A sailing fleet is a group of ships propelled by a sail. As a rule, the use of the fleet was accompanied immediately by the appearance of the ships themselves, which are suitable for long expeditions or sea battles.
A brief history of sailboats
The first sailing ships appeared in last years antiquity. They consisted of primitive sailing-ridge vessels and could reach speeds above the wind. A group of such ships cannot be called a full-fledged fleet, because each acted independently in the battles, and the outcome of the battle was decided mainly by the number. The main techniques of confrontation were ramming, bulk and boarding. Large sail-ridge ships were equipped with additional weapons: a stone thrower (mainly for capturing coastal fortresses), a harpoon and Greek fire.
In the 12th - 13th centuries, ships appeared carrying military weapons. However, they were developed towards personal power. Ships of the Karakka type could single-handedly fight against a small group of ships, as well as conduct raider operations.
If we are talking about a full-fledged sailing ship, it was first built in British empire in the 16th century. He bore the name Great Harry ("Great Harry"). The first Russian military sailing ship was launched in 1668. He did not belong to a specific type and bore the name "Eagle".
The ship "Great Harry"
A regular navy of sailing ships appears in the early 17th century in the Western powers. In the overwhelming majority, these were the colonial empires - Britain, Portugal, Spain and France. After 100 years, a full-fledged fleet was formed in almost all of Europe, which later played key role in expansionist companies. Also, many criminals - pirates took possession of warships.
The era of sailing ships of the 17th century With the discovery of the steam engine, the large battleships of the sailing fleet existed for some time, but the sail no longer served as the main force of movement of the ship. It was used as an additional means of sailing in the event of a boiler breakdown or to save fuel in strong winds. Sailing ships were completely supplanted by dreadnoughts and battleships. A sailboat with an unprotected mast had no chance against an armored ship. It is worth noting that in the 60s of the 19th century there was no rifled artillery yet and the dreadnoughts were practically unsinkable.
Sailing vessel classification
The demand for ships was based on the tasks they performed - for expeditions or military operations. In the second case, the vessel was required to achieve specific tactical goals, which led to the development of different types of ships. The main characteristics of any combat naval unit were: displacement, number of artillery pieces and masts. Ultimately, a classification of ships by ranks was formed:
- The first three were ships of the line only;
- 4 - 5 ranks were frigates;
- 6 - 7 rank other smaller vessels (brigs, tenders, corvettes).
Simultaneously with the development of the main combat units, additional ships were formed, which were supposed to solve auxiliary tasks in order to achieve strategic goals on the battlefield.
These were mainly:
- Firebrands. A ship with explosives on board to set fire to an enemy ship. They were developed through simple preparation. The fire ships were not built and they, in fact, are not an independent class of the ship. The decision to use them was often applied already in the course of battles; for preparation I used a failed ship that could not fight, but was still capable of sailing. A special effect was if the enemy ship was in close formation with others or was in the bay.
- Bombardier ships. In terms of its capabilities, it did not differ from the main painful ships - a large 3-masted vessel with arthor guns. It had low sides and was intended for shelling coastal infrastructure (bays, docks, fortifications). V sea battle he could also prove himself effectively, but because of his sides he became an easy target.
- Transport ships. They also included different types ships for specific tasks (clippers, sloops, packet boats, etc.)
It is worth noting that there was practically no cargo ships among the ships of the sailing fleet of the colonial powers. The cargo was stored on the main ships, and if the need for a transport ship nevertheless appeared, they were hired from private individuals.
Main combat sailing ships
The Renaissance Navy played important role for any state, and its power determined world politics that time. The development of ships continued for two centuries before they received a clear classification. The main warships of the sailing fleet were:
- Brigantine. 2-masted vessel with straight foremast and oblique mainmast. It appeared in the 17th century and was used for reconnaissance operations. There were 6 - 8 guns on board.
- Brig. 2-masted ship of the 7th rank with a displacement of up to 400 tons. She was the main reconnaissance messenger ship in all fleets of the world. Also on board had from 8 to 24 guns, which were used for shooting when escaping the pursuit. Appeared as a more practical and simple option brigantine, however, did not supplant them completely.
- Galion. The largest ship from the 15th to 17th centuries. It could include from 2 to 4 masts, and the displacement was up to 1600 tons. Galions were the dominant ships in battles before the appearance of battleships.
