Tuva as part of the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz The state of the ancient Kyrgyz who lived in the Minusinsk Basin emerged in the 6th century. They moved to the lands north of the Sayan Mountains in the period from the end of the 3rd to the middle of the 1st century BC. from Northwest Mongolia. In the 6th-7th centuries, the ancient Kyrgyz state was headed by a ruler with the title "ajo". In 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz (called "khyagas" in Chinese sources), defeating the Uighurs, entered the territory of Tuva and thereby opened their way to the vastness of Central Asia, i.e. the territory of modern Mongolia, Dzungaria and East Turkestan. The headquarters of the ruler of the Yenisei Kyrgyz was transferred to the present North-Western Mongolia south of the Tannu-Oola mountains, in the Chinese sources Duman - "15 days of horseback riding from the former Khokhuy (Uighur) camp." In the second half of the 9th century, their settlement on the occupied lands occupied the territory from the upper reaches of the Amur in the east to the eastern slopes of the Tien Shan in the west. At that time "Khyagas was a strong state ... To the east it extended to Guligani (Baikal region), to the south to Tibet (Eastern Turkestan), to the southwest to Gelolu (Karluks in Semirechye)." Similar boundaries of settlement of the Kyrgyz in the 9th-10th centuries are also noted by the Arab-Persian sources. According to the "Book of the Ways of States" al-Istakhri, "Khudud al-alam" and the maps of the Arab geographer Ibn Haukal in the "Book of Ways and Countries", the Kyrgyz bordered in the west with the lands of the Kimaks with the settlement center in the Irtysh region (the Kimak-Kypchak association that arose in the middle - the second half of the 9th century), in the south-west - with Karluks in Semirechye, in the southeast - with Toguz-Oguz (Uighurs) in the mountains of the Eastern Tien Shan. *** It can be assumed that in the second half of the 9th and early 10th centuries the headquarters of the Kyrgyz kagan did not change its location (in any case, there is no data on this). At the beginning of the 10th century, probably in connection with the strengthening of the Khitan, the Kyrgyz kagan moved his headquarters to the Tuva steppes. The work “Khudud al-alam” says that all Kyrgyz “have no villages or cities at all, and they all settle in yurts and tents, except for the place where the kagan lives. He lived in a city called Kemjikent. " Remains of this city (Kemdzhikent) [Note: The name may be derived from the hydronym Khemchik (Kemchik) in Western Tuva] in Tuva have not yet been found. However, based on the available archaeological materials, it can be assumed that in the first half of the 10th century the headquarters of the kagan was located in the valley of the river. Elegest near the burial grounds of Shanchy, Chinge, Elegest explored here with a series of stone steles with inscriptions and different types of tamgas, since it seems that representatives of various aristocratic families - owners of different types of signs - should have been at the headquarters. It is important to note that the Yenisei Kyrgyz, like the ancient Turks, as well as the Uighurs, played an important role in the origin and formation of modern Tuvans. Groups of Tuvans from the Kyrgyz clan, living in the southeastern and central regions of Tuva, as well as in the region of the ridge. Khan-Kogei of Mongolia undoubtedly trace their origin from the ancient Kyrgyz of the 9th-12th centuries. Copied: TӨӨГY (History).
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Tuva as part of the Uyghur Kaganate Completed by: A.P. Sumuya
In the middle of the VIII century, the Uighurs, one of the most ancient Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia, descended from the Tele tribes, entered the historical arena of Central Asia. Having smashed the state of the ancient Turks, a new Uyghur Kaganate (745-840) was created. The Uyghur period in the history of Tuva
Uyghur cities
A system of fortresses interconnected by defensive fortifications and ramparts
Settlements (fortified settlements) were monumental structures surrounded by walls. Settlements are centers of settlement, agriculture, crafts and trade. In case of military danger they served as shelters. There are 17 known settlements and one observation point (the valleys of the Khemchik and Chadan rivers, the mouth of the Ak-Sug and Elegest, on the left bank of the Ulug-Khem, between its tributaries Chaa-Khol and Baryk, on the Tere-Khol lake) Defensive shaft - from Elegest to the upper reaches of the Khemchik, along the northern wall a ditch was built.
Economy and social relations The basis of the economy: nomadic cattle breeding (extensive) and plow farming with the use of draft animals and artificial irrigation. The craft in the Uyghur period had already separated from agriculture and cattle breeding. Mining, pottery, construction, weaving, arts and crafts, felt rolling, saddlery, carpentry, blacksmithing, and jewelry are well developed. Extraction of ore (iron, copper, tin, gold, silver). Stone cutters, sculptors.
ISBN 5-02-030625-8 (vol. I); ISBN 5-02-030636-3
Chapter VII. Tuva as part of the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz
[G.V. Dluzhnevskaya, additions by S.I. Weinstein and M.Kh. Mannay-oola. ]
The state of the ancient Kyrgyz who lived in the Minusinsk Basin emerged in the 6th century. They moved to the lands north of the Sayan Mountains in the period from the end of the 3rd - to the middle of the 1st century. BC NS. from Northwest Mongolia. At the head of the ancient Kyrgyz state in the VI-VII centuries. there was a ruler with the title "ajo".
