Giorgio Napolitano(Italian: Giorgio Napolitano; born June 29, 1925, Naples, Kingdom of Italy) - Italian political figure, 11th President of the Italian Republic.
He was one of the oldest sitting heads of state in the world and the oldest sitting head of state in Europe.
Biography
early yearsIn 1942, he entered the Faculty of Law at the Friedrich II University of Naples and contributed to the journal of the University Fascist Group (GUF) IX maggio, in which he was engaged in theater and film criticism (in his 2005 memoirs, Napolitano argued that in reality this group rallied anti-fascist intellectuals). In 1942, Napolitano attended the 10th Venice Film Festival as a correspondent. In 2010, he became the first Italian president to take part in the official opening of the 67th Venice Film Festival, and on the eve of the ceremony, at an evening in memory of the actor Vittorio Gassman, he recalled their first meeting at the film festival in 1942.
In 1944, Napolitano established contact with the Neapolitan communist organization led by Mario Palermo and Maurizio Valenzi.
Party career
In 1945 he joined the Italian communist party, was secretary of the ICP branch in Caserta (1951-1957), secretary of the ICP organization in Naples (1962-1966). In 1956 he joined the Central Committee of the party, in 1963 - on the Board (Direzione), from 1966 to 1969 he was a member of the Secretariat. From 1975 to 1979 he was responsible for economic policy IKP, from 1986 to 1989 - for international relations, and then until 1992 he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the shadow government of the Communist Party, and after its self-dissolution - Democratic Party left forces. He was an active supporter of the “Italian path to socialism” and Eurocommunism. After its dissolution, the PCI participated in the transformation of the structure of the Communist Party into the DPLS, and then into the Left Democratic Party.
After suppression Soviet troops During the Hungarian uprising of 1956, Napolitano, who at that time headed the committee on the problems of Southern Italy in the Central Committee of the Communist Party, entered into a polemic with Antonio Giolitti (grandson of the famous statesman Giovanni Giolitti), who left the party in protest against the PCI leadership's support for Soviet policies. In particular, Napolitano stated that the actions of the USSR helped Hungary avoid chaos and the triumph of counter-revolution, and also contributed to the preservation of peace throughout the world.
In the Italian Parliament
From 1953 to 1963 and from 1968 to 1992 he was a member of the communist faction of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Parliament (from 1981 to 1987 he headed the faction in the parliament of the VIII and IX convocations), in 1992-1994 in the parliament of the XI convocation - in the DPLS faction, in 1994 -1996 in the parliament of the 12th convocation - in the faction of progressive federalists (Progressisti-Federativo). In 1992-1994 he was chairman of the chamber.
On June 29, 1955, Napolitano led an unauthorized demonstration of about 500 communists in Caserta, including those armed with wooden sticks, under slogans in support of the parliament proclaimed in 1950 agrarian reform, the progress of which was slowed down in the conservative province of Caserta. The procession began at the headquarters of the local branch of the National Association of Partisans of Italy (ANPI), was accompanied by clashes with the police and ended at the building of the Questura (provincial police department). Napolitano personally entered the quaestor's office and accused his subordinates of irresponsibility (because he believed that the actions of the police could provoke more serious unrest). The young deputy was accused of insulting an official (Article 341 of the Italian Criminal Code) and organizing an assembly without informing the authorities (Article 18 of the Code of Public Security), but the investigation by a parliamentary commission ended without bringing Napolitano to any form of responsibility.
In the European Parliament
In 1989-1992 - a member of the European United Left faction of the European Parliament, in 1999 he was again elected to the European Parliament (on the list of the Left Democrats party) and until 2004 was a member of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats faction.
In government
From May 17, 1996 to October 21, 1998, Napolitano served as Minister of the Interior in the first government of Romano Prodi (on May 24, 1996, he was simultaneously entrusted with the responsibility for coordinating civil defense).
As a minister, together with the Minister of Social Solidarity Livia Turco, he initiated the so-called “Turco-Napolitano Law” (Law No. 40 of March 6, 1998), designed to encourage legal immigration to Italy and discourage illegal immigration. According to this normative act a network of temporary residence centers (Centri di Permanenza Temporanea) was created, in which those wishing to enter Italy without documents had to stay for 30 days and, if it was impossible to establish their identity during this period, were subject to deportation within 15 days.
Senator
Senator for life from September 23, 2005 to 2006 (by appointment by the president) and from January 14, 2015.
Presidency
Elected president of the country on May 10, 2006 in the 4th round of voting, took office on May 15. As president during the Italian government-parliamentary crisis of 2008, when the parliament expressed no confidence in the government, did not accept the resignation of Romano Prodi and dissolved the parliament; played again important role in governing the country in 2011, nominating Mario Monti for the post of Prime Minister - as noted in New York Times, Napolitano “orchestrated one of the most difficult political reshuffles in post-war Italy, while remaining a key guarantor of political stability.
In the sixth round presidential elections in Italy, on April 20, 2013, 87-year-old Giorgio Napolitano became the first re-elected president in Italian history. On April 22, he took the oath.
The decision on August 13, 2013 was resonant, adopted by the President. He refused to pardon former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.
