Home Roses The poet makes homonyms from afar. Stylistic use of homonyms. Errors associated with the use of homonyms. I. The concept of homonyms

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The poet makes homonyms from afar. Stylistic use of homonyms. Errors associated with the use of homonyms. I. The concept of homonyms

Answers in Russian. Grade 3. Verification and control works. Maksimova T.N.

THE WORD AND ITS LEXICAL MEANING. SYNONYMS, ANTHONYMS, HOMONYMS, PHRASEOLOGISMS.

Verification work

Answers to pages 5 - 6

Option 1

For example: carp, perch - fish.

autumn, spring - seasons
hockey, tennis - sports
September, October - months

loud - noisy - quiet
brave - brave - cowardly
huge - large - small

1) hack on the nose → d) it is better to remember any information
2) a tongue without bones → b) a chatterbox, in addition, he likes to tell other people's secrets
3) the tongue is well suspended → c) fluently, speak fluently
4) listen with all ears → a) listen carefully

a) bird, plane, car, bee
b) birch, spruce, willow, maple
c) lightning, rain, snow, hail

dog, cat, lion, goat

5. Underline the homonyms in the poem by S. Marshak.

You can't hide the truth
Knows the whole world:
Knowledge is power!
Knowledge is light!

V a r and n t 2

1. Write a general name for each pair of words.
For example: carp, perch - fish.

Tuesday, Thursday - days of the week
sheep, cow - animals
rain, snow - precipitation

2. Choose a synonym and an antonym for these words.

small - tiny - large
wet - wet - dry
sad - sad - funny

3. Choose suitable meanings for phraseological units. Point with arrows.

1) blushed up to ears → d) very embarrassed
2) rolling ball → c) empty
3) opening his mouth wide → b) surprised
4) without straightening the back → a) diligently, diligently

4. Cross out the extra word in each line. Come up with and write down your own line of such words.

a) hare, white hare, rabbit, hare
b) Jupiter, Mars, Moon, Venus
c) fir, cedar, spruce,Rowan

Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Volga, St. Petersburg

5. Underline the homonyms in the poem by M. Tsvetaeva.

A poet makes a speech from afar.
The poet - the speech leads far.

A word in a language can have not one but several meanings. Here we have a poem by M. Tsvetaeva "The Poet". It starts like this:

A poet makes a speech from afar.

The poet - the speech leads far.

Note: each line contains almost the same words, but they convey very different meanings. This difference is achieved mainly through the difference in the meanings of the verb to start. In the first line it means "to start", and in the second - "leading, to direct the eye somewhere far, not to the right place."

Polysemy differs from homonymy (see Homonyms) in that different meanings of one word retain some commonality - this will be revealed if we try to interpret the meanings. For example, in different meanings of the verb to start there is a meaning "movement". Here are the interpretations of these different meanings (according to Ozhegov's dictionary): “Start (start). 1. Leading (ie, forcing to move), deliver somewhere in passing, along the way. Getting kids to school. 2. Leading, to direct somewhere very far, not where it should be. Lead into the swamp. Such reasoning can take you far. 3. Pulling (here, too, though in a "hidden form" there is a sense of "movement") towards the end of something, put. Start a seine. 4. Set in motion, set in motion (mechanism). Wind up the watch. Start the engine. "

The meanings of the word are direct and figurative. Concreteness, reality - this is an important distinguishing feature of direct meaning.

When we say a smooth road, we imagine a road without potholes and bumps, smooth (a specific visual image), and when praising someone's character and calling it smooth, we mean qualities that cannot be seen or touched with a hand. The representation of the property "equal" in this case is abstracted from concrete objects and transferred to the designation of something more abstract (therefore they call it: figurative meaning).

The difference in meanings of a word is manifested in its compatibility: in one meaning the word has one environment, in the other it is different. If the meaning is concrete, material, then the meaning of the units combined with a given word requires materiality: an iron nail, an iron horseshoe. The same word in a figurative, abstract meaning is combined with words that have an abstract meaning: an iron will, an iron character.

A polysemantic word often and syntactically behaves differently - depending on the meaning in which it is used. For example, when the verb go is used in its literal sense, it usually indicates the direction of movement: going home, going from the forest. If they talk about the clock, then the indication of the place is meaningless (you cannot say “My clock is going home”), but it is important to note how the clock is running well, badly, accurately, etc. In the meaning of “to be in touch”, this verb must have a mandatory addition in the dative case without a preposition: The dress suits you, in the meaning of "to be spent" go is used with an addition in the accusative case with the preposition for: The suit goes three meters, etc.

