The Russian language consists of units belonging to one of its levels: phonetic, derivational, lexical, morphological and syntactic. Accordingly, the wealth of the Russian language also consists of the wealth of each of its levels.
Phonetic wealth- a wealth of phonemes (vowels and consonants) of their combinations. Perceiving oral speech, we first of all hear its sounds, which are characteristic of the given language.
The sound richness of Russian speech is also used in poetry to create appropriate images using a special selection of sounds (sound recording).
Word-building wealth, which is formed as a result of the action of various processes of the formation of new words, is one of the most important ways to replenish the vocabulary of the language and, consequently, its wealth. The use of certain methods of word formation allows one and the same root to form words of those parts of speech and with those shades of meaning that can most accurately express a thought, feeling or state, etc.
Lexical richness- the most significant layer of the wealth of the language. Vocabulary - a set of words in a language, its vocabulary.
The vocabulary directly or indirectly reflects reality, reacts to changes in the field of social, material and cultural life, is constantly replenished with new words to designate new objects, phenomena, processes, concepts.
The vocabulary among other levels of the language has the most developed and multilayered structure, differing in the sphere of use, in the spheres of communication, in emotional coloring, in the degree of activity in its use, etc.
The lexical richness also includes phraseological richness.
Grammatical richness Russian language is provided by the variety and variety of morphological and syntactic means.
Morphological agents are represented by parts of speech, the grammatical categories of which allow expressing various relationships of meanings, giving the statement the necessary stylistic, expressive and emotional coloring.
Syntactic richness The Russian language is determined by a variety of syntactic constructions that directly serve to communicate between people. It is in the syntax that such special language facilities are concentrated, without which communication cannot be realized.
The main sources of speech wealth.
Speech wealth is based not only on linguistic, but also on the actual speech units. It includes intonation richness, semantic, stylistic, genre, thematic, etc., reflecting all the parameters of speech. Speech wealth in general is a much broader and more capacious concept than linguistic wealth.
There are layers of such means that relate exclusively to speech. It is even impossible to list all of them, since no matter what side of speech we take, we will immediately see the variety of different means and ways of enriching it.
These are the sides of the richness of speech are determined by the variety of the situations themselves and the components of these situations. Speech itself is infinitely diverse:
In terms of goals, since both the richness of content and the expression of the feelings and will of its author have many options in terms of the direction of the impact of speech, its intensity, in the meanings and shades of their meanings;
On the topic (subject of speech), since the statement cannot be devoted to absolutely all the facts, events and phenomena of life;
By forms, styles and genres;
By the set of verbal and non-verbal means, means of expression, etc.
Accordingly, oral and written speech have their own characteristics and a varied repertoire of speech genres characteristic of each of them.
Features of monologue and dialogical forms of speech give rise to a wealth of means of authorization and dialogization of the message, etc.
But the most important source of speech wealth is the manifestation of individuality - in the individual manner of speech, in personal meanings and associations, expressed by speech and perceived through speech. The influence of personality on individual speech is not only in the knowledge of the language. But also in the reflection of the activity of consciousness, in the originality or shaping of thinking, in the direction, color and intensity of emotions, in relation to interlocutors, etc.
The richness of speech manifests itself not only in the creation of texts, but also in their perception, because the richer the linguistic and speech baggage, the easier and more accurate the recognition and recognition of various elements of speech, and especially their re-encoding into “your own language”.
The richness of speech is manifested in the speech of a specific person or in a specific text. At the same time, the richness of speech as a merit presupposes not only the variety of used linguistic and speech means, but also their relevance and validity.
Purity of speech.
Purity is the quality of speech, which, if not observed, turns out to be, judging by the polls, the most noticeable to listeners. Lack of purity of speech often causes irritation, since the use of certain "unclean", "dirty" means causes ethical and aesthetic "disgust" and rejection, and this is reflected in communicative relations - the relationship of partners to each other is violated (does not arise), therefore - communication in general suffers.
All these groups of vocabulary are united by the fact that, as violators of "purity", they are usually foreign, foreign-style inclusions in speech. In other words, in order for them to be regarded as a kind of "spots", it is necessary that the "main fabric" of the text be "clean", that is, that the speech is based on the Russian literary language with stylistically neutral vocabulary.
Wealth and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what is the originality of his native language, its wealth.
The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages in the world, with a rich book-written tradition. We find many wonderful words about the Russian language in the works, articles, letters, speeches of progressive public and political figures, outstanding writers and poets:
Should not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language (A.S. Pushkin).
You marvel at the jewels of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself and, really, another name for an even more precious thing itself (N.V. Gogol).
You can work wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that cannot be conveyed by the Russian word. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the obscurity of sleep, the heavy thunder of a thunderstorm, a child's whisper and the rustle of sea gravel. Ket of such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - which would not have been accurately expressed in our language (K.G. Paustovsky).
What is the wealth of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?
The richness of any language is determined primarily by the richness of the vocabulary. K.G. Paustovsky noted that for everything that exists in nature - water, air, clouds, sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and grasses - in the Russian language there are a great many good words and names.
The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Language, published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. IN AND. Dahl included more than 200 thousand words in the Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. D.N. Ushakov in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - about 90 thousand words.
What should be the vocabulary of one person? It is very difficult to answer this question unequivocally. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand different words; according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. Let us compare this data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21 thousand words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and half of these words are found in him only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the genius poet. Here is information about the number of words in some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18 890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand), Gogol ("Dead Souls") - about 10 thousand words.
And some people have extremely poor vocabulary. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous "The Twelve Chairs" ridiculed Ellochka the "cannibal", who managed only thirty words.
Here are the words, phrases and interjections, meticulously chosen by her from all the great, verbose and mighty Russian language:
1. Be rude.
2. Ho ho! (Expresses, depending on the circumstances: irony, surprise, delight, hatred, joy, contempt and contentment).
3. Famous.
4. Gloomy (in relation to everything. For example: “gloomy Petya came”, “gloomy weather”, “gloomy case”, “gloomy cat”, etc.).
6. Creepy (creepy. For example, when meeting with a good friend: "creepy meeting").
7. Boyfriend (in relation to all familiar men, regardless of age and social status).
8. Don't teach me how to live.
These words were enough for her to talk with family, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not hard to imagine what this communication was like.
The speaker needs to have as much vocabulary as possible in order to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock.
It is not difficult to do this, you just have to start compiling the "Dictionary of Language Enrichment". When you read a book, magazine, newspaper, pay attention to the words and every unfamiliar word or word, the meaning of which you only guess, write on the card. Then on the back, using an explanatory dictionary, write the meaning of the word. Number cards to know the number of words that enrich your vocabulary. Store cards in a filing cabinet. When you have 10-20 words, start checking your memory. Pull out the card, read the word and explain its meaning. As you accumulate cards, divide them into two groups: 1) cards with well-learned words; 2) cards with words that require more memorization. The card file must be constantly updated with new words; cards with learned words are transferred to the second part of the box. From time to time you should return to them, arrange a control check: what if a word has been forgotten. It is necessary to constantly work with the catalog of the Language Enrichment Dictionary.
The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic saturation of the word, that is, by its polysemy. Ambiguity requires a thoughtful attitude to the word. It is important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what the speech is about, what the speaker means?
As a rule, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstood.
Polysemy can be used as a technique for enriching the content of speech. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote the book "Native Land" for the youth. Have a word land eight values. In which of them is it used in the title? The author gives an answer to this question in the preface: “I called my book“ Native Land ”. Word land in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the last sense, it is said about the Russian land in "The Lay of Igor's Host"), and the entire globe. In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses. " This is how capacious the content of the title has become, how much it says!
Of particular interest are the cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors are writing about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked, literally and figuratively”; “The extreme right was the first to attempt to pocket the flag. To pocket not only in a figurative sense, but also literally. "
What could have shaken London literally and figuratively? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word pocket only the figurative meaning is noted - "to take possession of something alien, to appropriate." The word does not have any other meaning. How can a party pocket the flag in the literal sense? The text that follows resolves the bewilderment. It turns out that party members wear shawls made of stars and stripes in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.
Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should perfectly know the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings.
An important source of enrichment of speech is synonymy.
Our language is very rich in synonyms - words that have a common meaning and differ in additional shades or stylistic coloration. For example, adjectives are used to indicate something small in size in speech: small, small, small, tiny, tiny, microscopic, miniature, dwarf, tiny, and large in size - big, huge, huge, gigantic, gigantic, colossal. Anything uncomplicated is called simple, ingenuous, unpretentious, uncomplicated, simple, artless, primitive, elementary. The Russian language is also rich in synonymous verbs. For example, the words to be afraid, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be afraid, to tremble, to be afraid, to be afraid are united by the general meaning "to feel fear", and the verbs waste, waste, waste, waste, waste, live, let down, waste, ubu-hat, waste, waste, waste, waste mean "to give for something available money or any value at all."
What is the peculiarity of synonyms? What do you need to know about them in order to use them with great effect in your speech? First of all, to be able to find words that are synonymous with each other, to be able to penetrate deep into a word, to understand how synonyms differ.
Task 64. Choose from proverbs words that are synonymous with each other, and write them.
1. A fool is looking for a large place, but a reasonable one can be seen in the corner. 2. It is better to drink water in joy than honey in a mess. 3. A dog barks at a brave one, and bites a cowardly one. 4. A clever man lacks ears, and a stupid one has more than one language. 5. Grief makes you old, but joy makes you young. 6. From joy curls curl, and from sadness they split. 7. Bold peas sip, but timid ones will not see radish. 7. Woe in rags, trouble naked, 9. As soon as the attack comes, so at least an abyss, 10. From a fool and crying laughing rushing. 11, She thought, did not wonder how I got into trouble, 12. Dashingly does not lie quietly: either rolls, or falls, or crumbles over the shoulders.
What other words of proverbs can you find synonyms for? Write them down.
Task 65. Find synonyms for words kind, short, lovely.
Task 66. Using the synonyms given in the sentences, make a synonymous series with the meaning "very hot, very warm".
1. Hot summer day. The river has definitely froze (Mamin-Sibiryak). 2. A hot summer day quickly gave way to the coolness of an impending thunderstorm (Mamin-Sibiryak). 3. Sultry heat; you can't get out; a burning stream flows freely through the open windows (Turgenev). 4. The sun stood in the sky and flooded the earth with scorching rays (V.K. Arseniev).
Describe a July day using these synonyms.
Task 67. What words should be excluded from the synonymic range and why?
1. Teacher, educator, historian, teacher, mathematician. 2. Surgeon, doctor, physician, paramedic, doctor, physician. 3. Again, again, back, again. 4. Approximately, about, somewhere, in the area, approximately. 5. Run, walk, fly, race, rush, walk. 6. Storm, snowfall, hurricane.
Task 68. Prove that words again and sbrztno not synonyms. Choose synonyms for each of them and come up with sentences with them.
Task 69. Read the dictionary entries from the two-volume Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. Tell us how they are built, what attention is paid to when characterizing each synonym. Explain why words obstacle, barrier are included in different ranks of synonyms.
1. Obstacle, obstacle.
Anything that blocks the path of someone, something, delays movement.
Ten steps later, an obstacle was encountered - a hedge. Having found the hole, they squeezed into it (G. Markov, The Strogoffs, Vol. 2, ch. 13, 4). Crushing against gloomy obstacles, / Pearl, fiery arc / Falling, splashing waterfalls (Pushkin, Ruslan and Lyudmila, song 2).
2. Obstacle, obstruction, obstacle, hindrance, brake, snag(colloquial), comma(colloquial), quotation mark(sorry quibble(simple).
That which makes it difficult, complicates smth., Prevents smth. From doing, doing Obstacle is the main word for expressing meaning; word barrier upotr. in literary and book speech; obstacle - a bookish, obsolete word; hindrance more often upotr. in those cases when it comes to some l. more or less insignificant obstacle; brake - that which delays, slows down the implementation of smth., this word is more often used. in combinations appear, serve as a brake; snag, comma, quotation mark, quotation mark - a small but annoying obstacle, these words are used. in everyday speech, with a snag and a comma upotr. advantage in combinations there is a catch (comma), here is a catch (comma).
<...>There are many obstacles on the way to any goal. Overcoming these obstacles, a person is happy (Matveev, Seventeen, Part I, Discussion).<...>After a few years of hard life, all obstacles were overcome, and his wishes came true: he became a lawyer (Novikov-Priboy, Tsushima, book. I, h, 4),<...>In such a mood, the field marshal, of course, seemed only to be a hindrance and a brake on the upcoming war. (L. Tolstoy, War and Peace, v. 4, h. 4, XI).<…>- So they can send you from here! - Not! - Genka lowered his voice: - There is one snag here. I finished four grades this year, okay? - Well? - And you need a seven-year plan, do you understand? (Oseeva, Vasek Trubachev and his comrades, Prince. 2, ch. 5). - Then, sir: some scenes of "The Marriage", Here is a small quote: there are many characters - today's writers generally love the crowd, which is possible only in large troupes (Pisemsky, Comedian, I). Now I have already got used to it, / but the first two or three days / a lot of different habits / fell on me / ( WITH. Vasiliev, The story of a young miner).
Synonyms attract the writer or speaker by the fact that they, differing in shades of meaning, allow you to express a thought with the utmost precision.
Wed, for example, synonyms run away and rush. The clouds ran to our village ... So they flew to the pine forest, crossed the ravine and rushed on(V. Kozlov). It is clear that the verb rush compared to its synonymous verb run away indicates a high intensity of action, a high speed of movement. Therefore, we can say that the verbs used in the text run away and rush allowed the author to clarify the nature of the action, to emphasize the intensity of its manifestation.
There are many such examples among synonyms: (fire) burned -(bonfire) blazed, fast(step) - impetuous(step), anxiety - confusion, hot(air) - sultry(air), etc.
Synonyms in this case perform differentiating function, or ideographic... Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning are called ideographic.
The volume of meanings also differ in words writer, literary man. A writer call a person who writes works of art, and literary man- not only a writer, but also a publicist, critic,
Task 70. From the color names, first write down the names of the red color and its shades, and then the names of other colors.
Red, scarlet, crimson, burgundy, brown, brown, ore, carmine, red, orange, fiery, purple, crimson, cobalt, pink, scarlet, bloody, brick, poppy, coral, strawberry, ruddy, red, carrot, red, pomegranate, brown, ruby, nut, chestnut, sand, mahogany, cherry, plum, cutter, orange, lilac, crimson, bluish, crimson, cinnabar.
Determine the semantic differences in the names of red. Compare your definitions with the interpretations given in the Dictionary of Russian Synonyms.
Red, scarlet, crimson, reddish, bloody, kumachy; carmine, cinnabar, ruby and ruby, pomegranate, red, scarlet.
Red- one of the main colors of the spectrum, average between orange to violet, with a color of blood; scarlet, crimson and bright serve to indicate a bright, saturated red color, with scarlet for a lighter tone, and crimson for a darker one; in a lie, the language of the word scarlet crimson and bright characteristic of literary and book speech, crimson and bright uptr. less often; word bloody uptr. advantage in literary speech, to emphasize the harshness and gloomy nature of the red tone; redhead- bright red, reminiscent in color of kumach; the words carmine, cinnabar and scarlet indicate shades of red corresponding to these paints, and uptr. advantage in special speech, word scarlet somewhat outdated; ruby and ruby- ruby colors, words upotr. to indicate a bright red color, usually inherent in liquids, glass, etc.; pomegranate- deep red, reminiscent of the color of pomegranate, the word upotr. usually when describing the color of fabrics, usually velvet; word chervonny in sovrem, the language has an outdated connotation to uptr. advantage in poetry, literary and book speech.
