Why are polar bears dying out? Polar polar bear. Characteristics and description

Svetlana's advantages are neatness and sociability. She has a deep, contradictory nature and loves to command.

The name Svetlana itself speaks about its meaning - “bright”.

Origin of the name Svetlana:

The name Svetlana has Slavic roots. It comes from the words “light”, “bright”.

Characteristics and interpretation of the name Svetlana:

Since childhood, Svetlana has been ambitious and values ​​herself highly. They strive for leadership among their peers. Parents often support these aspirations in them; Svetlana’s houses are often “little princesses”; they are praised and pampered. But Svetlana does not have any special talents; it is difficult to call them very gifted. To succeed in their studies, they require considerable perseverance, which their more talented peers can do without. However, Svetlana knows how to position herself and often receives high marks due to her liveliness and self-confidence. Stands out among friends strong character, quickly ensures that her opinion is taken into account. In his youth he strives to look impressive, but often goes too far.

Svetlana finds herself in social activities and connections with people. She is a good organizer, knows how to command, and is capable of both winning over soft people and irritating strong and independent individuals. Sincere extrovert, has problems understanding other people's personal space, intimate life can make outsiders the subject of general discussion. She treats discussions of her personality mockingly; gossip does not frighten her.

If Svetlana gets tired at work, she becomes uncompromising, overly demanding and despotic, and sometimes violates her official authority. She is logical and capable of accepting reasoned arguments, admits her mistakes, but does not like to formally apologize. Busy with what she loves, Svetlana is sensitive and diplomatic, plans her time well, knows how and loves to earn a lot. He tries to shift the job he doesn’t like to someone else. She values ​​spiritual kinship and transforms with close people - she becomes soft and tender.

Svetlana’s personal life always goes well. They know how to attract attention and have no shortage of fans. Sometimes the clothes chosen are flashy, but they rarely descend into outright bad taste. They are mobile and flexible, the secret of their beauty lies in the harmony and attractiveness of their body. What Svetlana values ​​in men is not their appearance, but their character, sexual experience and self-resemblance. Not affected public opinion, is not afraid of bold relationships and sexual experiments. She is distrustful and does not like to obey, but an intelligent and tactful man can always melt her coldness with hugs and kind words.

Svetlana will never start a family unless she is absolutely sure that it is necessary. She builds her own happiness. If her youthful maximalism has already been replaced by mature diplomacy, she will be able to avoid disputes with her husband and conflicts with her mother-in-law. In the house she likes to control everything - from cooking and repairs to raising children. It is unthinkable that an important family discussion would take place without Svetlana. She plans her budget rationally, not missing out on opportunities. once again pamper yourself and your loved ones with unexpected pleasant little things.

Igor, Oleg, Evgeniy, Vladimir, Eduard and Bogdan suit her well as partners; marriages with Gleb, Alexander and Stanislav are rarely successful.

“Winter” and “autumn” Svetlanas are balanced and calm. “Spring” people are frivolous, lack taste and sense of proportion, and are always a little “excessive.” Those born in summer have a stormy and complex personal life.

As a Chinese language teacher, I often encounter the question from students “how to say my name in Chinese?” The logic of this question is quite clear to me, firstly the topic “what is your name?” found in one of elementary lessons, and, quite naturally, the student would like to introduce himself in Chinese. Secondly, most students at the Kitailanguage school have already learned English language and, with relative ease, they picked up English equivalents of the Russian name.

However, choose for yourself Chinese name– the task is more complex than it seems at first glance. There are several ways. You can simply select hieroglyphs that sound as close as possible to the name in the original.

Many online resources offer to translate the name into Chinese.

So Anastasia will become 阿娜斯塔西娅 ā nà sī tǎ xī yà And na sy ta si ya

Sergey 谢尔盖 хiè ěr gài Se er gay

Ekaterina 叶卡特丽娜 yè kǎ tè lì nà E ka te li na

Vladimir 弗拉基米尔 fú lā jī mǐ ěr Fu la ji mi er

Svetlana 斯韦特拉娜 sīwéitèlānà Sy wei te la na

However, from my point of view, this method is far from the best.

