The Renaissance is a time of cultural flourishing, the heyday of all the arts, but the fine arts were the most fully expressing the spirit of their time.
Renaissance, or Renaissance(French "newly" + "born") was of world importance in the history of European culture. The Renaissance replaced the Middle Ages and preceded the Enlightenment.
The main features of the Renaissance- the secular nature of culture, humanism and anthropocentrism (interest in a person and his activities). During the Renaissance period, interest in ancient culture flourished and, as it were, its “revival” took place.
The revival arose in Italy - its first signs appeared as early as the 13th-14th centuries. (Tony Paramoni, Pisano, Giotto, Orcagna and others). But it was firmly established from the 20s of the 15th century, and by the end of the 15th century. reached its highest peak.
In other countries, the Renaissance began much later. In the XVI century. the crisis of the ideas of the Renaissance begins, the consequence of this crisis is the emergence of mannerism and baroque.
Renaissance periods
The Renaissance is divided into 4 periods:
1. Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the XIII century - XIV century)
2. Early Renaissance (beginning of the XV-end of the XV century)
3. High Renaissance (late 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century)
4. Late Renaissance (mid-16th-90s of the 16th century)
The fall of the Byzantine Empire played a role in the formation of the Renaissance. The Byzantines who moved to Europe brought with them their libraries and works of art, unknown to medieval Europe. In Byzantium, they never broke with ancient culture either.
Appearance humanism(of the socio-philosophical movement, which considered man as the highest value) was associated with the absence of feudal relations in the Italian city-republics.
Secular centers of science and art began to appear in the cities, which were not controlled by the church. whose activities were outside the control of the church. In the middle of the XV century. typography was invented, which played an important role in spreading new views throughout Europe.
Brief characteristics of the Renaissance periods
Proto-Renaissance
Proto-Renaissance is the forerunner of the Renaissance. It is still closely connected with the Middle Ages, with Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic traditions. It is associated with the names of Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambio, the Pisano brothers, Andrea Pisano.
Andrea Pisano. Bas-relief "Creation of Adam". Opera del Duomo (Florence)
The painting of the Proto-Renaissance is represented by two art schools: Florence (Cimabue, Giotto) and Siena (Duccio, Simone Martini). The central figure of painting was Giotto. He was considered a reformer of painting: he filled religious forms with secular content, made a gradual transition from planar images to three-dimensional and relief images, turned to realism, introduced the plastic volume of figures into painting, depicted the interior in painting.
Early Renaissance
This is the period from 1420 to 1500. The artists of the Early Renaissance of Italy drew motives from life, filled traditional religious subjects with earthly content. In sculpture, these were L. Ghiberti, Donatello, Jacopo della Quercia, the della Robbia family, A. Rossellino, Desiderio da Settignano, B. da Maiano, A. Verrocchio. Free-standing statues, picturesque reliefs, portrait busts, and equestrian monuments begin to develop in their work.
In Italian painting of the XV century. (Masaccio, Filippo Lippi, A. del Castagno, P. Uccello, Fra Angelico, D. Ghirlandaio, A. Pollaiolo, Verrocchio, Piero della Francesca, A. Mantegna, P. Perugino, etc.) are characterized by a sense of the harmonious ordering of the world, conversion to the ethical and civic ideals of humanism, joyful perception of the beauty and diversity of the real world.
The ancestor of Italian Renaissance architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), an architect, sculptor and scientist, one of the creators of the scientific theory of perspective.
A special place in the history of Italian architecture is occupied by Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). This Italian scholar, architect, writer and musician of the Early Renaissance was educated in Padua, studied law in Bologna, and later lived in Florence and Rome. He created theoretical treatises On the Statue (1435), On Painting (1435–1436), On Architecture (published in 1485). He defended the "folk" (Italian) language as a literary language, in the ethical treatise "On the Family" (1737-1441) he developed the ideal of a harmoniously developed personality. In architectural work, Alberti gravitated towards bold experimental solutions. He was one of the pioneers of the new European architecture.
