SOLUTIONS OF PROBLEMS OF THE DISTRICT TOUR OF THE CITY OLYMPIAD
IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE PHYSICS 2005 Grade 9-10
The seasons of the year on Earth are replaced "in antiphase" (when it is summer in the northern hemisphere, then it is winter in the southern hemisphere). Let us assume that a hypothetical planet revolves around the Sun in a highly elongated elliptical orbit, the semi-major axis of which is also equal to 1 AU, and the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. How does the season change? How will the climate change compared to Earth's climate?
On such a planet, the change of seasons will take place synchronously, and not in antiphase, as on Earth or Mars. Near the apohelion on the entire planet, in both hemispheres, synchronously, there will be a conditional winter, and near the perihelion - a conditional summer. “Conditional”, because in generally accepted terms there will be eternal winter at the poles of such a planet ... Then the seasons, depending only on the heat flux, will be determined throughout the planet only by its position in orbit, which means that they will change synchronously everywhere. The climate on such a planet, despite the same major semi-axis a = 1 AU, will be sharper, winters will be colder and longer according to Kepler's second law (both the path is longer and the speed is less).
When can the Moon rise higher above the horizon in summer or winter, and why? And when is the Moon in Moscow above the horizon below? Summer or winter and why?
Moving along the ecliptic, the Sun moves farthest from the equator towards the north celestial pole on June 22. This corresponds to the point of the summer solstice - the sign of Cancer. On this day, the Sun has a maximum declination of about = +23. On this day in Moscow (and in the northern hemisphere) the Sun is highest above the horizon. You can also calculate the height of the Sun above the horizon on June 22 according to the formula height of the stars at the upper culmination
h = 90 = 57
Where is the latitude of Moscow =56.
December 22 The sun is lowest on the horizon in Moscow. The day is the longest. Dot winter solstice - the sign of Capricorn - in it the Sun has a minimum declination = 23. The height of the Sun above the horizon is about 11.
What are the points on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator called? What dates does this correspond to? How many hours are night and day in Moscow at this time? In what constellations were these points 2000 years ago and in what constellations are they now and why?
The two points on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic intersects celestial equator. Passing from the southern hemisphere to the northern, the Sun passes through the vernal equinox on March 20 or 21, and back through the point autumn equinox September 22 or 23. On these days, throughout the Earth, the Sun moves across the sky from sunrise to sunset in almost exactly 12 hours (excluding refraction) and, therefore, the duration of day and night is the same everywhere. Through the point of the vernal equinox (the old names are “point of spring” or “starting point of Aries”, sign ) prime meridians in ecliptic and equatorial coordinate systems. About 2000 years ago, at the time of Hipparchus, this point was located in the constellation Aries. As a result of the precession, it has moved about 20 o to the west and is now in the constellation Pisces. The point of the autumnal equinox used to be in Libra (sign ), and now in Virgo.
Two identical in mass automatic interplanetary stations(AMS) commit soft landings: the first - to Venus, the second - to Mars. On which of the planets - Earth, Venus or Mars - do these AMSs have the greatest weight? Acceleration free fall on Earth and Venus are considered the same, and on Mars g \u003d 3.7 m / s 2.
The greatest weight will be on Earth. The weight of AMS on Venus will be less than on Earth due to the dense atmosphere (Archimedes' law). On Mars, the AMS will have the smallest weight.
Two neutron stars turning around common center masses in a circular orbit with a period of 7 hours. At what distance are they located if their masses are 1.4 times the mass of the Sun? The mass of the Sun M = 2 10 30 kg.
The stars are at a distance of 2R from each other. F grav. = G 
On the other hand, F = 
= 310 6 m, less than the dimensions of the Earth.
TASKS OF THE DISTRICT TOUR OF THE CITY OLYMPIAD
FOR ASTRONOMY AND SPACE PHYSICS 2005 Grade 11
When does the moon rise as high as possible above the horizon in summer or winter, and why? And when is the Moon in Moscow above the horizon the lowest? Summer or winter and why?
Moving along the ecliptic, the Sun moves farthest from the equator towards the north celestial pole on June 22. This corresponds to the point of the summer solstice - the sign of Cancer. On this day, the Sun has a maximum declination of about = + 23. On this day in Moscow (and in the northern hemisphere) the Sun is highest above the horizon. You can also calculate the height of the Sun above the horizon on June 22 according to the formula height of the stars at the upper culmination
h = 90 = 57
Where is the latitude of Moscow = 56.
December 22 The sun is lowest on the horizon in Moscow. The day is the longest. The point of the winter solstice is the sign of Capricorn. In it, the Sun has a minimum declination = 23. The height of the Sun above the horizon is about 11.
The angle between the plane of the Moon's orbit and the plane of the ecliptic is 5°. The maximum height of the Moon above the horizon in June is 62. Minimum Height Moons above the horizon - 6.
On January 2, 2005, the Earth was at perihelion, at a distance of 14.7 million km from the Sun. When (approximately) will the Earth be at aphelion? Make an explanatory drawing. Why does the aphelion point not coincide with the summer solstice point, and the perihelion point does not coincide with the winter solstice point?