In 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz (in Chinese sources called "khyagas"), defeating the Uighurs, entered the territory of Tuva and thereby opened their way to the vastness of Central Asia, i.e. the territory of modern Mongolia, Dzungaria and East Turkestan. The headquarters of the ruler of the Yenisei Kyrgyz was transferred to the present North-Western Mongolia south of the Tannu-Oola mountains, in the Chinese sources Duman - “15 days of horseback riding from the former Khokhui (Uighur) camp”. In the second half of the IX century. the settlement of the Kyrgyz in the occupied lands occupied a vast territory from the upper reaches of the Amur in the east to the eastern slopes of the Tien Shan in the west.
At that time "Khyagas was a strong state ... To the east it stretched to Guligani (Baikal region), to the south to Tibet (Eastern Turkestan, which was owned by the Tibetans at that time), to the southwest to Gelolu (Karluks in Semirechye)." Similar boundaries of settlement of the Kyrgyz in the 9th-10th centuries. Arab-Persian sources also note. According to the "Book of the Ways of States" al-Istakhri, "Khudud al-alam" and the maps of the Arab geographer Ibn-Haukal in the "Book of Ways and Countries", the Kyrgyz bordered in the west with the lands of the Kimaks with the settlement center in the Irtysh region (the Kimak-Kypchak state association , which arose in the middle - second half of the 9th century), in the southwest - with Karluks within the Semirechye, in the southeast - with Toguz-Oguz (Uyghurs) in the mountains of the Eastern Tien Shan.
It can be assumed that in the second half of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. the headquarters of the kagan of the Kyrgyz did not change its location (in any case, there is no specific data on this). At the beginning of the 10th century, probably in connection with the strengthening of the Mongol-speaking Khitan, the Kyrgyz kagan moved his headquarters to the Tuva steppes. The essay "Khudud al-alam" says that all Kyrgyz "have no villages or cities at all, and they all settle in yurts and
Tuva as part of the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (IX-XII centuries).
tents, except for the place where the kagan lives. He lived in a city called Kemjikent. " Remains of this city (Kemdzhikent) * [Note: * The name may be derived from the hydronym Khemchik (Kemchik) in Western Tuva.] In Tuva have not yet been found. However, based on archaeological materials, it can be assumed that in the first half of the 10th century. the rate was in the valley of the river. Elegest near the burial grounds of Shanchy, Chinge, Elegest explored here with a series of stone steles with inscriptions and different types of tamgas, since it seems that representatives of various aristocratic families - owners of different types of signs - should have been at the headquarters.
By the middle of the X century. the headquarters of the kagan was moved to the Minusinsk depression. Persian sources say that it is 7 days from Kygmen (Sayan Mountains) to her. Three roads lead to the military camp of the Kyrgyz kagan, the main and best place in the country, says the Persian author Gardizi in his "Adornment of News" (mid-11th century). It can be assumed that we are talking about the area in the area of White Iyus, where the headquarters remained for a long time. By this time, the Kyrgyz could probably have assembled an army of 100 thousand horsemen. Apparently, a number of soldiers close to this moved southward along the basin of the Upper Yenisei. There were still campaigns to the Horde-Balyk, to the Great Wall of China, to Eastern Turkestan, rich booty, prisoners ahead. Not earlier than ten years later, the detachments return and begin to develop new territories. A part of the former population remained on the territory of Tuva, including the descendants of the population of the Turkic and Uighur periods.
Mounds with burials according to the rite of corpse with a horse, with accompanying grave goods of both common Turkic and Kyrgyz appearance have been investigated. In addition, 450 different-character sets of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were studied in Tuva, of which 410 belong to the 9th-10th centuries. and only 40 - by the XI-XII centuries. A significant reduction in the number of identified funerary and memorial complexes of the 11th-12th centuries. and their predominant location along the right bank of the lower course of the Khemchik and north of the Uyuk ridge suggest a decrease in the number of Kyrgyz in Tuva north of the Minusinsk depression due to their retreat after the kagan during the 10th century.
Written news about political events in the history of the Kyrgyz of the 11th-12th centuries. practically not available. In the works of the Turkic, Arab and Persian authors Gardizi, Mahmud Kashgar-
Skogo, al-Marvazi and al-Idrisi, only information about the boundaries of settlement, routes of communication, economic life and religious beliefs is given, but not about specific events of this period.
Subsequent data on the population of the Upper Yenisei basin refer to the end of the 12th and 13th centuries. and are associated with the history of peoples of Mongolian origin. Rashid ad-Din says that by the beginning of the XIII century. the Kyrgyz had two regions: Kyrgyz and Kem-Kemdzhiut. According to the researchers, Rashid ad-Din meant Kem (Yenisei) and Khemchik by Kem-Kemjiut. It follows from the text that these areas adjacent to each other constitute one possession, although each of them had its own ruler - "inala".