Palazzo Rucellai
Leon Battista Alberti designed a new type of palazzo with a façade treated with rustication to its full height and dissected by three tiers of pilasters, which look like the structural basis of the building (Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, built by B. Rossellino according to Alberti's plans).
Opposite the Palazzo stands the Rucellai Loggia, where receptions and banquets for trading partners were held, weddings were celebrated.
Loggia Rucellai
High Renaissance
This is the time of the most magnificent development of the Renaissance style. In Italy, it lasted from about 1500 to 1527. Now the center of Italian art is moving from Florence to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne. Julia II, an ambitious, courageous, enterprising man, who attracted the best artists of Italy to his court.
Raphael Santi "Portrait of Pope Julius II"
Many monumental buildings are being built in Rome, magnificent sculptures are being created, frescoes and paintings are being painted, which are still considered masterpieces of painting. Antiquity is still highly valued and carefully studied. But imitation of the ancients does not stifle the independence of artists.
The pinnacle of the Renaissance is the work of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and Raphael Santi (1483-1520).
Late Renaissance
In Italy, this is the period from the 1530s to the 1590s-1620s. The art and culture of this time is very diverse. Some believe (for example, British scholars) that "The Renaissance as an integral historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527." The art of the late Renaissance is a very complex picture of the struggle of various currents. Many artists did not seek to study nature and its laws, but only outwardly tried to assimilate the "manner" of the great masters: Leonardo, Raphael and Michelangelo. On this occasion, the aged Michelangelo once said, looking at how artists copy his "Last Judgment": "My art will make many fools."
In Southern Europe, the Counter-Reformation triumphed, which did not welcome any free thought, including the chanting of the human body and the resurrection of the ideals of antiquity.
Famous artists of this period were Giorgione (1477/1478-1510), Paolo Veronese (1528-1588), Caravaggio (1571-1610) and others. Caravaggio considered the founder of the Baroque style.
« Quattrocento. Early Renaissance»- a presentation that will introduce the main achievements of the Early Renaissance in Italy. It is about three outstanding artists who are called the fathers of the Renaissance. These are the architect Brunelleschi, the sculptor Donatello and the painter Masaccio.
Quattrocento. Early Renaissance
Quattrocento. Early Renaissance
The year 1400 is called the Quattrocento in Italy. This is a very special time when the most powerful and richest people competed for the possession of the best works of art. Popes and dukes of the Italian city-republics sought to invite the best artists and poets to their court. Florence is considered to be the cradle of the Italian Renaissance. The rulers of this city, the richest bankers of Europe, the Medici, became patrons of the arts, gathering the most famous artists at their court.
The uniqueness of the Quattrocento era lies in the fact that art at that time became a universal means of knowledge. Discoveries were made in order to bring the image of objects closer to what is reflected in the mirror. It was the sculptor and architect Filippo Brunelleschi who was famous for discovering the laws of perspective, which were theoretically substantiated by the architect, mathematician, writer, philosopher Leon Batista Alberti, and in practice were used by Brunelleschi's friends, the painter Masaccio and the sculptor Donatello.
Filippo Brunelleschi
After an unsuccessful participation in the competition for the decoration of the doors of the Florentine baptistery, in which Lorenzo Ghiberti turned out to be the winner, Filippo Brunelleschi decided to go to Rome, where, together with his friend, the sculptor Donatello, he enthusiastically studied ancient monuments. Admiration for ancient sculpture and architecture did not prevent Brunelleschi from creatively using his observations, which he embodied in a truly Renaissance building. The arcade of the Orphanage on Piazza Annunziata in Florence combined a Roman arch and a Greek column, this arcade looks light and very harmonious. Usually at the lesson, I suggested that the children compare the appearance of the Gothic cathedral and the Brunelleschi Orphanage in relation to human proportions. This helped to demonstrate the embodiment of the idea of humanism in architecture.
But this film has not been translated into Russian, but this does not prevent us from understanding what a wonderful masterpiece Filippo Brunelleschi created.
