Home Vegetables And there will be complex techniques too. We determine the level of development of logical thinking of schoolchildren using the methodology “Complex analogies. Description of incentive material

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And there will be complex techniques too. We determine the level of development of logical thinking of schoolchildren using the methodology “Complex analogies. Description of incentive material

Psychological safety: study guide Solomin Valery Pavlovich

Complex analogies technique

Designed for examining adolescents and adults.

Target: revealing how the subject understands complex logical relationships and highlights abstract connections.

Description. The technique consists of 20 pairs of words - logical problems that are proposed to be solved by the subject. Its task is to determine which of the six types of logical connection is contained in each pair of words. In this he will be helped by a "cipher" - a table in which samples of the types of communication used and their letter designation are given: A, B, C, D, D, E.

The test subject must determine the relationship between words in a pair, then find an "analogue", that is, select a "cipher" in the table, a pair of words with the same logical connection, and then mark in a row of letters (A, B, C, D, E F) the one that corresponds to the found analogue from the "cipher" table. The task execution time is limited to three minutes.

Material: methodology form (test material), answer registration form.

Instruction. There are 20 pairs of words in front of you on the form, which are in logical connection with each other. Opposite each pair there are 6 letters that designate 6 types of logical connection. Examples are given in the "code" table. You must, first, determine the relationship between words in a pair. Then select the pair of words closest to them by analogy (association) from the "cipher" table. And after that, in the letter row, circle the letter that corresponds to the analogue found in the "code". Time for completing the task - 3 minutes.

Cipher

A. Sheep - flock

B. Raspberry - berry

B. Sea - Ocean

D. Light - darkness

E. Poisoning - death

E. Enemy - Enemy

Test Material

Key

Interpretation of results. If the subject correctly, without much difficulty, solved all the tasks and logically explained all the comparisons, this gives the right to conclude that he can understand abstractions and complex logical connections. The subject's reasoning has the greatest informative value. Usually, the greatest difficulty is caused by the relationship of concepts frugality is stinginess, coolness is frost.

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November 03, 2016

In the practice of psychodiagnostics, the study of thinking is assigned one of the main roles. Diagnostics of this mental process is applicable in a variety of cases - in the work of a school psychologist, in professional selection, in medical, judicial practice and many others. Research methods are divided according to their focus (what characteristic of thinking is being studied) and by the age of the subjects for whom they are suitable. The "Complex analogies" technique is one of the most used in the arsenal of practical psychologists, since not only test results are informative, but also the research process itself.

What is the technique used for?

The "Complex analogies" technique is intended for diagnostics of thinking, its verbal and logical component. It reveals how much a person has the ability to understand complex logical relationships, to highlight abstract connections. This verbal test is designed to work with adolescents, young men and adults, i.e. persons over 14 years of age.

The "Complicated analogies" technique is capable of detecting such disturbances of thinking as diffuseness, slippage of inferences, illogicality, spreadability. It is also effective for working not only with healthy people, but also those suffering from resonance - a violation of thinking, which manifests itself in a tendency to empty, superficial reasoning, verbosity, and the absence of a holistic thought in a statement.

Description of incentive material

The "Complex analogies" technique has in its arsenal a stimulus material consisting of twenty pairs of words united by a certain logical connection. The subject has to define it and solve problems. There are six types in total, they are presented in a cipher table with samples of logical connections. The human job is to identify the encrypted connection in the samples and correlate the proposed 20 word pairs with them. For example, in the pair "Vigorous-sluggish" there is an opposition, these words are antonyms. In the cipher table, you need to find the same pair with an opposition of concepts and mark the corresponding cipher letter in the answer sheet. In this case, the pair corresponds to the code "Light-darkness".

"Complex analogies", method: its form consists of two columns: on the left are all 20 pairs of words, on the right - the letters A, B, C, D, D, E, corresponding to one of the ciphers. To show the relationship between the words in the first column, you need to circle the letter of the cipher.

Cipher A denotes a logical relationship "one-many" or "one-a collection of units", for example, "chapter-novel".
In cipher B, the second word indicates to which class of phenomena or objects the first belongs. For example, "singing is an art".
Cipher B indicates 2 words belonging to the same class, but the second is larger in scale than the first. For example, "Sea-Ocean".
Code G is represented by opposite concepts, for example, "praise-abuse".
In cipher D, the second word is a consequence of the first, for example, "fear-flight".
Code E - synonyms, for example, "cry-roar".