In different meanings, the word often has different "relatives". If we are talking about a deaf person, then this physical handicap is called deafness; if we are talking about a deaf consonant sound, then they use another name for the property - deafness. And this adjective in the meaning that manifests itself in combinations of a deaf wall, a deaf forest cannot be associated with either one or the other noun: they do not say 'deafness of the wall', ' the deafness of the forest ”, they say the wilderness.

Homonymy and Related Phenomena

Homonymy (from gr. Homos - the same, ó nyma - name), i.e. the coincidence in the sound and spelling of words that are different in meaning outwardly resembles polysemy. However, the use of a word in different meanings does not give grounds to speak of the appearance of new words each time, while in homonymy completely different words collide that coincide in sound and spelling, but have nothing in common in semantics. For example: marriage in the meaning of "matrimony" and marriage in the meaning of spoiled products. The first word is formed from the verb brother with the help of the suffix -k (compare to marry), the homonymous noun marriage was borrowed at the end of the 17th century. from the German language (German Brack - "lack" goes back to the verb brechen - "to break").

For polysemantic words, different meanings are not isolated from one another, but are connected, systemic, while homonymy is outside the systemic connections of words in a language. True, there are cases when homonymy develops from polysemy, but even then the discrepancy in meanings reaches such a limit that the resulting words lose any semantic similarity and act as independent lexical units. For example: light in the meaning of "sunrise, dawn" (- A little light is already on your feet, and I am at your feet. - Gr.) And light in the meaning of "earth, world, universe" (- I wanted to go around the whole world, but did not go hundredth part. - Gr.).

The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in explanatory dictionaries: different meanings of polysemous words are given in one dictionary entry, and homonyms - in different ones. To study the phenomenon of homonymy, you can use special dictionaries. An interesting "Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language" by O.S. Akhmanova (first edition - M., 1974), in which Russian homonyms are translated into English, French, German and supplied with grammatical and stylistic marks. The "Dictionary of Homonymy in the Russian Language" by N.P. Kolesnikov (Tbilisi, 1978).

Together with homonymy, adjacent phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech are usually considered - homophony and homography. Words that sound the same, but are spelled differently (meadow - onion) are called homophones (from gr. Homos - the same, phone - voice, sound). Words that match only in writing, but differ in pronunciation, are called homographs (from gr. Homos - the same, grapho - I write). Homographs usually have an emphasis on different syllables (circles - circles, fall - fall, forty - forty, etc.). In modern language there are more than a thousand pairs of homographs, some of them have different stylistic colors [cf .: extraction (general) - extraction (prof.)].

Cases are close to the phenomenon of homophony when, when pronouncing, one side, words, and on the other, parts of words or several words (Not you, but Shema, suffered unbearably, I was worn by the water of the Neva).

In the language, you can find many speech units that sound the same and coincide in spelling. However, only words of the same sphere of use are real lexical homonyms. And such as, for example, the lion is an animal and the lion is the Bulgarian monetary unit, a bar is a restaurant and a bar is a unit of atmospheric pressure found side by side almost exclusively in dictionaries, therefore, as homonyms, they are largely potential.

Stylistic functions of ambiguous words and homonyms

The polysemy of vocabulary is an inexhaustible source of renewal of the meanings of words, an unusual, unexpected rethinking of them. Under the artist's pen, in every word, as N.V. Gogol, characterizing the language of A.S. Pushkin, reveals “an abyss of space; every word is immense, like a poet "(Gogol N. V. Collected Works: in 6 volumes - M., 1950. - V. 6. - p. 38). And if we take into account that polysemantic words make up the majority of the vocabulary of the Russian language, then it can be said without exaggeration that the ability of words to polysemantic generates all the figurative energy of speech. However, the stylistic application of figurative meanings of polysemic vocabulary will be discussed in the analysis of tropes. And now let's dwell on the use of polysemous words as a means of expression in their direct meanings. Having thus limited the study of the stylistic functions of polysemantic words, we can simultaneously talk about homonyms, since the use of polysemous words and homonyms in artistic speech, despite the fundamental difference in polysemy and homonymy, often gives the same stylistic result.

If a word has several meanings, its expressive possibilities increase. Writers find in polysemy the source of vivid emotionality and without resorting to metaphorization. For example, a polysemous word may be repeated in the text, which, however, appears in different meanings [The poet makes a speech from afar. The poet leads the speech far away (Tsv,); "From the zone of radiation to the zone of bureaucracy" (title)].

A word game based on the collision in the text of different meanings of polysemous words can give speech a formparadox (from gr. paradoxos - strange, unexpected), i.e. statements, the meaning of which is at odds with the generally accepted, contradicts (sometimes only outwardly) common sense (One is nonsense, one is zero. - Lighthouse.).

