The earth is spherical, however, it is not a perfect ball. Due to the rotation, the planet is slightly flattened at the poles, such a figure is usually called a spheroid or geoid - "like the earth."
The earth is huge, its size is difficult to imagine. The main parameters of our planet are as follows:
- Diameter - 12570 km
- Equator length - 40,076 km
- The length of any meridian is 40008 km
- The total surface area of the Earth is 510 million km2
- Pole radius - 6357 km
- Equator radius - 6378 km
The earth simultaneously revolves around the sun and around its own axis.
What types of motion of the Earth do you know?
Annual and diurnal rotation Of the earth
Rotation of the Earth around its axis
The earth rotates on an inclined axis from west to east.
Half of the globe is illuminated by the sun, it is day there at this time, the other half is in the shade, there is night. Due to the rotation of the Earth, there is a change of day and night. The Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 24 hours - a day.
Due to rotation, there is a deviation of moving streams (rivers, winds) in the northern hemisphere - to the right, and in the southern - to the left.
The rotation of the earth around the sun
Around the sun, the Earth revolves in a circular orbit, a full revolution is completed in 1 year. The Earth's axis is not vertical, it is tilted at an angle of 66.5 ° to the orbit, this angle remains constant throughout the rotation. The main consequence of this rotation is the change of seasons.
Consider extreme points rotation of the earth around the sun.
- December 22- day winter solstice... Closest to the sun (the sun is at its zenith) at this moment is the southern tropic - therefore, in the southern hemisphere it is summer, in the northern hemisphere - winter. The nights in the southern hemisphere are short, in the southern polar circle on December 22, a day lasts 24 hours, night does not come. In the Northern Hemisphere, on the contrary, in the Arctic Circle, the night lasts 24 hours.
- June, 22- the day of the summer solstice. Closest to the sun is the northern tropic, summer in the northern hemisphere, winter in the southern. In the southern polar circle, night lasts 24 hours, and in the northern polar circle, night does not occur at all.
- March 21, September 23- the days of the vernal and autumnal equinoxes The equator is closest to the sun; day is equal to night in both hemispheres.
The rotation of the Earth around its axis and around the Sun The shape and size of the Earth wikipedia
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Year
Time one turn Of the earth around Suns ... In the course of a year's movement, our planet moves to space with an average speed of 29.765 km / s, i.e. more than 100,000 km / h.
anomalistic
An anomalous year is called a gap time between two consecutive playthroughs The ground his perihelion ... Its duration is 365.25964 days ... It is about 27 minutes longer than the duration tropical(see here) of the year. This is caused by a continuous change in the position of the perihelion point. V current period time the Earth passes the point of perihelion on January 2
leap
Every fourth year in the currently used in most countries of the world calendar has an extra day - February 29 - and is called a leap day. The need for its introduction is due to the fact that Earth makes one revolution around Suns for a period not equal to an integer days ... The annual error is almost a quarter of a day and every four years it is compensated by the introduction of an “extra day”. see also Gregorian calendar .
sidereal (stellar)
Time turnover Of the earth around Suns in the coordinate system "fixed stars ", That is, as if" when looking at Solar system from the side ”. In 1950 it was 365 days , 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9 seconds.
Under the disturbing influence of the attraction of others planets , mainly Jupiter and Saturn , the length of the year is subject to fluctuations of several minutes.
In addition, the length of the year decreases by 0.53 seconds per hundred years. This is due to the fact that the Earth by tidal forces slows down the rotation of the Sun around its axis (see. Ebb and flow ). However, according to the law of conservation of angular momentum, this is compensated by the fact that the Earth moves away from the Sun and according to the second Kepler's law the period of its circulation increases.
tropical
Why does the earth rotate on its axis? Why, in the presence of friction, for millions of years it did not stop (or maybe it stopped and rotated in the other direction and more than once)? What determines continental drift? What is the cause of earthquakes? Why are dinosaurs extinct? How can the periods of glaciation be scientifically explained? In what or more precisely how to scientifically explain empirical astrology?Try to answer these questions consistently.
Abstracts
- The reason for the rotation of the planets around their axis is the external source of energy - the Sun.
- The rotation mechanism is as follows:
- The sun heats up the gaseous and liquid phases of the planets (atmosphere and hydrosphere).