Research procedure

The method "Complicated analogies" involves instructing the test subject before starting the test: "Before you is a table with 20 pairs of words that are logically related. They are in the left column. In the right, there are 6 letters that correspond to the type of logical connection. You need to determine which the connection is established between the pair, and in the table "Code" find the most suitable for her. After that, circle the letter from the right column, which corresponds to the type of connection you have selected from the table "Code." You have 3 minutes for all the work.

In the testing process, it is important to pay attention to how the subject reacts to the task, what reasoning he says aloud. If necessary, you can prompt the completion of 1 task in order to track whether the instruction was understood correctly, and in what direction the person thinks. Then he does everything on his own.

Complicated Analogies Methodology: Interpreting Results

After the subject has finished testing, you must first count the number of correct answers and give a grade. If less than 6 correct answers were given - 0, 5 correct answers - 12-14, 9 hits - 19-20 points.

If a person gave most of the correct answers, we can conclude that he understands logical connections, he can operate with abstract concepts.

If the subject experiences difficulties at the instruction stage, has difficulty talking out loud about how the pairs of words are related, performs most of the tasks only with the help of a specialist, conclusions can be drawn about the low level of development of logical thinking, about the difficulty in understanding analogies between abstract concepts, about illogical reasoning.

It is worth noting that even adults can find it difficult to cope with certain pairs of words. The "Complicated Analogies" technique is not entirely straightforward. Therefore, it is worth especially carefully to approach the explanation of the instructions, to make sure that the person correctly understood the task, and only then proceed to its implementation.

In the practice of psychodiagnostics, the study of thinking is assigned one of the main roles. Diagnostics of this mental process is applicable in a variety of cases - in the work of a school psychologist, in professional selection, in medical, judicial practice and many others. are divided according to their orientation (what characteristics of thinking are being studied) and according to the age of the subjects for whom they are suitable. The "Complex analogies" technique is one of the most used in the arsenal of practical psychologists, since not only test results are informative, but also the research process itself.

What is the technique used for?

The method "Complicated analogies" is able to reveal such as diffuseness, slippage of inferences, illogicality, spreadability. It is also effective for working not only with healthy people, but also those suffering from resonance - a violation of thinking, which manifests itself in a tendency to empty, superficial reasoning, verbosity, and the absence of a holistic thought in a statement.

Description of incentive material

Cipher A denotes a logical relationship "one-many" or "one-a collection of units", for example, "chapter-novel".
In cipher B, the second word indicates to which class of phenomena or objects the first belongs. For example, "singing is an art".
Cipher B indicates 2 words belonging to the same class, but the second is larger in scale than the first. For example, "Sea-Ocean".
Code G is represented by opposite concepts, for example, "praise-abuse".
In cipher D, the second word is a consequence of the first, for example, "fear-flight".
Code E - synonyms, for example, "cry-roar".

Research procedure

Complicated Analogies Methodology: Interpreting Results

If a person gave most of the correct answers, we can conclude that he understands logical connections, he can operate with abstract concepts.

One of the signs of maturity of thinking is the ability to establish logical connections between concepts. It is formed in a person gradually, including in the process of schooling. The task of teachers and psychologists is to track the formation of the child's thought processes in order to identify the lag behind the age norm. One of the tests for assessing the ability to think logically is the "Complex analogies" technique.

The essence of the technique

Testing "Complex analogies" is one of the most common ways to study the dynamics of mental activity. This technique was developed by our compatriot E. A. Korobkova, a psychologist who worked with children who have problems in the development of intelligence.

The test is aimed at studying the child's ability to build logical inferences, abstracting and establishing connections between concepts. Its essence is to discover the relationship between 20 pairs of concepts and type them in accordance with the proposed key or "cipher".

List of concepts for testing by the "Complex analogies" method

Fright - flight;
Physics is science;
Right - right;
A garden bed;
A pair is two;
Word is a phrase;
Cheerful - sluggish;
Freedom is will;
Country city;
Praise is abuse;
Revenge - arson;
Ten is a number;
Cry - roar;
The chapter is a novel;
Peace is movement;
Courage is heroism;
Coolness - frost;
Deception is distrust;
Singing is an art;
The bedside table is a wardrobe.