In addition to the differentiating function, synonyms can perform stylistic function, that is, to give speech a colloquial or bookish character, to express positive or negative expression. Synonyms that differ from each other in stylistic coloration are called stylistic.
Words that have a tinge of bookishness are found in a scientific, business, journalistic style, for example: sorrow(compare with neutral word sadness), intelligence(cf. mind),punishment(cf. punishment), promote(cf. to help).
Words with a shade of colloquiality are used mainly in casual, colloquial speech. For example, unlike neutral words get sick, complain, find, which can be used in any style, words get sick, cry, dig up permissible only in colloquial speech, The same can be said about words awkward(cf. ridiculous),dress up(cf. dress up),at all(cf. at all),instantly(cf. instantly). Colloquial vocabulary, unlike vernacular, does not violate the generally accepted norms of the literary language. Wed examples: beat(neutral) - pound(colloquial) - pound(colloquial).
In some cases, synonyms are simultaneously distinguished by shades of meaning and stylistic coloring, For example, synonymous adjectives interesting and amusing differ in shades of meanings: word interesting is used in the meaning of "arousing attention with something significant", and amusing -"Arousing only external interest." Moreover, interesting - the word is stylistically neutral, and amusing - colloquial.
From a number of synonyms with the meaning "to direct, to direct a glance at someone, something, somewhere" gaze, gaze, gaze, gaze, stare neutral are watch and to look, In contrast, the verb look emphasizes duration, calmness, attentiveness of the gaze and has a bookish character. The words stare, stare mean "to look intently, for a long time" and differ from their synonymous words in their roughness, therefore, they are inappropriate in book styles.
Task 71. Given the different meanings of the words sharp, old, pick up synonyms for them.
1. Spicy --“Having a form tapering towards the end (about objects, structures, etc.); elongated, very narrow (about the shape of smth., about parts of the face, body). "
2. Spicy -"Perceiving well, clearly distinguishing sounds and smells (about hearing, smell)."
3. Spicy -"Extremely strong, difficult to bear (about physical pain, heavy feeling, etc.)."
1. Old -"One who has reached old age, who has lived for many years."
2. Old -"In use for a long time (about things, objects)".
Task 72. Read the sentences below using the word you want instead of dots (teacher, teacher).
1. In higher educational institutions, lectures are given by professors, associate professors, ... 2. The guys loved their ... 3. It's hard to forget ... who showed us for the first time how to read and write. 4. For the evening were invited ... primary classes and ... physics, chemistry, mathematics. 5. Lesha Vostrikov was ill for a long time, and he had to additionally study with ...
Task 73. Find synonyms in the text that mean "small in size". Write them down, taking into account the degree of increase of the trait. What type of synonyms are they?
1. Small, remote, passed through the ground, found a red cap (Mystery). 2. We love lilies of the valley very much. Their white, pure flowers, like tiny porcelain bells, smell so subtle! (Sokolov-Mikitov). 3. They took out the pot and fraternally shared a microscopic amount of porridge (Korolenko).
Task 74. Correct the text by replacing, where necessary, the highlighted words with synonymous: sticky, sticky, viscous; wet, damp, damp; bend over, bend over, roll over.
1. The young birch tree was covered sticky leaves. 2. Fragrant sticky brown buds of poplar. 3. Bought sticky fly paper. 4. Against but mumbled under boots sticky clay. 5. The old man with difficulty pulled out of viscous ooze his long pole, all entangled with green threads of underwater grasses. 6. If salt is close to water, then it becomes wet. 7. Near the fountain, sprinkling thin streams of water, the air was wet. 8. After a heavy rain, the trees in the garden became wet. 9. In the summer, in the midst of the midday heat, in the depths of this forest one could feel the coolness, smelled raw earth, and the leg was stuck in piles of rotted and also raw foliage. 10. Reed flowers with beautiful tassels bent down to the water. 11. Large carriage banked to the edge of the bridge, toppled over the railing and collapsed, 12. The brig suddenly shuddered and bent down on the starboard side.
Task 75. Distribute the synonyms below, taking into account their stylistic coloring, in three columns of the table.
Many, many, a lot; brave, dashing, fearless; really, really, really; prohibit, forbid, order; walk, walk, trail; to be stubborn, to resist, to persist; teach, study, cram. Sample:
Task 76. Find synonyms in each passage and define their stylistic coloring.
1.He shakes his hand, the bones are already crunched.
All sons paw covered with calluses (Helemsky).
2. And we happened to be surprised
Seeing one day
Not stern faces, but faces
Of your tortured children (Smelyakov).
3 carry my heart
like a banner
Like a banner of the working people .
Task 77. Read information about synonyms to ask, beg, cry, intercede, beg from the "Brief Dictionary of Russian Synonyms" by V.I. Klyueva:
These words are united by the meaning - to make a request to someone. The most commonly used word of them is to ask. Beg- to ask strongly. Cry(book poetry) - make a request, a prayer. To apply(word of official style) - to ask for something, to bother about something. Beg(colloquial) - ask persistently, relentlessly.
Make sentences with each of these synonyms, taking into account their shades of meaning and stylistic coloration. In which sentences you have composed, is it impossible to interchange synonyms and why?
The richness of synonyms in the Russian language, the possibility of their various stylistic use obliges each speaker or writer to be especially thoughtful about the choice of words. Let's compare for example sentences: A sentry walks along the Kremlin wall and A sentry walks along the Kremlin wall. In the first example, the coherence of the step is emphasized, the solemnity of the situation, the second sentence does not express this. Hence, it is not indifferent which synonym to use in speech: go or step.
If it is necessary to highlight semantic or stylistic differences that include words of the same synonymous series, then the technique is used contrasting synonyms.
K.S. Stanislavsky resorted to this technique, opposing the artificial manner of acting:
Start at least with the solemnly measured steps of the actors. After all, they are not walk, a parade across the stage, not sit and rise, not lie, but recline, not stand, a posing. The same thing happened with the movements and with the general acting plastics ... Razke actors raise hands on stage? No. They are their uplift. Actor's hands fall, and not so easy go down; they are not snuggle to the chest, and assigned on her, not straighten and stretch forward. It seems that the actors do not hands, and hands, not fingers, and fingers, to such an extent, their movements are figuratively solemn.
We find the opposition of synonyms in the works of oral folk art. For example, here is how the difference between stinginess and greed, slander and lies in proverbs is revealed: Stingy looks as though not to give to another, but greedy looks as though to take away from another. Slander and Lying not one and the same. Lie it happens quite simply, but slander always with intent.
The method of opposing synonyms is sometimes used to emphasize not differences, but, on the contrary, proximity, almost identity of phenomena. Wed, for example, in a poem by M. Svetlov:
I don't know where the border is
Between north and south;
I don't know where the border is
Between comrade and friend.
Another technique for using synonyms is their parallel use... Each of the synonyms, differing in shades of meaning, emphasizes, highlights one particular feature of an object, phenomenon, and in the aggregate, synonyms contribute to a more vivid comprehensive description of reality. For example, a figurative picture of a winter landscape was created by the poet J. Helemsky, using the synonyms blaze, burn:
The snowdrifts turn pink
Under the rays of dawn
Blaze rowan,
AND burn bullfinches.
When synonyms are used, indicating a different degree of manifestation of a sign, they are usually put in the order of increase of the sign they express. For example, synonyms good, excellent, excellent used in this order: You played well today, excellent, excellent!
In artistic, publicistic works, the technique “ stringing» synonyms... It consists in listing all or several words of the same synonymous series. For example: And life seemed to him delightful, wonderful and full, high meaning (Chekhov). I sometimes imagined that I see in front of me huge, gigantic a spider, the size of a man (Dostoevsky). And I realized that I would not break my oath, / but if I wanted to break it, I could not. / That I never sbresh, not strush, / not drift, not I will lie and not lie(Slutsky).
