The concept and essence of political ideology. Levels of political ideology: theoretical-conceptual, program-political, actualized. Functions of ideology: cognitive and educational, normative-value, integrating, mobilization.
Types of modern ideologies, socio-economic and theoretical prerequisites for their emergence, basic political ideas.
Liberalism. The founders of classical liberalism. Key ideas of liberalism about the conditions for self-realization of the individual, state regulation of private property relations, the development of democracy. The Crisis of Liberalism in the 20th Century Features of the political doctrine of neoliberalism.
Conservatism is an ideology and policy of preserving traditional forms of social life. Founders of conservative ideology. The main ideas of classical conservatism about the meaning of traditional values, "elite democracy" and private property, about the boundaries of individual freedom and the social role of the state. The evolution of conservative ideology in the second half of the XX century.
Socialist ideology. Social prerequisites for the formation of socialist (communist) ideology. Contribution to its theoretical foundation, design and dissemination of K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin.
Political ideas of communist ideology.
Social Democratic ideology as a doctrine of gradual (peaceful) transformation, "socialization" of capitalist society. The essence of the political ideal of social democracy - "democratic socialism". Key ideas of social democratic ideology.
Fascism as an ideology and a right-wing extremist political movement. The reasons for its occurrence. The reactionary nature of the political ideas of fascism. Varieties of fascism as a political practice. The social base of modern fascism. Neo-fascism.
The concept of "ideology" was introduced into scientific circulation by the French scientist AD. de Trassi during the French Revolution. He viewed ideology as the science of the laws of origin of human ideas from sensory experience.
Since the 18th century. to the present, scientists and public figures interpret the essence of ideology as a spiritual phenomenon in different ways, its influence on politics and social processes. Moreover, their opinions do not coincide or are diametrically opposite:
Ideology is a form of illusory consciousness as a reflection of contradictory existence and socio-political interests (K. Marx);
Ideology is an intellectual system of "voluntary mystification" that unites people and is characterized by deliberate lies, deceit, and concealment of the truth (K. Mannheim);
Ideology is a kind of communication aimed at maintaining the cohesion of the political community (G. Lasswell);
Ideology is a theoretical justification (expression) of the ideals, values and interests of society (state), social group or party (movement), a means of transforming socio-political reality (Marxist-Leninist concept);
The existence of ideologies is meaningless, the “end of ideologies” is inevitable (D. Bell, E. Schiele, S. Lipset, R. Aron);
It is necessary to distinguish between two forms of ideology - the political ideology of past eras and the modern ideology that emerged in an industrial society; the latter is free from some elements of “false consciousness” (J. Habermas);
Ideology is the system of values of a given society, which legitimizes the order of domination existing in society (T. Parsons, K. Lenk).
The reasons for this "spread" of opinions in the interpretation of the social role of ideology:
Ideology has always expressed the interests of the ruling classes, the ruling elite, served as an instrument of political speculation, manipulation of the mass consciousness;
All ideologies known to mankind declared their great vocation to change the world, but the ideals and values they proclaimed turned out to be utopian or only partially realized;
* ideologies known in history often served as a source of political confrontation and destabilization of social relations;
Political ideology is a system of views, ideas and values that express the interests of the subjects of politics, their attitude to political reality, problems, tasks, means and methods of transforming society.
The dominant ideology in society is a system of ideas and values that are assimilated by citizens, acquire the power of faith, act as a political worldview and have a mobilization potential. Ideology and politics are interdependent spiritual phenomena. Ideals, norms and principles are translated into the language of political decisions and programs, embodied in the creative deeds and actions of the subjects of politics. In turn, socio-political practice serves as the basis for adjusting, creative development and enrichment of ideological concepts.
The levels of functioning of political ideology:
Theoretical and conceptual (political philosophy);
Program-political (at this level, principles and ideals are transformed into political programs, slogans and demands of the ruling elite);
Updated (it reflects the degree of social effectiveness of ideology - its assimilation by citizens, the measure of the embodiment of ideological values in public practice).
Functions of ideology:
Cognitive and educational (ideology contributes to the knowledge and transformation of socio-political reality, the formation of the political culture of the individual and society);
Normative-value (ideology orients the individual and society towards the assimilation of certain political ideals, norms and principles, the assimilation of which illuminates the path of social practice;
Integrating (expressing and defending the national interests or the interests of the dominant social groups, ensuring the value orientation of the consciousness and behavior of policy subjects, ideology acts as a consolidating factor of the political system);
Mobilization (offering ideal models of a perfect society, ideology encourages people to take political action, serves as a "compass" in the process of making, adjusting and implementing managerial decisions).
Contemporary political ideologies
Political history provides us with a visual representation of the social role of many ideological doctrines. Their detailed analysis is not included in the subject of political science. The task of the student of the political science curriculum is to understand the characteristics of the most influential political ideologies of our time (see figure 3.13)
Liberalism
Liberalism as an ideology took shape in the modern era in the struggle against the feudal order. Today it is one of the most influential ideologies. Liberalism inherited the progressive ideas of antiquity and took shape at the end of the 17th-18th centuries. based on the political philosophy of J. Locke, T. Hobbes, D. S. Mill, A. Smith, I. Bentham, A. de Tocqueville and other thinkers.
The main idea of the manifesto was the alienation of private ownership of land and the collection of payments for land use into the state treasury instead of private ones. In addition, according to the ideas of Marx, a tax was to be introduced, depending on the level of the payer's security, a state monopoly on the banking system - centralization of credit in the hands of the state with the help of a national bank with one hundred percent state capital, and the transfer of the entire transport system into the hands of the state (alienation of private property on transport lines).
Labor obligations in the form of labor detachments were introduced for everyone without exception, especially in the field of agriculture, the principle of inheritance was abolished and the property of emigrants was alienated in favor of the state. New state factories were to be built, creating, first of all, new means of production. It was planned to introduce centralized agriculture at the expense of the state and under its control. Particular importance was attached to the unification of agriculture with industry, the gradual merger of town and country, the elimination of differences between them. In addition, general free upbringing and education of children and educational measures combined with the production process were to be introduced, child labor in factories was abolished.
On the territory of Russia, these ideas were embodied in Marxist-Leninist philosophy, the ideology of the working class, which called for the overthrow of the capitalist system and the struggle of the proletariat to build a communist society. Marxism-Leninism was officially enshrined as the state ideology of the USSR in the 1977 constitution and existed in this form until the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Related article
Despite the fact that the Soviet Union collapsed, the people's memory did not have time to completely forget the almost century-old era. Not surprisingly, some young people are wondering, "What is communism?" Without understanding your own history, you cannot draw correct conclusions about the future.
Instructions
Communism is a utopian political regime. Best of all, its essence is revealed by the slogan "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs." The implication is that each member works conscientiously for the common good, ultimately meeting the needs of the whole. It should be noted that this directly contradicts the new economic model, since human needs rely on infinity.
The communist must have a number of characteristic features. First of all - the absence of private property and the rejection of currency in any of its manifestations: each person simply gets everything that he would not want. As a result, there is no division into social classes, the need for the state as such disappears.
By introducing a number of reservations, primitive society can be considered communist. Food is obtained by common efforts not for personal needs, but for everything at once, there are no signs of the state, members of the tribe do not have direct power over each other.
The communist utopia is preceded by socialism. This political regime, according to Karl Marx, is a transitional stage of capitalism. The state is beginning to give up money and private property, but there is no talk of an equal distribution of benefits. Each person receives a coupon about how much labor he has invested in the state, on the basis of which he can receive certain benefits. It is important to note that in the Soviet Union, socialism had a distorted form, which gives rise to many points of view about the political structure of the state. The most optimistic version: "There was socialism in the USSR, but only in an undeveloped form."
Political regimes of this kind are criticized, first of all, for depersonalizing a person. Most utopian philosophers agree that building a communist society is possible only with strict control over freedom of speech and equalizing politics, which does not provide any opportunity for personal self-realization.
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Sources:
- New Philosophical Encyclopedia
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia
In 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) collapsed, and Russia became its successor. The ideological basis of the USSR was the goal of building communism - a classless society of free people who renounced private property. Ideas preaching such a society originated in ancient times.