The cipher consists of 6 pairs of words denoting concepts that are related to each other according to a certain principle:

Cipher

Sheep - flock (part - whole);
Raspberry - berry (genus - species);
Sea - ocean (small - large);
Light - darkness (antonyms);
Poisoning - death (cause - effect);
Enemy - enemy (synonyms).

When working with children, it is best to conduct the research individually or in small groups of 4–5 people, since the explanation of the task may require the experimenter's close attention to each of the participants.

Testing is recommended to be carried out with children who have reached the age of 12-14, as well as high school students, there is no upper age limit. This technique may be too complex for younger children because their logical thinking is not yet sufficiently formed to capture abstract connections between concepts. Some sources indicate that even educated adults do not always do well with this test, so testing younger students in this program is not recommended.

Diagnostics among schoolchildren (junior, middle, senior classes)

For testing you will need:

task form;
clock or stopwatch;
protocol for recording the subject's explanations.

At the first stage, the test taker is offered a "cipher" for the task - 6 pairs of words, united by a certain type of logical connection. The teenager needs to establish what relationships exist between the concepts presented. In case of difficulty, the experimenter asks leading questions (which is why it is recommended to test individually).

If the child, due to age or personality characteristics, cannot establish connections between the proposed concepts, further testing does not make sense. However, it should be noted that difficulties in completing the task can be associated not only with disturbances in thought processes, but also with the child's shyness when it is difficult for him to get in touch with the experimenter, as well as with a decrease in motivation when the test taker does not want to cooperate or is lazy. to do a task.

After making sure that the subject understands the logical connections between the proposed pairs of concepts, the experimenter opens the second part of the form with 20 pairs of words that are in the same relationships as the words from the first list. The child is asked to establish these relationships and designate them with a letter corresponding to the type of logical connection, or simply indicate a pair of words from the keys that have the same type of connection.

Form of assignments for the methodology

A. Sheep - flock;
B. Raspberry - a berry;
C. The sea is the ocean;
D. Light is darkness;
E. Poisoning - death;
E. The enemy is the enemy.

1.	Fright - flight	A	B	V	G	D	E
2.	Physics - Science	A	B	V	G	D	E
3.	Right - right	A	B	V	G	D	E
4.	Garden bed	A	B	V	G	D	E
5.	Pair - two	A	B	V	G	D	E
6.	Word - phrase	A	B	V	G	D	E
7.	Peppy - sluggish	A	B	V	G	D	E
8.	Freedom is will	A	B	V	G	D	E
9.	Country city	A	B	V	G	D	E
10.	Praise is abuse	A	B	V	G	D	E
11.	Revenge - arson	A	B	V	G	D	E
12.	Ten is a number	A	B	V	G	D	E
13.	Cry - roar	A	B	V	G	D	E
14.	Chapter-novel	A	B	V	G	D	E
15.	Peace is movement	A	B	V	G	D	E
16.	Courage is heroism	A	B	V	G	D	E
17.	Cool - frost	A	B	V	G	D	E
18.	Deception - distrust	A	B	V	G	D	E
19.	Singing is an art	A	B	V	G	D	E
20.	Bedside table - wardrobe	A	B	V	G	D	E

As an example, you can parse the first two pairs of words together, but the student performs the rest of the tasks independently. The test takes 3-5 minutes to complete, depending on the age of the students.

In the course of testing, the experimenter fills out a protocol: in it he records not only the answers of the subject, but also the logical conclusions that allowed him to classify this or that pair into a certain category.

Experimenter's protocol for testing according to the "Complex analogies" method

A couple of concepts	Subject's response	A comment
Fright - flight
Physics - Science
Right - right
Garden bed
Pair - two
Word - phrase
Peppy - sluggish
Freedom is will
Country city
Praise is abuse
Revenge - arson
Ten is a number
Cry - roar
Chapter-novel
Peace is movement
Courage is heroism
Cool - frost
Deception - distrust
Singing is an art
Bedside table - wardrobe

The testee's reasoning can be no less useful and indicative for assessing his logical thinking than the answers themselves and their correctness. Justification of the choice of this or that answer allows us to reveal slippage and spreading of thinking, indicating its immaturity.