During his presidency, Napolitano appointed five prime ministers: Romano Prodi (2006-2008), Silvio Berlusconi (2008-2011), Mario Monti (2011-2013), Enrico Letta (2013-2014), Matteo Renzi (since 2014). In addition, he appointed five judges of the Constitutional Court: Paolo Grossi (February 17, 2009), Marta Cartabia (September 2, 2011), Giuliano Amato (September 12, 2013), Daria de Pretis (October 18, 2014), Nicolo Zanona (October 18, 2014) and five senators for life: Mario Monti (November 9, 2011), and also at the general ceremony on August 30, 2013 - Claudio Abbado, Elena Cattaneo, Renzo Piano and Carlo Rubbia.
At the end of 2014, Napolitano announced that he would resign within weeks.
Retired
In August 2015, Napolitano, through an exchange of open letters, entered into a controversy with the famous journalist, one of the founders of the newspapers l'Espresso and La Repubblica Eugenio Scalfari, arguing for the need for Senate reform, which Prime Minister Matteo Renzi is pursuing through parliament (in particular, Napolitano expressed disagreement with the opponent’s assertion that the mentioned changes pose a threat to democracy).
Family
Giorgio Napolitano is the son of Cumignano-born lawyer, poet and essayist Giovanni Nicola Severino Napolitano (1883-1955) and Carolina Bobbio. The parents married in Naples on January 30, 1921.
In 1959, Napolitano married Maria Clio Bittoni in a civil ceremony in the municipality of Rome. Clio was born on the island of Ponza, where her parents Amleto Bittoni and Diva Campanella were held as political prisoners. fascist regime. They named her in honor of the daughter of their friend, a Greek by nationality, who was imprisoned with them. However, since there is no Catholic saint named Clio, her grandmother subsequently secretly baptized her under the name Mary. However, Napolitano's sons Giovanni (born 1961) and Giulio (born 1969) were not baptized by them.
Giorgio Napolitano Jorjo Napolitano Career: Rulers
Birth: Italy, 25.6.1925
For the first time in the country's history, a representative of the former Italian Communist Party (ICP), which had great influence in society in the post-war period, is elected to the highest government post.
80-year-old senator for life, former communist Giorgio Napolitano, was elected president of Italy. His candidacy for the highest government post was nominated by the winner in April at parliamentary elections coalition led by Romano Prodi, ITAR-TASS reports.
The President of Italy is elected by an electoral assembly consisting of deputies, senators and representatives of regional authorities. 542 of the 1,010 members of the electoral assembly voted for the candidacy of Giorgio Napolitano. Representatives of the opposition center-right coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi put blank ballots into the ballot box.
Current President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi's term expires on May 18, although he is expected to resign early to speed up the assumption of a new head of state. Giorgio Napolitano must be sworn in as president by May 15. After the resignation of the current president and until a new one takes office, the President of the Senate, Franco Marini, will act as head of state.
The leader of the center-left coalition that won the Italian elections, Romano Prodi, said that Giorgio Napolitano could hand him the mandate of prime minister by Tuesday of next week.
For a long time political career Giorgio Napolitano was one of the leaders of the Italian Communist Party and headed the Chamber of Deputies, Interfax reports.
During the first three rounds of Italian presidential elections, held in parliament on Monday and Tuesday, opposing coalitions were unable to reach a compromise on a candidate for the post of head of state.
On the eve of the vote, Romano Prodi's coalition withdrew the candidacy of ex-Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, chairman of the Democratic Left party, as it did not suit the right. As a compromise candidate, the left proposed another former communist, 80-year-old senator for life Giorgio Napolitano.
However, Silvio Berlusconi refused the proposed option, stating that a former communist, in principle, should not be the president of Italy. Two parties in the right-wing coalition - the National Alliance (former neo-fascists) and the Union of Christian Democrats and Center - recently spoke positively about Napolitano's candidacy in the third round, but did not violate Berlusconi's instructions: in the third round, the majority of electors from both blocs threw blank ballots into the ballot box.
A simple majority of 505 votes was enough to elect the president in the fourth round on Wednesday.
For the first time in the country's history, an agent of the former Italian Communist Party (ICP), which had great influence in society in the post-war period, is elected to the highest government post.
Giorgio Napolitano was born on June 25, 1925 in Naples. In 1942, at the age of 17, he joined the illegal communist organization of students of the University of Naples and took part in the underground anti-fascist struggle. At the university, Napolitano received an economics education.
He joined the PCI in 1945 and was secretary of the city party federations in Naples and Caserta. In 1953 he was elected as a member of parliament for the first time. Member Central Committee The PCI since 1956, since 1962 has been in the leadership (Politburo) of the party and was responsible for economic policy and for development issues in the South of Italy.
Giorgio Napolitano was one of the leaders of the reformist wing of the Italian Communist Party, which advocated adherence to the values of European social democracy. At the party congress in Rimini in 1991, he supported the conclusion of the rejection of communist ideology and became one of the leaders of the Democratic Party of the Left Forces formed on the basis of the PCI (today - the “Left Democrats”).
From 1992-94, Napolitano was President of the Chamber of Deputies of the National Parliament. In 1996-98, in the center-left government of Romano Prodi, he served as the country's Minister of Internal Affairs. In 1989-1992 and 2000-2004 he was a member of the European Parliament. In September 2005, President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi appointed Giorgio a senator for life of the Italian Republic, thereby recognizing his services to the state.
Napolitano is married and has two sons - Giulio, a professor at the University of Tuscia (city of Viterbo), and Giovanni - an employee government agency on monitoring the media.
In his youth, Giorgio Napolitano was fond of performing arts and was an actor in one of the Neapolitan theaters. In addition, in his youth, under the pseudonym Tommaso Pignatelli, he published a collection of sonnets in the Neapolitan dialect, which received good feedback critics.
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