The presence of a large number of synonyms in the language avoids the repetition of the same or one-root words. Wed: Our powers are strong and Our forces are powerful.
Task 78. Find examples of contrasting synonyms in the following fiction passages. Establish differences in shades of meaning or stylistic coloration of these synonyms.
1. I could have more, but I was in a hurry,
However, cherish those,
What happened to lie for a laugh,
Never lied to lie (Tvardovsky).
2 cloudy white clothes
Throwing open with an unwavering hand,
For the first time
Not with faith
And with hope
The human race gazes at the sky,
Doesn't look, doesn't look, but
How his rockets light up
Are ripped out of the pitch darkness
Outback corners of the sky (Slutsky).
3. Cold boiled eggs - the food is very tasteless, and a good cheerful person will never eat them. But Alexander Ivanovich did not eat, but ate. He did not eat breakfast, but performed the process of introducing the proper amount of fats, carbohydrates and vitamins into the body. (Ilf, Petrov). 4. Lackey Baklai taught the boys "the language of the bee," sometimes dragging them by the hair, saying: "And you, man, know: I give you, and the master will please you; you eat, and the master deigns to eat; you sleep, puppy, and the master will deign to rest " (Herzen),
Task 79. Find in the text from the poem "Frost, Red Nose" N, A. Nekrasov verbs-synonyms. Set the shades of the meanings of these words. Explain why the poet uses them.
A murdered, mournful couple
Mother and father walked in front.
The guys with the deceased are both
They sat, not daring to sob.
And, ruling Savraska, at the grave
With the reins their poor mother
For Daria - neighbors, neighbors
A sparse crowd was trudging along.
Task 80. Find synonyms in the excerpts from A. Rybakov's book "The Adventures of Krosh". Determine to which group of synonyms they should be attributed. Explain for what purpose the author used synonyms in each case.
1. As always, a lot of people crowded around our car. Even Lagutin came up several times. But he was not looking at the car, but at me. And Shmakov Peter drew attention to this.
Why is he staring at you? - said Shmakov.
I didn't know what Lagutin was staring at me. I had no time for this ...
Only towards the end of the day did I feel a little uneasy from Lagutin's stubborn gaze. Indeed, why was he staring at me?
2. The attitude towards us was the most indifferent. Even indifferent.
3. Why does this happen? No matter how stupid Igor says, everyone agrees with him. And when I speak, an incredulous expression appears on their faces, as if nothing but nonsense can be expected from me.
4. When we were bosh, they stopped talking and stared at us. We stared at them.
5. There are moments of mass psychosis when the whole class starts laughing, yelling, and doing all sorts of things for no reason. Such a moment has come for them too.
Enough laughing! - I said.
But they laughed like crazy.
The Russian language has the richest word-building capabilities.
The dictionary of the Russian language is constantly being enriched with new words. If the Russian language is compared with other languages, then it compares favorably in the variety and number of ways to form new words. They are created using prefixes, suffixes, alternating sounds at the root, adding two or more bases, by rethinking (link, satellite), splitting words into homonyms (month - moon and month - period of time), etc. The most productive is the morphological method of formation, with the help of which dozens of new words are created from the same root. So, from the root uch- the words are formed: teacher, study, learn, teach, teach, retrain, memorize, accustom, teach, teaching, scholarship, student, apprenticeship, scientist, teacher, educational, scientific and others. According to the "Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language" A.N. Tikhonov, a word-formation nest with this root includes more than 300 words.
Task 81. Read excerpts from the works of MV Lomonosov and N, G. Chernyshevsky. What is common in their statements about word formation in Russian?
Magnifying names, representing a huge thing, the abolition of the ending of the root name among the Russians and the Italians are very many: casa,casaccia,casone, courtyard, courtyard, courtyard. On the contrary, the Germans and French do not have such names. Similarly to belittling names like yard, dress, girl not every language has different contentment. Russian and Italian are very rich, German is scarce, French is even scarcer (M. V., Lomonosov. Russian grammar).
There are many diminutive endings in the Latin language of the contented; but there are almost no magnifying ones (peasant, etc.). In Greek, even much less than in Latin, will diminish the name. names; but on the other hand there are diminutive proper names, which are, incidentally, quite uncommon, and almost in only one past sense, in German only one thing ending for decreasing (words that take chen cannot penetrate lein, and vice versa), In English, it will decrease, only proper names stick in the form; in French also, and this form is in both languages almost always only one for each name, We have many of these forms.
Our diminutives from common nouns have, in addition to the meaning of diminution, also the meaning of affection or tenderness - this shade can take on diminutive nouns in almost only one Italian, which of all languages we know only one withstands to some extent rivalry with Russian in the formation of diminutives and augmentation ( possessing the endings of both categories, but with much less variety than Russian).
It must be said that the folk (Great Russian) language is superior to the literary language in this respect; and that the folk Little Russian is even richer than the folk Great Russian in the variety and use of diminutives.
In addition to proper nouns, diminutive endings in the Russian folk language also accept non-declining parts of speech (for example, eh?(what?) - asinka, from here - tutoch, etc.) (H. G. Chernyshevsky. Word formation in Russian).
Tell me in what sense Chernyshevsky uses the term ending! Formulate the main provisions expressed by Chernyshevsky.
Task 82. Using the above words, make a list of diminutive suffixes for masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns.
Voice, leaf, mote, shoulder, stove, beard, work: wheel, peg, bread, little girl, little girl, little girl, firebrand, nanny, little horse, frost, little voice, little cloud, little letter, little girl, shirt, little fish, little room, little face pimples, freak, carriage, rabotishka, hut, hut, little night, little man, testicle, little hand, daughter, little room, village, mouth, leaf, head, little horse, watch, little river, cow, little sister, girlfriend, apple, little sparrow, little book, dimple, old woman, little head, eyes, needle, nag, darling, leg, little skirt, willow, droplet, fur coat, dugout, pen, cow, little water, river, rivulet, rivulet, rivulet.
Task 83. From the words of kinship, form names with diminutives, augmentation, affectionate, dismissive suffixes.
Grandpa, grandma, mom, dad, brother, sister, aunt, uncle,
Task 84. Get to know the diminutive forms of your own name Lyudmila. Determine how they are educated? What options does this name have?
Lyudmila, Lyuda, Lyudaka, Lyudaha, Lyudasha, Lyudashenka, Lyudashechka, Lyudashka, Lyudyonka, Lyudyuk, Lyudka, Lyudmilka, Lyudmilanka, Lyudmilochka, Lyudmilushka, Lyudok, Lyudonka, Lyudoche, Lyudochka, Lyudushenka, Lyudusha Ludushka, Ludushechka, Ludushka, Ludushka.
Luka, Lyukonka, Lyukochka, Lyuksha.
Lyulenka, Lyulechka, Lyulik, Lyulka, Lyulya.
Lyusek, Lyusyonka, Lyuyenok.
Lyusya, Lyusenka, Lyusechka, Lyusik, Lyueisha, Lyusksh-ka, Lyuska, Lyusyukha, Lyusyusha, Lyusyushenka, Lyusyusha, Lyusyuka, Lyusyavka.
(NA Petrovsky. Dictionary of Russian personal names).
Task 85. Write diminutive forms on behalf of Ivan.
Richness, flexibility and expressiveness is distinguished and grammatical structure of the language... Take the view category as an example. In contrast to the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of the species designates the way the action proceeds. So, in a species pair read - read verbs describe action in different ways. Verb to read(perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. Verb read(imperfect) indicates an action that is not limited.
In addition, in the Russian language, the prefix formation of verbs is very developed, as a result of which the verbs of the same root acquire a variety of meanings.
Task 86. Write out the following verbs: 1) multiple pairs; 2) synonymous verbs; 3) antonymous verbs. Explain what shade of meaning each prefix gives to the verb.
Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, sail, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim.
Task 87. What is the semantic difference between verbs?
Swim - swim, swim - swim, swim - surface, swim - swim, blur - melt, swim - swim - swim.
Task 83. Read an excerpt from V.G. Belinsky. Do you agree with the critic's opinion that “this is all one verb” and that the semantic difference is due to the presence of the category of the species in the Russian verb? Give reasons for your point of view.
Indeed, what a wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in the Russian verbs that have species! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, melt, melt, swim, swim - it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!
Free steppe
Far around
Lies wide
Feather grass
Spreads out!
Oh you, my steppe,
Free steppe,
You are wide, steppe,
I spread out,
To the Black Sea
Has moved!
In what other language would you convey the poetic charm of these expressions of the late Koltsov about the steppe: spreads out, spreads out, ponadvinulas?
Task 89. Read the statements of V. Bryusov. How does he see the peculiarity of the Russian verb?
The strength of the Russian verb is in what school grammars call species. Let's take four verbs of the same root: become, set, stand, become. From them using prefixes pre-, for-, for-, for- and others, inflections of “recurrence” and suffixes of “repetition”, about 300 verbs can be formed, which in essence will, according to grammar, be different “types” of the same. It is impossible to translate into any modern language all shades of meaning that are obtained in this way.<...>
How, for example, can you convey in French the difference between: "I rearranged the chairs", "I rearranged them", "I rearranged them", "rearranged", "rearranged"?
Compare this statement with what V.G. Belinsky about the verb in Russian. How do their opinions coincide?
Task 90. Distribute the following verbs into groups, taking into account their meaning: 1) move slowly, with difficulty; 2) walk back and forth; 3) walk without a goal; 4) walking for the purpose of rest; 5) walking in an unfamiliar place; 6) take an action fast, impetuous.
Throw, rush, crawl, wander, wander, walk, stroll, plod, plod, dash, scour, wander, hustle, wander, travel, dash, stretch, wind, stagger, wander, dive, wander.
Not only the number of words, their polysemy, synonymy, derivational and grammatical features of the Russian language, but also phraseology testify to its originality, originality and richness.
The phraseology of the Russian language is unusually diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities. Phraseologisms help to say a lot with a few words, since they define not only the subject; but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. The complexity of the semantics of phraseological units distinguishes them from one-word synonyms. So, a stable combination on a grand scale means not just "rich", but "rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in the means." Phraseologism cover up the tracks means not just "destroy, eliminate something", but "eliminate, destroy that which can serve as evidence of something."
Task 91. Explain how phraseological units differ from synonymous words? What additional shades does each phraseological unit express?
Bend your back(for whom) - and work (for whom), in two counts - in the blink of an eye - in an instant - in full spirit and fast, even if you gouge out your eyes, you can't see it and it's dark at the end of the world - where the raven did not carry bones and far away cheat and cheat, skin and bones - living relics - more beautifully put in a coffin and skinny, thin, lather your head - set the pepper - set the heat - rub it with sand and scold.
Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential ability to positively or negatively evaluate the phenomenon, express approval or condemnation, an ironic, mocking or other attitude towards it. This is especially evident in the so-called phraseological units-characteristics.
Task 92. Explain the meaning of phraseological units.
A man with a capital letter, the milk on his lips is not dry, a telegraph pole, a jack of all trades, absolute zero, a wind in his head, a bright personality, a mad ward, a white crow, a prodigal son, not a timid dozen, a dog in the manger, one field of a berry.
Special attention should be paid to phraseological units, the value of which is due to their origin. Indeed, in order to understand the accusatory nature of a phraseological unit, for example scapegoat, you need to know the history of the emergence of a stable phrase.
Expression scapegoat is found in the Bible and is associated with a special rite among the ancient Jews to impose the sins of the whole people on a living goat, therefore this is the name for a person who is blamed for the blame of others, who is responsible for others.
Phraseologisms, originating in ancient mythology, are quite diverse. Each such phraseological unit evokes some associations, correlates with the images of the heroes of antiquity, which determines their semantic richness and expressiveness.
So, phraseological unit Procrustean bed comes from the nickname of the robber Polypemon. In Greek mythology, it is said that Procrustes laid all those caught by him on his bed and cut off the legs of those who did not fit, and for those for whom the bed was long, he stretched out their legs. Procrustean bed means "that which is the yardstick for something, to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted."
Antique phraseological units serve as an excellent means for conveying the author's irony, ridicule.
Task 93. Explain the origin and meaning of the given phraseological units. Come up with suggestions with them and write them down.
The exploits of Hercules, Sisyphean labor, Pandora's box, Pyrrhic victory, Babylonian pandemonium.
Of particular interest are phraseological units, the imagery of which acts as a reflection of clarity, “picturesqueness”, enclosed in the most free phraseology, on the basis of which the phraseological unit is formed. For example, when getting ready for work, we roll up our sleeves to make it easier to do business; welcoming dear guests, we spread our arms wide, showing that we are ready to embrace them; when counting, if it is small, we bend our fingers for convenience. Free phrases that call such actions of people have clarity, "picturesque", which is inherited by phraseological units: roll up your sleeves -“Do something diligently, diligently, energetically”; with open arms -“Friendly, cordially (to receive, to meet someone)”; count on fingers -"Very little, little."
Task 94. Pick up five phraseological units with a common word for them: head, nose, arm, legs.
Task 95. Answer the questions posed. Use a phraseological expression as an answer.
As they say: 1) about who often changes their decisions; 2) about a person who came at the wrong time, out of place; 3) about a meek, harmless person; 4) about a chatty person; 5) about the disappearance of someone without a trace; 6) about very distant relatives; 7) about disorder, confusion reigning anywhere; 8) about who does not know something known to everyone?
Task 96. Find speech errors in the use of phraseological units (unjustified replacement of the components of a phraseological unit, an unmotivated expansion or reduction of its composition, a change in the grammatical form of words in a phraseological unit); correct the text.
1. Without further ado, I will quote from the report. 2. We worked in the sweat of our faces, but, having completed the work, felt relief, 3. Although he was not one of the timid ten, but here he could not help but be frightened.
Task 97. Continue in writing the conversation below, using phraseological units in remarks. Compose a dialogue that is opposite in content.
What did you do yesterday? - Nothing, tongues scratched, - And we beat thumbs up all day, poured from empty to empty. - Was Vasily with you? - Was. He told how his father lathered his neck, He counts the crows in class, and drives a bummer at home.
Task 98. Explain what is the meaning of the Zoological Elegy and what is it based on? Write down words, word combinations, taken from stable phrases, catch phrases from the text. Write these phraseological units, explain their meaning.
I was in an enchanted world
In a distant magical land.
He swims in a fairytale sea
On three legendary whales.
There's a swan song flowing
The ugly duckling lives there,
The lost sheep are looking there
Baranov at the new gate.
There is a blue bird
Rogue whistling,
There are nine knight-dogs barking
Ten uncut dogs.
There was a camel in the eye of a needle
He honors the work to crawl
And there are wolves in sheep skins
The scapegoats are torn apart.
Crocodile tears are shed there,
There crayfish hibernate with them,
To merry prose writers
They raise golden calves there.
The wise gudgeon huddles there,
The firebird sparkles with fire
And the nag of history is racing
In harness with a Trojan horse ...
How we all love these animals!
But I wandered, sad and angry;
Where are OUR dogs in the manger?
Where is OUR Buridan's donkey?
Is it really impossible
Should we invent OUR animals?
Poet! Contemporary! Artist!
Get inspired!
Let it take off immediately
Fantasy red cock!
And even if we do not have enough elephants,
We will make them out of flies!
(P. Khmara)
The stigma in the fluff, I did not notice the elephant, like a squirrel in a wheel, and the casket just opened, an obliging fool is more dangerous than the enemy, we'd better look for a ford, there is still gunpowder in the flasks, extraordinary lightness in thoughts, I whipped myself, the hero of not our novel , without rudder and without sails.