Along with ambiguous words, homonyms are often involved in word play. With homonymy, only a sound identity is established between words, and no semantic associations are present, therefore the collision of homonyms is always unexpected, which creates great stylistic opportunities for playing them up. In addition, the use of homonyms in one phrase, emphasizing the meanings of consonant words, gives expression to speech (“The world needs peace!”; Whatever it is, but wants to eat (say); “Pound of sugar and pound sterling” (article title)].

Homonymic rhymes are used as a means of a kind of sound game. They were skillfully applied by V.Ya. Bryusov:

You fed the white swans

Throwing back the weight of black braids ...

I swam beside; the helm converged;

The sunset ray was strangely braid.

Suddenly a couple of swans darted ...

I don't know whose fault it was ...

The sunset is covered with a haze of steam

Alea, like a stream of wine ...

Jokes and puns are built on ambiguous words and homonyms. A pun (French calembour) is a stylistic figure based on the humorous use of ambiguous words or homonyms. For example: Children are flowers of life. Don't let them bloom, however; Women are like dissertations: they need to be defended (E. Cr.); Requires a person with a good command of the language to stick trade union stamps ("LG"); Two lonely photographers will urgently rent a bathroom ("LH"). The puns combine the direct and figurative meanings of the word, resulting in an unexpected semantic shift. A thought expressed in a punning form looks brighter, sharper; the writer pays attention to the word being played.

Puns are often built around different sound coincidences. These can be homonyms proper (The tram was a battlefield - E. Cr.), Homoforms (Maybe - the old one - and did not need a nanny, maybe my thought seemed to go to her, only the horse jerked, got to its feet, laughed and went. - Lighthouse.), homophones [“Spark plays with a spark” (headline of a sports review)], finally, a coincidence in the sound of a word and a few words (Above him, all the halos, halos. More thorns over him. - Sim.).

Puns can be used by writers as a means of ridiculing characters who do not pay attention to the collision of different meanings of ambiguous words in speech (It is not allowed to sit on the half of the deceased. - Bulg.). The ironic answers to the letters of readers in the Literaturnaya Gazeta are built on a pun (- You have such a strange humor that without a tip I don't understand where to laugh. - Only in specially designated areas), jokes placed on the 16th page ( He did such that his colleagues turned pale in front of him; There is no such hackneyed topic that could not be hit again; What a pity that the ability to share remained only an advantage of the simplest).

Writers sometimes reinterpret famous words, creatingindividual author's homonyms. Acad. V.V. Vinogradov noted: "A pun can consist ... in a new etymologization of a word by consonance or in the formation of a new individual-speech homonym from a consonant root." Describing this phenomenon, he cited as an example the words of P.A. Vyazemsky: ... I spent the whole winter in this region. I say that I settled down because I dug into the steppe. The word settled down, playfully rethought by Vyazemsky, homonymous with the verb known in the language, meaning "to become sedate, restrained, judicious in behavior." With such a rethinking, words that are not at all connected by a common origin appear to be "related". Individual author's homonyms are often very funny, they underlie many jokes: a hussar is a poultry house, a goose farm worker; sackcloth - dentist; goner - winner in race walking; merry fellow - rower; sip - kiss.

Stylistically unjustified use of ambiguous words and words that have homonyms

The author and editor should not forget about the possibility of two-dimensional understanding of polysemantic words and words that havehomonyms, although the context usually clarifies their meaning. It is impossible to allow close proximity of polysemic words, since their collision generates inappropriate comic (The water supply system often fails, and the repairmen do not have any system; Increased energy consumption is associated with significant costs). It is even worse if, when using a polysemantic word, an ambiguity arises in the statement. For example: People saw in him a good leader - the word kind can have both the meaning “good” and the meaning “doing good to others, responsive”. The following proposal is also ambiguous: Trade union meetings were held in the bushes of the Mozhaisky district - using the word bush, the author meant, of course, a group association of enterprises, but it turned out to be a pun.

M. Gorky, editing the manuscripts of novice authors, paid special attention to the unsuccessful use of polysemous words. For example, the writer ironically remarked about the proposal "A machine gun was scattered in a shot": "An innocent reader may wonder how it is - shoots bullets, and crumbles with shot?"

A pun in such cases arises from the fact that a polysemous word used in a figurative sense is perceived by the reader in its main, direct meaning, which "appears" under the influence of the context. Modern authors are also not immune from such mistakes.

Consider examples of stylistic editing of sentences in which puns have arisen due to the unsuccessful use of a polysemantic word or a word that has a homonym:

1. Our company presented a scientific and technical exhibition abroad.	1. Recently, our enterprise has organized a scientific and technical exhibition abroad.
2. We have a lot of dogs in our kennel, we mainly feed on the club dog breeding.	2. We have a lot of dogs in our kennel, and we get the replenishment mainly from the Kennel Club.
3. Archaeologists have noticed that the dead from the northern burial have something in common with the dead from the southern burial.	3. Archaeologists have noticed a lot in common in the northern and southern burials.