The drawing is required.
On which planet of Mercury or Mars will a body in free fall fly farther in 10 seconds? The mass of Mercury is 0.055 M , the radius is 0.38 R . The mass of Mars is 0.107 M , the radius is 0.53 R .
In free fall, a body travels a path equal to 
, where g is the free fall acceleration.
The free fall acceleration is found by the formula
.
Substituting the values of mass and radii, we get that g Mercury = g Mars = 3.8 m/s 2, therefore, a body in free fall on both planets will fly the same distance without taking into account atmospheric friction.
The interplanetary apparatus revolves around the Earth in a low circular orbit,
lying in the plane of the ecliptic. What is the minimum speed increment
must be given to this ship so that it can, without subsequent maneuvers and
turning on the engines to go explore the objects of the Kuiper belt?
The Kuiper belt is in the outer regions solar system,
and in order to get there from the vicinity of the Earth, the apparatus must develop
the second cosmic velocity relative to the Sun, equal to 42.1 km/s. But
The Earth itself is moving relative to the Sun at a speed of 29.8 km/s, and
the speed of the apparatus relative to the Earth after overcoming its attraction
can be equal to everything u= 12.3 km/s. Before leaving the gravitational field
Earth, being close to its surface, the speed of the device should
be equal
= 16.6 km/s ( V 2 - second space velocity
for the Earth, equal to 11.2 km/s).
Moving in a circular orbit, the apparatus had the first cosmic velocity V 1 equal to 7.9 km/s. Therefore, the minimum speed increment
(when the apparatus moves in the same direction as the Earth) is equal to
V = V 3 - V 1 = 8.7 km/s.
How many times greater is a supergiant star with a luminosity of 10000 L than a main sequence star if their temperatures are the same and equal to 5800?
The main sequence star with a temperature of 5800 is the Sun. Luminosity of the Sun L =1.
L \u003d T 4 4R 2.
Their temperatures are the same.
Whence the radius of the supergiant is 100 times greater than the radius of the main sequence star (the Sun).
ON ASTRONOMY AND SPACE PHYSICS 2007 Grade 11
The greatest distance of Venus from the Sun is 48˚. Draw the relative positions of Venus, the Earth and the Sun at the moment greatest distance Venus from the Sun and determine the distance of Venus from the Sun in astronomical units and kilometers. The greatest eastern elongation of Venus will occur on June 9, 2007, when will the next greatest eastern elongation of Venus occur? The sidereal period of revolution of Venus around the Sun is T = 0.615 years.
On January 20, the Sun moved from the constellation Sagittarius to the constellation Capricorn. Now (on the afternoon of January 27, 2007) Mercury and Venus are in the constellation of Capricorn, Mars is in the constellation of Sagittarius, Neptune is in the constellation of Capricorn, the dwarf planet Pluto is on the border of the constellations of Sagittarius and Ophiuchus, the dwarf planet Ceres is in the constellation of Pisces, Jupiter is on the border constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpio. Uranus is in the constellation of Aquarius, bordering on the constellation of Capricorn. Saturn is in the constellation Leo.
What is the name of this arrangement of planets? How many planets are above the horizon right now? How many dwarf planets are currently above the horizon? How many large planets can be observed all night?
Decision.
This arrangement of planets is called a planetary parade. There are 6 major planets above the horizon this afternoon: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune. There are 2 dwarf planets above the horizon this afternoon: Ceres and Pluto. Unfortunately, today the parade of planets is not visible in the evening and at night, as the planets are above the horizon during the day.
Saturn will be visible all night, therefore one planet can be observed at night.
The Earth, moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, in January is closer to the Sun by almost 5 million km than in July. So why is it colder in January than in July?
Decision.
The main reason for seasonal changes in temperature and climate on Earth is associated with the angle of inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the orbit around the Sun (ecliptic), which is about 66˚. This determines the height of the Sun above the horizon (it is higher in summer) and the length of the day (days are longer in summer). Those. in the summer, more solar energy hits Earth in the northern hemisphere. In winter it's the other way around. For middle lane this difference reaches several times. And due to the greater proximity of the Earth to the Sun in winter than in summer, due to this, the difference in the received heat is only a few percent.
At opposition, Saturn is in the constellation Leo. At what point in time will Saturn cross the celestial meridian over the south point? What constellation is the sun in at this moment?
Decision.
The opposition of the planet occurs during the backward movement. Saturn's upper climax will occur at midnight Mean Solar Time. The sun at this moment will be in the opposite point of the ecliptic in the constellation of Aquarius. (Season - Winter - February).
The greatest distance of Venus from the Sun is 48˚. Draw the relative position of Venus, the Earth and the Sun at the moment of the greatest distance of Venus from the Sun and determine the distance of Venus from the Sun in astronomical units and kilometers. The greatest eastern elongation of Venus will occur on June 9, 2007. When will the next greatest eastern elongation of Venus occur? The sidereal period of revolution of Venus around the Sun is T = 0.615 years.
Decision.