The richness of the vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language allows you to avoid repetition of the same words, phrases in oral and written speech, diversify speech, and make it richer.
There is a term in literary criticism periphrase or periphrasis. The dictionary of the modern Russian literary language defines its meaning as follows:
"An artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential, defining features and attributes, which create a complete and vivid picture." Some of the paraphrases over time, spreading in the language, become stable combinations. For example, St. Petersburg, in addition to the actual names Petrograd, St. Petersburg, Petersburg, Leningrad, is called Northern Palmyra, a city on the Neva, the northern capital, the city / city of Peter, a window to Europe.
The verbal culture of its author is judged by how varied the text is in terms of lexicon.
To check the degree of speech culture of students of one of the colleges, they were offered a text in which the word was repeated cat. They had to replace it with other words or phrases.
Do this work too, and then familiarize yourself with the options that the college students suggested.
Haircut "under the lion"
It's no secret that Americans in general and New Yorkers in particular adore various animals, especially cats. Therefore, it is no coincidence that it is in New York that one of the largest exhibitions is now being held. cats.
The exhibition presents cats from almost all countries of the world. Recently, it has become very fashionable to cut cats. Moreover, the haircut is considered the most fashionable. cats"Under the lion."
It seems that those representatives of the genus cats, who will be trimmed this way will be the main contenders for the grand prize.
Students suggested options: Purrs, meows, pussies, adorable, furry, pets, beautiful creatures, Leopold's friends, Leopold's brothers, representatives of the feline family, pets, fluffy creatures, tailed mouse catchers, exhibitors, adorable creatures, mustachioed contestants, mustachioed Leopolds and Murki, clawed friends, purring breed.
Tell me, which of the options do you consider successful or unsuccessful and why? Are there any among the options that match yours?
Task 100. Imagine that the article "Haircut" under the lion "is not about cats, but about dogs. Format the text accordingly.
Task 101. Read the text. Replace the repeated word donkey with other words (including pronouns), phrases.
Donkeys on Lamu Island
London-based International Defense Fund donkeys concerned about the situation donkeys on the small Kenyan island of Lamu. In this resort town donkeys serve as the only means of transportation. At the request of the fund; surveyor 471 donkey, donkeys overexploited by the travel business. Lamian life span donkeys several times less than donkeys elsewhere.
Task 102. Read the text. Replace the name of the reptile with other words, phrases.
Dead turtles cemetery discovered near Warsaw
On Wislostrada, Warsaw's busiest highway, in a high-fenced landfill, tramps found hundreds of dead turtles and reported this to the newspaper. However, knowledgeable people were not dumbfounded by the find.
This turtles from Kazakhstan, - said Tomas Mizera, a breeding specialist turtles. - Fate turtles sad. Walk along the railway from border Terespol to Warsaw. The mounds are just dotted turtles. At the eastern border crossings - heaps of dead snakes, turtles or geckos listed in the Red Book.
His words are confirmed by border guards and police:
Apparently, a whole shipment of contraband was thrown away. Turtles could suffocate in cardboard boxes (up to 400 turtles), die from hunger or large changes in temperature.
These turtles, according to Polish journalists, they live in Kazakhstan in huge herds. Poachers drive up to the nest turtles by trucks, with an excavator. They recruit in thousands, seal up the holes in the shells with plaster or tape and take them across the cordon. In the record year 1992, 100 thousand arrived in Poland in this way. turtles.
Russians, Kazakhs, Belarusians sell turtles wholesale from 5 to 15 zlotys (that is, $ 5) apiece. Stores set the retail price twice as high. And those turtles, which go through Poland only in transit, bring in a profit in the West that is second only to the percentage of drugs sold.
Turtles, living in the wild for a whole century, at home only survive for a few years. These are living toys. Children turtles torture, abandon or forget where they put turtles the annual hibernation ...
Our fellow countrymen who trade turtles, put Poland in the position of a country that violates international agreements.
Task 103. Read the persuasion speech written by a 10th grade student. The text is adequate to the original. Find spelling and punctuation errors. Explain them. Where do you see the shortcomings of the text? Redo it: remove repetitions, fix bad expressions. Write your version.
Mom and Dad, I don't want to go to the dacha for many reasons. Firstly, I am going to go to my grandmother, whom I have not seen for a long time. They live in the village and could have a good rest there for a few weeks. Secondly, I found a great job and would not like to lose it. And thirdly, I would like to relax at home before the start of the school year and I would not want to leave my friends and girlfriends.
The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence in it proverbs, sayings, winged words and expressions.
Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, tested by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “And what a luxury, what a meaning, what is the use of each of our sayings! What a gold! " - so spoke about Russian proverbs A.S. Pushkin. “A proverb is not said for nothing,” says popular wisdom. They express joy and sorrow, anger and sadness, love and hate, irony and humor. They generalize various phenomena of the reality around us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts, proverbs and sayings take on special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help to find a way to the heart of the listener, the reader, to win their respect and favor.
Why are proverbs and sayings so attracted? The generalizing nature of proverbs and sayings allows you to express the essence of the statement in a figurative and extremely short form. Folk sayings are often cited to formulate individual provisions of the statement.
They serve as a starting point for the beginning of a speech, the development of a topic, the disclosure of any provisions or are the final chord, conclusion, are used to summarize what has been said. For example, here is how A. Solzhenitsyn finished the Nobel lecture:
In the Russian language, proverbs about the truth are favorite. They emphatically express a lot of difficult folk experience, and sometimes startlingly.
One word of truth will overwhelm the whole world.
Bot on such a pseudo-fantastic violation of the law of conservation of masses and energies is based both my own activity and my appeal to the writers of the whole world.
Proverbs and sayings are also given as illustrations, figurative parallels to the text. This use of proverbs and sayings allows you to express an idea more vividly and convincingly. The audience will remember figurative illustrations for a long time. In an interesting way, he played a popular proverb in one of his speeches by M.A. Sholokhov:
The gatherings of regional and territorial writers' organizations became noisy, meetings filled with sharp polemics, fervently collected "bit by bit what I heard from my teacher, living Russian." The named collection - the result of thirty-five years of work - contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, jokes and riddles. Proverbs are arranged according to themes: Russia is the homeland, the people are the world, learning is science, the past is the future, etc., in total, more than one hundred and seventy topics. Here are some proverbs on the topic "Language - speech": Do not rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds; Speak boldly for a just cause (stand boldly); For a great deed - a great word; To win with a living word; Good speech is good and listenable; You can hold a horse on the reins, but you cannot turn back a word from your tongue. Compiled in the middle of the 19th century. the collection continues to serve now.
The "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dahl, whose dictionary entries contain about thirty thousand proverbs. For example, to the word truth the dictionary contains the following proverbs: Truth is the light of reason; Truth is brighter than the sun; Truth is purer than the clear sun; Everything will pass, one truth will remain; It is a good deed to speak the truth boldly; Whoever lives by the truth will make good; Without truth, not life, but howling; Don't sue for the truth: throw off your hat and bow down; The truth is not afraid of the court; There is no judgment on the truth; Fill up the truth with gold, trample it in the mud - everything will come out; The truth is what was in the bag: you can't hide it; In whom there is no truth, in that there is little good and etc.
Thematic collections of proverbs and sayings are of particular interest. They help to find the necessary material on a specific topic. Known collections of proverbs and sayings about labor (There is no good without labor: Proverbs and sayings about labor. M., 1985), about agriculture (The land is rich in labor: Proverbs, sayings, catchphrases about agriculture and peasant labor. Rostov n / A , 1985).
In 1994, the publishing house "School-Press" published the educational dictionary "Russian Proverbs and Sayings". Folk sayings in it are united according to the themes: "Man", "Life", "Love, friendship, family", "Prosperity", "Trade", etc. The originality of the dictionary lies in the fact that the dictionary entry explains not only the meaning of the entire expression , if it is not transparent enough, but the meaning of individual words is also clarified, outdated grammatical forms are explained.