After the conquest of the Upper Yenisei, these lands were divided into six bugs, i.e. large estates. The Khaya-Bazhy inscription says: "I am great among the people of six bugs in Keshtim."
Based on the analysis of the distribution of tamgas on the inscriptions of the Yenisei ancient Türkic writing, it is possible to determine the approximate territories of these bugs.
In military-administrative terms, the then population of Tuva was subordinate to the owners of the bugs - the governors appointed by the kagan. It can be assumed that in the Kyrgyz time, the main occupation of the population of the mountain-steppe regions, like much later, was a nomadic economy with an annual grazing of animals. Summer pastures were predominantly located in valleys, while winter pastures were located on mountain slopes open to winds. The herd consisted of rams, cattle, horses, camels, but the advantage was retained for small ruminants and horses. Wealthy families had 2-3 thousand head of livestock. Bulls were also used as a means of transportation.
The life of the inhabitants of the Upper Yenisei basin was impossible without horses. They were used both for grazing livestock and in military campaigns. On long-distance expeditions, the soldiers, apparently, had spare horses to ensure the mobility of the army. Giving a description of the 9th century Turks, which undoubtedly can be attributed to the Kyrgyz, the Arab author al-Jahiz wrote that they spend much more time in the saddle than on the surface of the earth. "The horses were extremely strong and large: those that could fight were called head horses" and were especially appreciated. Along with the fur of fur-bearing animals and falcons, horses were the subject of ambassadorial gifts when communicating with the Middle State (China).
During natural farming, animal skins were used in domestic production for the manufacture of various household items, for harnessing horses, clothes, footwear; wool was used to make felt and fabrics; dairy products and meat were consumed.
Some of the medieval sources mention agricultural forms of economy among the Yenisei Kyrgyz, including in the territory of Tuva at that time. Arable farming under the climatic conditions of this region could only be irrigated. On the mountain slopes and in the steppes, mainly in the central and western regions of Tuva (in the Ulug-Khem and Khemchik basins, in the northern foothills of Tannu-Oola), a fairly large number of irrigation systems dating back to the early Middle Ages have been discovered. Canals have survived, which, in terms of their structure and size, could play the role of trunk ones. The water in them was taken high in the mountains and then carried across the opposite ridges along watercourses skillfully cut into them, as evidenced by sections of masonry, retaining walls on the cliffs and trays carved into the rocks. On the rivers Turan and Uyuk there are even traces of dams made of stone. The dating of irrigation systems in Tuva remains a challenge for the future.
Chinese chroniclers note in the agricultural cultures of the Kyrgyz the absence of the "five loaves" characteristic of Chinese agriculture: rice, millet, barley, wheat, and beans. However, dark millet, barley, and wheat were grown, as was hemp seed. The above authors Abu Dulaf and al-Idrisi also mention fig. Unpretentious millet, which does not need constant care and is well adapted to the climatic conditions of Tuva, could be the main type of grain in the diet of the population engaged in "nomadic" farming. S.I. Weinstein notes that the predominance of millet crops in the central part, and barley crops on the western and southern periphery of the agricultural zone of Tuva, could be associated with the agricultural traditions of certain ethnic groups of nomads.
The routes and timing of migrations depended on the location of the land plots: they sowed before migrating to summer pastures, and harvested when returning to autumn ones.
Al-Idrisi wrote that the Kyrgyz have water mills, which grind rice, wheat and other cereals into flour. Tang sources name only the millstones that are powered by people. Both bread and boiled or
At the festivities, the entertainment was camel running, horse exercise, balancing on a rope. Drums, flutes, flutes, pipes and flat bells are known from musical instruments.
The calendar used by the population of Tuva in Kyrgyz time was based, as well as among the ancient Turks, on
12-year "animal" cycle. It is interesting to note that the Tuvans have preserved it to this day. The years in the calendar were named by the names of twelve animals, arranged in a strictly established order. At the same time, the year under the sign "tzu" was called the year of the mouse, under the sign "xu" - the year of the dog, under the sign "yin" - the year of the tiger. Residents, speaking about the beginning of the year, called it "mashi". The month was called "ai". Three months constituted a season, four seasons were distinguished: spring, summer, autumn, winter. Sources specifically emphasize the similarity of the chronology system with the Uyghur. The existence of a solar calendar with a 12-year cycle did not interfere with intra-year calculations according to the lunar calendar: bread was sown in the third, and the harvest was harvested in the eighth and ninth moon, i.e. in April and September - October.
