Since ancient times, to this day, the navy has been the mainstay of almost any country with access to the sea. Someone has powerful ultra-modern ships, someone calls several old boats a fleet. But the essence is the same for everyone, these ships guard the expanses of water.
The warship has come a long way from bireme and galleys to modern nuclear-powered missile submarines and aircraft carriers. But the sailors, like no one else, observe traditions, especially in the names and classification of ships.
Warships before the twentieth century
In ancient times, the bulk of ships adapted for coastal voyages were divided according to the number of rows of oars. The presence of a large number of rowers who required a large number of food, did not contribute to the development of long-distance navigation.
With the advent of the sail, the development of the fleet and the enlargement of ships began. Along with the development of navigation devices and technologies, the fleet developed, which by the 15th century made it possible to make the first large voyages across the oceans.
The wealth of the New World spurred European shipbuilders, and already in the 16th century, the design of warships began to develop and become more complex. A little later, the fleet will begin to be divided into classes and ranks. At that time, the main criterion was either the number of guns or the sailing armament of the vessel.
Ships, depending on the number of guns, fell into rank 1 (about 100 guns and more), rank 2 (about 90 guns), rank 3 (about 75), and so on, up to rank 6.
The second classification divided ships depending on the presence or absence of certain sails. There were three-masted and two-masted sailboats, as well as single-masted varieties of very small ships, which were used, as a rule, for transporting mail.
The names of the ships could have been any associated with personal names, religious or geographical component. There were times when, for special merits, the name of the ship was left in the navy, although the ship itself might not have existed. In the Russian navy, the brig "Mercury" and several ships "Memory of Mercury" became the most striking examples.
With the advent of mechanisms and the transition from sail to car, many names for ship types took root and remain to our time. The main difference between any ship was the size, displacement or tonnage. The history of steamers, although not as many centuries old as the sail, but brightly entered the pages of the naval chronicle.
The development of technology has brought to naught entire groups of once formidable ships, and transferred classes to other ranks. So, for example, the twentieth century showed the weakness of battleships in front of aircraft carrying groups. World War generally made major edits in the picture of warships in the world. And if 300 years ago the frigate was a large ship, now it has descended to the step of patrol ships.
According to international maritime law, each ship falls into its own specific class. These rules, in order to avoid confusion, were used by Soviet sailors, as well as their successors, the ships of the Russian Navy.
Ships are divided by tonnage, or displacement, as well as by the type of weapons on board, that is, one might say, the old system has entered the new realities of modern ships.
According to these documents, the largest ships are included in the strike group, and these are:
- aircraft carriers, depending on the tonnage, can be large, medium and small, respectively, the strength of naval aviation on them also differs;
- cruisers, also differing in displacement, having more versatile tasks, from protecting convoys and aircraft carriers to intercepting enemy ships and shelling the coastline;
- submarines, often exceeding surface ships in size and armament, are divided according to their size and the type of power plant used;
- destroyers carrying out reconnaissance and guarding a group of ships carrying the main armament in the form of mines and torpedoes;
- torpedo boats, large of which are designed to attack large ships in squadrons, while small ones operate in the coastal zone;
- patrol ships intended for the combat escort of convoys and the water area of a port or other facility.
There is also a smaller division of these classes of ships, but in each country they have their own characteristics and characteristics.
The second major subclass includes auxiliary vessels. They can be roughly divided into several groups:
- floating bases necessary for replenishment with everything necessary, depending on the specialization of the base for each class of ships;
- supply vessels, unlike bases, are more mobile and high-speed, although the goals and objectives for them are the same as above;
- repair facilities, floating workshops required for the repair of ships on the high seas;
- rescue ships designed to help both submarines and surface ships in case of emergency situations;
- research ships testing new technical systems;
- training ships for obtaining and mastering the skills of being at sea;
- special ships testing weapon systems and complexes for spaceships.