Donatello
The discovery of linear perspective made by Brunelleschi, his friend Donatello put into practice, creating his beautiful Renaissance sculptures. Donatello for the first time after a thousand-year medieval ban on the image of the nude creates his own David. He revives round sculpture, casts an equestrian monument to the condottiere Gattamelata in bronze, uses linear perspective to create numerous reliefs. On the site you will find information about Donatello with many illustrations
Masaccio
A young friend of Donatello and Brunelleschi, the artist Masaccio, became a revolutionary in painting. Not even having lived for thirty years, this painter picked up and developed what Giotto had started back in the era of the Proto-Renaissance. Using the discovery of his friend Brunelleschi, Masaccio creates the image of the "Trinity" in perspective, so skillfully that those looking at this work had the illusion of real space. Masaccio for the first time uses the portrait features of real people when depicting saints and biblical characters. The figures on the frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence are voluminous, thanks to the artist's masterful use of chiaroscuro.
You will find a continuation of the story about the Early Renaissance in Italy in the presentation
The presentation will acquaint you with the art of the greatest era in the history of art, not only Italian, but world.
At the end of my short story about outstanding artists Quattrocento I would like to offer a small book list for art:
- Argan J.K. History of Italian Art. - M .: JSC Publishing House "Rainbow", 2000
- Beckett V. History of painting. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003
- Vipper B.R. Italian Renaissance 13th - 16th century. - M.: Art, 1977
- Dmitrieva N.A. Brief history of arts. From ancient times to the 16th century. Essays. - M.: Art, 1988
- Emokhonova L.G. World Art. Textbook for students. Avg. Ped. Proc. Institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 1988
- Muratov P.P. Images of Italy. - M.: Respublika, 1994
I will be glad if my work is in demand!
All the best!
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Slides captions:
MHK lesson in grade 10 Prepared by the teacher of Russian language and literature Zheltova O. A. The era of the Renaissance (Renaissance)
... The time has come: the strings sang again, And the colors again blushed from the canvas. From decrepit Byzantium into life - spring Entered, reminding of love, of the body; In their creations, Vinci, Rafaeli exhausted the brilliance of being to the bottom. Everyone strove to discover, invent, find, create... Hope reigned in those years - to reveal all the mysteries of nature. I. Bunin Epigraph
The origins of the Renaissance The term "Renaissance" (in French "Renaissance", in Italian "rinascimento"), emphasizing the return of the cultural ideals of antiquity, appeared in the 16th century to define a new cultural era that replaced the Middle Ages
Signs of the cultural meaning of the Renaissance flourishing culture; revolution in culture; transitional cultural stage; restoration of antiquity
Changes in the worldview Revival In the center of interests is man Preaching activity Variety (diversity) Authorship Linear perception of time Humanism Middle Ages In the center of interests God Preaching passivity Canonical Anonymity Cyclical perception Asceticism
What is humanism? Humanism is a direction in philosophy, science and art, in which attention is focused on the qualities of a person. Man in humanism is seen as "the measure of all things", and the criterion for evaluating anything in humanism is the well-being of man.
The Renaissance (chronology) The end of the 13th - the first half of the 14th century - the proto-Renaissance ("trecento") The second half of the 14-15th century - the early Renaissance ("quattrocento") The end of the 15th-first three decades of the 16th century - the high Renaissance ("cinquecento") The second half of the 16th century - late Renaissance.
Proto-Renaissance "protos" - "first" (late XIII-XIV centuries) Proto-Renaissance prepared the onset of the Renaissance The features of the new were especially pronounced in the work of Giotto di Bondone (1266/76 - 1337). Giotto's best creation is the frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua dedicated to the life of Christ, Mary and her parents Joachim and Anna. Giotto for the first time completely differently interprets the events of Scripture
Giotto "Kiss of Judas"
Early Renaissance (XV century, Quattrocento) Quattrocento is a joyful, powerful rise of Italian art. The abundance of talents, the high level of artistic works are amazing. Art played a huge role in the life of this era. Three of the greatest artists of Florence stand at its beginning: the architect Filippo Bruneleschi (1377-1446) the sculptor Donatello (1386-1466) the painter Masaccio (1401-1428)
Brunelleschi - (1377 -1446) Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiere
Bramante. Church of Santa Maria della Grazia
Chenonceau castle in France
Interior of the castle of Chenonceau
Chambord castle in France
Donatello - (1386 - 1466). The statue of David by Donatello was the first depiction of a naked human body in the statuary sculpture of the Renaissance.