The figure shows that in an isosceles right triangle, the distance of Venus from the Sun is equal to the leg a = a 0 sin 45˚ = 0.71 AU. = 106 million km.
The configurations of the planets are repeated through the synodic period S, which is found from the equation of synodic motion 1/S = 1/T – 1/T z. It follows from this formula that the synodic period of Venus is equal to S = T · T s / (T s - T) = 0.615 / 0.385 = 1.597 g = 583 days = 1 g 7 months. 8 days So the next greatest eastern elongation will not come until mid-January 2009.
Robert Heinlein in the novel "The Road of Valor" describes the planet - the Center of the galactic empire. This planet is "the size of Mars", the force of gravity on it is "almost terrestrial". What can be said about the density of this planet? What are the first and second cosmic velocities for this planet? What is the orbital period of a satellite in low orbit? The radius of Mars is 3400 km, the gravitational constant G = 6.6710 -11 Nm 2 /kg 2.
Decision.
From the law gravity let us express the acceleration of free fall near the surface of the planet: g = GM/R 2 = 4GR/3.
From here average density planets= 3g / 4GR = 10317 kg / m 3 - much more than the density of iron.
first cosmic speed v 1 \u003d (gR) -1/2 \u003d 5.77 km / s.
Second space velocity to the root of 2 times the first: v 2 \u003d 8.14 km / s.
Satellite orbital period in low orbit T \u003d 2R / v 1 \u003d 3700 s - a little more than an hour.
The line of hydrogen H γ with a wavelength λ 0 = 4340A, measured in the spectrum of a distant galaxy has λ = 4774A. The measured angular dimensions of the galaxy are 10"". Determine with what speed and where this galaxy is moving, at what distance it is and what is its linear diameter in parsecs. Compare with diameter Milky Way.
Hubble constant H = 63 km/s Mpc.
Decision.
The redshift of the line in the spectrum of the galaxy is z = (λ-λ 0)/λ 0 =434/4340 = 0.1. According to the Doppler effect, this shift of the line is explained by the distance from the galaxy with the velocity V = z·c = 30,000 km/s.
The Hubble constant is 63 km/s Mpc.
According to Hubble's law, the distance to the galaxy is r = V/H = 30000/63 = 476 Mpc. The diameter of the galaxy is d = r sin 10"" = 476 2 10 -4 = 0.08 Mpc = 95 kpc. The diameter of the Milky Way (spiral galaxy) is 30 kpc. The galaxy is 3 times larger than our Galaxy.
TASKS OF THE DISTRICT TOUR OF THE 61st MOSCOW OLYMPIAD
IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE PHYSICS 2007 Grade 5-6
In the above figure, the artist depicted the moon against the background of the starry sky. What is wrong in this picture and why? How to draw correctly?
What constellations of the northern sky indicate North Pole peace? In what constellation is it located? Make a drawing. What constellations in the southern sky can be used as landmarks to determine the location of the south celestial pole? What constellation is it in South Pole peace?
Name the largest and smallest planet in the solar system. Where are they located in relation to the Sun, which of these planets have satellites?
Draw the orbit of comet MacNote, the Sun, the Earth, and other planets.
TASKS OF THE DISTRICT TOUR OF THE 61st MOSCOW OLYMPIAD
IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE PHYSICS 2007 Grade 7-8
Currently spacecraft Cassini explores and photographs the planet Saturn and its moons. The distance from Saturn to the Sun is 29.46 astronomical units. For what minimum time information received by the apparatus reaches the Earth?
There is such a riddle about the Moon:
"All night behind the clouds
A lantern with horns shone.
Find the astronomical error in the riddle.
What are the two brightest, visible even to the naked eye, nebulae of the earth's sky, the Andromeda Nebula and the Orion Nebula, what do they consist of, and due to what do they shine?
March 29, 2006 happened solar eclipse What constellation was the Moon in at that moment?
The most bright comet Mak Nota over the past decades, discovered on August 7, 2006, has perihelion Q = 0.17 AU, semi-major axis a = 5681 AU. Comet McNaught has now reached its maximum visible magnitude m = -4. Now it is so bright that it can be seen even during the day if you block the Sun with your hand, but, unfortunately, only in the southern hemisphere of the Earth.
Halley's comet has perihelion Q = 0.6 AU. AT last time Halley's comet passed perihelion in 1986. In 2023, the comet will be at the most distant point of its orbit - more than 5 billion kilometers (q = 35 AU) from the Sun.
Draw the orbit of comet MacNote, the Sun, the Earth, and other planets. Draw an approximate view of the comet now.
Draw the orbit of Halley's Comet, the Sun, the Earth, and other planets. Draw an approximate view of the comet now and in 1986.
Venus, Neptune, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus and the dwarf planet Pluto can be seen above the horizon now (on the afternoon of January 27, 2007). What is the name of this arrangement of planets? Which planet will be visible at night?