Crews of support ships solve many tasks to maintain the combat effectiveness of the main fleet. In the USSR Navy, there was also a system of differences in ship names. So, in the Northern Fleet long time there was a Soviet patrol unit known as the Bad Weather Division.
The first in the series was the Hurricane vessel, and in honor of it, subsequent ships of the same class, displacement and armament received “inclement” names. For example, waves Barents Sea plowed into different time"Tempest", "Blizzard", "Blizzard" and other ships with similar names.
On the ships themselves, for many years, there has been a division according to warheads, or warheads, each of which denotes a part of the ship and its purpose.
Combat ships of the fleets of different countries
The internationally accepted ship classification system has proven unsuitable for some fleets. So, the Japanese ship division system can raise at least a lot of questions from an uninformed person. Japan, having a serious fleet, one of the best in Asia, meanwhile went a long way to modernize the ships under construction.
As a result, the same class of warships can differ significantly in their characteristics depending on the year of manufacture. So, the same destroyers in service can meet all modern requirements if they are recently built, or they can correspond to frigates or corvettes of other fleets.
The main force of the Japanese fleet are considered helicopter destroyers.
Despite their name, they are, in fact, light aircraft carriers equipped with the most modern electronics. This class includes two types of ships, the Hyuga, represented by a pair of ships, and the Shirane, also a pair of ships. Interestingly, the last two ships were introduced to the fleet back in the 1980s.
The second category consists of destroyers URO (guided missile weapons). There are also ships here different types... The most modern, such as "Atago", represented by two ships. The Congo class consists of four ships built in the 1990s. The Hatakaze class, created in the second half of the 1980s, has a couple of ships now used as training ships.
Another category, the third, are destroyers again, but already more similar to their counterparts in the rest of the fleets. This includes many types, broken down by build time. Fourth category, submarines are represented by 17 diesel submarines. The fifth includes landing and support ships, as well as icebreakers.
Its classification in the US Navy. The ships are divided according to their purpose. To distinguish them, an alphabetic encryption system has been introduced. So, for example, the letters "BB" mean BigBattleship, corresponding to the class of battleships in other fleets.
Interestingly, sometimes the ship changes its class, but the letters are left by the decision of the naval command.
This happened several times after a major reform of the fleet throughout the twentieth century. Common to all ships are the letters "USS", which means "ship of the United States".
The largest types of ships, usually designated by the CV variations, include aircraft carriers. They vary in size and type of aircraft, aircraft or helicopter, but are grouped into one class.
The rest of the surface ships have original letter designation, such as "C" - cruisers, "D" - destroyers, "F" - frigate. V different years both watchdogs and monitors were found under the codes, but over time they were removed from the US Navy.
Submarine fleet carries the obligatory letter "S", which also has a set additional values depending on the type of weapon or power plant... The letter "P" stands for boats, which also differ in size and types of weapons.
There are quite a few ciphers here that were used during the Vietnam War, and then simply canceled.
Here you can also place the American coast guard warships, which are formally a separate unit. The letter "L" means the ship belongs to the amphibious fleet. It differs in huge landing ships, transporting soldiers from one continent to another, and landing boats, landing infantry and equipment directly on land. The latter have the trait of amphibians.
Much attention was paid to the development of these boats during the Second World War, when the Marines landed and fought on the islands of the Pacific Ocean and in the famous landing zone in Normandy. The letter "A" stood for all auxiliary vessels.
Despite the former glory of the mistress of the seas, the British fleet has lost all its former power. However, the authority of the British sailors is still high. The classification of the ships of the British Navy is quite difficult to carry out.
Of course, among them are the same aircraft carriers, destroyers, corvettes and boats, but they differ in the number of the pennant.
Each flotilla had its own special pennant, and the ship in this flotilla was assigned a number, and then a letter denoting the class of the ship. It is interesting that in numerology there is absolutely no number "13", which is considered unlucky among sailors.
The classification system by numbers and pennants continues to exist, with minor changes since the First World War.