In the first example, the editor eliminated the ambiguity of the statement by lexically replacing a polysemantic word; in the second and third, it was necessary to rewrite the sentences in order to avoid an unwanted pun.

When using ambiguous words and words that have homonyms, speech failure often causes ambiguity in the statement. For example: Our chess player has lagged behind her rival in development. The inappropriate pun arose as a result of speech failure and the use of a polysemantic word: it was necessary to clarify the term of the chess game - the development of pieces. More examples of article titles: “Released for lack of principle” (must be: relieved of his post), “Work without complaints”, “Marriage is to blame”. Similar errors can be found in advertising materials, for example: The most reliable way of reproduction (about the fax system Sharp).

An inattentive attitude to the word is often noticed in colloquial speech (for example, at the cash desk of the store you can hear: Blow my brains out; in the clinic: Remove the skull and make an appointment with the surgeon). Random puns may arise as a result of individual author's homonymy: In the summer, the number of passengers on electric trains will increase due to gardeners and sadists (the last word, as occasionalism, is derived from the noun “garden”, but its homonym with a criminal meaning is known in the language); To the attention of homeowners of dirty houses: the check will take place on May 16th. Such puns, creating an absurdity of the statement, are usually observed in very short texts, for example in ads, since the limited amount of information in them does not make it possible to correctly comprehend polysemantic words [cf. announcements: From 1 June the plane will fly with stops; The workshop does not accept orders for belts: the lower back is ill].

Abbreviations that have lexical homonyms can give comic and ambiguity to a statement. For example: VNOS (aerial surveillance, warning and communication), MNI, MUKHIN (names of institutes), etc. some of them disappeared after the reorganization of the relevant institutions. So, there were no abbreviations OLYA (Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences), IVAN (Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences).

However, it is not always possible to manage the process of creating abbreviated words. This is evidenced by the fact that the Russian language continues to be replenished with abbreviations that are homonymous with the words: AIST (automatic information station), MARS (automatic registration and signaling machine), AMUR (automatic control and regulation machine).

Of course, one cannot arbitrarily alter abbreviations that have already been fixed in the language, but when stylistically editing the manuscript, unsuccessful abbreviations can be revealed, replaced with synonyms or words that are close in meaning. This is especially necessary in the case when ambiguity arises, pun intended [This year our team has established creative contact with THEM (it is necessary: ... with the Research Institute of Dairy Trade and Industry); TIT convincingly speaks about this fact (it is necessary: ... TV test chart); The solution to this issue is impossible without the participation of FEI (it is necessary: ... the International Equestrian Federation)].

The reason for the ambiguity of the statement may be intraword antonymy (antonymy of meanings). For example, the sentences are incomprehensible: The doctor decided to keep this medicine (“cancel” or “recommend taking”?); I listened to your comments ("heard" or "listening, did not perceive"?); Checking the sowing depth, the agronomist walked around the fifth site (“checked” it or “missed” it?). The following statement is also ambiguous: I and my comrades were firmly seized by the idea thrown by the master. The author used the word to throw in the meaning of "to express something abruptly and unexpectedly", however, the meaning "to leave, to leave" comes to mind. It was better to write: I and my comrades were captured by the idea that the master gave us.

Antonymy of meanings is inherent in many words: look through (“read it briefly” or “overlook, skip when reading”?), Make a reservation (“specially in the preface” or “accidentally”?), Refuse (request or refuse inheritance?), Blow out (candle , blast furnace), etc. their use in speech requires special attention.

The reason for ambiguity in speech is also various manifestations of homonymy and, more broadly, coincidences in the sound of speech segments. Unwanted wordplay occurs during homoforming. For example, the title “Simple again” is ambiguous: the word simple can be understood both as a masculine verbal noun in the nominative case, and as a full masculine singular adjective.

Often the reason for the ambiguity of the statement turns out to be homographs, since it is not customary to denote stress in Russian graphics [By the movement of poetic feeling, we unmistakably recognize Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Blok (do we recognize or recognize?); We can ask the poet: "Where does his model of the anti-world come from - from Heinman or from Picasso?" and the poet confesses: "From Picasso" (confessed or confessed?)]. For written speech, homography presents a serious difficulty [Most of the graduates stayed in the village (large or large?); How did they get there? (hit or hit?)]. In particular, homography obliges you to be attentive to certain features of the graphic image of a word. So, sometimes it is important to distinguish between letters e and e, which can change the meaning of the word [Everyone knew this (everyone or everything?)].

Homography often not only obscures the meaning of a phrase, but also gives it a comic sound. For example: Warm, soaring strips of plywood come out from under the knife of the unit - it is worth reading the soaring participle (from the verb to soar) and imagine that the strips of plywood are hovering somewhere near the ceiling. It would be better to write: From under the knife of the unit, still warm strips of plywood come out, from which steam rises.