TASKS OF THE DISTRICT TOUR OF THE 61st MOSCOW OLYMPIAD
IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE PHYSICS 2007 Grade 9-10
On January 20, the Sun moved from the constellation Sagittarius to the constellation Capricorn. Now (on the afternoon of January 27, 2007) Mercury and Venus are in the constellation of Capricorn, Mars is in the constellation of Sagittarius, Neptune is in the constellation of Capricorn, the dwarf planet Pluto is on the border of the constellations of Sagittarius and Ophiuchus, the dwarf planet Ceres is in the constellation of Pisces, Jupiter is on the border constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpio. Uranus is in the constellation of Aquarius, bordering on the constellation of Capricorn. Saturn is in the constellation Leo.
What is the name of this arrangement of planets? How many planets are above the horizon right now? How many dwarf planets are currently above the horizon? How many large planets can be observed all night?
The Earth, moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, in January is closer to the Sun by almost 5 million km than in July. So why is it colder in January than in July?
At opposition, Saturn is in the constellation Leo. At what point in time will Saturn cross the celestial meridian over the south point? What constellation is the sun in at this moment?
The greatest distance of Venus from the Sun is 48˚. Draw the relative position of Venus, the Earth and the Sun at the moment of the greatest distance of Venus from the Sun and determine the distance of Venus from the Sun in astronomical units and kilometers.
Solar radiation power L 0 = 4 10 26 watts. How much energy does the sun emit in one year? According to the theory of relativity, energy is equivalent to mass, so estimate how much mass the Sun loses each year due to radiation. The sun will "die" if it loses 0.001 of its mass. Estimate the lifetime of the Sun.
2007) Mercury and Venus are in the constellation of Capricorn, Mars is in the constellation of Sagittarius, Neptune is in the constellation of Capricorn, the dwarf planet Pluto is on the border of the constellations of Sagittarius and Ophiuchus, the dwarf planet Ceres is in the constellation of Pisces, Jupiter is on the border of the constellations of Ophiuchus and Scorpio. Uranus is in the constellation of Aquarius, bordering on the constellation of Capricorn. Saturn is in the constellation Leo.
The greatest distance of Venus from the Sun is 48˚. Draw the relative position of Venus, the Earth and the Sun at the moment of the greatest distance of Venus from the Sun and determine the distance of Venus from the Sun in astronomical units and kilometers. The greatest eastern elongation of Venus will occur on June 9, 2007, when will the next greatest eastern elongation of Venus occur? The sidereal period of revolution of Venus around the Sun is T = 0.615 years.The Hγ hydrogen line with a wavelength λ0 = 4340A, measured in the spectrum of a distant galaxy, has λ = 4774A. The measured angular dimensions of the galaxy are 10"". Determine with what speed and where this galaxy is moving, at what distance it is and what is its linear diameter in parsecs. Compare with the diameter of the Milky Way.
Decision.
On January 20, the Sun moved from the constellation Sagittarius to the constellation Capricorn. Now (on the afternoon of January 27, 2007) Mercury and Venus are in the constellation of Capricorn, Mars is in the constellation of Sagittarius, Neptune is in the constellation of Capricorn, the dwarf planet Pluto is on the border of the constellations of Sagittarius and Ophiuchus, the dwarf planet Ceres is in the constellation of Pisces, Jupiter is on the border constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpio. Uranus is in the constellation of Aquarius, bordering on the constellation of Capricorn. Saturn is in the constellation Leo.What is the name of this arrangement of planets? How many planets are above the horizon right now? How many dwarf planets are currently above the horizon? How many large planets can be observed all night?
Decision.
This arrangement of planets is called a planetary parade. There are 6 major planets above the horizon this afternoon: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune. There are 2 dwarf planets above the horizon this afternoon: Ceres and Pluto. Unfortunately, today the parade of planets is not visible in the evening and at night, as the planets are above the horizon during the day.
Saturn will be visible all night, therefore one planet can be observed at night.
The Earth, moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, in January is closer to the Sun by almost 5 million km than in July. So why is it colder in January than in July?Decision.
The main reason for seasonal changes in temperature and climate on Earth is associated with the angle of inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the orbit around the Sun (ecliptic), which is about 66˚. This determines the height of the Sun above the horizon (it is higher in summer) and the length of the day (days are longer in summer). That is, in the summer more solar energy hits the Earth in the northern hemisphere. In winter it's the other way around. For the middle band, this difference reaches several times. And due to the greater proximity of the Earth to the Sun in winter than in summer, due to this, the difference in the received heat is only a few percent.
At opposition, Saturn is in the constellation Leo. At what point in time will Saturn cross the celestial meridian over the south point? What constellation is the sun in at this moment?Decision.
The opposition of the planet occurs during the backward movement. Saturn's upper climax will occur at midnight Mean Solar Time. The sun at this moment will be in the opposite point of the ecliptic in the constellation of Aquarius. (Season - Winter - February).
The greatest distance of Venus from the Sun is 48˚. Draw the relative position of Venus, the Earth and the Sun at the moment of the greatest distance of Venus from the Sun and determine the distance of Venus from the Sun in astronomical units and kilometers. The greatest eastern elongation of Venus will occur on June 9, 2007. When will the next greatest eastern elongation of Venus occur? The sidereal period of revolution of Venus around the Sun is T = 0.615 years.Decision.