Donatello
Masaccio - (1401 -1428). Exile from paradise
(real name Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi)
Sandro_Botticelli
Portrait of Simone Vespucci
"Adoration of the Magi"
Portrait of a young man with the seal of Cosimo de' Medici
"Birth of Venus"
"Lamentation of Christ"
Portrait of Giuliano Medici
Venus and Mars
Connoisseurs of culture competition
Italian Renaissance
MHC teacher
Sadkova Tatyana Vladimirovna
Purpose: development of interest in the world artistic culture, the outlook of students.
Competition of historians and philosophers.
1. Mark on the timeline the four stages of the Italian Renaissance and write their names.
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
2. Read the sayings of the great people of the Renaissance and later times and answer the questions:
1) What are the main philosophical ideas of the Renaissance?
2) What is a person and what is his place in the world?
A) Not to suffer need and not to have a surplus, not to command others and not to be in subjection - this is my goal.
While a person is here, he must strive for the glory that he can count on here, and he will taste the greater one in heaven, where he no longer wants to even think about this earthly one. Therefore, the order is such that mortals take care of mortal things first, and that the eternal follows the transitory.
Francesco Petrarca
B) joy is a seasoning not only for knowledge, but also for life itself, which, being deprived of this, seems stupid and unpleasant. Joy is more complete and perfect than knowledge. For not everyone rejoices in the process of cognition, whoever rejoices, of necessity, at the same time cognizes.
Marcelio Ficino
C) Man is the happiest of all living beings and worthy of universal admiration, and what a lot was prepared for him among other destinies, enviable not only for animals, but also for stars and otherworldly souls. Incredible and amazing! How else? After all, that is why a person is rightly called and considered a great miracle, a living being, truly worthy of admiration.
Pico della Mirandola
D) Fate controls half of our actions, but it leaves us to manage the other half or so.
Happy is he who conforms his course of action to the properties of time, and just as unfortunate is he whose actions are out of sync with time.
Nicolo Machiavelli
All our knowledge begins with sensations.
Mental things that have not gone through sensation are empty and do not give rise to any truth, but only fiction.
And although nature begins with causes and ends with experience, we need to go the opposite way, that is, start with experience and search for the cause with it.
A lover of practice without science is like a helmsman embarking on a ship without a rudder or compass, he is never sure where he is going. Practice must always be built on good theory.
Science is the captain, practice is the soldiers.
Leonardo da Vinci
3. Underline the words and expressions that characterize the spiritual culture of the Renaissance:
Religiosity; appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity; canonicity; secular character; humanistic outlook; symbolism; addressing a person as a higher principle; faith in human capabilities; asceticism; scholasticism.
A. The end justifies the means | |
B. I stand on this and I can’t do otherwise! | 2. Leonardo da Vinci |
B. To burn is not to refute | 3. Giordano Bruno |
D. Wisdom is the daughter of experience | 4. Nicolo Machiavelli |
5. Who made the following scientific discoveries:
a) Creation of a heliocentric system | 1. Galileo Galilei |
b) Creation of the concept of the infinity of the Universe | 2. Nicolaus Copernicus |
c) the discovery of the laws of mechanics | 3. Johannes Gutenberg |
d) discovery of the law of planetary motion and the theory of eclipses | 4. Giordano Bruno |
e) the invention of printing | 5. Johannes Kepler |
Competition of painters and sculptors.
1. Write in the table the features and main representatives of the painting schools that developed in Italy in the XIII - XIV centuries.