The history of the navy goes back more than one hundred years. Since sailors, extremely superstitious people, keep traditions, including those associated with their "home" - a ship, in the names of ships, and in their classification, you can find many old terms and designations that do not make the fleet less effective.
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Bomber ship
Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship late XVII - early XIX v. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the military fleets of all countries. In the Russian fleet existed until 1828
Brig
Military 2-masted ship with direct sailing, intended for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. Possessed good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all fleets in the world
Brigantine
2-masted sailing vessel of the 17th - 19th centuries with a straight sail on the front mast (foresail) and oblique sail on the rear (mainsail). Used in European navies for intelligence and messenger services. On the upper deck, 6- 8 small caliber cannons
Galion
Sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, the predecessor of the sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement of about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board
Caravel
High-sided single-deck 3-, 4-masted vessel with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese navigators in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels
Karakka
Sailing 3-masted vessel XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament of 30-40 guns. Could accommodate up to 1200 people. For the first time on the Karakka cannon ports were used and the placement of guns in closed batteries was carried out
Clipper
3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km / h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people
Corvette
Sailing Fleet Ship XVIII - mid XIX in., intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with direct sail rigging, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries
Battleship
Large, usually 3-deck (3 artillery decks), 3-masted ship with direct sailing, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the formation of the wake (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smooth-bore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in the wars of the second half of XVII- the first half of the XIX v. Introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armoring led in the 60s. XIX century. to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships
Flutes
Sailing 3-masted vessel of the Netherlands of the XVI - XVIII centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were piled inward above the waterline. The steering wheel was used for the first time on the flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.
Sailing frigate
3-masted ship, the second in the power of weapons (up to 60 guns) and displacement after the ship of the line, but surpassing it in speed. Mainly intended for operations on sea lanes
Sloop
Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the front masts and an oblique sail on the stern mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for round the world voyages (O.E. Kotsebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)
Shnyava
A small sailing ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. v Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. The length of the shnyava is 25-30 m, the width is 6-8 m, the displacement is about 150 tons, the crew is up to 80 people.
Schooner
Marine sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.
A warship is a ship owned by the armed forces of a state that has external identification marks nationality, is under the command of an officer who is in the service of his state, and is also manned by a crew that is subject to regular discipline. A warship flying the flag of its own state has sovereignty, which guarantees against interference by officials of another state. Warships are the property of the country, and wherever they are, they are subject only to its laws.
On each warship, as a rule, several types of weapons are installed, of which one is the main one, designed to solve basic tasks, and the rest are auxiliary, to perform additional tasks and self-defense. To control weapons, provide navigation, communications and monitor the situation, ships are equipped with electronic and other technical means... The ships are propelled by steam, diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, combined or nuclear power plants... Depending on the purpose, displacement, weapons and other qualities, ships are subdivided (classified) into classes, subclasses and types, as well as in a number of fleets in order to determine seniority, in particular the Russian Navy and the Ukrainian Navy, ships are divided into ranks.
CLASSES OF DOMESTIC MODERN BATTLE SHIPS
ON WEAPONS AND PURPOSE
Aircraft carriers- Airplanes and helicopters used in solving combat missions, as well as for transporting goods and people, communication between the ships of the formation, have the main armament. Equipped with means of ensuring the basing and functioning of aircraft.
Large warships designed to destroy submarines, surface ships and enemy ships at sea, ensuring the landing of amphibious assault forces, fire support for ground forces and solving other combat missions at sea.
Destroyers (destroyers)- these are warships designed to destroy enemy submarines and surface ships (ships), conduct anti-submarine and air defense their surface ships and vessels on the passage by sea and in battle, to ensure the landing of amphibious assault forces, sea transport, fire support for troops on the coast, mine laying and other tasks.