The figure shows that in an isosceles right triangle, the distance of Venus from the Sun is equal to the leg a = a0 sin 45˚ = 0.71 a. e. = 106 million km.
Planetary configurations repeat through a synodic period S , which is found from the equation of synodic motion 1/ S = 1/ T – 1/ T . From this formula it follows that the synodic period of Venus is equal to S \u003d T T s / (T s - T ) \u003d 0.615 / 0.385 \u003d 1.597 g \u003d 583 days \u003d 1 g 7 months. 8 days So the next greatest eastern elongation will not come until mid-January 2009.
Robert Heinlein in the novel "The Road of Valor" describes the planet - the Center of the galactic empire. This planet is "the size of Mars", the force of gravity on it is "almost terrestrial". What can be said about the density of this planet? What are the first and second cosmic velocities for this planet? What is the orbital period of a satellite in low orbit? Mars radius - 3400 km, gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10-11 N × m2/kg2.
Decision.
From the law of universal gravitation, we express the acceleration of free fall near the surface of the planet: g = G M/R 2 = 4 p G r R/3.
From here average density of the planet r = 3g/4 p G R = 10317 kg/m3 - much more than the density of iron.
first cosmic speed v1 = (gR)-1/2 = 5.77 km/s.
Second space velocity to the root of 2 times the first: v2 = 8.14 km/s.
Satellite orbital period in low orbit T = 2 p R/v1 = 3700 s - just over an hour.
The Hγ hydrogen line with a wavelength λ0 = 4340A, measured in the spectrum of a distant galaxy, has λ = 4774A. The measured angular dimensions of the galaxy are 10"". Determine with what speed and where this galaxy is moving, at what distance it is and what is its linear diameter in parsecs. Compare with the diameter of the Milky Way.Hubble constant H = 63 km/s Mpc.
Decision.
The redshift of the line in the spectrum of the galaxy is z = (λ - λ 0 )/ λ 0 \u003d 434 / 4340 \u003d 0.1. According to the Doppler effect, this line shift is explained by moving away from the galaxy at a speed V = z c = 30,000 km/s.
The Hubble constant is 63 km/s Mpc.
According to Hubble's law, the distance to a galaxy r=V/H = 30000/63 = 476 Mpc. The diameter of the galaxy is d = r sin 10"" = 476 2 10-4 = 0.08 Mpc = 95 kpc. The diameter of the Milky Way (spiral galaxy) is 30 kpc. The galaxy is 3 times larger than our Galaxy.
Alexander Kozlovsky
This week, Uranus will enter into conjunction with the Sun, in the M82 galaxy, a supernova is still available for observation, and in the constellation Cepheus - new star, which is located near the stars alpha and this Cepheus (non-setting luminaries at all latitudes of our country). The most interesting for observations is the morning sky, where even with the most modest telescope or binoculars you can observe three planets and three asteroids, and to observe three comets you need an instrument of 100 mm or more. The most noticeable in the brightening sky is Venus at the eastern horizon, to the right of it you can see the constellation Scorpio with the red star Antares, and even to the right, yellowish Saturn, to the west of which Mars is located (to the north of Spica). Northeast of Mars, even without optical means, you can try to find the asteroid Vesta, and with binoculars and Ceres. Comets are observed above and to the right of Venus.
Of the planets of the solar system: Mercury and Neptune are visible against the background of morning twilight in the southern regions of the country, Venus is also observed in the morning sky (visible during the day), Mars and Saturn have excellent visibility at night and in the morning, Jupiter - in the evening and at night.
The moon, in its movement across the celestial sphere, will visit the constellations Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini, having evening visibility. The moon will spend the beginning of the week in the constellation Pisces, not far from the border with the constellation Aries, where it will move on April 1 (and this is not April Fool's joke). The growing crescent will enter the constellation Taurus on the morning of April 3 (Ф = 0.12) and rush to the Hyades, where on April 4 it will cover the stars delta 1.2 and 3 Tau at a phase of 0.19, but this coverage in the twilight sky will be observed only in North America. On April 6, the phase of the Moon will reach 0.37 in the constellation of Orion, but on the same day the lunar crescent will move into the constellation of Gemini, where it will approach Jupiter at a phase of 0.46.
From comets to southbound Lovejoy (C/2013 R1) is moving along the constellation Scutum with a magnitude less than 10m. The celestial pilgrim LINEAR (C/2012 X1), at a magnitude brighter than 8m, is moving east along the constellations Aquila and Aquarius. Another tailed guest C / 2012 K1 (PanSTARRS) (brilliance - about 10m) is moving north along the constellation Northern Crown. All three comets, which are gradually moving away from each other, can be found in the morning sky.
Among the asteroids, Vesta has the highest brightness (5.9m), moving east along the constellation Virgo near Ceres (7.1m). Pallas has a magnitude of 7.7m and moves northward along the constellation Hydra. Vesta with a clear sky and no light can be easily detected with the naked eye.
Of the relatively bright (up to 9.0m phot.) long-period variable stars (according to AAVSO data) observed from the territory of our country, S PEG 8.0m will reach its maximum brightness on April 6.