- Caravel. 3 - 4 masted universal vessel with a displacement of up to 450 tons. She received wider application in expeditions. Good seakeeping is achieved thanks to the versatile masts and superstructures at the bow and stern. Despite the high side, the caravels were only single-deck ships. In battles, they often served as a cargo ship, capable of shooting back from big ships and when boarding.
- Karakka. Large 3-masted vessel of early times. It had a displacement of up to 2000 tons and had 30 - 40 guns on board. The ship could carry big number passengers, up to 1300 people. The Karakka established itself well in the 13th and 16th centuries as a powerful vessel capable of fighting back alone. However, with the formation of fleets and the appearance of large ships, they lost their importance.
- Corvette. 2 - 3 masted vessel with a displacement of up to 600 tons for tactical tasks. Appeared in the 18th century and one of two (along with the frigate) classes of ships that have survived to this day. It was used for cruising hunting or the destruction of single targets, less often for reconnaissance. Equipped with an open or closed artillery battery with dozens of guns.
- Battleship. The largest 3-masted vessel with three artillery decks (mostly with closed batteries). According to the standard, battleships were considered ships with a displacement of up to 5000 tons, but many ships of this type and up to 8000 tons are known in history. The entire battery could include up to 130 pairs of guns located along the sides. They were used mainly to combat the same large ships and shell the coastline. Battleships are one of the few combat sailing ships that served in the naval forces until the beginning of the 20th century.
- Flutes. 3-masted transport sailboat. The displacement was arbitrary, but often did not exceed 800 tons. They had up to 6 guns and were distinguished by high maneuverability. They were often used by corsairs for robberies. In Russia, the first flutes appeared in the Baltic Fleet in the 17th century.
- Frigate. 3-masted vessel with a displacement of up to 3500 tons. The next in power after the battleship and had on board up to 60 pairs of guns. It was used as a large support ship along the entire front line or for carrying out communication tasks (guarding merchant ships). Was the main warship of the sailing fleet of the Russian Empire.
- Sloop. 3-masted ship with low sides. It had a displacement of up to 900 tons and 16 - 32 artillery guns. Served as a long-range reconnaissance or expeditionary vessel. Sloops were popular in the 17th and 19th centuries among Russian forwarders for traveling around the world.
- Shnyava. A small sailboat with 2 straight masts, which has become widespread in the Scandinavian region. In Russia, they were actively used by Peter I for reconnaissance operations before battles. Displacement up to 150 tons, and the number of guns ranged from 2 to 18.
- Schooner. A vessel with an arbitrary, mostly large displacement. It could include up to 16 guns and was distributed as part of the sailing fleet of the Russian Empire. Battle schooners were exclusively 2-masted, and messenger ships had an arbitrary number of masts.
In some countries, there were unique types of combat ships that did not become widespread. For example, Portuguese ships, comparable in displacement to a frigate, but having several gun decks, were called cruisers, although this type was fixed for more modern ships.
Large ships of the Russian sailing fleet
The first mentions of Russian sailing ships can be found in The Tale of Bygone Years, which tells about the trip of Prince Oleg to Byzantium on ships. The Russian sailing fleet was already formed by Peter I. The construction of the first ships proceeded in the likeness of European ones. First major battle the domestic fleet is celebrated with the Swedes in Northern war... In the future, the naval forces are only beginning to grow.
Large ships of the Baltic fleet The largest military sailing ships in Russia (as well as in the world) were ships of the line. The first battleships were laid down in the Ladoga shipyard, which had no experience in building large ships, as a result of which the ships received poor seaworthiness and maneuverability. List of sailing battleships of the Russian Imperial Navy, which became the first in service in the Baltic:
- Riga,
- Vyborg,
- Pernov,
All three ships were launched in 1710 and were classified as rank 4 battleships. The sides housed 50 guns of various calibers. The ship's crew was 330 people. Sailing ships in the Russian fleet also lost their importance with the development steam engines and battleships, however, were still used for reconnaissance operations until the time of the civil war.
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They are on a par with the US Navy. And this is not surprising. Well, we should briefly talk about the Navy, and separately touch upon such interesting topic as the classification of ships.
Definition
Modern is the successor navy USSR and Russian Empire... These troops protect the country's sovereignty, which extends beyond its land territory, and also create and maintain conditions for ensuring calm maritime activities in the oceans. Also, the Russian fleet participates in military, humanitarian and other actions that meet the interests of our country. And, in addition to the above, the Navy provides the naval presence of the Russian state in the World Ocean.