Anti-submarine ships(large anti-submarine ships, small anti-submarine ships) - designed to combat submarines, provide anti-submarine defense of the formations of ships, convoys and assault forces on the passage by sea. Anti-submarine ships are capable of operating both in remote areas of the seas and oceans, and in the seas adjacent to the country's territory. For this, anti-submarine ships are equipped with sonar systems for searching and detecting submarines, classifying them, tracking them and issuing target designations for weapons. These ships are armed with anti-submarine missiles and torpedoes, rocket launchers for throwing depth charges. As well as anti-aircraft missiles and artillery systems. As a rule, they have anti-submarine helicopters on board.
Mine sweeping ships- designed for mine defense
Rocket and artillery ships- have guided missile weapons and artillery as the main armament
Patrol ships- designed to carry out patrol service, anti-submarine defense, air defense and anti-ship protection of formations and convoys
The ships special purpose (headquarters, reconnaissance)
IN THE REGION OF Sailing
far sea zone ships
coastal ships
inland navigation (river) and mixed navigation ships
BY THE METHOD OF MOVEMENT
displacement ships
submarines (strategic missile (SSBN), nuclear with cruise missiles, multipurpose nuclear submarines with torpedo or torpedo-missile armament, non-nuclear submarines with torpedo or torpedo-missile armament)
with dynamic principles of support - hydrofoil ship, air cavity ship
BY THE TYPE OF THE MAIN POWER PLANT
with a nuclear power plant
with gas turbine power plant
with diesel power plant
BY ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION TYPE AND NUMBER OF PROPELLER SHAFT
monohull ships
double-hulled ships
single-deck (multi-deck) ships
single-shaft (twin-shaft) ships
AUXILIARY SHIPS (SUPPORT SHIPS)
Auxiliary naval vessels or auxiliary naval support vessels are vessels that are not warships, but are owned or under the exclusive control of the armed forces and bear external national identification marks. Auxiliary warships are not designed for combat missions. Their main purpose is to provide combat or logistical support for fleet operations at sea and in roadsteads. Military support vessels can be manned with both a military crew and civilian personnel (crew). Auxiliary ships are military, regardless of who is piloting the ship, the commander (officer) or the captain (civilian). Auxiliary warships have the same sovereign immunity as warships due to the fact that they are owned by the state or are temporarily operated on public non-commercial service. Like warships, auxiliary vessels have exclusive sovereignty over the actions of the crew (ship's crew) and passengers on board.
Depending on the purpose and tactical and technical characteristics, auxiliary ships, like warships, are divided into classes, and within the classes - into subclasses, taking into account the cruising range, tonnage or specialization.
AUXILIARY SHIP TYPES
Support ships are divided into training ships, floating bases, experimental ships, search and rescue ships, hospital ships, loader ships, torpedo ships, cable ships, hydrographic ships, transports, and so on.
TYPES OF SUPPORT VESSELS
Support vessels include basic floating craft, which include tugs, barges, floating cranes and the like.
Summing up this publication, I would like to note that the naval strategies of the leading states of the world, based on the geopolitical realities of the XXI century, have led to a change in the methods and techniques of naval battles and the organization of naval forces. First of all, this is due to the creation of rapid deployment forces in the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany and a number of other countries, the core of which are aircraft carriers and universal amphibious assault ships. In this regard, one of the main trends in the development of fleets is new stage their "aviation". According to experts, in the 21st century, aircraft carriers will regain the role of the "backbone" of the navies of the great powers.
As you know, aircraft carriers form the basis of an aircraft carrier strike group, which includes modern warships of various classes. So destroyers, in turn, in terms of their combat capabilities, are approaching cruisers, frigates - to, - to frigates.
Patrol boats became widespread. In this publication, there is a tendency to create multipurpose boats built on a modular principle, on which, depending on the tasks, the set of weapons can quickly change.