Among the main meteor showers there are no active ones. The next major stream, the Lyrids, will be active in the second half of April.
News of amateur astronomy on ASTRONET - http://vo.astronet.ru/planet.
Clear skies and successful observations!
The sun. The maximum height of the daylight above the horizon at the latitude of Moscow is 39 degrees (in the middle of the week). The moments of the beginning and end of civil (Grzh.) and navigational (Nav.) twilight, as well as sunrise, sunset and longitude of the day for Moscow for a week are shown in the table.
date Nav. Grzh. Sunrise Sunset Grzh. Night Extend day 31 05:24 06:18 07:03 20:04 20:50 21:44 13:00 01 05:21 06:16 07:01 20:06 20:52 21:47 13:05 02 05 :18 06:13 06:58 20:08 20:54 21:49 13:10 03 05:15 06:10 06:56 20:10 20:56 21:52 13:14 04 05:12 06:07 06 :53 20:12 20:58 21:55 13:19 05 05:08 06:05 06:50 20:14 21:01 21:57 13:23 06 05:05 06:02 06:48 20:16 21 :03 22:00 13:28Current data on the Sun and the appearance of its surface at a given time. The apparent diameter of the Sun is 32'00" (at the middle of the week). The daylight moves in the constellation Pisces.
Moon. natural satellite Earth enters the first quarter phase on April 7th. Moon phase at the moment. Phases of the Moon for the Future. The table shows the moments of sunrise, upper climax, sunset, height of the upper culmination, phase, radius and equatorial coordinates of the Moon at the time of the upper climax for Moscow. Ld is the libration of the Moon in longitude, Lsh is the libration of the Moon in latitude, Dt is the longitude of the morning terminator (librations are at 00:00 for Moscow).
date Sun VC Sunset VC. phase radius coordinates (VC) Ld Lsh Dt 31 07:07 14:03 21:13 +42o 0.01 15"59" 01:07.8 +07o25" 3.8 -1.5 270.1 01 07:33 14:54 22:30 +46o 0.04 15"47" 02:03.6 +11o25" 4.5 0.1 282.3 02 08:02 15:46 23:42 +49o 0.09 15"34 "02:59.3 +14o37" 4.9 1.7 294.5 03 08:36 16:37 - +51o 0.16 15"21" 03:54.8 +16o53" 5.0 3.2 306 ,7 04 09:15 17:28 00:47 +52o 0.24 15"09" 04:49.6 +18o07" 4.7 4.5 318.9 05 10:01 18:18 01:44 +53o 0.34 14"59" 05:43.5 +18o22" 4.1 5.7 331.1 06 10:54 19:06 02:33 +52o 0.43 14"52" 06:36.0 +17o39 "3.2 6.6 343.3This week, the Moon will approach Uranus on March 31 at phase 0.0, and Jupiter on April 6 at phase 0.46.
planets
Mercury. The planet in the constellation Aquarius, on April 6, passing into the constellation Pisces. Mercury has been observed all week against the background of the dawn near the southeastern horizon, however, despite the angular distance from the Sun decreasing to only 18.5 degrees (by the end of the week), it is visible only in the southern regions of the country, and even then with the use of binoculars. The brightness of Mercury increases from -0.1m to -0.4m (phase 0.76 - 0.83), and the angular diameter decreases from 5.8 to 5.5 seconds of arc. The telescope observes a tiny oval of the planet without details. The distance from the Earth in a week increases to 1.23 AU. space research— Messenger.
Venus. The planet has a direct motion in the constellation of Capricorn, moving into the constellation of Aquarius on April 3rd. The angular distance of Venus from the Sun is 46 degrees, which is almost maximum removal planets from the sun to the west. It is observed against the background of morning twilight over the southeastern horizon in the form of the brightest star in the sky. morning star visible to the naked eye and after sunrise, as well as during the first half of the day. In a telescope, the planet is visible in the form of a half-disk without details with angular dimensions decreasing from 22.5 to 20.9 seconds of arc per week. Its brightness is -4.3m with a phase increasing from 0.54 to 0.57. The distance between the Earth and Venus increases in a week to 0.8 AU. Space research - Venera Express.
Mars. mysterious planet moves backwards along the constellation Virgo north of the star Spica (+1.0m) and southwest of the asteroids Ceres and Vesta. Mars is visible at night and in the morning (above the eastern and southern horizons) around 9 o'clock. The brightness of Mars increases from -1.3m to -1.5m, and the apparent diameter increases from 14.6 to 15.0 arcseconds. There is the best period of observations of the planet in the last two years. In a small telescope, a disk is visible, on which surface details are visible during visual observations, which can be sketched at moments of calming the image. Photographic observations followed computer processing will show more details. The distance between Mars and Earth decreases to 0.62 AU. Space Research - MSL Curiosity.
Jupiter. gas giant according to the constellation Gemini (near the star Epsilon Gem with magnitude 3.0m). It is available for observations in the evening and at night (about 7 hours in the middle latitudes). The planet attracts attention with its brilliance and is the brightest object in the night sky after the Moon. The angular diameter decreases in a week from 38.6 to 37.7 arcseconds at a magnitude of -2.2m, and the distance from the Earth increases to 5.21 AU. A disk is observed in the telescope, on the surface of which even with a small telescope stripes, and larger instruments will show other formations. The configurations of the four large moons of Jupiter are available in the KN for March and the KN for April. Space exploration - Galileo.
