Names of large numbers. Names of large numbers Geography and economic evaluation of activities

In Eastern Siberia, geological reserves of coal are large - 2.6 trillion. t. However, most of them are located in little-studied Taimyr and Tunguska basins. Deposits have been developed and are being developed in Irkutsk basin- Kharanorskoe and Gusinoozerskoe. Their geological resources are more than 26 billion tons.

One of the largest in the world - Lena basin, however, it is studied and mastered poorly. The total geological resources are 1.6 trillion. tons, of which the explored reserves exceed 3 billion tons.

Other coal deposits are also known in the Far East: Zyryansk basin, Nizhne-Zeya, lignite Bureinsky etc. In the Primorsky Territory, about two dozen small mines and cuts are mined with a total production capacity of about 11.7 million tons per year

The Moscow region, Kizelovsky, Chelyabinsk basins and coal deposits of the Urals, until very recently, played an important role in the economy of these regions. Before the discovery of oil fields in Western Siberia and in the north of the European part of the country, coals near Moscow, for example, were one of the main energy carriers for the thermal power plants of the Center. Coal from the Ural deposits was the basis for creating a powerful industrial potential in the Urals.

All these basins are referred to as "attenuated". In the Moscow region, the prospects for the development of production are completely absent. Most of the mines are scheduled to close in the coming years.

But here it is possible to organize the production of fertilizers from coal (humates), the extraction of associated minerals, the development of the extraction of building materials, the restoration of forests, for which central Russia has always been famous.

Technological reserves are practically exhausted at the coal deposits of the Urals. Production has halved in recent years. It is planned to exploit only small deposits of Bashkiria and the Orenburg region. The main direction for all these coal-mining regions is the diversification of production and employment of the released miners.

1.4. Peat. Peat deposits.

Peat is a natural organic material, a combustible mineral; formed by the remnant of a cluster of plants that have undergone incomplete decomposition in swamp conditions. Contains 50 - 60% carbon. Calorific value (maximum) 24 MJ/kg. It is used comprehensively as fuel, fertilizer, heat-insulating material, etc. Peat reserves in Russia amount to over 186 billion tons. Peat, in addition to its traditional use as an energy and domestic fuel, is the basis for organic fertilizers, etc.

Peat can be used as bedding for livestock, greenhouse soils, a good antiseptic for storing fruits and vegetables, for the manufacture of heat and sound insulating boards, as a raw material for the production of physiologically active substances; the high qualities of peat as a filtering material are known. Our country has large reserves of peat, which make up more than 60% of the world's resources. Studies show that in a number of regions peat as a fuel successfully competes not only with brown, but also with coal.

The unsurpassed benefits of peat and peat products are:

Ø cleanliness and sterility, pathogenic microflora, pathogens, man-made pollution and weed seeds are completely absent;

Ø moisture capacity and air capacity (friability and flowability of the material) with a high ion-exchange ability allows you to adsorb and maintain the optimal moisture-air ratio, gradually give the plants elements of mineral nutrition);

Peat deposits: Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Tver regions. In total, there are 7 large peat bases in Russia (see Appendix 2) with operational reserves of 45 billion tons.

1.5. Slates. Oil shale deposits.

Shales are metamorphic rocks characterized by an oriented arrangement of rock-forming minerals and the ability to split into thin sheets. According to the degree of metamorphism, weakly metamorphosed (combustible, clayey, siliceous, etc.) and deeply metamorphosed (crystalline) schists are distinguished.

Shale mining in Russia (Leningrad and Samara regions) is carried out mainly by the mine method, since they lie at a depth of 100 - 200 m. Enriched shale is usually burned on the spot - at power plants. Due to the high ash content of the fuel, their transportation is unprofitable. To process 1 ton of oil shale into transportable fuel, it is necessary to burn about 40 liters of oil. At the same time, the allocation of an equivalent amount of fuel depends on the quality of shale.

Oil shale deposits: Leningrad, Kostroma, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Orenburg, Kemerovo, Irkutsk regions, the Republic of Komi and Bashkortostan (see Appendix 2).

In conclusion of this section, I would like to note that, as a rule, all deposits of fuel resources are unevenly distributed throughout the country, which leads to certain difficulties in the extraction of fuel resources, their processing and transportation to consumers. All this also cannot but affect the difficulties in conducting geological exploration activities.

2. Geography and economic evaluation of activities

main branches of the fuel industry.

The greatest importance in the country's fuel industry belongs to three sectors: oil, gas and coal.