In the case of subsistence farming, household production of household items played an important role. Leather, birch bark, wood, skins, felt, etc. were used as materials for various products. Pottery and blacksmithing were definitely distinguished. Along with molded household utensils, possibly home-made, there were so-called Kyrgyz vases, made on a potter's wheel from finely soaked clay with a possible admixture of ferrous silts, which after firing gave a sonorous, durable shard of dark gray color. They were apparently produced by professional potters.
Significant development in the IX-XII centuries. among the Kyrgyz, mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the associated blacksmith and jewelry crafts were achieved. All sources certainly note that the land of the Kyrgyz produces gold, iron, and tin. The "iron of heavenly rain" (meteorite) differs from the usual, which is also "strong and sharp." Iron products are of high quality and craftsmanship.
To date, no industrial complexes associated with the activities of the Kyrgyz have been found on the territory of Tuva. Probably, the main area of concentration of their metallurgical production was the right bank of the Yenisei, where a lot of iron smelters were found, the remains of settlements of metallurgists and blacksmiths.
Various tools of labor, everyday life, weapons, and parts of horse equipment were made from iron. Belt patch and hanging plaques and buckles were made of bronze, silver, gold, and rarely - of iron.
Dishes of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (IX-XII centuries). 1-3, 7, 8 - metal; 4-6 - clay.
The appearance of items from burial and memorial complexes allows us to trace the following pattern. Until the second quarter of the X century. items such as badges with and without slots, belt tips, buckles - simple geometric shapes, without scalloped edges, most of them are devoid of decor. Orna-
Jewelry of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (IX-XII centuries).
cop, usually vegetable, made by engraving, sometimes on a circular background, chasing and rarely - casting. Similar items are found both in the burials of the ancient Kyrgyz with burning, and in the burial complexes according to the rite of corpse with a horse, characteristic of the ancient Turkic culture. Proceeding from this, the appearance of art products is called general Turkic: the time of its appearance is determined by the 7th-8th centuries; in the VIII-IX centuries. to them are added “portal” -shaped plaques, with a beveled edge,
oval bridle with scalloped edges, etc. In the design of the contours, heart-shaped motifs, figuratively scalloped and scalloped are used. This replenished complex of art products of the general Turkic appearance continues to exist throughout the X-XI centuries. Along with them from the second quarter of the X century. products of the "Tyukhtyat" appearance appeared, which received their name from the Tyukhtyat hoard, discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. and includes a representative series of characteristic products. Among them are gilded, less often silver, objects with rich floral ornaments: images of a petal with an unshaded narrow middle part, a trefoil, complex figures of petals and leaves, a flower in the form of a hanging brush, a rounded fruit or a fiery petal; shoots in the form of treelike figures with diverging or, on the contrary, converging branches at the top; compositions of images of animals, birds, anthropomorphic figures. Especially often there are cast ones, with the design of the edges in the form of a "running vine" or with scalloped edges. The technique of applying an engraved ornament on a circle background, a tradition of Tang art, is very rarely used.
In the middle of the X century. Along with cast bronze, iron forged items, decorated with gold and silver, of the so-called "askiz" appearance, are spreading: dummy badges and tips without slots, in a hinged joint, with fasteners, belt and shield buckles, complex items. They are often elongated in proportions, with strongly corrugated or curly brace edges. Specific design: stop bits with plate cheekpieces. The ornament, applied by the technique of inlay or applique work (a schematic representation of a running vine, rosette, braid, etc.), in some cases is a simplified variation of Tyukhtyat motifs.
According to the materials of archaeological excavations, bronze “Tyukhtyat” things (for example, the Eilig-Khem III burial ground) are sometimes found in complexes with items of the "Askiz" appearance (for example, the burial ground of Eilig-Khem III), as well as in the complexes with a predominance of Tyukhtyat - Askiz (Tyukhtyat treasure). Separate objects of this appearance were found in Khitan tombs along with bronze cast ones. Askiz things became widespread in the XI-XII centuries. This third stage in the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz is characterized by the weakening of the influence of the Khitan, and the strengthening of the tendencies towards the cultural isolation of the Kyrgyz.
From the middle of the IX century. in Tuva, products of applied art dating from the Kyrgyz time are widely distributed, and such products were not only imported, but also made by jewelers in local settlements. In the modern ornamental art of Tuvans, it is possible to trace a significant historical and genetic layer of artistic images associated with the Kyrgyz era in the history of Tuva.
The Kyrgyz, who owned a vast territory, maintained trade relations with Central Asia, Tibet and East Turkestan, the Middle State - the Tang Empire, and later - Liao.
According to sources, patterned silk fabrics were the subject of trade with Central Asia. Once every three years, a caravan of twenty camels came, and "when it was impossible to fit everything, then twenty-four camels." In addition to the Central Asian, the Kyrgyz received expensive woolen and silk fabrics from East Turkestan. Silver vessels also came from the west, which can be judged by archaeological finds on the banks of the Yenisei. In exchange, sable and marten furs, musk, birch wood, hutu horn (mammoth tusks) and handicrafts made from it were sent from the Kyrgyz state.