Where and when did the first communist teachings originate
The ideas of a just society without private property appeared in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and some other regions. It is known that many elements of communism were, for example, among the Egyptian priests, Jewish prophets, Greek philosophers.
In their quest for universal equality, the then "communists" often went too far. So, for example, the ancient Greek sophists considered it necessary to have a community not only of any property, but even of wives and. Plato adhered to exactly the same. Such ideas were caustically ridiculed by the famous playwright Aristophanes in his comedy "Society of Women".
The well-known philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras was a supporter of communist ideas. He and his students lived in a large commune, all property of which was jointly owned.
Communist Ideas of the Middle Ages and Later
In the 5th century, the doctrine of Pelagius, a Christian, was widely spread, who argued that man is not sinful by nature and that the rich will not get access to the kingdom of God. Pelagius promoted the idea of complete abandonment of property. In the XI-XIII centuries. in many European countries, the teaching of the Cathars spread, which contained many signs of communism.
At the end of the 15th century, the Czech Bogheim gained immense popularity, demanding the socialization of the entire land and obligatory labor even for the nobility and clergy. And in the 16th century, the English politician and philosopher Thomas More wrote the famous book "Utopia", where he depicted an ideal (in his opinion) society. The inhabitants of the island state of Utopia received everything they needed from the state, in exchange for the obligatory daily 6-hour labor.
In the early 19th century, English philanthropist Robert Owen began organizing communist communities, which, however, did not last long. And in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels issued the "Manifesto of the Communist Party", proclaiming its goal to abolish large private property and build a proletarian state. Marx argued that the first stage of building a new just society will be socialism, and the second, highest - communism.
On the basis of Marxism, new communist ideas emerged in the 20th century: Leninism, Trotskyism and Maoism, named after their main ideologues.
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The communist movement is a constant opponent of social democratic politics and theory. Communism (from Lat. Communis - common) as a political ideology emerged in the middle of the 19th century. He became an alternative to both liberalism and conservatism. Its main difference from them is radicalism. The communists declared their goal to be the destruction of all variants of the old social system based on inequality, and the creation of a new system based on social equality. This is the anti-conservatism of communist ideology.
The founders of this ideology K. Marx and F. Engels formulated its basic principles in the work "Manifesto of the Communist Party" (1848), which became a guide to action for the radical part of the European labor movement in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The radicalism of this ideology and the political current corresponding to it consisted in the orientation towards the implementation of a social revolution with the aim of establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat (the poor class), with its help destroying private property, social inequality and building a classless society that ensures the free and all-round development of each individual.
In this respect, communism opposes liberalism, which claims that individual freedom is based on private property. The old state, based on the domination of some classes over others, according to communist ideology, must be replaced by social self-government. Democracy for communists means submission of a minority (entrepreneurs) to a majority (workers).
If we turn to the theoretical works of the Soviet era on communist ideology, then we can read that this is the ideology of the advanced part of the population under socialism and the ideology of the overwhelming part of the population under communism. The economic basis of communist ideology is a single communist property, which ensures the priority of public interests over personal and group interests.
and denial of exploitation and oppression of man by man in any form The main features of communist ideology are: in relation to society and the individual - the prevalence of public interests over group and personal interests, the participation of each individual through his labor in strengthening society, the creation of maximum opportunities for all its members by society to satisfy material and spiritual needs; in personal relationships - cooperation, mutual respect, mutual assistance; in the relations of society and individuals with nature, full compensation for the damage caused to nature and contributing to its development.
Communism is an ideology, the essence of which is the criticism of capitalist relations from the standpoint of denying private property, from the standpoint of collectivism. The political ideas of communist ideology are based on boundless faith in the theory of progress, on the messianic interpretation of the role of the working class in society, on the utopian understanding of human nature, on the belief in the historical inevitability of the revolutionary replacement of capitalism with socialism.
Its basic principles are: the abolition of private property and the transition to state property, centralized planning, the priority of collective and state interests over the interests of the individual, the leading role of the working class and the communist party in society.
So, V.I. Lenin, developing the revolutionary tradition of Marxism, taking its most aggressive features in this doctrine, developed the doctrine of the stages of the socialist revolution, the demolition of the "bourgeois state machine", the "dictatorship of the proletariat", the "new type" party leading society to the "heights of communism." Subsequently, Lenin's fundamentalism served as the basis for the emergence of the Stalinist regime, the theorists of which, putting forward the idea of intensifying the class struggle as socialist construction progressed, created the ideological basis for ensuring social transformations (socialization of production, industrialization of the national economy, collectivization of the countryside, etc.) by means of terror and genocide of the civilian population.
History of the XX century. Along with the general humanistic content of the slogans of the communists, she also revealed the organic flaws of this ideology, which ultimately prevented its implementation in the modern world. So, for the industrial stage of development of society, the negative attitude of the communists to the economic inequality of individuals, to competition and the principles of unequal remuneration for work due to differences in abilities, education and other characteristics of individuals turned out to be unacceptable. Wishing to correct the "injustice" of society, the communists tried to replace them with mechanisms of unearned distribution of income, political regulation of economic processes, recognized the need for the state to consciously establish the principles and norms of social equality. Therefore, in the ideology of communism, the state has always risen above the individual, conscious management - above the evolutionary course of development of society, politics - above the economy.
In the second half of the XX century. there were various modifications of communist ideology that differ from classical communism. These include "Eurocommunism" that emerged in the industrialized European countries. It was based on rejection of traditional communist values and criticism of the experience of the USSR and the former socialist countries, where communism was the official state ideology.
The adherents of this ideology occupied key positions in a number of the largest communist parties in Europe (French, Italian, Spanish). They denied the need to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and the socialist revolution, propagated the reformist (parliamentary) path of transition to socialism ("growing socialism into capitalism"), political and ideological pluralism, mixed (public-private) economy. This contributed to the convergence of their positions with those of the socialists and even the creation of a "union of left forces" during election campaigns (for example, the communist and socialist parties of France in 1981). Until the collapse of the USSR, the CPSU waged an active ideological struggle against this trend.
The collapse of the socialist system and the departure of the CPSU from the historical stage exacerbated the problem of modernizing the communist doctrine. In some countries, communist parties ceased to exist (changed names or were disbanded), but where they survived, a tendency towards rapprochement with social democracy is noticeable. At the same time, there are groups and parties with a conservative attitude, that is, declaring their loyalty to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.
The crisis of the communist movement and its ideologies in post-Soviet Russia took place against the background of the rapid growth of communist parties and movements that developed their own versions of communist ideology and culture.
Throughout 1992, various newly formed organizations of a communist orientation repeatedly made attempts to restore a single Communist Party, but they, as a rule, did not succeed due to the claims of each organization for hegemony in the unification process.
The first such attempt was made by the All-Union Committee of Communists headed by S. Skvortsov. In July 1992, this committee held the so-called "XXIX Congress of the CPSU". However, the rest of the communist organizations in Russia did not recognize the decisions of this congress.
Another attempt was made by the Union of Communists, whose leaders, having gathered 46 (out of more than 400 members) of the "old" Central Committee of the CPSU, held in June 1992 the so-called. "plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU", which caused a protest from other communist organizations. At the plenum, the "Organizing Committee of the CPSU Central Committee" was formed, which in October 1992 convened the so-called. "XX Party Conference of the CPSU", and on March 26-27, 1993 - "XXIX Congress of the CPSU". The congress approved the new name of the party - "Union of Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union". The former secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, a member of the State Emergency Committee, Oleg Shenin, became the leader of the UPC-KPSS. In May 1993, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation decided to join the UPC-KPSS as an associate member, and in April 1994, it decided to “consider itself a part of the Union of Communist Parties while maintaining organizational independence,
grammar and statutory documents. ”After that, the plenum of the Council of the UPC-CPSU on July 9-10, 1994 accepted the Communist Party of the Russian Federation into its ranks.
Various communist organizations operated on the "political field" of the new Russia. Let's name some
of them.
All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks (VKPB). Among the communist organizations that were active in the 90s of the XX century was the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks VKPB, created by supporters of Nina Andreeva after the dissolution of the CPSU on the basis of the Unity society and part of the Bolshevik Platform in the CPSU. The founding congress of the party was held on November 8, 1991.