- As a result of uneven heating, ‘air’ and ‘sea’ currents arise, which, through interaction with the solid phase of the planet, begin to spin it in one direction or another.
- The configuration of the solid phase of the planet, like the blades of a turbine, determines the direction and speed of rotation.
- If the solid phase is not sufficiently monolithic and solid, then it moves (drift of continents).
- The movement of the solid phase (drift of continents) can lead to an acceleration or deceleration of rotation up to a reversal of the direction of rotation, etc. Oscillatory and other effects are possible.
- In turn, a similarly displaced solid upper phase ( Earth's crust) interacts with the underlying layers of the Earth that are more stable in terms of rotation. At the contact boundary, a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. it thermal energy, apparently, is one of the main reasons for the heating of the Earth. And this border is one of the areas where education takes place rocks and minerals.
- All these accelerations and decelerations have a long-term effect (climate), and a short-term effect (weather), and not only meteorological, but also geological, biological, and genetic.
Confirmation
After reviewing and comparing the available astronomical data on the planets of the solar system, I conclude that the data on all planets fit into the framework of this theory. Where there are 3 phases of the state of matter there, the speed of rotation is greatest.
Moreover, one of the planets, having a highly elongated orbit, has a clearly uneven (oscillatory) rotation rate during its year.
Solar system tablebodies of the solar system |
The average Distance to the Sun, a. e. |
Average period of rotation around the axis |
The number of phases of the state of matter on the surface |
Number of satellites |
Sidereal period of circulation, year |
Orbital inclination to the ecliptic |
Mass (unit of mass of the Earth) |
The sun |
25 days (35 at the pole) |
9 planets |
333000 |
||||
Mercury |
0,387 |
58.65 days |
0,241 |
0,054 |
|||
Venus |
0,723 |
243 days |
0,615 |
3° 24 ' |
0,815 |
||
Earth |
23 h 56m 4s |
||||||
Mars |
1,524 |
24h 37m 23s |
1,881 |
1° 51 ' |
0,108 |
||
Jupiter |
5,203 |
9h 50m |
16 + p. Ring |
11,86 |
1° 18 ' |
317,83 |
|
Saturn |
9,539 |
10h 14m |
17 + rings |
29,46 |
2° 29 ' |
95,15 |
|
Uranus |
19,19 |
10h 49m |
5 + narrow rings |
84,01 |
0° 46 ' |
14,54 |
|
Neptune |
30,07 |
15h 48m |
164,7 |
1° 46 ' |
17,23 |
||
Pluto |
39,65 |
6.4 days |
2- 3 ? |
248,9 |
17° |
0,017 |
The reasons for the rotation of the Sun around its axis are interesting. What forces are causing this?
Undoubtedly, internal, since the flow of energy comes from within the Sun itself. And the irregularity of rotation from the pole to the Equator? There is no answer to this yet.
Direct measurements show that the rate of rotation of the Earth changes during the day, as does the weather. So, for example, according to “There are also periodic changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth, corresponding to the change of seasons, ie. associated with meteorological phenomena, combined with the peculiarities of the distribution of land over the surface of the globe. Sometimes there are sudden changes in the speed of rotation that have not received an explanation ...
In 1956, a sudden change in the rate of rotation of the Earth occurred after an exceptionally powerful flash on the Sun on February 25 this year ”. Also, according to "from June to September, the Earth rotates faster than the average for the year, and the rest of the time - slower."
Surface analysis of the sea currents map shows that for the most part sea currents determine the direction of rotation of the earth. North and South America is the driving belt of the entire Earth, through which two powerful currents twist the Earth. Other currents move Africa and form the Red Sea.
Black arrows show the vectors of the speed of movement control points... An analysis of this picture once again clearly shows that North and South America is the driving belt of the entire Earth.
A similar picture is observed along the Pacific coast. North America, opposite the point of application of forces from the flow there is a region seismic activity and the result is the famous rift. There are parallel chains of mountains that suggest the periodicity of the above described phenomena.
Practical application
The presence of a volcanic belt - an earthquake belt - also gets an explanation.The earthquake belt is nothing more than a giant accordion, which is constantly in motion under the influence of tensile and compressive alternating forces.