To explain why, I would like to make a small digression and talk a little about Chinese names. Chinese full names mostly consist of three characters, the first of which is the surname and the other two are the given name. Each hieroglyph is read as one syllable. For example, Mao Zedong or Deng Xiaoping. It happens that full name consists of only two hieroglyphs. But there are very rare cases when there are more than three hieroglyphs in a name.

So, compared to most Chinese names, translated “long” names sound, at least, strange. If you insist and introduce yourself to the Chinese, for example, as Konstantin Ivanov 康斯坦丁. 伊凡诺夫 kāng sī tǎn dīng yī fán nuò fū, then most likely the Chinese, practical by nature, will immediately give a “nickname” to a Russian acquaintance and he will turn into 小康 xiǎo kāng (little Kan) or something similar.

If your name is “short” and fits into two hieroglyphs, most likely, in order for its pronunciation to be as similar as possible to the Russian original, you will have to neglect the meaning of the hieroglyphs and your name, at best, will mean nothing . Well, at worst, it will mean something not entirely adequate.

The second option for purchasing a Chinese name is to ask a Chinese person you know to choose a name for you. In my opinion, this is a smarter approach to choosing your Chinese name.

However, even here there are pitfalls. A lot of students who come to China for language practice receive Chinese names from their teacher. And here there is a chance of getting a beautiful Chinese name from a native speaker. However, it may happen that a busy teacher will not particularly think and carefully choose a name for you. And it may not completely suit you. For example, I was offered to somehow be 马莉 (horse - jasmine). I didn’t really like it; I didn’t really want to be called a horse.

It would not be amiss to carry out preliminary work and become familiar with the reading and meaning of hieroglyphs often found in names.

Here are some examples of hieroglyphs for male names

And women's names

If you already have a couple of ideas, it may be easier for your Chinese friend to come up with a name for you.

To choose a surname, I recommend that you refer to the list of “100 most common surnames”. Most Chinese people have surnames from this list.

After you make your choice, I would recommend “testing” your name several times and looking at the reaction of the interlocutor. The fact is that Chinese names are based on historical and cultural heritage country, which is very difficult for a non-native speaker to experience. So, if it seems to you that the reaction to your name is not entirely adequate, perhaps you should reconsider the chosen option.

Examples of real Chinese names can also serve as a basis for inspiration and choosing a Chinese name. Try to choose the one you like and match it with the last name from the list.

Choosing a Chinese name, from my point of view, is not a matter of two or three minutes. But the result - a beautiful Chinese name that is not ashamed to introduce itself to the Chinese and acquaintances from Russia, is undoubtedly worth the effort spent on it.

Russian names in Chinese- the topic of this article. Many students of Chinese are interested in how their variants sound and are written. Russian names in Chinese. How to write your own Russian name in Chinese? Russians names in Chinese characters sometimes they are the most popular and interesting symbolic decoration of the body; nowadays people are very willing to translate their Russian names into Chinese characters, the meaning of which is not always clear to everyone. Many people are interested in how their Russian names are written and sounded. Chinese. When translating Russian names into Chinese, the sounds are transcribed, i.e. sounds that are more similar to the original are selected. Russian names in Chinese are so little similar to Chinese that even in their modified “Chinese” version they seem too long and cumbersome to the Chinese. Russian names in Chinese are written according to their pronunciation. Therefore, those who live, work, study in China often have Russian names in Chinese, which are given more based on character traits rather than phonetic correspondences. In other words, hieroglyphs that sound similar are selected, and therefore Russian names in Chinese do not carry a semantic load. There are also many programs with which you can get your Russian name in Chinese. For example, with the help of some programs you can find more than 100 Russian names in Chinese, some of them are given in both full and abbreviated form. Chinese characters attractive because they also have a hidden magic. Usually, when translating Russian names into Chinese, the sounds of the names are transcribed by selecting those that sound more similar to the original ones. Since the Chinese language has a limited number of sounds, a Russian name in Chinese sometimes sounds little like the original. When transcribing Russian names into Chinese, sometimes hieroglyphs are selected that indicate belonging to a masculine or female. Very often, Russian female names in Chinese use hieroglyphs with meanings such as kindness, beauty and prosperity. In male names, hieroglyphs are more often used to denote wealth, strength and luck. When translating Russian names into Chinese, hieroglyphs are also selected that reflect the most striking character traits of a person. The same sound in Chinese can be written in completely different characters. This means that the same Russian name can be written in Chinese various options hieroglyphs, and you yourself can choose the most suitable option for you. Below we have given a small list of Russian names in Chinese.