In the spring of 1993, VKPB took part in the "re-creation" of the SKPKPSS; in August of the same year, it participated in the restoration of the Roskomsovet and the establishment of the Roskomsoyuz.
The program of the AUCPB, adopted at the founding congress (November 8, 1991), declared the continuity of the party in relation to the AUCP (b) in the form in which it existed until the mid-1950s. The party declared its program goals: in the socio-economic field - the restoration of "the domination of socialist property", "state monopoly of foreign trade", "social rights of workers guaranteed by the Constitution of 1977", "renewal at the modern scientific level of the planned economic system", " an end to the violent de-collectivization of the countryside "; in the field of politics and ideology - "the restoration of the Soviet state, fulfilling the functions of the dictatorship of the proletariat as an organ of power of the working class." For a long time the AUCPB opposed the use of "parliamentary forms of struggle" and only at the beginning of 1994 allowed the possibility of participation in elections to local self-government bodies.
The Russian Communist Workers' Party (RKWP) united the orthodox communists, until August 1991, grouped around the Communist Initiative Movement, which aimed to create a Russian Communist Party within the CPSU on the basis of the United Front of Workers. In the Central Committee
The RCWP included V. Tyulkin, A. Sergeev, M. Popov, V. Anpilov, Yu. Terentyev, R. Kosolapoe and others.
In the Program Statement adopted by the constituent congress of the RCWP (November 23-24, 1991), the goals of the RCWP were called "preservation and strengthening of a single state - the USSR", "preservation and development of a single national economic complex created by the labor of people", " development of the country, free education, health care, easily accessible housing for all. " These goals, the document said, can be ensured "not by parliaments of the bourgeois type, but by the Soviets of the working people, with sovereign powers both in politics and in the economy."
Under the leadership of the RKWP, the Labor Russia movement was active, uniting a wide circle of adherents of orthodox communist views and headed by the head of the Moscow organization of the RKWP V. Anpilov. In addition to the members of the RCWP, who made up the majority of the TR activists, the movement also included representatives of the UFT, the Union of Communists, AUCPB, the Russian Komsomol and other communist organizations.
The Union of Communists was created in November 1991 on the basis of the left wing of the "Marxist Platform in the CPSU". Its sole leader was initially Alexei Prigarin. In April 1992, at the 1st Congress of the UK, a decision was made to form the International Union of Communists, which, in addition to the UK, also included the Unions of Communists of Ukraine and Latvia and the Communist Party of Working People of Transnistria. (The international middle class, however, existed only on paper.) The Communist Union called for the creation of an economic federation between the republics of the former USSR, the development of an "emergency three-year plan for economic recovery," the introduction of a state monopoly on foreign trade, etc.
The Union of Communists was the main initiator of the creation of the UPC-KPSS. Under his leadership, the "Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU" (June 13, 1992), "XX Conference of the CPSU" (October 10, 1992), "XXIX Congress of the CPSU" (March 29-30, 1993) were prepared and held. The SK was the first to become a full member of the SKP-KPSS.
A. Prigarin was elected one of the vice-chairmen of the Council of the SKP-CPSU, and in addition to him, a member of the Central Committee of the SKP-CPSU, S. Stepanov, also joined the Political Executive Committee of the Council of the SKP-CPSU. Members of the Investigative Committee participated in the creation of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (the decision on the withdrawal of the activists of the Union of Communists from the Zyuganov Communist Party was made only at the II Congress of the Investigative Committee in December 1993), as well as in the Roskomsovet, which was recreated in August 1993.
The program objectives of the Union of Communists were initially declared "socialist development of society", "the leading role of public ownership of the main means of production using various forms of ownership in the sphere of services and small-scale production", "regulated market relations", "a reasonable combination of planned foundations of economic management and the market "," the market for means of production and consumer goods in the absence of a labor and capital market "," the revival of Soviet power "," the creation of a system of democracy based on elections based on the territorial-production principle "," the development of self-government. "
The Russian Party of Communists (PKK) was the least orthodox of all the "left" communist parties that make up the Roskomsovet. Her program, in particular, allows for the existence of "limited private property". At the same time, the real political practice makes the PKK little different from all other parties-members of the RCC.
The I Congress of the PKK (December 5-6, 1992) made a decision to participate in the organizing committee for the restoration of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, party representatives participated both in the official II extraordinary congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and in the "parallel" one held at the initiative of the RCWP. Some members of the PKK leadership, headed by K). Belov and B. Slavin in February 1993 transferred to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. PKK representatives have repeatedly stated that they consider themselves realist communists "and avoid the" extremist extremities of other communist groups. "
Union of Communist Parties (UPC-KPSS). The organizing committee of the "XXIX Congress of the CPSU" ("Organizing Committee of the CPSU Central Committee") was formed on June 13, 1992 at a meeting of 46 members of the "old" Central Committee
The CPSU, convened on the initiative of the leaders of the Union of Communists (in particular, a member of the leadership of the Investigative Committee Konstantin Nikolaev became the chairman of the OC, and the leader of the Investigative Committee Alexei Prigarin became his deputy). On October 10, 1992, the Organizing Committee of the Central Committee of the CPSU held the "XX Party Conference of the CPSU", and on March 26-27, 1993 - the "XXIX Congress of the CPSU". At the congress, the "re-created" party received a new name: the Union of Communist Parties - the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UPC-KPSS).
The first Russian communist parties to join the UPC-KPSS as full members were the Union of Communists, the Bolshevik Platform in the KPSS, and the Lenin Platform by Richard Kosolapov (formed within the RKWP in December 1992, in February 1993 transferred to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation). On May 15, 1993, at the plenum of the Party Council in the UPC-KPSS, the Union of Communists of Russia, the Union of Communists of Latvia, and the Communist Party of South Ossetia were officially adopted. The Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan, the Communist Party of Estonia, the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, the Communist Party of Tajikistan and the Communist Party of Workers of Transnistria.
The RKWP, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Union of Communists of Ukraine joined the Union of Communist Parties as associate members. At the plenum of the Council of the UPC-CPSU on July 9-10, 1994, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Communist Party of Ukraine and the United Communist Party of Georgia were accepted as full members of the UPC-CPSU. At the plenum on December 12, 1994, the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the Communist Party of Uzbekistan entered the UPC-KPSS as full members, and the Union of Workers of Armenia as an associate. At the plenum on March 25, 1995 - the RCWP and the Communist Party of Moldova as full members, the PKK - as an associate.
At the beginning of July 1995, the SKPKPSS Program was adopted. The programmatic principles were declared: "refusal to compromise with anti-popular ruling regimes"; "the leading role of state property"; the unification of the opposition on the basis of the recognition of "the need for accelerated mobilization development of the country"; "the desire to build a union state on the principle of a" union of peoples - a federation of territories ";" all-round support for the armed forces and
law enforcement agencies in their actions in the interests of the working people; "the development and strengthening of traditional national Soviet spiritual values."
Roskomsoyuz. The unification of the "left" ("revolutionary") communist organizations of Russia, opposing themselves to the "opportunist" Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The prototype of Roskomsoyuz was the Russian Coordination and Consultative Council (Roskomsovet), created at a meeting of representatives of republican and regional communist parties operating on the territory of the former USSR that took place on August 8-9, 1992. He was tasked with holding a unification conference of the communists of the former Union. Representatives of almost all Russian parties that had formed "on the ruins" of the CPSU — not only the Communist Parties, but also the Socialist Party of Working People — took part in the work of the Roskomsovet. Gradually, representatives of the SPT seized the majority in the RKS, and the Roskomsovet from the organizing committee for the restoration of the CPSU turned into an initiative committee for the restoration of the Communist Party of the RSFSR. After the "restoration" of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Roskomsovet ceased its activities.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) is the largest communist (and generally political) party in the Russian Federation. The hegemony of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the Russian communist movement is evidently explained by the fact that, in the eyes of ordinary adherents of the communist ideology, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is the most "legitimate" successor of the CPSU. If the parties of the Roskomsovet are marked with the seal of their "informal" past, and the claims of the SKP-KPSS for the role of the "old KPSS" are given some imposture, then the Communist Party of the Russian Federation managed to maintain the golden mean: it was able, on the one hand, to create itself an image of an organization capable of navigating modern Russian realities, and on the other - not to break the thread connecting it with the "pre-August" CPSU.