Omophony, unlike other related phenomena, as a rule, does not generate ambiguity in written speech. However, in some cases, ambiguity still arises. The headings usually do not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters (all words are printed in the same font), therefore, for example, the title of the article "EXPORTS LVIV" is not clear. The ambiguity appeared due to the coincidence in the spelling of the spelling of the city of Lviv and the genitive plural of the noun lion.

Homophony can create puns and confusion in speaking. For example, one cannot hope for a correct understanding of the meaning if the phrase is pronounced in a radio broadcast: In the similarity of two different plants, the equivalence of their properties is expressed (germination is heard, and the content of the text provokes an error). In other cases, homophony does not affect the semantic aspect of speech, but the collision of consonant words gives the expression a comic character (After a long and difficult work, we managed to get offspring in our ponds from the grass carp brought from the Amur). Omophony often occurs when using words or combinations that are conventional names [Recently, the theater put on the "Blue Casket" (necessary: the play "Blue Casket")].

In oral speech, the meaning of the statement may be distorted due to the incorrect division of the text into speech units. So, once high school students, memorizing the elegy of K.N. Batyushkov's "Prisoner", we read the line Noise, noise in waves, Ron, without delving into the meaning. Therefore, it was heard: "the wave of Myron." M. Gorky recommended to novice writers: "Make sure that the final syllable of a word does not merge with the initial of another." He recalled that in random accords, an extraneous meaning is often caught, causing inappropriate associations. In the manuscript of one novice writer, he drew attention to the phrase A wet Vasily made his way through the thicket of bushes and shouted heart-rendingly: "Brothers, I was smoking a pike, by God!" Gorky remarked, not without irony: "The first pike is clearly superfluous."

A casual play on words as a result of homophony is found even among classical poets: several cases of homophony have been noted in the works of A.S. Pushkin (Have you heard the voice of the singer of love, the singer of your sorrow behind the grove?). Unfriendly critics deliberately take individual phrases out of context in order to emphasize the possibility of their ambiguity. For example: Souls are beautiful impulses ... (choke impulses?); With the fire of Prometheus ... (fire Prometheus?). Involuntary puns were found at M.Yu. Lermontov (I lay motionless with lead in my chest), V.Ya. Bryusov (And your step weighed the ground).

Omophony can arise when translating a work into another language. So, in the translation of one poem there was a line Can you be indifferent to evil? Careful attention to the word will help to avoid such mistakes.

Homonymy (from gr. Homos - the same, ónyma - name), i.e. the coincidence in the sound and spelling of words that are different in meaning outwardly resembles polysemy. However, the use of a word in different meanings does not give reason to speak of the appearance of new words each time, while in homonymy they collide completely different words that are the same in sound and spelling, but have nothing in common in semantics. For example: marriage in the meaning of "matrimony" and marriage- “spoiled products”. The first word is derived from the verb brothers by suffix -To(cf. to marry), homonymous noun marriage borrowed at the end of the 17th century. from the German language (German Brack - "lack" goes back to the verb brechen - "to break").

For polysemantic words, different meanings are not isolated from one another, but are connected, systemic, while homonymy is outside the systemic connections of words in a language. True, there are cases when homonymy develops from polysemy, but even then the discrepancy in meanings reaches such a limit that the resulting words lose any semantic similarity and act as independent lexical units. For example: light in the meaning of "sunrise, dawn" ( - A little light is already on your feet, and I am at your feet.- Gr.) And light in the meaning of "earth, world, universe" ( - I wanted to go around the whole world, but did not go around a hundredth.- Gr.).

Together with homonymy, adjacent phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech are usually considered - homophony and homography. Words that sound the same but are spelled differently ( meadow - onion) are called homophones(from gr. homos - the same, phone - voice, sound). Words that match only in writing, but differ in pronunciation, are called homographs(from gr. homos - the same, grapho - I write). Homographs usually stress different syllables ( cr at zhki - circle and, hit but yut - pop but give, with O rock - litter O To etc.). In modern language there are more than a thousand pairs of homographs, some of them have different stylistic colors [cf .: ext NS cha(public) - d O bull(prof.)].

Cases are close to the phenomenon of homophony when, when pronouncing, one side, words, on the other - parts of words or several words ( Not you, but Sima, she suffered unbearably, is carried by the water of the Neva).

In the language, you can find many speech units that sound the same and coincide in spelling. However, only words of the same sphere of use are real lexical homonyms. And such as, for example, a lion- animal and a lion- Bulgarian monetary unit, bar- restaurant and bar- the unit of atmospheric pressure is found side by side almost exclusively in dictionaries, therefore, as homonyms, they are largely potential.