Russian names in Chinese

FEMALE NAMES

Alexandra (protector) – 保护人 – Bao-hu-ren

Alena (scarlet) - 猩红 – Sin-hun

Alice (noble image) - 高形象 – Gao-hsing-xiang

Alla, Alina (other) 另一种 – Ling-i-chun

Anastasia (resurrected) - 复活 – Fu-huo

Anna (grace) - 恩典 – En-dian

Antonina (spatial) – 空间 – Kun-dzian

Anfisa (blooming) - 開花 – Kai-hua

Valentina (strong) - 强 – Cian

Barbara (cruel) - 残忍 – Tsang-ren

Vasilisa (royal) - 富豪 – Fu-hao

Faith (faith) - 信仰 – Xin-yang

Victoria (winner) - 胜利者 – Shan-li-zha

Galina (clear) - 明晰 – Ming-si

Daria (great fire) – 大火 – Da-huo

Eva (live) – 活 – Hova

Eugenia (noble) – 高贵 – Gao-gui

Catherine (pure) - 净 – Jin

Elena (sunny) - 太阳能 – Tai-yang-Nen

Elizabeth (who worships God) - 敬畏神 – Jin-wei Sheng

Zinaida (born of God) - 从神生 – Tsung-shen-sheng

Zoya (life) - 生活 – Shen-Hova

Inna ( torrent) – 湍流 –Tuan-liu

Irina (anger) - 愤怒 – Feng-nu

Karina (dear) - 亲爱的 Qin-ai-(de)