There are many tasks. They are all diverse and have their own characteristics. And it is not surprising that our fleet includes a wide variety of equipment and vessels. Therefore, there is a classification divided into classes (depending on what their purpose is). And they, in turn, are subclasses. It all depends on the specialization, type of power plant and displacement.
It is also important to know that all ships are also divided into ranks. Their distribution depends on the tactical and technical elements and their immediate purpose. And to begin with, I would like to say that four ranks are established in Russia, and the first is considered the highest.
General characteristics of the first rank
This class includes nuclear submarines, as well as large surface ships... That is, aircraft carriers, anti-submarine, missile, heavy and light cruisers, as well as battleships. All ships of the first rank have seniority over the rest in matters related to supply and manning. And, of course, in terms of ceremonial procedures.
The commander of a ship of the first rank is obliged to be responsible for the mobilization and combat readiness of his regiment. Also - follow successful implementation combat missions and training, education, discipline of personnel. He is also responsible for internal order, as well as for the safety of weapons and related equipment. And, of course, he is obliged to control the material, financial, medical and other services of the regiment.
First rank ships
The classification is very detailed. Above all are aircraft carriers. These are large surface ships for special purposes, the main impact force which is carrier-based aircraft. They provide air cover, the landing of the landing forces, and also deliver air strikes against the formation of enemy ships. Plus, they are used to transport goods and people. The main armament is helicopters and aircraft based on the deck. They are also equipped with all the necessary means of ensuring the functioning and basing of aircraft.
Cruisers are next - combat surface ships that perform tasks regardless of the main forces of the Navy. They use artillery, missile, mine-torpedo, anti-submarine weapons and air defense. Cruisers can destroy enemy ships, hold defenses and support the coastal flanks of land forces.
Also, the first rank includes the main armament of which - air defense systems and an attack missile system. This ship classification also includes submarine warships. They destroy enemy ships, are engaged in reconnaissance, covert minefields. Their armament is mine-torpedo and missile. Also, antisubmarine and landing ships belong to rank 1.
Subclasses: Cruisers
Since the first rank is the most serious, it is imperative to pay attention to the subclasses of ships. The first on the list are heavy aircraft carrier cruisers. Their displacement is over 25,000 tons! They work at a steam turbine power plant... It is this classification of ships of the Russian Navy that demonstrates on international scene the power of our state.
Heavy nuclear missile cruisers follow. Their characteristics are close to that of the aforementioned vessels. They only work at a nuclear power plant. These ships are constantly based on two helicopters and an attack guided missile system, which is capable of destroying large surface ships.
Also, the classification of ships of the Russian Navy includes missile cruisers. They operate in remote areas of oceans and seas, and their purpose is to destroy large surface ships of the enemy, thereby providing anti-aircraft defense and air defense of their ships. The first rank also includes nuclear submarine cruisers, which are capable of hitting large coastal objects at a distance of up to 8250 kilometers from a position under water at a depth of 400-600 meters.
Boats and ships of the first rank
When discussing such a topic as the classification of naval rank 1 ships, one cannot fail to mention the large nuclear submarine. She is worthy of attention. There is only one name from the boat: it is a large, 2-hull combat ship. Its displacement is ~ 6000-10000 tons. The ship is equipped with torpedo tubes, a nuclear installation, cruise missiles- everything, due to which it is possible to destroy aircraft carrier shock groups and submarines.
Also, the classification of ships by size includes large anti-submarine and universal amphibious ships. Displacement - 6500-9000 and<11500 тонн соответственно. Первые из перечисленных обеспечивают слежение и уничтожение атомных подводных лодок, а вторые - перевозку техники и войск.
Rank 2
The ship of the second rank is a three-deck vessel. It has a jack that rises on the bow flagpole when moored. The purpose of ships of the second rank is to carry out military and defensive operations in the far sea zone. Moreover, both independently and as part of compounds.
The classification of rank 2 ships begins with a patrol ship. Its main task is to protect. But, nevertheless, this is a multipurpose combat ship. And it has weapons (artillery, mine, anti-submarine, missile and air defense). It is designed to protect both the ship itself and the escort. The classification of ships of the second rank also includes rocket ships. They are designed to destroy enemy surface equipment in closed seas, as well as in the near sea zone.
Another rank 2 includes special-purpose submarines (for destroying opponents) and landing ships (transporting military equipment and employees).