Tab. 3. Structure of production by main industries (only fuel and energy industries are highlighted)

(in 1999 prices; as a percentage of total)

Iceberg weighing 1 trillion tons broke off from Antarctica One of the largest icebergs in history broke off from the Larsen C glacier in the southwest of Antarctica. It is reported by the BBC. The weight of an iceberg fragment is 1 trillion tons, the thickness is 200 m, and the area is 6 thousand square meters. km, which is equivalent to the area of ​​2.5 such megacities as Moscow. According to RT, glaciologists have observed this process on the Larsen Ice Shelf for 10 years. According to Interfax, the collapse of the ice shelf began on the eastern front of Antarctica in 2014. Scientists believe that the fault is likely to have provoked climate change. Over the past 50 years, the temperature in the southwest of Antarctica, on the Antarctic Peninsula, has increased by 2.5 degrees. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The formation of a giant iceberg in Antarctica was facilitated by the warming of the Southern Ocean, which led to the fact that the ice shelf was washed away by ocean waters from the bottom, the head of the climate program of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) of Russia Alexey Kokorin. As previously reported, part of the western Larsen C Glacier - the largest of Antarctica's ice shelves - has broken away and formed one of the largest icebergs on record. The Southern Ocean is conventionally called the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans surrounding Antarctica. “The iceberg broke away from the ice shelf, it was washed away by warmer ocean waters from the bottom. There is a slight increase in the temperature of the water of the surface layer of the ocean, which is hundreds of meters, and this is precisely what is global warming,” Kokorin said. At the same time, the expert noted that it is still premature to say that one iceberg can lead to an increase in the level of the world ocean, which today is growing at a rate of three millimeters per year. However, it can make some contribution to level rise, as well as to the cooling of the ocean. As Vasily Smolyanitsky, head of the world sea ice data center at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), said earlier, a giant iceberg in Antarctica does not pose a threat to navigation, while it can melt for decades. “Since it will drift for a long time in the Southern Ocean, the probability of the Titanic tragedy is minimal and, I hope, close to zero,” agreed Kokorin. Larsen Glacier originally consisted of three - Larsen A, Larsen B and Larsen C. Over the past half century, temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen by 2.5 degrees Celsius. Climate change led to the fact that in 1995 Larsen A with an area of ​​four thousand square kilometers was completely destroyed. In the early 2000s, an iceberg with an area of ​​more than three thousand square kilometers broke off from Larsen B. In December last year, NASA received aerial imagery that showed a giant fissure 112 kilometers long, about 100 meters wide and about 500 meters deep had developed at Larsen C. This year it grew rapidly and by July had increased to 200 kilometers in length. The mass of ice here can reach a trillion tons.

A natural event of enormous proportions, which scientists have been waiting for the past few years, happened: on the morning of Wednesday, June 12, it became known that in the west of Antarctica a giant part of the Larsen C glacier broke away, resulting in the formation of one of the largest icebergs in history. Its mass is a trillion tons, its area is about 6 thousand square meters. km, which is comparable to a quarter of the territory of Wales. The report about the separation of the iceberg was given by the British Antarctic project MIDAS.

You can track the position of the iceberg in real time thanks to NASA satellite .

In 1893, the Norwegian captain and founder of the Antarctic whaling, Carl, explored the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula on the ship Jason. Later, the huge wall of ice along which the captain sailed was named the Larsen Ice Shelf.

The area of ​​the Larsen C glacier is 55 thousand square meters. km, which is almost ten times the area of ​​the previously melted Larsen B. Today, Larsen C is considered the fourth largest glacier in the world.

The separation of a giant iceberg, scientists expected. The crack was first noticed back in 2011, and in 2014 it began to grow rapidly. The cleavage stretched for almost 200 km, separating the iceberg from the main body of the glacier in 10% of its area.

“This crack continues to grow, and eventually it will lead to the fact that a significant part of the glacier will break off like an iceberg,” scientists argued a year ago. In their opinion, after the breakaway, the rest of the ice shelf will become unstable and icebergs will continue to break away from it until Larsen C is completely destroyed. According to the researchers, in the near future, Larsen S is waiting for the fate of Larsen B.

The department of a giant iceberg coincided in time with the predictions of scientists. The fact is that only between May 25-31, the crack lengthened by as much as 17 km - the fastest growth since January.

According to scientists, now the crack is increasing in size, and currents and winds can now carry the breakaway iceberg towards the Atlantic Ocean. So far, scientists cannot say for sure whether the iceberg has broken into separate parts or is sliding, while maintaining its integrity.

“The detachment looks like a complete break off of the ice shelf,” said Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado. - It is unusual that now the area of ​​the shelf has become minimal in 125 years, since its first mapping. However, this behavior is typical for ice shelves in Antarctica.” The huge flat glacier, 200 meters thick, won't slide quickly, scientists say, but its movement needs to be monitored.

“Now we see one iceberg. It will probably break into small pieces over time,” suggests Adrian Luckman, professor of glaciology at the University of Swansea. In the meantime, scientists are arguing what caused the breakaway of such a giant iceberg - global warming or processes natural to Antarctica.