Kira (mistress) - 夫人 – Fu-ren

Claudia (limping) - 跛 –Boa

Ksenia (alien) - 陌生人 – Mo-shen-ren

Larisa (seagull) – 海鸥 – Hai-ou

Lydia (sad song) - 悲伤的歌 – Beishan-da-guo

Lily (lily) -百合 – Bai-hee

Love (love) - 爱 – Ai

Lyudmila (sweetheart) - 甜 – Tian

Margarita (pearl) - 珍珠Zhen-zhu

Marina (sea) - 海事 – Hai-shi

Maria (bitter) - 苦 – Kuu

Nadezhda (hope) - 希望 – Si-wan

Natalya (born, native) - 出生 – Chu-sheng, 本机 – Ben-ji

Nelly (clove) 丁香 - Ding-sian

Nina (queen) - 女王 – New-wan

Oksana (hospitable) - 荒凉 – Huang-Lian

Olesya (forest) - 林业 – Lin-e

Olga (saint) – 圣 – Shan

Polina (peacock) - 孔雀 – Kon-chue

Raisa (light) – 容易 – Zhon-ghyi

Svetlana (light) – 光 – Guan

Seraphim (flaming snake) - 火龙 – Huo-long

Snezhana (snowy) – 雪 – Schue

Sophia (wise) - 明智 – Ming-zhi

Tamara (palm) - 棕榈 – Tsong-li

Tatyana (opposing) -反对 – Fan-dui

Ulyana (happiness) - 幸福 – Xing-fu

Julia (July) - 七月 – Qi-yue

Yana (God's grace) - 神的怜悯 – Shen da Lian-ming

MALE NAMES

Alexander (defender) - 辩护人 – Bian-hu ren

Alexey (assistant) ― 助理 – Zhu-li

Anatoly (east) - 东 – Don

Andrey (courageous) – 男子气 – Nan-qi chi

Anton (competitor) – 竞争 – Jing-chang

Arkady (happy country) – 幸运国 – Xin-gyun guo

Artem (unharmed) - 安然无恙 – An-ran-wu-yan

Arthur (big bear) 大熊 – Da-xiun

Bogdan (given by God) -上帝赋予 –Shang-di fu-yu

Boris (wrestling) – 战斗 – Zhan-dou

Vadim (proving)　―　证明 – Zheng-ming

Valentine (healthy) - 健康 – Jian-kan

Valery (cheerful) – 强力 – Qian-li

Basil (royal) – 富豪 – Fu-hao

Benjamin (beloved son) - 最喜欢儿子 – Tsui-si huan-ar-qi

Victor (winner) – 胜利者 – Shang-li zha

Vitaly (life) – 重要 – Zhong-gyao

Vladimir (ruler of the world) – 领主世 – Ling-chu shi

Vladislav (owner of fame) 挥舞荣耀 – Hui-wu run-gyao

Vyacheslav (illustrious) –　杰出 – Jie-chhu

Gennady – (highborn) – 温和 – Wen-hea

Georgy, Egor (farmer) – 农夫 – Nun-fu

Gleb (block) - 块状 – Kuai zhuang

Gregory (not sleeping) - 不睡觉 – Bu Shui-Jiao

Daniel ( God's judgment) - 法院神 – Fa-yuan sheng

Demyan – (conqueror) – 征服者 – Zheng-fu zha

Denis – (dedicated to wine) – 致力于怪 – Zhi-li you guai

Dmitry (earthly fruit) – 果地球 – Guo di-qiu

Eugene (noble) - 高贵 – Gao-gui

Ivan, Yang – (the grace of God) - 神恩典 – Sheng an-dian

Igor – (fertile) – 富饶 – Fu-lao

Ilya – (the fortress of the Lord) - 丰泽嘉宾 – Fun-tsu dzyabin

Kirill – (lord) - 主 – Zhu

Constantine (permanent) - 永久 – Yun-jiou

Leo (lion) – 狮子 – Shih Qi

Leonidas (son of the lion) – 儿子是狮子 – Ar-qi shi shi-qi

Maxim (very big) - 非常大 – Fei-chan yes

Mikhail ( godlike) - 像上帝 – Xian shang-di

Nikita (victorious) - 胜利 – Shan-li

Nicholas (victory of the people) - 人民的胜利 – Ren-min da shang-li

Oleg (sacred) - 光神圣 – Guan Shen-shan

Pavel (small) - 小 – Siao

Peter (stone) - 石 – Shi

Roman (Roman) - 罗马 – Luo-ma

Ruslan (solid lion) - 固体狮子 – Gu-ti shi-qi

MOSCOW, July 6 - RIA Novosti. American ecologists conducted a large-scale analysis of the state of polar bear populations in the Arctic and came to the conclusion that these top predators of the Arctic could completely disappear by 2025 if humanity does not take action, according to a report from the Fish and Wildlife Service. wildlife USA.

"Polar bears are now in an extremely dangerous situation. There are a number of measures we can take to slow their decline, but ultimately the only way to save them is to reduce the number of bears." greenhouse emissions"Explains Rebecca Noblin from Polar Bears International.

Almost two dozen ecologists, led by Michael Runge of the US Geological Survey's Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, came to this conclusion after tracking changes in polar bear numbers and climate processes in the Arctic over the past 20 years, and trying to spread them for the next decades.

During these calculations, scientists considered two possible scenarios, one in which greenhouse gas emissions remained at current levels, and the second, taking into account the commitments made under the Kyoto Protocol and future measures to slow climate change.

Paradoxically and extremely alarmingly, both versions of the calculations showed that the number of polar bears will decrease noticeably in the coming years due to a decrease in ice area, oil tanker wrecks and other man-made disasters and a number of other factors. In the first case, polar bears risk completely disappearing by 2025 as a result of a massive decline in numbers in a number of key populations in Alaska and Siberia.

Having uncovered such an alarming threat to polar bears, environmentalists have come up with a series of measures that they hope will allow the bears to find food during the lean months and years. will help reduce the degree of contact between animals and humans and slow down the decline in their numbers.

However the main problem, as the authors of the report emphasize, lies not in anthropogenic factors and lack of food, but in climate change and the associated reduction in area sea ​​ice, where polar bears live and get food. This problem will be extremely difficult to solve due to the fact that the economic interests of a number of countries in the world interfere with this.