The Political Statement adopted at the Second Party Congress (February 13-14, 1993) spoke of the Communist Party's commitment to "the ideas of socialism and democracy." The tasks of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation set forth "obstruction of the capitalization of the country", "termination of violent privatization." At the same time, the statement contained such uncharacteristic provisions for orthodox communists as "the formation of a planned market economy," "the social orientation of reforms," "the optimal combination of various forms of ownership," farms "," the conclusion of a new interstate agreement between the CIS countries. "
XXX
All modern political ideologies, reflecting the conflicts of social life, are in constant development. Ideologies acquire new historical forms, borrowing from each other value orientations that better fulfill the role of mobilizing, organizing certain social strata, directing their social action. This is how liberalism becomes "more socialist" and socialism becomes "more liberal." Conservatism assimilates the values of liberalism. Modern ideologies seem to be retreating from a one-sided vision of the world, moving along the path of mutual penetration and complementarity. However, this has not yet led to the loss of their self-identity. Ideologies reflect both social interest and the search for more realistic and effective programs of social development. The competition of forces claiming power, like the competition of ideologies, is an element of power relations, it is a motor of political development, one of the guarantees of its democratic tendencies.
FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"MOSCOW AVIATION INSTITUTE"
(STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)
"MAI"
UNIVERSITY OF THE FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Department I-04
"Public Relations and Mass Communications"
ESSAY
"POLITICAL PARTY KPRF"
Group 104 student
Pavlova O. N.
Checked
assist. Evsyukov I.S.
Introduction 3
Functions of political parties 4
KPRF 5
Ideology 5
Party structure 5
Party and media 8
KPRF finances 8
Leader biography 9
CONCLUSION 11
REFERENCES 12
Introduction
Political parties are an integral part of the political system of a modern democratic society. Etymologically, “party” means “part,” “separateness,” an element of the political system.
THE CONSIGNMENT is a political public organization that fights for power or for participation in the exercise of power. Political Party is an organization of like-minded people representing the interests of citizens, social groups and classes and aiming at their realization by conquering state power or participating in its implementation. The rivalry of political groups, united around powerful families or popular leaders, has been a characteristic, essential feature of political history for many centuries. But such organizations, which we call political parties, emerged in Europe and the United States at the beginning of the 19th century.
There are many approaches to defining the essence of political parties: understanding a party as a group of people adhering to one ideological doctrine (B. Konst.); the interpretation of a political party as an expression of the interests of certain classes (Marxism); institutional understanding of a political party as an organization operating in the state system (M. Duverger).
Other approaches to defining parties: the party is the bearer of ideology; party is a long-term association of people; the party's goal is the conquest and exercise of power; the party seeks to enlist the support of the people.
Functions of political parties
Political parties in modern societies perform the following functions:
representation - the expression of the interests of certain groups of the population;
socialization - involving part of the population in the number of its members and supporters;
ideological function - the development of a political platform attractive to a certain part of society;
participation in the struggle for power - selection, promotion of political personnel and provision of conditions for their activities;
participation in the formation of political systems - their principles, elements, structures.
In modern political history, the types of party systems are distinguished: bourgeois democratic party system formed in Europe and North America in the 19th century. In his activities he is guided by the following rules: there is a legal struggle for power in society; power is exercised by a party or a group of parties that have secured the support of the parliamentary majority; there is constant legal opposition; there is agreement among the parties within the party system regarding the observance of these rules.
V bourgeois system many types of party coalitions have been formed : multiparty coalition - none of the parties is able to achieve a competent majority ; bipartisan coalition - there are two strong parties, each of which is capable of independently exercising powers of power; modified bipartisan coalition - not one of the two main parties gathers an absolute majority and they are forced to cooperate with third parties; two-bloc coalition - two main blocs are fighting for power, and parties outside the blocs do not play a significant role; dominance coalition - one party independently exercises power over a long period; cooperation coalition - the most powerful parties cooperate for a long time and steadily in the exercise of power.
socialist party system there is only one legal party; the party runs the state at all levels of the state apparatus; the emergence of such a political system is associated with a crisis of democratic or authoritarian systems of government.
authoritarian party system this type of government is intermediate, with the dominant factor being the state, and not the party, which plays a secondary role in the process of exercising power. Other parties are also allowed.
This classification experience is based precisely on what parties say as opposed to what they actually do. In the world of modern Russian politics, nothing is called by its own name: the political views declared by the parties do not correspond to their names, the actions of the parties do not correspond to their political views, and the views themselves do not say anything about the interests of those who demonstrate them.
The Communist Party
Ideology
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (05/01/2009)
According to the program documents, the party continues the cause of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR, and, based on the creative development of Marxism-Leninism, has as its goal the building of socialism - a society of social justice on the principles of collectivism, freedom, equality, stands for true democracy in the form of Soviets, strengthening the federal multinational state, is a party of patriots, internationalists, a party of friendship of peoples, defending communist ideals, defending the interests of the working class, peasantry, intelligentsia, all working people.
A significant place in the program documents and works of the party leaders is occupied by the confrontation between the new world order and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, with its qualities - "collegiality and sovereignty, deep faith, ineradicable altruism and a decisive rejection of the mercantile bait of a bourgeois, liberal-democratic paradise", "Russian question".
The ideological basis for the CPRF is Marxism-Leninism and its creative development.
Party structure
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation builds its work on the basis of the program and charter. The party, all its organizations and bodies operate within the framework of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal law "On public associations" and other laws of the Russian Federation. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation is a legal entity from the moment of state registration and carries out its activities in accordance with the statutory goals throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation creates its own regional, local and primary party organizations throughout the Russian Federation. The location of the permanent governing body of the Communist Party is Moscow.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation(KPRF) is a left-wing political party in the Russian Federation, the most massive of the communist parties in Russia.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was formed at the II Extraordinary Congress of the Communists of Russia (February 13-14, 1993) as the restored Communist Party of the RSFSR. The Communist Party of the RSFSR, in turn, was created in June 1990 as an association of members of the CPSU in the RSFSR. Its activity was suspended by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 23, 1991 N 79 "On the suspension of the activities of the Communist Party of the RSFSR", and then terminated by the Presidential Decree of November 6, 1991 N 169, the possibility of its restoration in its previous form was excluded by the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation N 9- P of November 30, 1992.
In August 1996, the secretary of the Central Committee of the RKRP V. Tyulkin sent an open letter to Zyuganov, in which he wrote: "Knowing the program of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, taking into account the latest
actions of your party, while recognizing the right of your organization to its special place in today's political system, at the same time I ask you to consider removing the word "communist" from the name of your party, so as not to discredit the theory itself and not to mislead working people. " The appeal is completely rhetorical, but some of the formulations are successful.The Communist Party of the Russian Federation really has little in common with the communist ideology now and occupies a special place in today's political system - on the left flank of the ruling party.
I must say that this place went to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation somewhere in the beginning of 1995.The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, in the form in which it exists today, appeared relatively late - in early 1993, on the basis of several small communist parties and an asset of the former Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR ... In October 1993, she faced the first serious test, but retained, more or less, face both before the authorities, and (less) before the opposition, not taking part in the defense of the White House, but condemning the president's actions. As a result, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation passed with a good result to the Duma in 1993.However, the parties and movements with which the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was blocked at the end of 1993, by 1995, had already drifted to the right, becoming small companions of the ruling party; the future leader of the pro-government socialists, Ivan Rybkin, broke away from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation ... The Liberal Democratic Party was guided by its own commercial interests. On the eve of the elections, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was forced to take a very cautious position so as not to give rise to a breakdown.
Zyuganov's presidential campaign was marked by a rush from moderate anti-government rhetoric to a de facto pro-government position (for example, on the issue of Chechnya). In 1995-1996, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation finally took shape as a part of the ruling party "looking after" the communist part of the Russian electorate (this was especially evident between the two rounds of the 1996 presidential elections).