The naval impacts of the 21st century, primarily in local conflicts, are characterized by the conduct of an air-land-sea operation in coastal areas. For the amphibious forces, the decisive factor was the conduct of an "over-the-horizon" landing operation, the main means of delivering the landing of which were transport and landing helicopters. All this led to an increase in the role of amphibious assault ships with the availability of aircraft and a decrease in the role of amphibious assault ships that do not have a standard group-based helicopter and tiltrotor.
Thus, among the most promising ships of the amphibious forces are universal amphibious assault ships and amphibious assault dock ships, and the production of tank landing ships with direct landing will be limited.
In addition to nuclear submarines, which are in service with the navies of some leading countries of the world, in recent times the development of non-nuclear submarines is actively observed, which are characterized by a low cost, and allow less wealthy countries to buy them. In addition, nuclear submarines dominate by such an important criterion as acoustic secrecy. The creation of non-nuclear submarines with air-independent power plants offers significant advantages. It is believed that this particular class of submarines will become the backbone of the submarine forces of non-nuclear states in the near future.
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Types of warships
The navy is a powerful defense of the state, which has direct access to the seas, oceans and big rivers... There are more than 60 types of surface ships used in navy... But I want to tell you about the most significant ones. So, depending on the task being performed, the vessels are divided into the following types:1. Cruisers. The ships are equipped with guided missile launchers. The cruiser can engage both surface and air and underwater targets, as well as shell the coastal zone.
2. Landing ships it is customary to divide into large (BDK) and universal (UDC). These types of warships are responsible for the transport and disembarkation of troops and military equipment... The BDK is designed with a ramp in the front so that troops can quickly unload on land. The UDC has great combat strength and is comparable in potential to a medium aircraft carrier.
3. Aircraft carriers- the largest ships of all that have been built to date. Several dozen aircraft can fit on board. These types of warships are equipped with a unit with fuel and weapons. Therefore, the army can operate for a long time far from the coast. The aircraft carrier provides defense, support for troops near the coast, and destroys enemy ships. Aircraft carriers are equipped with missiles and cannons. In spite of big sizes, such ships are very mobile.
4. Corvettes according to the class of weapons, they are also divided into two types: small anti-submarine and small missile ships. Their main purpose is to defend a convoy of ships against enemy ships or to protect the coast.
5. Destroyers- one of the most versatile warships. They can deliver a powerful artillery strike. As well as missile and torpedo on the enemy's fleet, they guard water objects and coastal zone from an air attack. They do an excellent job with intelligence.
6. Frigates- multipurpose types of warships... This vessel is capable of conducting military operations far from the coast. Frigates support ground troops on the shore, ensure the landing of troops, strike at the ships, provide the defense of the ships, perform reconnaissance functions.
If you want to learn more about each of the types of warships or just patch up your knowledge of sea transport, you can go to.
Submarines - the strength of the Navy
This type of ships is much more effective in battles than surface ships. The advantage lies in the invisibility of maneuvers and surprise attacks on surface ships. The submarines also do an excellent job with radar reconnaissance, and also fire missiles at enemy ships. Subs are divided into classes:1. Large. Their maximum speed- 25 nodes, equipped with nuclear plants.
2. Medium. They pick up speed of 15-20 knots.
3. Small with a speed of 10-15 knots.
Submarines are armed with mines, missiles and torpedoes. There are special-purpose submarines designed for the transportation of goods or radar patrols.
Types of Russian warships
I have talked about the most common courts. They are of strategic importance, and they have no equal in combat operations on the water. Now let's see what types of warships Russia from the above are represented in the fleet.The aircraft carrier was left alone - "Admiral Kuznetsov"... There was another ship of this type, but it was sold to China. Interestingly, the cost of building one aircraft carrier can reach 6 billion dollars, and the maintenance per month exceeds 10 million. The world's largest cruiser that does not carry aircraft on board is "Peter the Great"... The main purpose of the vessel is to destroy aircraft carrier targets from the enemy side. "Peter the Great" can perform tasks anywhere in the world on the water.