According to glaciologists, the breakaway iceberg was one of the ten largest on record. Iceberg B-15, which broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf in March 2000 and had an area of ​​11 thousand square meters, is considered the largest of the observed icebergs. km. In 1956, it was reported that the crew of an American icebreaker encountered an iceberg with an area of ​​32 thousand square meters. km. However, at that time there were no satellites that could confirm this.

In addition, Glacier C itself has also produced giant icebergs in the past that float freely. So, an object with an area of ​​​​9 thousand square meters. km broke away from the glacier in 1986.

A natural event of enormous proportions, which scientists have been waiting for the past few years, happened: on the morning of Wednesday, June 12, it became known that in the west of Antarctica a giant part of the Larsen C glacier broke away, resulting in the formation of one of the largest icebergs in history. Its mass is a trillion tons, its area is about 6 thousand square meters. km, which is comparable to the territory of Wales. The report about the separation of the iceberg was given by the British Antarctic project MIDAS.

You can follow the position of the iceberg in real time thanks to the NASA satellite.

In 1893, the Norwegian captain and founder of the Antarctic whaling, Carl Anton Larsen, explored the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula on the ship Jason. Later, the huge wall of ice along which the captain sailed was named the Larsen Ice Shelf.

The area of ​​the Larsen C glacier is 55 thousand square meters. km, which is almost ten times the area of ​​the previously melted Larsen B. Today, Larsen C is considered the fourth largest glacier in the world.

Scientists have been waiting for a giant iceberg to break off for a long time. The crack was first noticed back in 2011, and in 2014 it began to grow rapidly. The cleavage stretched for almost 200 km, separating the iceberg from the main body of the glacier in 10% of its area.

“This crack continues to grow, and eventually it will lead to the fact that a significant part of the glacier will break off like an iceberg,” scientists argued a year ago. In their opinion, after the breakaway, the rest of the ice shelf will become unstable and icebergs will continue to break away from it until Larsen C is completely destroyed. According to the researchers, in the near future, Larsen S is waiting for the fate of Larsen B.

The department of a giant iceberg coincided in time with the predictions of scientists. The fact is that only between May 25-31, the crack lengthened by as much as 17 km - the fastest growth since January.

According to scientists, now the crack is increasing in size, and currents and winds can now carry the breakaway iceberg towards the Atlantic Ocean. So far, scientists cannot say for sure whether the iceberg has broken into separate parts or is sliding, while maintaining its integrity.

“The detachment looks like a complete break off of the ice shelf,” said Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado. - It is unusual that now the area of ​​the shelf has become minimal in 125 years, since its first mapping. However, this behavior is typical for ice shelves in Antarctica.” The huge flat glacier, 200 meters thick, won't slide quickly, scientists say, but its movement needs to be monitored.

“Now we see one iceberg. It will probably break into small pieces over time,” suggests Adrian Luckman, professor of glaciology at the University of Swansea. In the meantime, scientists are arguing what caused the breakaway of such a giant iceberg - global warming or processes natural to Antarctica.

According to glaciologists, the breakaway iceberg was one of the ten largest on record. Iceberg B-15, which broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf in March 2000 and had an area of ​​11 thousand square meters, is considered the largest of the observed icebergs. km. In 1956, it was reported that the crew of an American icebreaker encountered an iceberg with an area of ​​32 thousand square meters. km. However, at that time there were no satellites that could confirm this.

In addition, Glacier C itself has also produced giant icebergs in the past that float freely. So, an object with an area of ​​​​9 thousand square meters. km broke away from the glacier in 1986.

For the convenience of reading and remembering large numbers, the numbers are divided into so-called "classes": on right separate three digits (first class), then three more (second class), and so on. The last class can have three, two and one digit. There is usually a small space between classes. For example, the number 35461298 is written as 35461298. Here 298 is the first class, 461 is the second class, 35 is the third. Each of the digits of a class is called its rank; the number of digits also goes to the right. For example, in the first class 298, the number 8 is the first digit, 9 is the second, 2 is the third. The last class can have three or two digits (in our example: 5 is the first digit, 3 is the second) or one.

The first class gives the number of units, the second, thousands, the third, millions; in accordance with this, the number 35 461 298 reads: thirty-five million four hundred sixty-one thousand two hundred ninety-eight. Therefore they say that the unit of the second class is a thousand; the unit of the third class is the million.

Table, Names of large numbers

The unit of the fourth class is called a billion, or, in other words, a billion (1 billion = 1000 million).

The unit of the fifth class is called the trillion (1 trillion = 1000 billion or 1000 billion).

Units of the sixth, seventh, eighth, etc. classes (each of which is 1000 times larger than the previous one) are called quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, septillion, etc.

Example: 12,021,306,200,000 reads: twelve trillion twenty one billion three hundred six million two hundred thousand.