It is important not only to know a certain number of folk sayings, but also to understand their meaning in order to apply them correctly in speech practice. This goal is served by the "Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings", which contains about 1200 folk expressions. The dictionary explains the meaning of proverbs and sayings that have a figurative meaning, provides examples of their use in speech. For example, in shoot a stone - only lose arrows. Doing something deliberately unfeasible means wasting time and effort. Wed: To crush water in a mortar - there will be water. The sister leaned over to the man's weaknesses with half-disdainful condescension; as an intelligent woman, she understood that to shoot at a stone is only to lose arrows (M. Bitter. Varenka Olesova) ".
The dictionary "Russian proverbs, sayings and catchphrases" by V.P. Felitsyna, Yu.E. Prokhorov. It contains 450 of the most common proverbs, sayings and catchphrases in the modern Russian language. Here is a sample of the vocabulary entry "Time for business, hour for fun":
Expression of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), written by him on a book dedicated to falconry.
Fun (colloquial) - fun, entertainment.
Most of the time should be devoted to business, and less to entertainment.
It is usually said as a reminder to a person who, having fun, forgets about business.
The teaching began - now you cannot go to visit ... This was carried out with us very strictly; Business before pleasure. During school hours - no entertainment, no guests (V. Veresaev. Memories).
It goes without saying what am I not against entertainment, but according to the conditions of our reality, entertainment needs restrictions: "business is time, and fun is an hour" (M. Gorky. About anecdotes and - about something else).
Well, business time, fun hour! - said the teacher. - It's time to take lessons. Everyone began to sit down at their desks, take out notebooks and books. (B. Raisin-skip. Scarlet shoulder straps). A cheerful view of the world does not contradict empathy and sympathy. Of course, according to the proverb - business is time, and fun is an hour - we must distinguish when and in what issues this cheerful look is appropriate. (N. Akimov. About the theater).
Along with proverbs and sayings, the richness of speech is evidenced by winged words... These are apt, figurative expressions that have become widespread, which have become common. They were known even in distant antiquity. So, Homer called "winged" words that quickly break from the speaker's mouth and fly to the listener's ear. As a rule, winged words and expressions are of book origin. These include famous quotes from fiction, scientific, journalistic literature, statements of famous people of the past and present: His example to others is science(Pushkin); There is something to come to despair from (Griboyedov); Judas Golovlev(Saltykov-Shchedrin); No matter what happens(Chekhov); Like a squirrel in a wheel(Krylov); Best the enemy of the good(Voltaire); The sciences are nourished by the youth, the elders are given joy(Lomonosov); About the times! About morals!(Cicero); Choose the lesser of two evils(Aristotle).
An interesting material about the history of winged expressions and words, their modern use is contained in the book by N.S. Ashchukin and M.G. Ashchukina "Winged Words".
The book of the Russian fiction writer-ethnographer S.V. Maximova "Winged Words", consisting of short essays and notes on the history of words and expressions. Deeper into the dense and luxurious forest of the native language, rich, strong and fresh, concise and clear, the author, in his words, worked on “common expressions that exclusively belong to Russian speech, have their roots in the diverse Russian world and even received the meanings of folk proverbs and sayings ".
Task 104. Write the proverbs, sayings, catchphrases known to you.
Task 105. Explain how you understand folk sayings:
1. Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor; A bad friend is like a theca: you only see him on a bright day; The enemy agrees, but the friend argues. 2. A slob and a slob have no good shirt; Made in haste - made for a laugh.
Task 106. Complete the second part of the proverbs.
1. Work while learning is boring ... 2, Do you like to ride ... 3. A friend for the time being ... 4. Better the bitter truth of a friend ... 5. Who has not been to Moscow ... 6. Work until you sweat .. 7. To live idle ... 8. Who takes care of everything ... 9. Do not blame your neighbor ... 10. Once you lied ... 11. Who is a mountain for the Motherland ... 12. Do not teach the eagle to fly. .. 13. Where the bird does not fly ... 14. Who is lazy to plow ... 16. Do not whip the horse ...
For reference... And the nightingale to sing; yes, the fruit of learning is delicious; so you eat while hunting; but drive with oats; the same enemy; but knows his nest; that true hero; bread will not be born to him; became a liar forever; love to carry sledges; than the flattery of the enemy; only smoke the sky; I have not seen beauty; nothing is given to him; if you sleep until dinner.
Task 107. Write proverbs, restoring their beginning.
1. ... you can't even take out a fish from their pond. 2. ... and laziness spoils. 3. ... from that you will gain. 4. ... walk boldly. 5. ... and will respond. 6. ... that ends well. 7. ... it is useful to drink water. 8. ... don't say you are not hefty. 9. ... better than the new two. 10. ... cut once, 11. ... and one soldier in the field. 12. ... but have a hundred friends. 13. ... and ignorance is darkness. 14. ... yes remote 15. ... then science.
For reference... First, az da beeches; Don't have a hundred rubles; How will backfire; Took up the tug; Easily; Finished business; Measure seven times; Small in stature; Old friend; With whom you will lead; If tailored in Russian; Learning is light; Labor feeds; Things are good; Don't spit in the well.
Task 108. Remember the proverbs with the word language. Write them down.
Task 109. Remember and write down proverbs and sayings in which any numbers occur: 1, 2, 3.7, 100, etc.
For example: One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon. They have been waiting for the promised three years.
Task 110. Compose and write a paraphrase, i.e. retelling in your own words the fables of I.A. Krylov.
The beast on the mouse and the cat
- “Neighbor, have you heard the good rumor? - Running in, the mouse said to the rat. - After all, the cat, they say, fell into the claws of a lion? Now we have to rest and it's time for us! " “Don't rejoice, my light,” the rat says to her in response, “and don't hope for nothing! If it reaches their claws, then, surely, the lion will not be alive: there is no beast stronger than a cat! "
Do not laugh at someone else's misfortune - your own on the ridge
Chizha slammed the villainous trap; the poor thing in it was torn and rushed; and the young pigeon mocked him. “I’m not ashamed,” he says, “I got caught in broad daylight! I would not have been led like that, I can vouch for it boldly. " But you look, he immediately got entangled in the snare! And business! Henceforth, do not laugh at someone else's misfortune, dove.
The richness, diversity, originality and originality of the Russian language allow everyone to make their speech rich and original.
It should be remembered: gray speech filled with verbal cliches does not evoke the necessary associations in the minds of the listeners. It is unlikely that a person who abuses standard expressions can excite the audience, convince them of something, and influence them. A stereotyped, "hackneyed" phrase bounces off the listeners, does not give them the opportunity to grasp the essence of the statement.
In addition, poor, linguistically poor speech is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, testifying to his superficial knowledge, low speech culture, and insufficient vocabulary. But the main thing: poverty, dullness, monotony of the language is associated with poverty, dullness and not originality of thought.
Stokrat is right K.I. Chukovsky, who wrote in the book "Alive as Life":
It is not for this that our people, together with the geniuses of the Russian word - from Pushkin to Chekhov and Gorky - have created for us and for our descendants a rich, free and strong language, striking with its sophisticated, flexible, infinitely diverse forms, this is not why we were given this as a gift. the greatest treasure of our national culture, so that we, having abandoned it with contempt, reduce our speech to a few dozen cliched phrases.
The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what is the originality of his native language, its wealth.
The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages in the world, with a rich book-written tradition. What is the wealth of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?
The richness of any language is determined primarily by the richness of the vocabulary. The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian Language, published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. V. I. Dal included in the Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language more than 200 thousand words, D. N. Ushakov in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language - about 90 thousand words.