The positions held by the CPRF in the Duma in 1995-1999: The CPRF refused to consider the issue of private property and began to consider the coexistence of state, public and private property "in one bottle" possible. Now she opposes only private ownership of land, believing that land should remain in public ownership. But "it can be transferred to public, farm and peasant farms in permanent, eternal, inherited and leased ownership and use. Only household and summer cottages of land can be transferred to private ownership."
After the transfer of power to the government of popular trust, private property will be preserved so that the "economy develops" ("... As followers of Ilyich, ... we are in favor of a multi-structured economy." "to establish self-government and control of labor collectives over production and distribution" in conditions of private property. In matters of state policy, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation takes a moderate national-patriotic position, putting forward its main slogan "statehood, democracy, equality, spirituality and justice." While advocating the observance of rights and freedoms and the limitation of the president's powers by parliament, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, nevertheless, advocates "putting things in order and tough actions in Chechnya (renouncing the notorious right of nations to self-determination).
Thus, on the whole, the program of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation can be called social-democratic with a significant left-wing bias. Its main goal in the political struggle is to maintain its broad representation in parliament and (sometimes) to lobby the interests of pro-communist businessmen. The main electorate of the Communist Party is residents of small towns and rural areas, mainly pensioners and young people, who vote not for the program, but for the name. As sociologists say, “the electorate of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is the least susceptible to PR manipulation, since they vote not for Zyuganov or against Putin, but for communism, for the name“ Communist Party. ”Among the workers, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation does not have much influence and admits it, it does not know how to work in megacities , namely, their votes determined the results, for example, of the second round of the presidential elections in 1996. In the regional elections in 1996, there were 14 governors nominated by the NPSR, but this victory was achieved at the expense of the regions traditionally voting for the "left".
The failure in the 2003 elections showed that the party urgently needs to change its electoral platform and program, since old slogans, even somewhat democratized ones, no longer find a response in Russian society. There are fewer and fewer people who vote not for a leader or a program, but the word "communist".
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation does not have popular regional leaders. Some of the business executives from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation moved to the right within the ruling party, for example, Luzhkov's right hand V. Shantsev.
The electorate of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation will most likely continue to decline over the next four years, but the number of supporters among officials and managers, as well as in the apparatus of the party itself, will most likely deepen the stratification: the bulk will remain in the bosom of the Communist Party, the most influential (about one tenth) will "go" to the right (not very far), and the radical left (also about one tenth) will go over to the extreme left (Tyulkin's party, etc.). Thus, in the 2007 elections, the leadership should expect an even lower result.
The process of consolidation of various associations, called for by the Law on Political Parties, may finally fulfill the long-standing dream of the leaders of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and put an end to the multiparty system among Russian communists. From the very moment of the adoption of this law, it was obvious that the currently existing communist associations of the VKP (b), RCP-KPSS and RKRP would in no way be able to recruit the required number of members and regional branches. However, the last point in the history of the existence of small communist parties will be put by amendments to the Law "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights of Citizens," developed by the CEC and submitted to the State Duma by the President in August.
Party and media
The party press is the Pravda newspaper, more than 30 regional publications, the internal Bulletin of Party Organizational and Personnel Work. Previously, the weekly Pravda Rossii and the Political Education magazine were published; radio Resonance was friendly.
The largest friendly newspaper is Sovetskaya Rossiya; until 2004, Zavtra was a friendly newspaper. In the most circulated print media, on TV and on main radio stations, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation has been sparingly represented since its inception, although not without hesitation. History textbooks and most of the media do not mention, for example, the cancellation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of a number of provisions of Boris Yeltsin's decree banning the Communist Party of the RSFSR, a lawsuit for falsifying elections in 2003, active party building (over the past 4-5 years in The Communist Party of the Russian Federation enters annually 10-15 thousand young people).
Finances of the Communist Party
According to the financial report of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, submitted to the CEC, in 2006 the party received in the form of funds for the implementation of statutory activities: 127 453 237 rubles. Of them:
29% - received from membership fees
30% - federal budget funds
6% - donations
35% - other income
In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles. Of them:
21% - for propaganda activities (information, advertising, publishing, printing)
7% - preparation and conduct of elections and referendum
Leader biography
Gennady Andreevich Zyuganov was born. June 26, 1944, in a teacher's family in the village of Mymrino (about 100 km from Orel). Father, Andrei Mikhailovich Zyuganov (died 1990), was the commander of an artillery crew, after the war he taught most of the subjects at the Mymrinsk secondary school, including the basics of agriculture, excluding foreign and Russian languages and literature. Mother - Marfa Petrovna, born in 1915 - taught in the elementary grades of the Mymrinsk school.
After graduating with a silver medal from the Mymrinsk secondary school of the Khotynetsky district of the Oryol region in 1961, he worked as a teacher there. In 1962 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the Oryol Pedagogical Institute, which he graduated with honors in 1969. served in the Soviet Army in the radiation and chemical reconnaissance of a group of Soviet forces in Germany (currently - a reserve colonel). He taught physics and mathematics at the university. At the same time he was engaged in trade union, Komsomol, party work. In 1966 he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Since 1967, he was engaged in Komsomol work, worked in elective posts at the district, city and regional level.
After graduating from the Oryol Pedagogical Institute, he taught there in 1969 to 1970. From 1972 to 1974 he worked as the first secretary of the Oryol Regional Committee of the Komsomol. In 1974-1983 he was the secretary of the district committee, the second secretary of the Oryol city committee of the CPSU, then - the head of the propaganda and agitation department of the Oryol regional committee of the CPSU. Simultaneously in 73-77. was a deputy of the Oryol City Council, from 80 to 83 - a deputy of the Oryol Regional Council of Deputies. From 1978 to 1980 he studied at the main department of the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU, completed his postgraduate studies as an external student. In 1980 he defended his Ph.D. thesis.
In 1983-1989 Zyuganov worked in the department of agitation and propaganda of the Central Committee of the CPSU as an instructor, head of a sector. In 1989-1990 he was deputy head of the ideological department of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Delegate to the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU (June 1990) and, accordingly, as a representative of the RSFSR - the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of the RSFSR (June-September 1990).
After the creation of the Communist Party of the RSFSR in June 1990, at the 1st founding congress, he was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, chairman of the permanent Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR on humanitarian and ideological problems, and in September 1990 - secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
In July 1991, together with a number of well-known state, political and public figures, he signed an appeal "Word to the People". In August 1991, he was nominated as a candidate for the elections of the 1st secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, but withdrew the candidacy in favor of V.A.Kuptsov due to the lack of experience in parliamentary work.
In December 1991 he was co-opted into the coordination council of the Russian National Union. Then he was elected a member of the coordinating council of the Fatherland movement. On June 12-13, 1992, he took part in the 1st council (congress) of the Russian National Council (RNS), became a member of the presidium of the council.
In October 1992, he joined the organizing committee of the National Salvation Front (FNS). At the II Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of the RSFSR (CP RSFSR) on February 13-14, 1993, he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the party, and at the first organizational plenum of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - Chairman of the CEC.
On July 25-26, 1993, he took part in the II Congress of the National Salvation Front in Moscow. From 20:00 on September 21, 1993 - after Boris Yeltsin's speech with a message about the dissolution of parliament - he was in the House of Soviets, spoke at rallies. On October 3, he appeared on the air of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, urging the population of Moscow to refrain from participating in rallies and clashes with the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
On December 12, 1993, he was elected to the State Duma of the first convocation on the federal list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
In April-May 1994, he was one of the initiators of the creation of the Concord in the Name of Russia movement. On January 21-22, 1995, at the III Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, he became the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. On December 17, 1995, he was elected to the State Duma of the second convocation on the federal list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
On March 4, 1996, he was registered as a presidential candidate. On June 16, 1996, the elections of the President of the Russian Federation took place. Gennady Zyuganov's candidacy was supported by 31.96 percent of the voters who took part in the voting. On July 3, 1996, during the voting in the second round of the presidential elections in the Russian Federation, 40.41% of voters voted for Zyuganov's candidacy. In August 1996, he was elected chairman of the coordinating council of the People's Patriotic Union of Russia, which included the parties and movements that supported G. A. Zyuganov in the presidential elections.