The polysemy of vocabulary is an inexhaustible source of renewal of the meanings of words, an unusual, unexpected rethinking of them. Under the artist's pen, in every word, as N.V. Gogol, characterizing the language of A.S. Pushkin, reveals “an abyss of space; every word is immense, like a poet "(Gogol N. V. Collected Works: in 6 volumes - M., 1950. - V. 6. - p. 38). And if we take into account that polysemantic words make up the majority of the vocabulary of the Russian language, then it can be said without exaggeration that the ability of words to polysemantic generates all the figurative energy of speech. However, the stylistic application of figurative meanings of polysemic vocabulary will be discussed in the analysis of tropes. And now let's dwell on the use of polysemantic words as a means of expression in their direct values. Having thus limited the study of the stylistic functions of polysemantic words, we can simultaneously talk about homonyms, since the use of polysemous words and homonyms in artistic speech, despite the fundamental difference in polysemy and homonymy, often gives the same stylistic result.

If a word has several meanings, its expressive possibilities increase. Writers find in polysemy the source of vivid emotionality and without resorting to metaphorization. For example, a polysemantic word can be repeated in the text, which, however, appears in different meanings [ The poet makes a speech from afar. The poet speaks far away(Tsv,); "From the radiation zone to the bureaucratic zone"(title)].

A word game based on the collision in the text of different meanings of polysemous words can give speech a form paradox(from gr. paradoxos - strange, unexpected), i.e. statements, the meaning of which is at odds with the generally accepted, contradicts (sometimes only externally) common sense ( One is nonsense, one is zero.- Lighthouse.).

Along with ambiguous words, homonyms are often involved in word play. With homonymy, only a sound identity is established between words, and no semantic associations are present, therefore the collision of homonyms is always unexpected, which creates great stylistic opportunities for playing them up. In addition, the use of homonyms in one phrase, emphasizing the meanings of consonant words, gives speech expression ( “The world needs peace!”; Whatever it is, but wants to eat(talk.); "Pound of sugar and pound sterling"(article title)].

Jokes and puns are built on ambiguous words and homonyms. Pun(French calembour) is a stylistic figure based on the humorous use of polysemous words or homonyms. For example: Children are the flowers of life. Don't let them bloom, however; Women are like dissertations: they need to be defended(E. Cr.); Requires a person with a good command of the language to apply trade union stamps("LG"); Two lonely photographers will urgently rent a bathroom("LG"). The puns combine the direct and figurative meanings of the word, resulting in an unexpected semantic shift. A thought expressed in a punning form looks brighter, sharper; the writer pays attention to the word being played.

Puns are often built around different sound coincidences. These can actually be homonyms ( The tram was a battlefield.- E. Kr.), Homoforms ( Maybe - the old one - and did not need a nanny, maybe my thought seemed to go to her but, only the horse jerked, got to its feet, whinnied and went.- Lighthouse.), Homophones [ "" Spark "plays with the spark"(sports review title)], finally, a coincidence in the sound of a word and several words ( Above him alone are all the halos, halos. More thorns over him would be.- Sim.).

Puns can be used by writers as a means of ridiculing characters who do not pay attention in speech to the collision of different meanings of polysemantic words ( It is not allowed to sit on the half of the deceased.- Bulg.). On a pun, ironic responses to letters from readers in Literaturnaya Gazeta ( - You have such a strange humor that without prompting I don't understand where to laugh. - Only in specially designated), jokes placed on page 16 ( He did things that made his colleagues pale before him; There is no hackneyed topic that cannot be hit again; What a pity that the ability to share remained only an advantage of the simplest).

Writers sometimes reinterpret well-known words in a new way, creating individual author's homonyms. Acad. V.V. Vinogradov noted: "A pun can consist ... in a new etymologization of a word by consonance or in the formation of a new individual-speech homonym from a consonant root." Describing this phenomenon, he cited as an example the words of P.A. Vyazemsky: ... I spent the whole winter in this region. I say that I settled down because I buried myself in the steppe... Word settled down, jokingly rethought by Vyazemsky, homonymously known in the language of the verb, meaning "to become sedate, restrained, judicious in behavior." With such a rethinking, words that are not at all connected by a common origin appear to be "related". Individual author's homonyms are often very funny, they underlie many jokes: hussar - poultry house, goose farm worker; sackcloth - dentist; goner - winner in race walking; merry fellow - rower; sip - kiss.

The author and editor should not forget about the possibility of a two-dimensional understanding of polysemantic words and words that have homonyms, although the context usually clarifies their meaning. It is impossible to allow close proximity of polysemic words, since their collision generates inappropriate comic ( The plumbing system often fails and the repairmen have no system at all; Increased energy consumption is associated with significant costs). It is even worse if, when using a polysemantic word, an ambiguity arises in the statement. For example: People saw him as a kind leader.- word kind can have the meaning of "good" and the meaning of "doing good to others, responsive." The following sentence is also ambiguous: Trade union meetings were held in the bushes of the Mozhaisky district, - using the word bush, the author had in mind, of course, a group association of enterprises, but it turned out to be a pun.