Saturn. The ringed planet moves retrograde in the constellation Libra. Saturn is visible in the morning above the eastern horizon with a visibility duration of about 6 hours. Its brilliance adheres to the value +0.2m at angular diameter, increasing from 18.2 to 18.4 arc seconds. Even with a small telescope, details of the planet's surface can be seen, and the rings are visible in all their splendor. Of the satellites, Titan is the most accessible (8m) for observations (the only satellite of the planet in the solar system with a dense atmosphere). The dimensions of the ring are 15.7 x 41.0 arc seconds. The distance from Earth to Saturn decreases in a week to 9.07 AU. Space research - Cassini.
Uranus. The planet (m= +5.9, d= 3.3 arcsec) is moving in the same direction as the Sun in the constellation Pisces (near the border with the constellation Cetus) south of the star delta Psc (4.4m). The evening visibility of Uranus has ended and now it will appear in the morning sky only in April. To view the disk of the planet, you need a telescope with a magnification of 80x (at ideal conditions) and higher. The distance between Earth and Uranus increases to 21.02 AU. Space Research - Voyager 2.
Neptune. The planet (m= +8.0, d= 2.2 arcsec) is moving in the same direction as the Sun along the constellation Aquarius near the star sigma Aqr (4.8m). It is possible to observe Neptune in the morning sky in the southern and middle latitudes, but in the northern latitudes it is not possible. The position of the most distant planets on the celestial sphere can be viewed on star charts in KN for January and . The distance between Earth and Neptune decreases to 30.73 AU. Space exploration - Voyager 2.
Pluto. dwarf planet or plutoid (+14m) is located in the constellation Sagittarius (near the trio of stars pi, omicron and xi Sgr) near the border with the constellation Scutum at a distance of 32.56 AU. from Earth by the end of the week. For visual observations of Pluto, you need a telescope with a lens diameter of 250 mm and a transparent sky. Space Research - New Horizons. Review articles on the planets and small bodies of the solar system - Firmament 12 for 2008 and 1 - 8 for 2009.
Additionally http://galspace.spb.ru (all about planets) andhttp://astro.websib.ru (various reference astroinformation)
Ephemeris of planets and some asteroids for the middle of the week
03/04/2014 00:00 for Moscow. Epoch 2000.0 (distance to the Moon is in Earth radii).
Direct Sunrise Dec. Brilliance Dist.(AU) Visibility Sunrise VC Sunset URAN 00h 46m 16.7s +04o15"59.0" +6.1 21.028425 - 07:01 13:29 19:58 SUN 00h 47m 06.1s +05o03"13.7 " -26.0 0.999697 13:14 06:56 13:32 20:10 MOON 03h 15m 47.2s +15o15"35.5" -7.3 60.468478 -- -- 08:36 16:37 - JUPITER 06h 49m 47.6s +23o13"15.0" -2.0 5.153593 07:22 at 10:52 19:32 04:16 :47 22:16 04:48 MARS 13h 21m 34.6s -05o45"34.1" -1.4 0.631772 09:18*n* 20:32 02:07 07:35 Vesta 13h 57m 40.1s +01o28"04.6" +5.6 1.253898 09:18*n* 20:26 02:43 08:54 Ceres 14h 05m 52.8s +02o28"22.5" +6.7 1.654351 09:18*n* 20:29 02: 51 09:08 SATURN 15h 22m 08.7s -15o58"27.9" +0.4 9.110814 06:33 well 23:39 04:07 08:31 VENUS 21h 54m 16.4s -11o53"49.9" -4.3 0, 764535 00:26 at 05:47 10:40 15:34 NEPTUNE 22h 33m 06.5s -09o51"07.6" +7.9 30.773802 - 06:12 11:17 16:21 MERCURY 23h 33m 53.1s -05o27"27.8 -0.3 1.186905 - 06:46 12:20 17:56 April 3, 2014 00:00 Moscow time. Approaches less than 20 degrees for the luminaries: +00 48.8 ": Sun - URANUS +02 17.1": Vesta - Ceres +05 28.5": MARS - Spica +09 45.0": VENUS - NEPTUNE +11 26 .6": Pallas - Regulus +11 33.1": MARS - Vesta +11 33.8": MOON - Pleiades +13 23.6": JUPITER - Pollux +13 47.3": MARS - Ceres +14 59 ,3": Vesta - Spica +15 40.9": MERCURY - NEPTUNE +16 58.7": Ceres - Spica +18 48.7": SATURN - Antares +19 18.0": MOON - Aldebaran +19 30 ,2" : JUPITER - Elnat (b Taurus)Asteroids. Asteroids will exceed 10m brightness this week:
1 Ceres (m=7.1) - in the constellation Virgo, 2 Pallas (m=7.7) - in the constellation Hydra, 3 Juno (m=9.6) - in the constellation of Cetus and Pisces, 4 Vesta (m=5 ,9) - in the constellation Virgo and 7 Iris (m = 9.8) - in the constellation Aries.