The ties of the Kyrgyz with the Middle State were renewed in the 40s of the 9th century. In exchange with China, the main role was played by the famous horses, furs of fur animals and "local products" from the side of the Kyrgyz, and traditionally - silk fabrics, lacquer products, agricultural tools, as well as mirrors from the Tang state. Probably, Chinese coins were in circulation in the Kyrgyz state, where their own were not minted; the vast majority of them date back to after 840.
Written sources testify to close cultural and economic ties between the Kyrgyz and Khitan people of the Liao empire, but even more - archaeological finds. Along with the Liao mirrors found in the Middle Yenisei, one can name the Khitan ceramic bottle-shaped vessel found in Central Tuva, as well as the finds of equipping the horse and others in the tombs of the Khitan nobility and products of the Tyukhtyat appearance in the funeral and memorial monuments of the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
Written sources and archaeological finds make it possible to judge the nature and significance of the military in the life of the Kyrgyz.
Affairs. Military organization of the Kyrgyz IX-X centuries. was adapted for the needs of the big war. The regular army of the state or the heavily armed guard of the kagan numbered 30 thousand people; during the hostilities, the army increased to 100 thousand people. due to the fact that "the whole people and all vassal generations" acted. The troops, organized into combat units according to the decimal principle of division, were commanded by the highest ranks of the military administration from representatives of the Kagan dynasty and ministers, chief commanders and rulers. Only representatives of the clan aristocracy could be ministers - run, while the following military ranks could equally have been nominated from among the professional warriors-vigilantes, representatives of the service nobility. The kagan was the supreme commander in chief.
By this time, the basis of the army was heavily armed cavalry. Specially trained horses were covered with protective armor - "shields from belly to feet." Warriors in shells, reinforced on the chest and shoulders with wooden overhead shields, in bracers, greaves and helmets were armed with long spears, battle axes, broadswords or sabers, compound bows and arrows of various types. The arrows were kept in birch bark quivers with their plumage down.
Lightly armed horsemen covered their arms and legs with wooden shields; round shields were also superimposed on the shoulders, which protected from the blows of sabers and arrows. They had bows and arrows, possibly broadswords and shields. The banners and flags mentioned in the sources fluttered on the spear shafts, which were inserted into a ring attached to the stirrup during the campaign. One such stirrup was found in the burial mound of Eilig-Khem III in the late 10th - early 11th centuries. There is a great development of the Kyrgyz weapons complex, in particular, the multivariance of arrows, including those focused on piercing armor armor and dissecting chain mail rings.
Combat operations combined the use of loose formation tactics of light cavalry with throwing spears at a gallop and attacks of heavy cavalry in a close formation with spears at the ready. Usually, the attack of the spearmen decided the fate of the battle, which continued if necessary in hand-to-hand combat.
In the XI-XII centuries. there was a decentralization of power, which entailed a change in the structure of the military organization. The goals and scale of military operations are changing, often acquiring the character of predatory raids and small internecine wars. Real power in the two areas of the Kyrgyz, which were mentioned
Household items and weapons of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (IX-XII centuries).
above, belonged to the Inals, who were subordinate to the rulers of smaller military-administrative units - bugs. The army was formed from the squads of governors - inals and their vassals. The militia, probably, as before, consisted of the conquered tribes.
The social system and socio-economic relations among the Kyrgyz of the period under consideration can be characterized as early feudal.
At the head of the state was the "sovereign", or kagan, to whom the supreme power belonged. The complex military-administrative apparatus included six classes of officials: government officials, there were seven ministers (three commanders — the great commander and two below him in rank — ruled jointly), ten governors, fifteen business governors; the leaders and tarhans did not have a definite number. In the power of the kagan were military forces, the solution of issues of war and peace, the appointment of senior officials; he could execute and pardon, give various awards and grants, determine the size of duties. He was also the supreme owner and manager of all the lands of the state. The military-administrative officials were definitely also the specific owners and managers of the land allotted to them, which allowed the upper aristocracy to retain power over the masses of ordinary nomads, who were assigned, along with a certain territory, to its owner. Small family farms with private ownership of livestock continued to be the main production units. Ordinary nomads were personally free, although their fate, in a sense, was controlled by the landowners.
The main source of slavery was raids and wars, during which people were captured into slavery. Due to the specifics of the economy (irrigated agriculture, extensive livestock raising), slave labor was used by the Kyrgyz quite widely: it is noted that they “catch and use” the population, including men, of mountain taiga regions. The life of the community and, to some extent, its fighting efficiency depended on the labor of slaves, but personal slavery was predominantly domestic in nature. In a subsistence economy, when the welfare of the family depended not only on the number of livestock, but also on the speed of processing products, making a number of household items, as well as performing many household chores, there was a great need for female labor and, consequently, for female slaves, wives. or the concubines of their owner. The position of a free woman was quite high, which is due precisely to her role in the management of the economy and in the family.