What can a person's vocabulary be? It is very difficult to answer this question unequivocally. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand different words, but according to the calculations of others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. Now compare this data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used in his works and letters more than 21 thousand words (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and he used half of these words only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the genius poet. Here is information about the number of words in some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand). Gogol - about 10 thousand words. And some people have extremely poor vocabulary. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous "The Twelve Chairs" ridiculed Ellochka the "cannibal", who managed only thirty words. These words were enough for her to talk with family, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not hard to imagine what this communication was like.
The speaker needs to have a sufficient vocabulary to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock, to try to use the wealth of the native language. The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic saturation of the word, i.e. its ambiguity. It is important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what the speech is about, what the speaker means?
Most often, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstood. However, ambiguity can be used as a technique for enriching speech content.
Of particular interest are the cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors are writing about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense”, “The ruler fenced off from his people both figuratively and literally”, “The extreme right were the first to attempt to pocket the flag. Pocket not only in a figurative sense, but also literally. "
What could have shaken London literally and figuratively? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. How could the ruler fence himself off from the people in the literal sense? He "barricaded his residence like a fortress." In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word “pocket” has only one figurative meaning - “to take possession of something alien, to appropriate”. The word has no other meaning. How can a party pocket the flag in the literal sense? The text that follows resolves the bewilderment. It turns out that party members wear shawls made of stars and stripes in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.
Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should perfectly know the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings. He must be able to correlate, oppose not only words related to each other by various semantic, thematic, associative relationships, but also different meanings of one word.
Our language is very rich in synonyms, i.e. words that are close in meaning. Each of the synonyms, differing in shade of meaning, highlights some one feature of the quality of an object, phenomenon, or some sign of action, and in the aggregate, synonyms contribute to a deeper, more comprehensive description of the phenomena of reality.
Synonyms make speech more colorful, more varied, help to avoid repetition of the same words, and allow you to express thoughts figuratively. For example, the concept of a large number of something is conveyed by words: many (apples), darkness (books), abyss (work), breakthrough (cases), cloud (mosquitoes), swarm (thoughts), ocean (smiles), sea (flags ), forest (pipes). All these words, with the exception of the word a lot, create a figurative idea of a large number.
There are many words in the Russian language that convey the speaker's positive or negative attitude to the subject of thought, i.e. have expression. So, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain a positive expression, and the words of a chatterbox, idiot, confusion, daub are characterized by negative expression.
The grammatical structure of the language is also distinguished by its richness, flexibility and expressiveness. Take the view category as an example. In contrast to the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of the species designates the way the action proceeds. So, in a species pair, read - read verbs characterize the action in different ways. The verb read (perfect) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. The verb read (imperfect) indicates an action that is not limited.
It should be remembered: gray speech filled with verbal cliches does not evoke the necessary associations in the minds of the listeners. It is unlikely that a person who abuses standard expressions can excite the audience, convince them of something, and influence them. A stereotyped, hackneyed phrase bounces off the listeners, does not give them the opportunity to grasp the essence of the statement.
In addition, poor, linguistically poor speech is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, testifying to his superficial knowledge, low speech culture, and insufficient vocabulary. But the main thing: poverty, dullness, monotony of the language is associated with poverty, dullness and unoriginal thought.
One can talk about the wealth of the Russian language for a very long time, since it is simply inexhaustible. But for some reason, the inhabitants of the beautiful country of Russia often do not even think about how much wealth they have. It seems so familiar, commonplace that people don't even pay attention to it in everyday life.
Language as a means of communication between generations
It seems to many that in our time there is no need to study Russian, read books, write competently. When communicating with each other, people use a huge number of foreign words, jargon, some kind of ragged, disfigured, sometimes obscene expressions.
The Russian language cannot be underestimated in any way, since it is still the language of poets and prose writers, a means of passing on to subsequent generations the enormous cultural heritage of the people.
The richness of the language is the admiration of almost all educated people, Russians and foreigners. After all, there is no other language in the world with such flexibility, a variety of verbal forms and their meanings, the finest shades of meaning, apt and accurate expressions!
The Russian language is so rich and diverse that even a native speaker cannot master even half of its vocabulary in a lifetime.
Secrets of the Russian language
The secret of the wealth of the Russian language lies not so much in the sheer number of words recorded in the dictionary. Rather, each has an incredible number of forms that can be formed using all sorts of suffixes, prefixes and endings.
The wealth of a language is just a sea of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homonyms. His vocabulary has in its arsenal words to denote a wide variety of actions, feelings and their shades.
Phonetics is also very multifaceted: sounds are subdivided into voiced, voiceless, sonorous, vowels, and consonants. There are letters that do not denote any sound: soft and hard signs; letters denoting several sounds at once: e, y, i.
Among other things, the richness of a language is its polysemy, semantic richness of a word, emotional coloring and imagery of expressions.
Synonyms - salvation from monotony
The use of synonyms (words similar in meaning) makes human speech much richer, more colorful, livelier, helping to more accurately express a thought, while avoiding unnecessary repetitions.
Synonyms are words that have a similar lexical meaning, with the help of which you can convey the smallest details and shades, a positive or negative attitude towards the described subject and make the conversation more interesting.
For this fantastic imagery and inexhaustible potential, the Russian language is called the greatest treasure of our national culture.
Proverbs and sayings
And the richness of the language is our apt and accurate proverbs, sayings, that is, phraseology. With what subtle humor and irony they were created by our great people!
A proverb is a short, rhythmically organized, figurative saying that is stable in speech. Sayings are one of the most curious genres of folklore, which is carefully studied by literary scholars, but at the same time it still remains unsolved to the end.
These folk sayings reflect the imaginative thinking, observation of the Russian person, his sharp mind, masterly command of the language, word. Proverbs and sayings are invented for all occasions, they are funny and sad, but always accurate and accurate, without unnecessary words and phrases.
Thus, the rich, diverse, original and distinctive Russian language allows each person to make their speech bright, beautiful, saturated with original comparisons and images, you just have to want and work a little: read the classics, remember and apply new words in your speech.
It is impossible to calculate exactly how many words a language contains. Every day new words come into a person's life, connected with new objects or processes. In Dahl's dictionary, for example, more than 200 thousand words were described, and in the circulation of the classic of Russian literature Pushkin there were more than 20 thousand. It is generally accepted that the more words a language contains, the richer it is. But there are other criteria for determining the richness of speech.
Word-building morphemes
The richness of the language can be judged by the number of derivational morphemes, for example, suffixes. So, in Russian, the use of suffixes in word formation allows you to give a word a special color or meaning. To express disdain - "old lady", "firebrand", or to indicate the diminutive form - "baby", "silly". With the help of morphemes, the evaluation of something is also displayed - "", "old man", "old man".
Morphemes provide an opportunity for the formation of a variety of words and parts of speech. They also make it possible to concretize the meaning of words of the same root.
Synonymous word series
The richness of the language is also determined by the use of synonyms. So, in the Russian language there are very few absolutely unambiguous words. To make speech colorful and vivid, a person uses semantic, stylistic or semantic-stylistic. For example, the word “walk” acquires a more precise meaning if we replace it with the verbs “wander”, “wander”. And the replacement of the adjective “thick” with “fat” gives the meaning of the word a contemptuous connotation.
Trails
Another criterion for determining the richness of a language is tropes. These are phrases or individual words that are used in a figurative sense or create a figurative representation of objects. In the Russian language such tropes as epithets, metaphor, comparison, personification and others are used. The most commonly used epithets. They make it more specific, reinforce its meaning. For example: "the sea is blue", "the maiden is red".
The personification of objects, often used in the literary language, is also a kind of paths: "the sea breathes", "the birch tree looked into the pond", "the wind sang."
Idioms
The use of idioms - fixed expressions, the component parts of which cannot be separated, makes the language especially colorful, rich and varied. For example, “there is no face on him” sounds more vivid than “he was very frightened”, or “putting his teeth on the shelf” is stronger than “starving”. When translated into another language, such expressions can lose their original meaning or even turn into an absurd set of words.