Ships of the third rank
It is also customary to call them two-deck, linear, they do not have a jack, and their purpose is to carry out actions in the near sea zone. The classification of rank III warships begins with small rocket ships. They are designed to defeat any enemy naval equipment on the closed seas. The main armament is an air defense system and a strike missile system.
There are also small artillery and anti-submarine ships. These are combat surface ships. Artillery provides fire support for the amphibious assault, and anti-submarine ones search, track down and destroy enemy submarines.
Also, the classification of warships includes the so-called minesweepers. These are surface vessels for special purposes. Their task is to search for, detect and trawl bottom and sea anchor mines. Also minesweepers lead ships and other vessels through mines.
Small landing craft also belong to the third rank. These are surface ships that transport personnel and military equipment.
Ships of the fourth rank
These include two-deck ships of the line, the number of guns of which ranges from 44 to 60 units. If we touch upon such a topic as the classification of warships by size, then it should be noted that rank 4 is the smallest ships. They do not have jacks, and their displacement is only 100-500 tons. Compare at least with aircraft carriers, which have this figure is 25,000 tons!
And ships of the fourth rank operate in the coastal sea zone, as well as in roadsteads.
The classification of warships by size is completed by combat and landing boats. These are small surface ships. Ships of the first type from the listed ones are designed to strike at enemy naval equipment. And landing boats unload troops and equipment ashore. Among the ships of the 4th rank there are minesweepers operating in roadsteads, in the coastal zone and in the waters of the naval base.
Based on all of the above, every person who is not even familiar with the details will conclude that the Russian navy is not without reason considered one of the most powerful in the whole world. And this fact cannot but rejoice.
Many people probably know that the ships that are part of the navy serve for different purposes. That is, there are several classes or groups of such ships that currently exist around the world. Their name is classified precisely by what purpose they serve. And so, what are the types of warships:
Strike combat ships of the navy
Aircraft carriers. They were designed to carry many different types of aircraft. This is a kind of airfield with special hangars. Also on the aircraft carrier there is a special platform so that planes and helicopters have the opportunity to take off into the air. They, in turn, can be divided into several divisions:
1. Heavy aircraft carriers, which weigh 85,000 tons and can be equipped with up to 120 combat vehicles;
2. Light aircraft carriers, up to 27,000 tons, which have the capacity to carry up to 80 aircraft;
3. Escorts, which weigh 10,000 tons and can only take 30 fighters.
Cruisers. They are designed to defend the territory in which they are located, as well as to directly inflict damage on enemy bases. To be more precise, while the landing troops are moving, they create cover for them.
Submarines-ships. Compared to surface ships, they are almost invisible and can strike the enemy when they are not expecting it. They can also be divided into several subclasses:
1. Heavy submarines weighing 8200 tons and developing speeds up to 25 knots, submersion up to 450 meters;
2. Medium submarines, weight 1,500 tons, speeds up to 20 knots;
3. Small boats, they weigh 550 tons.
Destroyers can also be distinguished among the types of warships. They are among those ships that can deliver the most powerful blow, both with a missile, and with a torpedo or artillery. They are designed to scout the situation that takes place on the high seas. Travel speed reaches up to 40 knots, weight is 5000 tons.
Military patrol ships, or as they are also called - frigates. Their purpose is to guard ships that take battle, or if the ships are stationed in an area where there is practically no defense.
Basic floating craft. They are designed to provide ships with all the necessary materials or some other means.
Icebreakers or towing ships. The fleet needs them in order to punch a path where no one will pass. Since the water is often covered with a layer of ice, you simply cannot do without help.
Tankers. They are needed in order for the ships to be refueled on time, as well as to provide the crew and, of course, the ship itself with water.
Also in the fleet there are such naval ships, the purpose of which is to heat watercraft. In winter, it often happens that the crew on the ship is on the high seas for a long time, and various malfunctions occur. It was then that such ships are simply not replaceable.
But still, not all warships can withstand the load in a storm, and as often happens, they are damaged. But now the technique is progressing so much that soon there will be no such hitch. Warships in the future will be much more compact and progressive, and designed so that there are no problems not only with the hull or any other part, but also with the composition of which the ships will be created. Warships have existed for a long time, and with each generation, an increasingly reliable and powerful apparatus is being created. But for everything, funds are needed, which, as always, are not enough. Therefore, breakdowns often occur, which cost tens of times more than the ship itself.