M. Gorky, editing the manuscripts of novice authors, paid special attention to the unsuccessful use of polysemous words. For example, the writer ironically remarked about the proposal “The machine gun was scattered as a shot”: “An innocent reader may wonder how it is - shooting bullets, and crumbles fraction?».

Consider examples of stylistic editing of sentences in which puns have arisen due to the unsuccessful use of a polysemantic word or a word that has a homonym:

When using ambiguous words and words that have homonyms, speech failure often causes ambiguity in the statement. For example: Our chess player has lagged behind her rival in development... An inappropriate pun arose as a result of speech deficiency and the use of a polysemantic word: it was necessary to clarify the term of the chess game - figure development... More examples of article titles: "Released for lack of principle"(necessary: dismissed from office), "Work without complaints", "The fault is to blame"... Similar errors are found in advertising materials, for example: The most reliable breeding method(about Sharp fax).

An inattentive attitude to the word is often noticed in colloquial speech (for example, at the cash desk of a store you can hear: Knock my brains out; in the clinic: Remove the skull and make an appointment with the surgeon). Accidental puns can arise as a result of individual author's homonymy: In summer, the number of passengers on electric trains will increase due to gardeners and sadists(the last word as occasionalism is derived from the noun "garden", but its homonym with a criminal meaning is known in the language); To the attention of homeowners of dirty houses: the check will be on May 16... Such puns, creating an absurdity of the statement, are usually observed in very short texts, for example in ads, since the limited amount of information in them does not make it possible to correctly comprehend polysemantic words [cf. ads: From June 1, the plane will fly with stops; The workshop does not accept orders for belts: the lower back is ill].

Of course, one cannot arbitrarily alter abbreviations that have already been fixed in the language, but when stylistically editing the manuscript, unsuccessful abbreviations can be revealed, replaced with synonyms or words that are close in meaning. This is especially necessary in the case when ambiguity arises, pun [ This year our team has established a creative contact with THEM(necessary: ... with the Research Institute of the Dairy Trade and Industry); This fact is convincingly stated by TIT(necessary: ... TV test chart); The solution to this issue is impossible without the participation of FEI(necessary: ... the International Equestrian Federation)].

The reason for the ambiguity of the statement may be intraword antonymy (antonymy of meanings). For example, the sentences are incomprehensible: The doctor decided to leave this medicine(“Cancel” or “recommend taking”?); I listened to your comments("Heard" or "listening, did not perceive"?); Checking the seeding depth, the agronomist walked around the fifth site("Checked" it or "missed" it?). The following statement is also ambiguous: Me and my comrades were firmly seized by the idea thrown by the master... The author used the word to throw in the meaning of "to express something abruptly and unexpectedly", however, the meaning "to leave, to leave" comes to mind. It was better to write: Me and my comrades were captured by the idea that the master gave us.

Antonymy of meanings is inherent in many words: view("Cursory read" or "overlook, skip when reading"?), make a reservation("Specially in the preface" or "accidentally"?), refuse(request or refuse inheritance?), blow out(candle, blast furnace), etc. their use in speech requires special attention.

The reason for ambiguity in speech is also various manifestations of homonymy and, more broadly, coincidences in the sound of speech segments. Unwanted wordplay occurs during homoforming. For example, the title "Simple again": word simple can be understood both as a masculine verbal noun in the nominative case, and as a complete masculine adjective singular.

Often the reason for the ambiguity of the statement is homographs, since in Russian graphics it is not customary to denote stress [ By the movement of poetic feeling, we unmistakably recognize Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Blok (learn but eat or learn e m?); We can ask the poet: "Where does his model of the anti-world come from - from Heinman or from Picasso?" and the poet confesses: "From Picasso" (confessed but is or admits?)]. For written speech, homography presents a serious difficulty [ Most of the graduates stayed in the village (b O the most or great but I?); How did they get there? (pop but gave or hit but whether?)]. In particular, homography obliges you to be attentive to certain features of the graphic image of a word. So, sometimes it is important to distinguish between letters. e and e that can change the meaning of the word [ Everyone knew it (all or all?)].

Homography often not only obscures the meaning of a phrase, but also gives it a comic sound. For example: Warm, soaring plywood strips emerge from under the knife of the unit.- worth reading the sacrament soaring(from the verb soar) and it will appear that the strips of plywood are hovering somewhere near the ceiling. It would be better to write: Warm plywood strips emerge from under the knife of the unit, from which steam rises.