The situation is better with the UDC. There is the Mistral project, according to which a French company is building 2 UDCs for the Russian fleet - Vladivostok and Simferopol. On board these ships will presumably be able to accommodate Ka-52 Alligator helicopters. Above we talked about corvettes, and so, in the Russian fleet there are 4 of them. In addition, 4 more vessels are under construction. Already existing corvettes are part of the Baltic Fleet.
Special attention is paid to the modernization of submarines. The Russian Navy contains 48 nuclear and 20 diesel submarines with different purposes and equipment. In addition, after 2030, it is planned to create fifth generation submarines with appropriate weapons based on cruise missiles type "Caliber" and ballistic - type "Bulava". The state cannot fit all types of warships in its fleet, but if you invest in the development of defense, you can reach the ideal.
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Swimming autonomy- the duration of the vessel's stay on the voyage without replenishment of fuel supplies, provisions and fresh water necessary for the life and normal activities of people on board (crew and passengers).
Achterpeak - the extreme aft compartment of the vessel, occupies the space from the leading edge of the sternpost to the first aft watertight bulkhead from it. It is used as a ballast tank for trimming the vessel and storing the water supply.
Ramp - (ramp) a composite platform designed for the entry of cars different types independently or with the help of special tractors from the shore to one of the decks of the vessel and exit back.
Akhtersteven - the lower aft part of the vessel in the form of an open or closed frame, which serves as a continuation of the keel. The front branch of the sternpost, in which there is a hole for the stern tube (sternwood) pipe, is called the starnpost, the rear one serving for the rudder attachment is called the rudder post. On modern single-rotor ships, the sternpost without a rudder post has become widespread.
The tank is a superstructure at the bow of the vessel, starting from the stem. Serves to protect the upper deck from flooding on the oncoming wave, as well as to increase the buoyancy and accommodate office space (painting, skipper, carpentry, etc.) A tank partially recessed into the hull (usually half the height) is called a forecastle. Anchor and mooring devices are usually located on the deck of the tank or inside it.
Ballast - cargo taken on board to ensure the required landing and stability, when there is not enough payload and stores for this. Distinguish between variable and permanent ballast. Water (liquid ballast) is usually used as variable ballast, and cast iron ingots, a mixture of cement with cast iron shot, less often chains, stone, etc., are used as permanent ballast.
Baller - a rudder shaft fixedly connected to the rudder blade (attachment), which serves to turn the rudder blade (attachment).
Beams - a beam of the transverse set of a vessel, mainly of a T-profile, supporting the deck (platform) planking. Beams of solid sections of the deck rest on the ends of the frames, in the span - on the carlings and longitudinal bulkheads, in the area of the hatches - on the side frames and longitudinal coamings of the hatches (such beams are often called half-beams).
Board - the side wall of the ship's hull, extending in length from the stem to the stern, and in height from the bottom to the upper deck. The side sheathing consists of sheets oriented along the vessel, forming a singing, and the set consists of frames and longitudinal stiffeners or side stringers. The height of the impenetrable freeboard determines the buoyancy margin.
Bracket - rectangular or more complex shape plate serving to reinforce the beams of the ship's set or to connect them together. The bracket is made from the body material.
Breshtuk is a horizontal triangular or trapezoidal brace that connects the side walls of the stem (sternpost) and gives it the necessary strength and rigidity.
Windlass is a winch-type deck mechanism with a horizontal shaft, designed to raise the anchor and tension the ropes when mooring.
A buoy is a floating sign of the navigational situation, designed to fence off dangerous places (shoals, reefs, banks, etc.), in the seas, straits, canals, ports.
A bridle is an anchor chain attached by the main end to a dead anchor on the ground, and by the running end to the harbor mooring barrel.
Bulb is a thickening of the underwater part of the bow of a vessel, usually round or drop-shaped, which serves to improve propulsion.