Barque- (head bark), sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the mizzen mast carrying oblique sails. Initially, the barque was a small merchant ship intended for coastal voyages. But then the size of this type gradually increased. The barges were serially built until the 30s. XX century, their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailing ships "Kruzenshtern" and "Sedov" are a 5-masted barge.
Barge- (Italian, Spanish barca, French barquc), originally it was a sailing rowing deckless fishing, sometimes a coaster, which appeared in the first in Italy in the 7th century. Subsequently, the barque turned into a light high-speed vessel, widespread in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages, built like a galley. Even later, the oars disappeared from the barges and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts that carried the fore, fore-topsail (foremast) and mainsail, topsail (mainmast). An interesting feature was that the mizzen was installed directly on the mainmast. The barges were predominantly coastal merchant ships.
Warship- (English warship - warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, this is the same frigate. In general, from the middle of the 16th century, warships were called ships of medium and large displacement, built specifically for military purposes.
Galleon- (Spanish galeon), sailing warship of the 16th - 17th centuries. It had an average length of about 40 m., Width 10-14 m., Transom shape, vertical sides, 3-4 masts. Straight sails were set on the fore and main masts, oblique sails on the mizzen mast, and blinds on the bowsprit. The high aft superstructure had up to 7 decks, where living quarters were located. Artillery. armament consisted of 50-80 cannons, usually located on 2 decks. Galleons had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures.
Caravel- (Italian caravella), a single-deck naval sailing ship with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. in the Mediterranean countries. Caravels went down in history as the first ships that crossed the Atlantic, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, and on which the New World was discovered. The characteristic features of the caravels are high sides, deep sheer deck in the middle of the vessel and mixed sailing equipment. The ship had 3-4 masts, which either all carried oblique sails or set straight sails on the fore and main masts. Latin sails on the slanting yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed ships to sail steeply to the wind.
Karakka- (fr. Caraque), a large sailing ship, widespread in the XIII-XVI centuries. and used for military and commercial purposes. It had a length of up to 36m. and a width of 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures on the bow and stern, and 3-5 masts. The sides were rounded and slightly bent inward, such sides made boarding difficult. In addition, boarding nets were used on the ships, which prevented the enemy soldiers from getting on the ship. The fore and main masts carried direct armament (main and fore), the mizzen masts were oblique. On the foremast and main masts, topsails were often added. Artillery. armament consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the 15th century. time karakka became the largest, most advanced and armed ship.
Corvette- (fr. Corvette), high-speed sailing warship of the XVIII - XIX centuries. The ship had the same sailing armament as the frigate with the only exception: a jib and bomb jib were immediately added to the blind. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. Artillery armament up to 40 guns located on one deck.
Battleship- in the sailing fleet of the 17th - 19th centuries. the largest warship, had 3 masts with full sailing armament. Possessed strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, the ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - the third rank, 80-90 guns - the second rank, 100 and higher - the first rank. These were huge, heavy, low-maneuverable ships with great firepower.
Pinass- (fr. Pinasse, eng. Pinnace), a small sailing vessel of the flute type, but distinguished from it by less concave frames and a flat stern. The forward part of the ship ended in an almost rectangular transverse bulkhead extending in height from deck to forecastle. This form of the front part of the ship existed until the beginning of the 18th century. Pinass was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bowsprit. On the main and foremast, straight sails were raised, on the mizzen mast - a mizzen and a cruisel above it, and on the bowsprit - a blind and a bomb-blind. The displacement of the pinnasses is 150 - 800 tons. They were intended mainly for commercial purposes. distributed in the countries of North. Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, and served mainly for commercial purposes.
Pink- (head pink), a fishing and merchant vessel of the 16th - 18th centuries. In the North Sea, it had 2, and in the Mediterranean, 3 masts with oblique sails (sprint sailing equipment) and a narrow stern. He had on board up to 20 small-caliber cannons. She was mainly used as a pirate ship in the North Sea.