Homophony can create puns and confusion in speaking. For example, you cannot hope for a correct understanding of the meaning if the phrase is pronounced in a radio broadcast: The similarity of two different plants expresses the equivalence of their properties.(heard germination, and the content of the text provokes an error). In other cases, homophony does not affect the semantic side of speech, but the collision of consonant words gives the statement a comic character ( After a long and difficult work, we managed to get offspring in our ponds from grass carp brought from the Amur). Omophony often occurs when using words or combinations that are conventional names [ Recently, the theater staged "The Blue Casket"(necessary: play "The Blue Box")].

In oral speech, the meaning of the statement may be distorted due to the incorrect division of the text into speech units. So, once high school students, memorizing the elegy of K.N. Batyushkova "Prisoner", read the line Make noise, make waves, Rona without delving into the meaning. Therefore, it was heard: “ Myron's wave". M. Gorky recommended to novice writers: "Make sure that the final syllable of a word does not merge with the initial of another." He recalled that in random accords, an extraneous meaning is often caught, causing inappropriate associations. In the manuscript of an aspiring writer, he drew attention to the phrase Wet Vasily made his way through the thicket of bushes and shouted heart-rendingly: "Brothers, I was smoking a pike, by God!" Gorky remarked, not without irony: "The first pike is clearly superfluous."

A casual play on words as a result of homophony is found even among classical poets: several cases of homophony have been noted in the works of A.S. Pushkin ( Have you heard beyond the grove the voice of the singer of love, the singer of your sorrow?). Unfriendly critics deliberately take individual phrases out of context in order to emphasize the possibility of their ambiguity. For example: Souls are beautiful impulses ...(choke impulses?); With the fire of Prometheus ...(will we fire Prometheus?). Involuntary puns were found at M.Yu. Lermontov ( I lay motionless with lead in my chest), V.Ya. Bryusov ( And your step weighed the ground).

Omophony can arise when translating a work into another language. So, in the translation of one poem there was a line Can you be indifferent to evil? Careful attention to the word will help to avoid such mistakes.

2. Variants of the use of linking verbs and auxiliary verbs. Synonymy of the forms of the nominal part of the predicate.

3. Stylistic analysis of the text.

Ticket number 17.

1. Stylistic use of paronyms. Errors associated with the use of paronyms.

A word in a language can have not one, but several meanings ( ambiguous). Here we have a poem by M. Tsvetaeva "The Poet". It starts like this:

A poet makes a speech from afar. The poet - the speech leads far.

Note: each line contains almost the same words, but they convey very different meanings.

This difference is achieved mainly through the difference in meanings of the verb to start. In the first line it means "to start", and in the second - "leading, to direct somewhere very far, not to the right place."

Ambiguity differs from homonymy in that different meanings of one word retain some commonality - this will be revealed if we try to interpret the meanings. For example, in different meanings of the verb to start there is the meaning of "movement". Here are the interpretations of these different meanings (according to Ozhegov's dictionary): “Start (start). 1. Leading (ie, forcing to move), deliver somewhere in passing, along the way. Getting kids to school. 2. Leading, to direct somewhere very far, not where it should be. Lead into the swamp. Such reasoning can take you far. 3. Pulling (here, too, though in a "hidden form" there is a sense of "movement") towards the end of something, put. Start a seine. 4. Set in motion, set in motion (mechanism). Wind up the watch. Start the engine. "

The meanings of the word are direct and figurative. Concreteness, reality is an important distinguishing feature of direct meaning.

When we say a flat road, we imagine a road without potholes and bumps, smooth (a specific visual image), and when praising someone's character and calling it even, we mean qualities that cannot be seen or touched with a hand. The representation of the property "even" in this case is abstracted from concrete objects and transferred to the designation of something more abstract (therefore they call it: figurative meaning).

Ambiguous a word often and syntactically behaves differently - depending on the meaning in which it is used. For example, when the verb go is used in its literal sense, it usually indicates the direction of movement: going home, going from the forest. If they talk about the clock, then the indication of the place is meaningless

It is lazy (you cannot say “My watch is going home”), but it is important to note how the clock is running: good, bad, accurate, etc. In the meaning “to be in the face”, this verb must have a mandatory addition in the dative case without a preposition: it suits you \ in the meaning of "to be spent" go is used with an addition in the accusative case with the preposition for: Three meters goes for a suit, etc.

In different meanings, the word often has different "relatives". If we are talking about a deaf person, then this physical handicap is called deafness; if we are talking about a deaf consonant sound, then they use another name for the property - deafness. And this adjective in the meaning, manifested in combinations of a blank wall, a blank forest, cannot be associated with either one or the other noun: they do not say "the deafness of the wall," "the deafness of the forest," they say the wilderness.