On December 19, 1999, he was elected to the State Duma of the third convocation on the federal list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
In 2000, in the presidential elections in Russia, he received 29.21% of the vote. In January 2001, at the plenum of the Council of the UPC-CPSU, he was elected chairman of the council of the Union of Communist Parties.
In 2003 he was elected a deputy of the State Duma of the fourth convocation, in 2007 - a deputy of the State Duma of the fifth convocation.
Zyuganov missed the 2004 presidential elections, where the party was represented by Nikolai Kharitonov, and took part in the 2008 elections, finishing second after Dmitry Medvedev (according to official data, more than 13 million votes, or 17.7% of those who took part in the elections).
Author of a series of monographs. He defended his doctoral dissertation in philosophy on the topic "Main tendencies and the mechanism of socio-political changes in modern Russia." In 1996-2004 he headed the People's Patriotic Union of Russia. Since 2001, he has been the head of the Union of Communist Parties - the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
CONCLUSION
In the first few years of the new millennium, Russia has made significant progress towards the formation of a party system. A multi-party system in our country has existed since the early 90s, but the party system is still in its infancy.
Parties are constantly developing, waging a political struggle among themselves, they are developing, uniting and working out joint positions. To increase influence on government structures and to nominate their representatives to government structures.
The formation of a multi-party system in the country is proceeding with difficulty and contradictory. It is still far from the civilized framework that connoisseurs and adherents of Western democracy dream of. Most often it happens that parties appear, register, sometimes even disappear, but no one knows who is behind them, who supports them. And this is the main problem of many groups claiming the right to be called parties.
But one thing is clear - the revival of Russia requires not just the interaction of parties, but also the interaction of simple political forces. They must cooperate with each other on reasonable terms.
LITERATURE
Political party, totalitarianism
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Political party in the RF. Non-partisan political associations and movements
Abstract >> Political ScienceTherefore, Russian party have their own specifics. So the left party(RCPR, The Communist Party and others) continue ...: to give a clear political and legal interpretation of the concept " political the consignment", determine the place political parties v political system of Russia, their ...
Political party Russia and
Abstract >> Political ScienceTasks The Communist Party; -to carry out charitable activities; -create associations and alliances with others political in batches and... The Communist Party or its structural divisions. "AGRARIAN THE CONSIGNMENT RUSSIA "Charter 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1. Political the consignment"Agrarian the consignment ...
Reshetnev, S.A. On the issue of the classification of political parties in Russia [text] / С.А. Reshetnev // Kommersant power. - 2004. - No. 3. - P. 2-4
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A4
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Communism(from Lat. commūnis - "general") - in Marxism, the organization of society in which the economy is based on public ownership of the means of production.
After the 19th century, the term is often used to designate a socio-economic formation predicted in the theoretical works of Marxists based on public ownership of the means of production. Such a formation, according to the works of the founders of Marxism, presupposed the presence of highly developed productive forces, the absence of division into social classes, the abolition of the state, a change in functions and the gradual withering away of money. According to the classics of Marxism, the communist society implements the principle "Each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!"
Different definitions of communism
Friedrich Engels in the draft program of the Union of Communists "Principles of Communism" (end of October 1847): "Communism is the doctrine of the conditions for the liberation of the proletariat.<…>Question 14: What should this new social order be like? Answer: First of all, the management of industry and all branches of production in general will be removed from the hands of separate, competing with each other, individuals. Instead, all branches of production will be under the jurisdiction of the whole society, that is, they will be conducted in the public interest, according to the social plan and with the participation of all members of society. Thus, this new social order will destroy competition and replace it with association.<…>Private property is inseparable from the individual conduct of industry and from competition. Consequently, private property must also be liquidated, and its place will be taken by the common use of all instruments of production and the distribution of products by general agreement, or the so-called community of property. "
Karl Marx (1844): «<…>communism is a positive expression of the abolition of private property; at first it acts as a general private property. " "Communism as the positive abolition of private property - this self-alienation of man -<…>there is a real resolution of the contradiction between man and nature, man and man, a genuine resolution of the dispute between existence and essence, between objectification and self-assertion, between freedom and necessity, between the individual and the race. He is the solution to the riddle of history, and he knows that he is the solution. "
Dictionary of Vl. Dahl(1881, original spelling): "Komunizm, political scholarship about equality of states, community of ownership, and the rights of everyone to someone else's property."
Philosophical Dictionary(1911): “Communism is a doctrine that rejects private property in the name of human welfare.
All evil in social and state relations stems from the uneven distribution of the good.
To eliminate this evil, communism advises to keep property rights only for the state, and not for private individuals. The first to recommend the communist ideal was Plato (cf. his Polity). "
Handbook for clergymen(1913): “Communism preaches compulsory communication of property, denying all types of private property. By extending the principle of collectivism, that is, community, not only to production and distribution, but also to the very use of the products produced, or to their consumption, and subordinating all this to social control, communism thereby destroys individual freedom even in the little things of everyday life.<…>The communion of property preached by communism leads to the overthrow of all justice and to the complete destruction of the welfare and order of the family and public. "
Errico Malatesta in the book "A Brief System of Anarchism in 10 Conversations" (1917): "Communism is a form of social organization in which<…>people will unite and enter into a mutual agreement, with the goal of ensuring for everyone the greatest possible prosperity. Proceeding from the principle that the land, mines and all natural forces, as well as the accumulated wealth and everything created by the labor of past generations, belongs to everyone, people under the communist system will agree to work together to produce everything necessary for everyone. "
V. I. Lenin(December 1919): "Communism is the highest stage in the development of socialism, when people work out of the awareness of the need to work for the common good."
Philosophical Dictionary. ed. I. T. Frolova (1987): communism is “a socio-economic formation, the features of which are determined by public ownership of the means of production, corresponding to highly developed social productive forces; the highest phase of the communist formation (complete communism), the ultimate goal of the communist movement. "
Dictionary of foreign words(1988): “1) the socio-economic formation that is replacing capitalism, based on public ownership of the means of production; 2) the second, highest phase of the communist social formation, the first phase of which is socialism. "
Merriam-Webster English Dictionary(one of several meanings): "a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls the state-owned means of production." Since the 1990s, the term has also been used in this sense in Russian-language literature in Russia and other countries of the former USSR.
Sociological Dictionary N. Abercrombie, S. Hill and B. S. Turner (2004): “Communism is understood not as a real practice, but as a certain doctrine. This concept designates societies in which there is no private property, social classes and division of labor. "
Etymology
In its modern form, the word was borrowed in the 40s of the XIX century from the French language, where communisme is derived from commun - "common, public". The word was finally formed into a term after the publication of the "Manifesto of the Communist Party" (1848). Before that, the word "commune" was used, but it did not characterize the whole society, but its part, a group whose members used the common property and common labor of all its members.
History of communist ideas
In the early stages of development, primitive communism based on community of property was the only form of human society. As a result of the property and social stratification of the primitive communal system and the emergence of a class society, communism has moved from a really existing practice to the category of dreams of a just society, the Golden Age, and the like, existing in culture.
At its inception, communist views were based on the demand for social equality based on community of property. Some of the earliest formulations of communism in medieval Europe were attempts to modernize Christian theology and politics in the form of a philosophy of poverty (not to be confused with poverty). In the XIII-XIV centuries, representatives of the radical wing of the Franciscans developed it and tried to apply it in practice. They were equally opposed to mystical or monastic asceticism and the absolutization of private property. In poverty, they saw the conditions for justice in the world and the salvation of society. It was not so much about the common property as about the general abandonment of property. At the same time, the ideology of communism was Christian-religious.
The slogans of the revolutionary struggle for the radical participants in the Hussite movement in the Czech Republic in the 15th century. (Jan Hus), The Peasant War in Germany in the 16th century. (T. Munzer) calls were made to overthrow the power of things and money, to build a just society based on the equality of people, including with common property. These ideas may well be considered communist, although their basis was purely religious - everyone is equal before God and the possession or non-possession of property should not violate this, the observance of equality in religious rites was required. Several centuries later, egalitarian communism appeared - the main component of the "bourgeois revolutions" of the 17th-18th centuries, in particular in England of the 17th century. (J. Winstanley) and France at the end of the 18th century. (G. Babeuf). The secular ideology of communism emerges. The idea of creating a community is being developed, in which the freedom and equality of people before each other is realized through common communal ownership of property (or by settling in an egalitarian way the conflict between individual and collective property). Property is no longer denied, but an attempt is made to subjugate it for the benefit of the entire community.