Comets. Comet Lovejoy (C/2013 R1) is observed in the constellation of the Scutum, moving south and available for telescope observations at a brightness weaker than 10m. Comet LINEAR (C/2012 X1), brighter than 8m, is observed east of Lovejoy (C/2013 R1) in the constellations Aquila and Aquarius, and is moving east. Increasing the brightness of comet C/2012 K1 (PanSTARRS) (about 10m), which is moving northward in the constellation Northern Corona . This tailed wanderer is located to the right and above comets Lovejoy and LINEAR (C/2012 X1). All of these comets can be seen in the morning sky. Information about other comets of the week, month, and for the foreseeable future is available in the Comet Calendar for 2014.
Selected astronomical phenomena of the week.
The time for the phenomena is given in Moscow = UT + 4 hours (universal time UT is indicated separately). On the site of Sergei Guryanov - a web version of the AK for 2014, including general review the starry sky and the phenomena of March and April. Upcoming other phenomena can be found in KN for March and KN for April, Astronomical calendar for 2014, Astronomical phenomena until 2050 and Kalsky calendar.
March 31, morning - Venus passes at 3.7 gr. north of the star Delta Capricornus (2.9m).
April 01 and all week, morning - Mini-parade of the planets (Venus, Saturn and Mars) in the brightening sky.
April 03, 23 hours 18 minutes - Coverage by the Moon (Ф = 0.18) of the star SAO 93777 (5.9m) from the constellation Taurus.
April 4, night — Comet C/2012 K1 (PanSTARRS) near the kappa star North Corona (4.8m).
April 05, evening - Long-period variable star S Pegasus near maximum brightness (6.9m viz.)
For more on phenomena and observations, see Astroforum , Starlab , meteoweb , Astrocat , RealSky , Alone with space and Two Sagittarius .
View of the starry sky during the week at mid-latitudes (the scale of the view of the planets in the telescope is observed, north is at the top):
View of the southeastern and southern parts of the sky an hour before sunrise on April 3 in cities at the latitude of Moscow. The inset shows the view of Venus through a telescope.
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View of the southwestern and western parts of the sky one hour after sunset on April 3 in cities at the latitude of Moscow. The inset shows the view of Jupiter through a telescope.
Sources: Observer Calendar N03 and N04 AstroKA; StarryNightBackyard 3.1 (narrative and sky view), AK program 4.16 (table data), GUIDE 8.0 (asteroid and comet positions), http://aerith.net/comet/weekly/current.html (comet live information), http ://www.imo.net (meteors), AAVSO (variable stars), http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1280744 (astronomical phenomena until 2050), http://www.calsky.com / (online calendar), http://asteroidoccultation.com/IndexAll.htm (occultations of stars by asteroids).
In mid-March, the period of the best visibility of Mercury begins.
Mercury * (m= -0.2) almost the entire month is visible in the evening after sunset exactly in the west in the constellation Pisces. Mercury has the best visibility of the year in March.
On March 15, the maximum eastern (evening) elongation of Mercury begins, its angular distance from the Sun will be 18.5 degrees. The duration of its evening visibility reaches a maximum (1 hour 55 minutes!) By mid-March. This is the period of its best visibility. In addition, bright Venus will help to find it in the sky. It is visible not far from it, located above and slightly to the right of Venus.
On March 5 and 18, Mercury is closest to Venus. On March 5, Mercury passes 1°.4" north of Venus, and on March 18, 3° 9".
At the beginning of the month, Mercury sets around 8 pm, remaining above the horizon for about an hour after sunset, in the middle of the month it sets after 9 pm and is visible for two hours (!).
On March 22, Venus and Mercury will be visible at the same height above the horizon, and Mercury will be visible to the right of bright Venus, and that evening the planets will set below the horizon at the same time at 21:13. After March 22, Mercury quickly moves away from Venus, approaching the Sun, its angular distance from the Sun quickly decreases, it becomes invisible against the background of a bright sky and at the end of the month it sets 20 minutes after the Sun.
* This planet is often called "elusive" - not everyone and not always manages to observe Mercury, since it is located close to the Sun and often hides in its rays. In the sky, it does not move far from the Sun - its maximum angular distance from the Sun is 28 degrees, since Mercury's orbit is located inside the earth. It is always located either in the same constellation as the Sun, or in a neighboring one. Therefore, Mercury is usually visible against the backdrop of dawn and is difficult to find in a bright sky. Most auspicious time for observations of Mercury, it begins at a period when it is at its maximum distance from the Sun and if, at the same time, the ecliptic is steeply inclined to the horizon. The angular distance of a planet from the Sun is called elongation. If the planet is removed from the Sun to the east - this is the eastern elongation, if to the west - the western. At eastern elongation, Mercury is visible in the west low on the horizon in the rays of the evening dawn, shortly after sunset, and sets some time after it. At western elongation, Mercury is visible in the east in the morning against the backdrop of dawn, shortly before sunrise.