Shaft line - designed to transmit torque (power) from the main engine to the propeller. The main shafting elements are: propeller shaft, intermediate shafts, main thrust bearing, thrust bearings, stern tube device.
Waterways - a special channel along the edge of the deck, which serves to drain water.
Waterline is a line drawn on the side of a vessel that shows its draft with full load at the point of contact of the water surface with the hull of a floating vessel.
Swivel - a device for connecting two parts of the anchor chain, allowing one of them to rotate around its axis. It is used to prevent twisting of the anchor chain when turning the vessel at anchor when the wind direction changes.
Empty displacement- displacement of the vessel without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast, fresh, boiler water in tanks, provisions, Supplies, as well as without passengers, crew and their belongings.
The hook is a steel hook used on ships for lifting cargo with cranes, booms and other attachments.
Helmport - a cutout in the lower part of the stern or in the stern of the vessel for the passage of the rudder stock. Above the helmport, a helmport tube is usually installed, which ensures the impermeability of the passage of the stock to the steering gear.
Cargo capacity- the total volume of all cargo spaces. The cargo capacity is measured in m3.
Gross tonnage, measured in registered tons (1 reg.t = 2.83 m3), represents the total volume of the hull and closed superstructures, excluding the volumes of the double bottom compartments, ballast water tanks, as well as the volumes of some service rooms and posts located on the upper deck and above (wheelhouse and navigational room, galley, crew's bathrooms, skylights, shafts, auxiliary machinery rooms, etc.) ..
Net tonnage is obtained by deducting from the gross tonnage the volumes of premises unsuitable for the carriage of commercial cargo, passengers and supplies, including residential, public and sanitary facilities crew, rooms occupied by deck machinery and navigational instruments, engine room, etc. In other words, the net tonnage includes only premises that generate direct income for the shipowner.
Carrying capacity- weight of various types of cargo that can be transported by the vessel, provided that the design landing is maintained. There is a net payload and deadweight.
Carrying capacity- the net total mass of the payload transported by the ship, i.e. weight of cargo in holds and weight of passengers with luggage and intended for them fresh water and provisions, the mass of fish caught, etc., when the vessel is loaded according to the design draft.
Sailing range- the greatest distance that the vessel can travel at a given speed without replenishing fuel, boiler feed water and lubricating oil.
Deadweight is the difference between the displacement of the vessel at the cargo waterline corresponding to the designated summer freeboard in water with a density of 1.025 t / m3 and the empty displacement.
Stern tube- serves to maintain the propeller shaft and ensure watertightness in the place where it leaves the hull.
Trim - the inclination of the vessel in the longitudinal plane. The trim characterizes the landing of the vessel and is measured by the difference between its draft (depressions) aft and bow. Trim is considered positive when the forward draft is greater than the stern draft, and negative when the stern draft is greater than the forward draft.
Kabeltov is a tenth of a mile. Therefore, the value of the cable is 185.2 meters.
Carlings is a longitudinal underdeck beam of a vessel that supports the beams and provides, together with the rest of the deck covering, its strength under the action of a transverse load and stability under the general bending of the vessel. Supports for the carlings are transverse bulkheads of the hull, transverse hatch coamings and pillars.
Swing - oscillatory movements about the equilibrium position, performed by a vessel floating freely on the surface of the water. Distinguish between rolling, pitching and heaving. The rolling period is the duration of one full swing.
Kingston is a seacock on the underwater part of the outer skin of the ship. Through the kingston, connected to the inlet or outlet pipes of the ship's systems (ballast, fire-prevention, etc.), the compartments of the ship are filled with seawater and the water is poured overboard.
Keel - the main longitudinal bottom beam in the centreline plane (DP) of the vessel, going from the stem to the sternpost.
A hawse is a hole in the ship's hull, bordered by a cast iron or steel cast frame for the passage of an anchor chain or mooring lines.
Bollard is a paired pedestal with a common base on the deck of the ship, which serves to secure the mooring or towing rope applied by eights.