Characteristic features of the school:
Subtle color, secular life-affirming beginning, richness of the color palette;
Realism, rationality, search for a three-dimensional solution through perspective and chiaroscuro, monumentality;
Lyricism of images, poeticization of nature, softness of color.
Main representatives:
Piero dela Francesca, Perugino, Signorelli, Pinturicchio
Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto;
Giotto, Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo
school name | Character traits | Main Representatives |
1. Florentine school, developed in the 12th - 15th centuries. Originated in Florence | ||
2. Umbrian school, developed in the 13th - 14th centuries. Originated in Perugia | ||
3. Venetian school, developed in the 14th - 16th centuries. Originated in Venice |
2. About what great masters of the Italian Renaissance does the Art critic N.A. Dmitrieva
“Three names are enough to understand the significance of the Middle Italian culture of the High Renaissance………………………………………………………………….
They were not alike in everything, although they had much in common: all three formed in the bosom of the Florentine school, and then worked at the courts of patrons, enduring both the favors and whims of high-ranking customers. Their paths often crossed, they acted as rivals, treated each other with hostility, almost hostility. They had too different artistic and human identities. But in the minds of the descendants, these three peaks form a single mountain range, embodying the main values of the Italian Renaissance - Intelligence, Harmony and Power.
3. To which work of Raphael can the words of the Italian poet be attributed:
She goes, listening to praise,
Good covered with humility,
Like a heavenly vision
Showing yourself on earth.
("Sistine Madonna")
4. On behalf of which character in his sculptural ensemble, Michelangelo says:
It is gratifying to sleep, it is gratifying to be a stone,
Oh, in this age, criminal and shameful,
Not to live, not to feel - an enviable lot,
Please be quiet, don't you dare wake me up.
("night" from the Medici tomb)
5. What is the name of the Italian artist who was the first to break with medieval canons in painting? (Giotto)
Literature:
1. O.V. Sviridova Fine art. Subject week at school. Volgograd: Teacher, 2007
slide 2
Renaissance
This is a special period in European history, when the Middle Ages were already disappearing and replaced by the New Age. This is a period of unprecedented cultural flourishing, whose homeland is Italy. From here it spread to all other European countries and in some of them became an independent cultural phenomenon.
The second name of this era is the Renaissance.
slide 3
The reasons
The crisis of medieval European civilization, which was decomposing from the inside with the emergence of manufacturing production and commodity-money relations, led to a crisis in the orthodox Christian worldview and the emergence of a new philosophy of humanism, which became the ideological basis of the Renaissance.
slide 4
Chronological framework
It is believed that the first features of the new culture began to manifest themselves in the middle of the XIII century. From this moment begins the period of the so-called proto-Renaissance, which lasted until the turn of the XIV - XV centuries.
It was replaced by the Early Renaissance, which lasted until the end of the 15th century.
The last period - the Late Renaissance ended with the end of the 16th century.
slide 5
Main features
- secularity.
- interest in antiquity.
- Anthropocentrism.
slide 6
Philosophy
Humanism, i.e. a new ideology that considers a person equal to God, a self-sufficient person capable of a creative act. A person ceases to be dependent on the forces that control the universe, but becomes its center and free driving force. An important role in the formation of humanism was played by the Platonic Academy, founded by Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent in Florence.
Lorenzo Medici (The Magnificent)
Slide 7
Literature
The founder of the new humanistic literary tradition is the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. The literature of this period was strongly influenced by ancient and folk culture.
The most famous representatives:
- Giovanni Boccaccio,
- Francesco Petrarch,
- Francois Rabelais
- Dante Alighieri
Slide 8
The science
There is a revision of the traditional Christian picture of the world. The heliocentric system of Nicolaus Copernicus appears. The great geographical discoveries empirically prove the idea of the sphericity of the earth. The first utopias of Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella appear.
Slide 9
Painting and sculpture
Rejection of planar painting, characteristic of icon painting. The emergence of perspective. Attention to the person who is considered from humanistic positions. The main story is the Madonna and Child. The emergence of portraiture and landscape.
