density here reaches 15 people per 1 km 2 (with an average density in the Republic of Chad of 3 people per 1 km 2).
The Republic of Chad is divided into two parts: northern and southern. In the south live Negro tribes speaking many languages and dialects. Some of them profess Christianity, others are faithful to local traditional cults. The population of the south is engaged in agriculture. Fertile soils make it possible to grow here along with food valuable industrial crops for export.
The northern part of Chad is mostly deserts and semi-deserts. There is no fertile land there. The population has long been engaged in nomadic cattle breeding.
The water in the lake is darkish due to dense algae. During the rainy season, the maximum depth of Lake Chad can reach up to eleven meters. Most of the shores of the lake are swampy, overgrown with papyrus, only the southern shore of Lake Chad is rich in tropical vegetation. In the eastern part of the lake there are small islands.
It should be noted that deposits of natural salt are located in the northeastern part of the coast of Chad.
The presented lake is home to unique animals - manatees, crocodiles, as well as hippos. Also on the territory of this lake you can see a large number of beautiful marsh and water birds. This lake is home to a wide variety of fish.