Coamings - vertical watertight enclosure of hatches and other cutouts in the deck of the ship, as well as the lower part of the bulkhead under the door cutout (threshold). Protects the rooms under the hatch and behind the door from the ingress of water in the uncovered position.
Knitsa - a triangular or trapezoidal plate connecting angularly converging beams of a ship's hull set (frames with beams and floras, bulkhead struts with stringers and stiffeners, etc.)
The cofferdam is a narrow, impenetrable compartment that separates adjacent spaces on the ship. The rubber dam prevents the penetration of gases emitted by oil products from one room to another. For example, on tankers, the cargo tanks are separated by a rubber dam from the bow rooms and the Leer engine room by an open deck fence in the form of several tensioned cables or metal rods.
Bilge - a recess along the length of the hold (compartment) of the vessel between the zygomatic girdle of the outer plating and the inclined double bottom sheet (zygomatic stringer), designed to collect bilge water and then remove it using a drainage system.
A nautical mile is a unit of length equal to one arc minute of the meridian. The length of a nautical mile is assumed to be 1852 meters.
Payol - wood flooring on the deck of the hold.
A gunwale is a strip made of steel or wood, attached to the upper edge of the bulwark.
Ceiling - lining of the ceiling of residential and many service areas of the ship, i.e. the undersides of the deck floor. It is made of thin metal sheets or non-combustible plastic.
Pillers - a single vertical strut supporting the ship's deck covering; can also serve as a support for heavy deck machinery and cargo. The ends of the pillers are connected to the beams of the set using knits.
Mast - a set of above-deck structures and parts of ship equipment intended on ships with mechanical engines to accommodate ship lights, communication, observation and signaling equipment, fastening and maintaining cargo devices (masts, booms, etc.), and on sailing ships- for setting, unfastening and carrying sails (masts, topmills, yards, booms, gaffs, bowsprites, etc.)
Steering gear- the ship's device that ensures the turnability and stability of the ship on the course. Includes steering wheel, tiller, steering gear and helm station. The force generated by the steering gear is transmitted to the tiller, which causes the stock to rotate, and with it the rudder shift.
Rybins - longitudinal wooden slats, 40-50 mm thick and 100-120 mm wide, are installed in special brackets welded to the frames. Designed to protect the cargo from getting wet and damage to the packaging by the on-board kit. The cheekbone is the place of transition from the bottom to the side of the ship.
A stringer is a longitudinal element of a ship's hull set in the form of a sheet or T-beam, the wall of which is perpendicular to the hull skin. There are bottom, bilge, side and deck stringers.
Lanyard - a device for pulling standing rigging and lashing.
Twindeck - the space inside the ship's hull between 2 decks or between a deck and a platform.
Bulwark - an open deck fence in the form of a solid wall with a height of at least 1 m.
A panel is a sheet of plywood or plastic for doors, covering the opening in the ship's door, intended for an emergency exit from the premises.
Flor is a steel sheet, the lower edge of which is welded to the bottom skin, and a steel strip is welded to the upper edge. Floras go from side to side, where they are connected to the frames with cheekbones.
Forepeak - the extreme bow compartment of the vessel, extending from the stem to the ram (forepeak) bulkhead, usually serves as a ballast tank. Stem bar along the contour of the bow of the vessel, connecting the skin and a set of right and left sides. At the bottom, the stem is connected to the keel. The bow is tilted to the vertical to increase seaworthiness and prevent the destruction of the underwater part of the hull on impact.
Mooring lines - a rope, usually with a fire at the end, designed to pull and hold a vessel at the berth or at the side of another vessel. Steel ropes, as well as vegetable and synthetic ropes made of strong, flexible and wear-resistant fibers are used as mooring lines.
The spacing is the distance between adjacent beams of the ship's hull set. The transverse spacing is the distance between the main frames, the longitudinal spacing is between the longitudinal beams.
Twig - a hole in the deck to drain water.