The theoretical development of the first systematized ideas about the communist way of life was based on the ideology of humanism of the 16th-17th centuries. (T. More, T. Campanella) and the French Enlightenment of the 18th century. (Morelli, G. Mably). Early communist literature was characterized by the preaching of universal asceticism and equalization, which made it aimed at opposing progress in the field of material production. The main problem of society was seen not in economics, but in politics and morality.
The next concept of communism appeared in the context of workers' socialism - from C. Fourier to K. Marx and F. Engels. There is an awareness of the economic contradictions of society. Labor and its subordination to capital are placed at the center of the problems of society.
In the first half of the XIX century. the works of A. Saint-Simon, C. Fourier, R. Owen and a number of other utopian socialists appeared. In accordance with their ideas, ideas about work as a pleasure, the flourishing of a person's abilities, the desire to meet all his needs, central planning, and distribution in proportion to work should play an important role in a just social order. Robert Owen was not only engaged in the development of a theoretical model of a socialist society, but also in practice carried out a number of social experiments to implement such ideas in life. In the early 1800s, in the New Lenarke (Scotland) mill community serving the paper mill of which Owen was director, he undertook a series of successful technical reorganizations and worker benefits. In 1825, in Indiana (USA), Owen founded the New Harmony labor commune, which ended in failure.
The early utopian socialists saw the need to introduce into the communist society a developed apparatus of suppressing personal freedom in relation to those who, in one sense or another, show a desire to rise above the general level or show an initiative that violates the established order, and therefore the communist state, of necessity, must be founded on the principles of totalitarianism, including autocracy (T. Campanella).
These and other utopian socialists enriched the idea of a just social order with ideas about work as a pleasure, the flourishing of a person's abilities, the desire to meet all his needs, central planning, and distribution in proportion to labor. At the same time, in a utopian society, the preservation of private property, property inequality was allowed. In Russia, the most prominent representatives of utopian socialism were A.I. Herzen and N.G. Chernyshevsky.
In the 1840s, the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie came to the fore in the most developed countries of Europe (the uprisings of the Lyons weavers in 1831 and 1834, the rise of the British Chartist movement in the mid-30s and early 50s, the uprising of the weavers in Silesia in 1844).
During this period, German thinkers K. Marx and F. Engels in the spring of 1847 joined the secret propaganda society "Union of Communists", organized by German émigrés, whom Marx met in London. On behalf of the society, they drew up the famous "Manifesto of the Communist Party", published on February 21, 1848. In it, they proclaimed the inevitability of the death of capitalism at the hands of the proletariat and led a short program for the transition from a capitalist social formation to a communist one:
The proletariat uses its political domination in order to wrest all capital from the bourgeoisie, step by step, to centralize all the instruments of production in the hands of the state, i.e., the proletariat organized as the ruling class, and to increase the sum of productive forces as quickly as possible.
This can, of course, happen at first only with the help of despotic interference in property rights and in bourgeois production relations, that is, with the help of measures that seem economically insufficient and untenable, but which, in the course of the movement, outgrow themselves and are inevitable as a means for a revolution. throughout the production process.
The program itself contains 10 points:
These activities will, of course, differ from country to country.
However, in the most advanced countries, the following measures can be applied almost universally:
1. Expropriation of land property and the circulation of land rent to cover public expenditures.
2. High progressive tax.
3. Cancellation of the right of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the state through a national bank with state capital and with an exclusive monopoly.
6. Centralization of all transport in the hands of the state.
7. Increase in the number of state factories, implements of production, clearing for arable land and improvement of land according to the general plan.
8. Equal obligation to work for all, the establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
9. Combining agriculture with industry, promoting the gradual elimination of the distinction between town and country.
10. Public and free education of all children. Elimination of the factory labor of children in its modern form. Combining education with material production, etc.
This is how Marxism arose. Karl Marx, however, harshly criticized the utopian “crude and ill-conceived communism” of those who simply extended the principle of private ownership to everyone (“common private property”). Rough communism, according to Marx, is a product of "worldwide envy."
Many of the anarchists, contemporaries of Marx, also advocated public (communal) property (Peter Kropotkin called his system "anarcho-communism"), but they denied the centralization that is promoted in Marxism, due to restrictions on personal freedom. In turn, anarcho-communism tends towards individualism in matters of freedom.
In 1864, the Marxist First International was created. The Marxists founded the Social Democratic parties, in which both a radical, revolutionary direction and a moderate, reformist one stood out. The ideologist of the latter was the German Social Democrat E. Bernstein. In the Second International, created in 1889, a revolutionary point of view prevailed in the International until the early 1900s. At the congresses, decisions were made about the impossibility of an alliance with the bourgeoisie, the inadmissibility of joining bourgeois governments, protests against militarism and war, etc. Later, however, reformists began to play a more significant role in the International, which caused radical accusations of opportunism.
In the first half of the 20th century, the communist parties emerged from the most radical wing of social democracy. The Social Democrats traditionally advocated the expansion of democracy and political freedoms, and the communists, who first came to power in Russia in 1917 (the Bolsheviks), and then in a number of other countries, were opponents of democracy and political freedoms (despite the fact that formally declared their support) and supporters of state intervention in all spheres of society.
Therefore, already in 1918, Luxembourgishism arose, opposing, on the one hand, the pro-bourgeois policy of the revisionist Social Democracy, and on the other, Bolshevism. Its founder was the German radical social democrat Rosa Luxemburg.
On March 4, 1919, on the initiative of the RCP (b) and personally its leader V. Lenin, the Communist International was created to develop and spread the ideas of revolutionary international socialism in opposition to the reformist socialism of the Second International.
The views of a number of theorists of communism, who recognized the progressive significance of the October Revolution in Russia, but criticized its development, and some even rejected the socialist character of Bolshevism, seeing in it state capitalism, began to be called left communism. The left opposition in the RCP (b) and VKP (b) in the 1920s advocated internal party democracy, against the "Nepman, kulak and bureaucrat."
The "Left Opposition" in the USSR ceased to exist as a result of repressions, but the ideology of its leader Leonid Trotsky, exiled from the country (Trotskyism), became quite popular abroad.
Communist ideology in the form in which it became dominant in the USSR in the 1920s was called "Marxism-Leninism".
The exposure of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the Soviet course towards economic development under the policy of "Peaceful Coexistence" displeased the leader of the Chinese communists, Mao Zedong. He was supported by the leader of the Albanian Party of Labor, Enver Hoxha. The policy of the Soviet leader N.S. Khrushchev was called revisionist. Following the Soviet-Chinese conflict, many communist parties in Europe and Latin America split into groups oriented towards the USSR, etc. "Anti-revisionist" groups targeting China and Albania. In the 1960s and 1970s, Maoism enjoyed considerable popularity among the left-wing intelligentsia in the West. The leader of the DPRK Kim Il Sung, maneuvering between the USSR and China, in 1955 proclaimed the Juche ideology, which is presented as a harmonious transformation of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism on the basis of ancient Korean philosophical thought.
The policy and theoretical substantiation of the activities of a number of communist parties in Western Europe, which in the 1970s and 1980s criticized the leadership of the CPSU in the world communist movement, the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the lack of political freedoms in countries that adopted the Soviet model of socialism, was called "Eurocommunism."
"Scientific communism"
A concept introduced in the USSR in the 1960s, which designated “one of the three constituent parts of Marxism-Leninism, revealing the general laws, paths and forms of the class struggle of the proletariat, the socialist revolution, the building of socialism and communism. The term "scientific communism" ("scientific socialism") is also used in a broad sense to denote Marxism-Leninism as a whole. "
Also the name of the subject in the universities of the USSR since 1963. It was compulsory for students of all universities along with the "history of the CPSU" and "Marxist-Leninist philosophy" until June 1990.