"The main players in this political game they simply cannot agree with each other. China and the USA, they have their own industrial and political interests, and they, and the world as a whole, do not have a consensus on what should be done and how these measures should be implemented,” concludes Igor Polyakov from the University of Alaska Fairbanks (USA).

In connection with the discovery of oil and gas deposits in the Arctic national park Alaskans are planning to start development here, completely forgetting that these developments can displace and destroy the king of the ice desert - the polar bear. But this is not the only problem. Every year, Canadian Indians shoot about 500 animals, the skins of which are sold. Norwegians, big fans of sport hunting, are willing to pay $20,000 for the opportunity to spend just a few days in the Arctic to track and shoot a predator. But a much more serious threat to the ruler of the polar expanses is environmental degradation. The Arctic Ocean has long been a sewer for Europeans, Asians and North America. DDT, dioxin and organochlorine compounds accumulate in marine invertebrate organisms that fish feed on - favorite dish seals. And seals sooner or later end up as lunch for polar bears. This entire food chain is stuffed with poisons, the concentration of which is steadily increasing. Into the body of Arctic polar bears toxic substances arrive in increased concentrations, increased by a million times.

The first animals whose characteristics corresponded to the description of bears first appeared on the planet in the Miocene era - approximately 20 million years ago. They were small in size and were found on all continents, excluding Antarctica and Australia. When 200,000 years ago most of territories of Eurasia and Northern Arctic Ocean covered with ice, some ancestors of the white and brown ones adapted to the harsh Arctic living conditions.

Gradually, polar bears acquired those qualities that made them masters of the Arctic. The polar bear is a very large animal. The body of a large male can reach 3 meters in length with a one and a half meter height at the withers. The mass of a large bear is up to 1000 kg. If we compare a brown and a polar bear, the body of the latter is more elongated and the muzzle is elongated. The nasal cavity of the polar bear is also elongated, so the dry, icy air entering it has time to moisturize and warm up. Its teeth are adapted for cutting carcasses - they are small and serrated. The main prey of the predator is seals. The polar bear's paws, equipped with membranes of skin, act like oars, allowing them to swim at speeds of up to 6.5 kilometers per hour.

Layer subcutaneous fat and the long, thick hair that covers the entire body and soles of the animal’s paws reliably protect the animal from the cold. The fur of a polar bear consists of colorless, hollow hairs that perform a thermal insulation function and are conductors of ultraviolet rays. These animals live almost their entire lives on floating ice. Only pregnant females come out for a long time, and even then not always.

If the bear comes to land, she does so in October. She chooses a higher snowdrift and digs a warm den in it, the shape of which resembles an oval chamber about 2.5 m long, about 2 m wide and about 1.5 m high. Having completed the construction of the shelter, the pregnant bear goes to bed. She sleeps deeply, but lightly, waking up from time to time. Cubs are born in December-January. A mature bear can give birth to two or three babies, a young mother – one.

Newborn polar bear cubs, about 30 centimeters long, whose body weight is 500-800 grams, are blind, deaf and completely helpless. The babies are covered with white hairs, through which delicate pale pink skin is visible. The cubs grow very quickly, fed a surprisingly nutritious diet containing up to 35% fat. mother's milk. The eye and ear openings open in small predators a month after birth, and when the cubs are 2 months old, their teeth erupt. After 3-4 months, the weight of the cubs grows to 10-15 kg, they become playful, learn to bite and grumble when danger approaches. At the end of March - beginning of April (with the onset of the hunting season), the mother bear, who has lost almost half of her weight in 8 months, takes the cubs out of the den and leads them into the depths of the icy desert. The cubs stay close to their mother for up to 2.5 years, gradually mastering the wisdom of complex Arctic life, learning to hunt and swim.

The polar bear, compared to other bears who are predominantly vegetarians, is a real predator. It feeds mainly on seals. When there is plenty of food, successful hunters provide food not only for themselves and their families, but also for their less fortunate fellow tribesmen, birds and arctic foxes, eating the fat and skin of the seal and leaving the carcass untouched.

The polar bear is a rather peaceful animal. It very rarely attacks humans unless provoked. With the onset of autumn, young males often start fights, standing on hind legs and giving each other powerful blows. But before bloody wounds it usually doesn't work out.