Stele with ancient Turkic inscriptions.
Property differentiation is definitely visible both from the data of written sources and from the funeral and memorial rituals: along with the rich, who dressed in valuable furs and expensive fabrics, there were the poor, who wore sheepskin clothes; along with large tents and yurts, houses of poor pastoralists and hunters made of wood and bark are mentioned; called "rich farmers" who own thousands of head of livestock; there are burials with numerous accompanying items and with only one buckle or knife, etc.
The ancient Kyrgyz, as well as the Turks and Uighurs, used the ancient Turkic runic writing.
At present, about 100 monuments of runic writing have been found on the territory of Tuva, mainly dating from the 8th-11th centuries. They are carved on stone steles and rocks. Writing was apparently owned not only by the elite, but also by some part of ordinary nomads. In addition to the runic writing, some representatives of the local nobility also owned Chinese letters, which served as a sign of high education, appreciated and made it possible to serve at court
Chinese emperor. To teach the Chinese language, children of the highest nobility were sent to study in China. There is evidence of this in one of the stone-written monuments in Tuva, which says: "At the age of fifteen, I was taken to be brought up by the Chinese ...".
The beliefs of the inhabitants of Tuva at that time were based on animistic ideas, the cult of sacred animals, which were sacrificed in an open field at the direction of shamans. The Chinese chronicles testify that the shamans among the Kyrgyz, as well as among the modern Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia, were called "kam / gan". Kamlania was performed for medicinal purposes, predictions. According to the testimony of the Persian geographer Gardizi, fortune-tellers were also special people who were called "phaginuns". The rite was performed annually on a certain day, probably with a large gathering of people and with the participation of musicians. While playing the music, the faginun lost consciousness, after which he was asked about everything that should happen that year: "about need and abundance, about rain and drought, about fear and security, about the invasion of enemies." The absence of a single deity, apparently, amazed the author of the message, and he emphasizes that the Kyrgyz worship various objects of the world around man: a cow, a wind, a hedgehog, a magpie, a falcon, and red trees.
The epitaph dedicated to Bars-run mentions the lord of the underworld Erklig (Tuv. Erlik), the spirit of imminent death Byurt and his "younger brothers". In one of the parables of the unique Turkic-language "encyclopedia" of beliefs and superstitions - "The Book of Fortune-telling" (930) - it is said that a warrior who went hunting in the mountains during a ritual called Erklig a heavenly god, which was regarded as a sinful act. Erklig, as the master of the world of the dead, separates people, ends life and takes souls. All three worlds are densely populated with shamanic spirits and deities. The connections between the Upper and Middle worlds, possibly, were carried out by the younger relatives of Tengri-khan - yol tengri; at the same time, the kagans turned to Heaven with questions and prayers, making the connection between the Middle world and the Upper one. Perhaps the kagans themselves could have been the highest, the main shamans of their people.
Some acquaintance of the Kyrgyz with the Bon religions - traditional Tibetan shamanism - can be judged by a find in the Sagly Valley. In a grave pit under a mound of the 9th-10th centuries. there were three fragments of Tibetan manuscripts on a birch bark with records of the names of evil spirits - demons that caused diseases.
It is difficult to speak about the wide spread of Manichaeism, Buddhism or Christianity of the Nestorian persuasion in the multiethnic society of the Kyrgyz Kaganate, since any manifestations of the views of adherents of these religions should have been reflected in sources, including archaeological ones. The interpretation of the Sudzha runic inscription (Mongolia) made it possible to suggest that the Kyrgyz aristocracy, and then wider sections of the population, reacted positively to the missionary activities of the Nestorian preachers. Nestorianism could have penetrated the Kyrgyz from the Karluks, friendly relations with whom are noted in written sources, and a fierce struggle in the middle of the 9th century served as a political factor in this phenomenon. or somewhat earlier with the Uighurs who professed Manichaeism.
The penetration of the Manichean religion to the Kyrgyz can be said on the basis of the information of the Arab geographer of the 10th century. Abu Dulaf, who reports that in their prayers they use a special measured speech and, “while praying, they turn towards the south ... they worship Saturn and Venus, and Mars is considered a bad omen ...
They have a house for prayers ... They do not extinguish the lamp (lit) until it goes out by itself. " It cannot be completely ruled out that some part of the Kyrgyz aristocracy in the middle of the 9th century. She took some aspects of the Manichean doctrine from the Manichean Uighurs from among her allies. However, Manichaeism did not spread in the ancient Kyrgyz state. The main part of the population still professed the ancient local belief - shamanism.
The influence of Buddhism on the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz is more obvious. However, it seems that Buddhism as a religious system did not penetrate deeply into the national environment. Until the 10th century, before the appearance of the Khitan people nearby, the metal products of the applied arts of the Kyrgyz did not reveal Buddhist symbols. The appearance of the items remained common Turkic.