Flutes- (head fluit), a sailing sailing transport vessel of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. It had sides with a collapse above the waterline, which were piled inward at the top, a rounded stern with a superstructure, and a slight draft. The deck was sheer and rather narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was a decisive factor in determining the size of the duty by the Sunda customs. On the fore and main masts there were straight sails (foresail, mainsail and topsails), and on the mizzen mast there were mizzen and topsail. On the bowsprit they put a blind, sometimes a bomb-blind. By the XVIII century. over the topsails the brahmssels appeared, over the topsails the cruiselles. The first flute was built in 1595 in Horn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding. The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind. For the first time in the mast, the topmast, invented in 1570, was introduced. The height of the masts now exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards, on the contrary, began to be made shorter. This is how small, narrow and easy-to-maintain sails were created, which reduced the total number of the top crew. On a mizzen mast, a straight sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the steering wheel. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, a carrying capacity of 350 - 400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These ships were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed and large capacity, and therefore were used mainly as military transport. During the XVI-XVIII centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position among merchant ships in all seas.
Frigate- (head fregat), a three-masted sailing ship of the 18th - 20th centuries. with full ship sailing equipment. Initially, there was a blind on the brushprite, later a jib and a bomb jib were added, even later the blind was removed, and a midship jib was installed instead. The frigate's crew was 250 - 300 people. A multipurpose ship, used to escort merchant caravans or single ships, intercept enemy merchant ships, long-range reconnaissance and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns, located on 2 decks. Frigates differed from sailing battleships in smaller size and artillery. weapons. Sometimes frigates were included in the battle line and were called line.
Sloop- (head sloep), ships were of several types. Sailing 3-masted warship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct sail rig. In size, it occupied an intermediate position between the corvette and the brig. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. There were also single-masted sloops. Used for trade and fishing. Widespread in Europe and America in the XVIII - XX centuries. The sailing rig consists of a gaff or bermuda mainsail, a gaff topsail and a jib. Sometimes they additionally supplied one more jib and staysail.
Shnyava- (head snauw), a small sailing merchant or military ship, widespread in the 17th - 18th centuries. Shnyavs had 2 masts with square sails and a bowsprit. The main feature of the shnyava was the shnyav or trisel mast. It was a slender mast on deck in a wooden block just behind the mainmast. Its top was fastened with an iron yoke or a transverse wooden beam on (or under) the back side of the mainsail. The Shnyavs who were in military service were usually called corvettes or military sloops. Often they did not carry a shnav-mast, and in its place from the back side of the top of the mainmast a cable was drawn, which was stuffed on the deck with lashing on the sufers. The mizzen was attached to this headquarters, and the gaff was too heavy. The length of the shnyava was 20-30 m, the width was 5-7.5 m, the displacement was about 150 tons, the crew was up to 80 people. Military shnavs were armed with 12 - 18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.
Schooner- (English schooner), a sailing vessel with oblique sails. The first appeared in North America in the XVIII century. and had 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails (gaff schooners). They had such advantages as a large carrying capacity, the ability to sail very steeply to the wind, had a smaller crew on board than required by ships with straight sailing rigging, and therefore became widespread in a wide variety of modifications. Schooners were not used as military sailing ships, but they were popular with pirates.
The sailing fleet is one of the founders of the modern navy. Around 3000 BC, rowing ships already had primitive sails, with which people used the power of the wind. The first sailing rig consisted of a rectangular piece of cloth or animal skins tied to the yarn of a short mast. Such a "sail" was used only with favorable winds and performed the tasks of an auxiliary propulsion device for the vessel. However, with the development of society, the fleet also improved.
During the period of the feudal system, rowing ships of large sizes with two masts and several sails appeared, and the sails had already taken on more advanced forms. However, ships with sails did not receive much use at that time, since the development of the fleet in a slave-owning society was conditioned by the use of slave labor and the ships of that time were still rowing. With the fall of feudalism, free labor gradually disappeared. The operation of large ships with a large number of rowers became unacceptable. In addition, with the development of international sea trade, the areas of navigation of ships have also changed - sea voyages have become longer. The need arose for vessels of a new design, capable of long-distance sea voyages. Such ships were sailing ships - naves, which had a length of up to 40 m and a carrying capacity of up to 500 tons of cargo. Later, three-masted sailing ships appeared in Portugal - karakki, with straight sails on the first two masts and triangular Latin sails on the third mast. Subsequently, both types of ships merged into one type of more advanced sailing vessel, which served as a prototype for ships and frigates.
At the end of the 16th century, sailing ships - galleons - were built in Spain. These had a long bowsprit and four masts. The bow mast of the galleon carried two or three straight sails, the stern one - oblique Latin sails.