Interpretation of results

The experimenter counts the number of correct answers: 1 point is awarded for each correct answer, 0 points for the wrong one. 9 points - the line of reasoning is logical, but, perhaps, the subject was distracted during the testing process;

8 points - there are violations in building connections between phenomena (perhaps due to lack of experience with similar tasks);

7 points - there are problems with logic in establishing relationships that do not cause any particular difficulties;

6–5 points - it is difficult for the subject to find connections between ambiguous pairs (for example, "berry - raspberry");

4 points - violation of logic, "spreading" of the thinking processes associated with the establishment of correspondences;

3–2 points - the student understands the essence of the assignment, but makes mistakes when comparing, which indicates that inferences are slipping, that is, there is some logic in the reasoning, but the connection is built incorrectly. For example, a pair of "enemy - enemy" can be interpreted as a relationship that takes place during a war - the train of thought is somewhat correct, but the task is performed according to a different principle.

1 point - the subject has a flow of thinking, his arguments are illogical, analogies are perceived falsely, there is an inability to build logical connections.

The Complicated Analogies technique is a common way to study thinking. However, some critics point out that it is quite difficult - even educated adults without intellectual disabilities do not always perform it 100% correctly. Therefore, if a student shows low results, this cannot be interpreted as a diagnosis of mental retardation, but should be a reason for further examination. The final conclusions and recommendations for the passage of the correctional training program should be made by a specialist in the field of developmental psychology.

Target

The technique is used to identify the extent to which the subject understands complex logical relations and the selection of abstract connections. Designed for adolescents and adults.

Description

The technique consists of 20 pairs of words - logical problems that are proposed to be solved by the subject. Its task is to determine which of the six types of logical connection is contained in each pair of words. In this he will be helped by a "cipher" - a table in which samples of the types of communication used and their letter designation are given: A, B, C, D, D, E.

The test subject must determine the relationship between words in a pair, then find an "analogue", that is, select a pair of words with the same logical connection in the "cipher" table, and then answer in a series of letters (A, B, C, D, D, E ) that, | which corresponds to the found analogue from the "cipher" table. The task execution time is limited to three minutes.

Material

Methodology form, form of the protocol of registration of responses.

Instructions

"There are 20 pairs of words in front of you on the form, which are in a logical connection with each other. Opposite each pair there are 6 letters that designate 6 types of logical connection. Examples of all 6 types and their corresponding letters are given in the table" cipher ".

You must, first, determine the relationship between words in a pair. Then select the pair of words closest to them by analogy (association) from the "cipher" table. And after that, in the letter row, circle the letter that corresponds to the analogue found in the "cipher" table. The time for completing the task is 3 minutes. "

Material

Cipher

A. Sheep - flock

B. Raspberry - berry

B. Sea - Ocean

D. Light - darkness

E. Poisoning - death

E. Enemy - Enemy

Fright - flight A B C D E F

2.Physics - science A B C D E F

3. Correct - true A B C D E F

4. Bed - vegetable garden A B C D E F

5.Pair - two A B C D E F

6. Word - phrase A B C D E F

7.A brisk - lethargic A B C D E F

8 Freedom is will A B C D E F

9.Country - city A B C D E F

10 Praise - abuse A B C D E F
11. Revenge - arson A B C D E F

12. Ten is the number A B C D E F

13 Crying - roaring A B C D E F

14.Chapter - Novel A B C D E F

15. Calm - movement A B C D E F
16. Courage is heroism A B C D E F

17.Cool - frost A B C D E F

18 Deception - distrust A B C D E F

19 Singing is an art A B C D E F

20. Bedside table - wardrobe A B C D E F

Key

Grade

Score in points
Number of correct answers					12-14	10-11	8-9

Analysis of the results

If the subject correctly, without much difficulty, solved all the tasks and logically explained all the comparisons, this gives the right to conclude that he can understand abstractions and complex logical connections.

If the subject hardly understands the instruction and makes mistakes when comparing, only after a thorough analysis of errors and reasoning can one draw a conclusion about the slipping of inferences, about the spreading of thinking, about arbitrariness, illogicality of reasoning, about diffuseness, vagueness of thought against the background of understanding logical connections, about a false understanding of analogy logical connections.

The subject's reasoning has the greatest informative value. Usually, the greatest difficulty is caused by the relationship between the concepts "frugality - stinginess", "coolness - frost".