Within the framework of scientific communism, the necessity of the dictatorship of the proletariat was proved to achieve communism, although the idea of communism as a society based on common property does not indicate the political structure of such a society.
The term Scientific Communism appeared in the late 19th century to distinguish Marxist communist ideas from others. The addition "scientific" arose because K. Marx and F. Engels substantiated the need for changes in the social structure by changes in the methods of production. They emphasized the objective character of the historical movement towards communism. GV Plekhanov wrote that scientific communism does not invent a new society; he studies the trends of the present in order to understand their development in the future.
Friedrich Engels predicted a number of basic features of communist society: anarchy in production is replaced by the planned organization of production on a scale of the whole society, the accelerating development of productive forces begins, the division of labor disappears, the opposition between mental and physical labor disappears, labor turns from a heavy burden into a vital need - self-realization, class differences are destroyed and the state itself dies out, instead of managing people, production processes will be controlled, the family will radically change, religion disappears, people become masters of nature, humanity becomes free. Engels foresaw unprecedented scientific, technical and social progress in the future. He predicts that in the new historical era "people, and with them all their branches of activity, will make such progress that they will overshadow everything that has been done so far."
Concepts formed using the term "communism"
Primitive communism
According to Engels, the earliest human hunter-gatherer communities before the rise of classes can be called "primitive communism." Primitive, or primitive, communism is characteristic of all peoples in the early stages of development (the so-called primitive communal system, which in archaeological periodization coincides mainly with the Stone Age). Primitive communism is characterized by the same attitude of all members of society to the means of production, and, accordingly, a single method for all to obtain a share of the social product. Private property, classes and the state are absent.
In such societies, the food obtained is distributed among the members of the society in accordance with the need for the survival of the society, that is, according to the needs of the members for individual survival. The things that each person produced for themselves on their own were in the public domain - public property. In the early stages, there was no individual marriage: group marriage was not just the main, but the only form of regulation of relations between the sexes. The development of tools of labor led to the division of labor, which caused the emergence of individual property, the emergence of some property inequality between people.
Utopian communism
The classic expression of this kind of communism is Thomas More's Utopia (1516), which depicts an idyllic picture of primitive communism as opposed to feudalism. By the 17th century, new, more developed versions of utopian communism were formed, expressed in the views of Mellier, Morelli, Babeuf, Winstanley. Utopian communism reached its apogee in the 19th century in the concepts of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, Chernyshevsky.
War communism
The official name of economic practice in Russia during the Civil War on the territory of Soviet Russia in 1918-1921. Elements of War Communism were introduced by most of the countries participating in World Wars 1 and 2. The main goal was to provide the population of industrial cities and the Army with weapons, food and other necessary resources in conditions when all the previously existing economic mechanisms and relations were destroyed by the war. The main measures of War Communism were: the nationalization of banks and industry, the introduction of labor service, a food dictatorship based on surplus appropriation and the introduction of a ration system, and a monopoly on foreign trade. The decision to end War Communism was made on March 21, 1921, when the NEP was introduced at the X Congress of the RCP (b).
Eurocommunism
Eurocommunism is a conventional name for the policy of some communist parties in Western Europe (such as French, Italian, Spanish), which criticized the lack of political freedoms and alienation of the party and the authorities, in their opinion, which existed in the countries that adopted the Soviet model of socialism. The transition to socialism, according to the supporters of Eurocommunism, should be carried out "in a democratic, multi-party, parliamentary" way. In its rejection of the dictatorship of the proletariat, Eurocommunism was close to social democracy (although Eurocommunists did not identify with them). Russian followers of Eurocommunism, or non-authoritarian communism, are often mistakenly called Trotskyists, despite the authoritarianism of Trotsky himself and the absence in the ideology of the non-authoritarian left of any trace of a preference for the Trotskyist branch of Marxism.
Anarcho-communism
Socio-economic and political doctrine of the establishment of a stateless society based on the principles of decentralization, freedom, equality and mutual assistance. The ideological foundations of anarcho-communism were laid by the famous scientist and revolutionary Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin. The most famous milestones in the history of the anarcho-communist movement were the insurrectionary movement of Nestor Makhno during the Civil War in Russia, as well as the actions of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. In addition, it should be noted that anarcho-communism is the ideological basis of the anarcho-syndicalist International, which exists to this day, founded in the winter of 1922-1923.
Forecast dates for the transition to the communist form of society
May Day demonstration in 2009 in Severodvinsk
V.I.Lenin in 1920 attributed the construction of communism to the 30s - 40s of the XX century:
The First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee NS Khrushchev announced in October 1961 at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU that by 1980 the material base of communism would be created in the USSR - "The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism!"
Complete communism as the highest phase of the communist formation
According to Marxism, the "communist socio-economic formation", or, in short, "communism" consists of two phases: the lower - which in Marxism is called socialism and the higher - the so-called "complete communism". Under socialism there is a state, and the state power is stronger than under other formations, elements of bourgeois law and other remnants of the capitalist formation. Also, under socialism, there is personal property, there is small-scale private production (household plots) and small-scale private trade (markets). However, large private property is also absent under socialism. Since the means of production become common property, the word "communism" is already applicable to this phase.
According to Marx,
…At the highest stage of communist society, after the enslaving subordination of man to the division of labor has disappeared; when the opposition between mental and physical labor disappears along with it; when labor ceases to be only a means of life, but becomes itself the first need of life; when, together with the all-round development of individuals, the productive forces grow and all sources of social wealth pour out in full flow, only then will it be possible to completely overcome the narrow horizon of bourgeois law, and society will be able to write on its banner: "Each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.".
Anarcho-communists do not agree with the concept of two phases and believe that a preliminary stage of strengthening the state is not needed for the onset of complete communism and the liquidation of the state.
Many authors have repeatedly noted that human needs are unlimited, therefore, for any, even the highest labor productivity, mechanisms of distribution and restrictions are required, for example, money. To this the Marxists replied as follows:
The state will be able to wither away completely when society implements the rule: "each according to his ability, to each according to his needs," that is, when people get so used to observing the basic rules of community and when their work is so productive that they will voluntarily work according to their ability. The "narrow horizon of bourgeois law", which compels to calculate, with the callousness of Shylock, not to overwork an extra half hour against another, not to receive less pay than another — this narrow horizon will then be crossed. The distribution of products will then not require a normalization on the part of society for the amount of products each receives; everyone will be free to take "as needed."
From the bourgeois point of view, it is easy to declare such a social structure "pure utopia" and scoff at the fact that socialists promise everyone the right to receive from society, without any control over the labor of an individual citizen, any number of truffles, cars, pianos, etc.
... “to promise” that the highest phase of the development of communism would come, it never occurred to a single socialist, and the foresight of the great socialists that it would come, presupposes not the present labor productivity and not the present philistine, capable of “in vain” - sort of like the Bursak - to spoil the warehouses of social wealth and demand the impossible.
In fiction
The path to the stars is paved by the communists. USSR postal block 1964
In the Soviet Union, communist motives in science fiction were of paramount importance from the very inception of the genre in the country.
Our job is to turn Soviet science fiction into a weapon in the struggle for communism and for the spread of communist ideas throughout the world by enhancing the artistic and ideological nature of works.
However, in the 1930s-1950s, it was mostly "close-range fantasy" describing the transition to a communist society, but not the society itself.
IA Efremov brightly and positively described the humane communist society of the future in his famous novel "The Andromeda Nebula", which was used to make a film of the same name. The development of this author's ideas about the people of the communist future is given in the story The Heart of the Serpent and the novel The Hour of the Bull.
A. Bogdanov ("Red Star"), the Strugatsky brothers ("The World of Midday"), G. Martynov ("Gianea", "Guest from the Abyss"), G. Altov ("The Scorching Mind") gave their vision of the communist future. Savchenko ("Beyond the Pass"), V. Nazarov ("Green Doors of the Earth") V. Voinovich ("Moscow 2042").
Description of the communist society in Western fiction is presented in the TV series "Star Trek". In addition, the communist society of the future was described by H. Wells ("People as Gods", "Time Machine", W. Le Guin "The Disadvantaged", T. Sturgeon ("Artists of the planet Xanadu").