At the end of the 18th century, in connection with new geographical discoveries and the subsequent growth of trade, the sailing fleet began to improve. began to build depending on their purpose. New types of cargo sailing ships appeared, suitable for long-range ones. The most common among them were barges, brigs, and later two-masted schooners. With the continuous development of shipping at the end of the 18th century, the design and armament of sailing ships improved significantly. During this period, a unified classification of sailing ships and ships was established. Warships, depending on the number of guns and the type of weapons, steel will be divided into linear, frigates, corvettes and sloops. Merchant ships, depending on the sailing equipment, were divided into ships, barges, brigs, schooners, brigantines and barkentines.
Nowadays, it is customary to classify them according to their sailing armament. Depending on the type of sails, all sailboats are divided into ships with direct sail rigging, ships with oblique sailing rig and ships with mixed sailing equipment.
right-handed ships
The first group of classification of sailing ships includes ships whose main sails are straight sails. In turn, this group, according to the number of masts armed with straight sails, are divided into the following types:
a) a five-masted ship (five masts, with straight sails);
b) four-masted ship (four masts with straight sails)
ship (three masts with straight sails)
a) a five-masted barque (four masts with straight sails, one at the stern with oblique sails);
b) four-masted barque (three masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails)
a) barque (two masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails);
b) brig (two masts with straight sails)
oblique ships
To the second group sailing ship classifications include ships whose main sails are oblique sails. The predominant type of vessels in this group are schooners, which are subdivided into gaff, topsail and Bermuda-armed schooners. The main sails of the gaff schooners are trisels. Marseille schooners, unlike gaff ones, have a topsail and brahmsel on the foremast, and sometimes on the mainmast.
b) two-masted topsail schooner (masts with oblique sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast) ;
v) three-masted topsail schooner - dzhekas (all masts with oblique sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast);
In a schooner with Bermuda weapons, the main ones are triangular sails, the luff of which is attached along the mast, and the lower one - to the boom.
Bermuda-armed schooner
In addition to schooners, this group includes small marine single-masted vessels - tender and sloop, as well as two-masted vessels - kech and iol. It is customary to call a tender a single-mast vessel with a horizontal retractable bowsprit.
In contrast to the tender, the sloop has a short, permanently installed bowsprit. On the masts of both types of sailing vessels, oblique sails (triseles and topsails) are set.
a) tender (one mast with oblique sails);
b) sloop (one mast with oblique sails)
For vessels of the type ketch and iol, the front mast is armed in the same way as for a tender or sloop. The second mast, located closer to the stern, is small in comparison with the first, which makes these ships different from two-masted schooners.
a) ketch (two masts with oblique sails, and the mizzen - the mast is in front of the steering wheel);
b) Iol (two masts with oblique sails, the smaller one - mizzen - is located behind the steering wheel)
mixed ships
In the third group of sailing ships, straight and oblique sails are used as the main ones. The ships of this group include:
a) brigantine (schooner brig; one mast with straight sails and one with oblique sails);
b) barkentina (schooner-barque; three- and more masted vessels with straight sails on the front mast, and oblique sails on the rest)
a) bombard (one mast almost in the middle of the ship with straight sails and one shifted to the stern - with oblique sails);
b) caravel (three masts; foremast with straight sails, the rest - with Latin sails);
c) trabacollo (Italian trabacollo; two masts with lugger, i.e. rack sails)
a ) shebeka (three masts; foremast and mainmast with Latin sails, and mizzen-mast with oblique sails);
b) felucca (two masts inclined towards the bow, with Latin sails);
c) tartan (one mast with a large Latin sail)
a) bovo (Italian bovo; two masts: the front - with a Latin sail, the rear - with a gaff or Latin sail);
b) navisello (Italian navicello; two masts: the first - in the bow, strongly inclined forward, carries a trapezoidal sail,
attached to the mainmast; mainmast - with a Latin or other oblique sail);
c) balancella (Italian biancella; one mast with a Latin sail)
cat (one mast with a gaff sail is strongly displaced to the bow)
lugger (three masts with slatted sails, used in coastal navigation in France)
In addition to the listed sailing ships, there were even larger seven-, five- and four-masted schooners, mainly of American origin, carrying only oblique sails.
In the middle of the 19th century, the sailing fleet reached its perfection. Improving designs and sailing equipment, shipbuilders have created the most advanced type of ocean sailing ship -. of this class were distinguished by their speed and good seaworthiness.
clipper
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