From the second quarter of the X century. metal items are covered with lush ornamentation. All images are associated with a lotus (animals and birds standing on lotus flowers, lotus petals, peculiar garlands of flowers, phoenixes, a "flaming pearl", etc.) and have analogies in the art metal and ceramics of Liao, as well as fresco paintings in the monasteries of East Turkestan.
It is known that Buddhism, along with shamanism, was widespread in the Khitan state. In the country in 942, there were 50 thousand Buddhist monks, and in 1078 - 360 thousand. In Dunhuang, however, Buddhist texts were discovered, executed in Tibetan script by order of a Kyrgyz, a native of the "princely house" of this country, but such the message remains isolated so far. The fact that local artisans made products according to samples can be judged by the fact that they did not always understand the original meaning of Buddhist symbols and distorted them when reproduced. This also testifies in favor of the expressed opinion about a certain influence of Buddhism.
As you can see, the missionary propaganda of world religious systems - Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism - did not have significant success, and for the most part the population of Tuva in the 9th-12th centuries. remained shamanistic.
Religious beliefs are also manifested in funeral rites. In the chronicles of the Tang time, it is noted that the Kyrgyz at the funeral wrap the body of the deceased, they do not cut their face, but only cry out loud three times, then burn it and collect the bones.
There is a slight discrepancy in the sources about the timing of the burial of the bones and the construction of the burial mound: the collected bones are buried in a year, or a year later, a structure is erected over the previously buried remains. After burial, “at certain times, they cry,” that is, celebrate commemoration at the time established by custom. Arab-Persian sources of the 9th-12th centuries they also note that the Kyrgyz burned their dead, since fire cleans everything from dirt and sins, makes the deceased clean. The remains of the deceased who had been burned at the stake were collected and transferred, apparently immediately after the burning, to a burial pit. For burial, they dug a shallow, on average up to half a meter, ground pit, round or oval in shape, then a rounded stone structure was erected over the grave. Stone burial mounds of the Kyrgyz time were excavated by archaeologists in the steppes of Central and South Tuva.
It was believed that the deceased "separated", as is usually reported about death in runic inscriptions, from the light world and moved to his special one after "meeting" a year later. It is possible that such a "meeting" and final resettlement to another world,
those. "Separation", and were noted by medieval chroniclers as an act of burial.
In some cases, the complexes included steles with runic inscriptions and tamgas. Basically, the custom of installing steles should be considered as a manifestation of the memorial rite, since most of them are out of touch with burial structures, and in cases where they are located in the immediate vicinity of the mounds, no burials have been found under the structures.
It is important to note that the Yenisei Kyrgyz, like the ancient Turks, as well as the Uighurs, played an important role in the origin and formation of modern Tuvans. Groups of Tuvans from the Kyrgyz clan, living in the southeastern and central regions of Tuva, as well as in the region of the ridge. Khan-Kogei of Mongolia undoubtedly trace their origin from the ancient Kyrgyz of the 9th-12th centuries.
Parallels in material and spiritual culture also testify to the ethnogenetic ties of modern Tuvinians with ancient Kyrgyz. Thus, there is a striking similarity of certain aspects of everyday life and economy, as well as customs and rituals of modern Tuvans with elements of the economy and everyday life noted by the ancient Kyrgyz in written sources. For example, the existence of arable farming among the ancient Kyrgyz is reported. Tuvans of Central and Western Tuva up to the middle of the XX century. engaged in arable irrigated agriculture, building irrigation canals.
They combined agriculture with nomadic forms of economy. Apparently, the agricultural traditions in the Upper Yenisei basin date back to much earlier eras and continued into Kyrgyz times.
Knowledge of the harsh weather and climatic conditions and centuries of experience in irrigated agriculture made it possible for Tuvan farmers to obtain sufficient harvests of local varieties of millet, barley and some other crops.
The similarity is also manifested in the conduct of hunting, the identity of some household items, dwellings, as well as in the elements of spiritual culture, in particular in the rituals of shamanism, the presence of a folk calendar based on a 12-year "animal" cycle, etc.
Thus, the period of Tuva's entry into the ancient Kyrgyz state left a deep imprint on the history of Tuvan-
th people. This period is important because it was then that cultural and kinship ties of the modern peoples of the Sayan-Altai arose, although, of course, further good-neighborly relations contributed to this in subsequent periods of historical development.
Bichurin N. Ya. Collection of information ... - T. I. - pp. 339-348, 354.
Yu.S. Khudyakov Shamanism and world religions among the Kyrgyz ... - pp. 70-72; Malov S.E. Yenisei writing of the Turks: Texts and translations. - M .; L., 1952 .-- P. 14.
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… .3
I. State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz ……………………………… ..4-6
II. Tuva as a part of the Yenisei Kyrgyz state ……………… .6-7
2.1) Military-administrative relations ………………………… 7
2.2) The main occupation of the population …………………………………… .7-9
2.3) Clothes, jewelry ………………………………… ... 9-10
III. Trade relations of the Kyrgyz ………………………………… ... 10-11
IV. Military organization ……………………………………………… .11-13
V. Social system and socio-economic relations ... 13-14
Vi. Beliefs of Tuvan residents at that time …………………………… ..14-15
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… ..16-17
List of used literature …………………………………… ... 18
Introduction
In the history of all peoples, knowledge of the genealogy of their ancestors is a living history of the family and its continuation in the future. And in order for the connection of times not to be interrupted and the life of the people to continue in the future, we must know about our roots, this multiplies our life.
Tuvans are the indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva (Tuva) within the Russian Federation. They are one of the ancient ethnic groups of Central Asia, they have a rich history and distinctive culture, rooted in the depths of centuries. They, like many peoples of the world, went through certain stages of social and spiritual development and made their feasible contribution to the development of universal human culture.
On the territory of Tuva, there was a natural historical process, starting with primitive communal relations. It was first inhabited by a primitive man in the Acheulean period of the early Paleolithic.
State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz
The state of the ancient Kyrgyz, called Hagas or Hagyas in the chronicles of the Tang dynasty, covered in the 6th century. the territory of the Minusinsk Basin. The chronicle explains that "Khagas is the ancient state of Giangun." Its population was not then an ethnically unified whole. It consisted of a number of tribes that were part of one state, but differed among themselves both in origin and in language. The main core was a part of the local tribes that were Turkic by that time and the ancient Turkic-speaking group of the Kyrgyz, who settled on the lands north of the Sayan Mountains in the period from the end of the 3rd century to the middle of the 1st century. BC NS. from Northwest Mongolia. The Tang Chronicle directly indicates: "The inhabitants mixed with the Dinlins." Ethnically, these were local tribes, formerly called Dinlins, and later called Tele. The state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz is a political association that was formed on the territory of the Minusinsk depression in the 6th century. After their resettlement by the Zhuzhuns, the Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz nomads were able to subjugate the scattered South Siberian tribes belonging to the Samoyed and Yenisei groups. In the Kyrgyz state, the Kyrgyz themselves were the ruling ethnic group, while all other ethnic groups belonged to the category of Kyshtyms - slaves who were obliged to perform various duties and pay taxes. During the VI-VIII centuries. the Kyrgyz ruler wore different titles (first - Eliteber, that is, the ruler of the ale, or state; later - the kagan, claiming dominance over all the nomadic peoples of Central Asia; after defeat from the Turks and Uighurs, he was forced to be content with the title "tegin" - prince ). In the VIII century. the Kyrgyz ruler adopted the title "ajo", which was characteristic only of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and approximately corresponded to the level of the eliteber. The symbol of the power of the Kyrgyz ruler was a banner - a standard, the lower part of which was red. Recognizing the supreme power of the ancient Turkic and Uighur kagans, the Kyrgyz rulers strove for complete independence and maintained diplomatic relations with various states, in particular, as a result of dynastic marriages, military-political alliances were formed with the Eastern Turks (Turgeshes and Karluks). In the IX century. the Kyrgyz ruler again proclaimed himself a kagan, challenging the Uyghurs in the struggle for domination over the nomads of Central Asia. As a result of a long war, the Kyrgyz conquered Tuva, Mongolia, Transbaikalia, Eastern Turkestan, subjugating all nomadic tribes. After the collapse of the kaganate, the "Kyrgyz-kagan" retained its sacred functions for some time, but the real power passed into the hands of "princes", the rulers of remote regions - "inals". The headquarters of the ruler was considered the center of the Kyrgyz state. In the VI-VIII centuries. it was located in the depths of the Minusinsk depression near the Black, or Dark, mountains on the right, eastern bank of the Yenisei. Probably, the headquarters was surrounded by a wooden palisade, in the center of which was the ruler's yurt, or tent, and around it the tents of his entourage. After the victory over the Uighurs, the Kyrgyz kagan moved his headquarters "to the southern side of the Lao Shan mountains", 15 days' drive from the Uyghur capital of Ordu-Balyk, which he destroyed. Later, Uybatsk functioned as a capital center ........
List of used literature:
1. Bichurin N.Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. - M .; L., 1950. - T. I. - S. 356.
2. Karaev O. Arabian and Persian sources ... - P. 49.
3. Kyzlasov L.R. History of Tuva in the Middle Ages. - M., 1969 .-- S. 120.
4. Kychanov E.I. Nomadic states from Huns to Manchus. M., 1997; Yu.S. Khudyakov Saber Bagyr: weapons and military art of the medieval Kyrgyz. SPb., 2003.
5. S. I. Weinstein and M. Kh. Ma'nay-ool // History of Tuva Volume I // Siberian ed. firm "Science" RAS 2001.
6. Savinov D.G. The peoples of southern Siberia in the ancient Turkic era. - L., 1984 .-- S. 89.
7.