By watching the winds and currents, it is possible to determine the points (areas) of application of the untwisting and braking forces, and then using the previously constructed mathematical model of the area, it is possible to calculate the earthquakes strictly mathematically, according to the strength of materials!
The daily fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic field are explained, completely different explanations of geological and geophysical phenomena arise, additional facts to analyze hypotheses about the origin of the planets of the solar system.
Gets an explanation for the formation of such geological formations as island arcs, for example, the Aleutian or Kuril Islands. Arcs are formed from the side opposite to the action of sea and wind forces, as a result of the interaction of a moving continent (for example, Eurasia) with a less mobile oceanic crust (for example, the Pacific Ocean). At the same time, the oceanic crust does not move under the mainland, but on the contrary, the mainland approaches the ocean, and only in those places where the oceanic crust transfers efforts to another continent (in this example America), the oceanic crust can move under the continent and no arcs are formed here. In turn, similarly, the American continent transfers its efforts to the crust of the Atlantic Ocean and through it to Eurasia and Africa, i.e. the circle is complete.
This movement is confirmed by the block structure of the faults in the seabed of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, movements occur in blocks along the direction of action of the forces.
Some facts are explained:
- why dinosaurs became extinct (changed, decreased rotation speed and significantly increased the length of the day, possibly before a complete reversal of the direction of rotation);
- why there were periods of glaciation;
- why some plants have a different genetically determined daylight hours.
Through genetics, such empirical alchemical astrology also receives an explanation.
Environmental problems associated with even minor climate change through sea currents can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere.
reference
Power solar radiation when approaching the Earth is huge ~ 1.5 kWh / m
perpendicular to the direction of gravity and has the same gravity potential is called a geoid.
In fact, even the sea surface does not conform to the shape of the geoid. The shape that we see in section is the same more or less balanced gravitational form which reached Earth.
There are also local deviations from the geoid. For example, the Gulf Stream rises 100-150 cm above the surrounding water surface, the Sargasso Sea is elevated and, conversely, the ocean level is lowered near the Bahamas and over the Puerto Rico trench. Winds and currents are responsible for these small differences. East trade winds drive water into western part Atlantic. The Gulf Stream carries away this excess water, so its level is higher than the level of the surrounding waters. The level of the Sargasso Sea is higher because it is the center of the circulation of currents and water overtakes it from all sides.
- Gulf Stream system
3 / s, which is 20 times the capacity of all rivers on earth. In the open ocean, the capacity increases to 80 million m 3 / s at an average speed of 1.5 m / s.The capacity at the exit from the Florida Strait is 25 million m
Tectonic scheme and system of currents of the Atlantic Ocean.
1- Gulf Stream, 2 and 3 - equatorial currents(North and South Tradewinds),4 - Antilles, 5 - Caribbean, 6 - Canary, 7 - Portuguese, 8 - North Atdantic, 9 - Irminger, 10 - Norwegian, 11 - East Greenland, 12 - West Greenland, 13 - Labrador, 14 - Guinea, 15 - Benguela, 16 - Brazilian, 17 - Falkland, 18 -Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ADC)
- Modern knowledge the synchronicity of the glacial and interglacial periods throughout the globe is evidenced not so much by the change in the flow of solar energy, but by the cyclical displacements of the earth's axis. That both of these phenomena exist has been proven beyond doubt. When spots appear on the Sun, the intensity of its radiation weakens. The maximum deviations from the norm of intensity rarely exceed 2%, which is clearly not enough for the formation of ice cover. The second factor was studied already in the 1920s by Milankovich, who derived theoretical curves of solar radiation fluctuations for different geographic latitudes. There is evidence that there was more volcanic dust in the atmosphere during the Pleistocene. The age-matched Antarctic ice layer contains more volcanic ash than later layers (see the following figure by A. Gough and T. Williamson, 1971). Most of the ash was found in the layer, which is 30,000-16,000 years old. The study of oxygen isotopes showed that more low temperatures... Undoubtedly, this argument indicates a high volcanic activity.
(according to laser satellite observations over the past 15 years)
Comparison with the previous figure once again confirms this theory of the Earth's rotation!
Curves of paleotemperature and intensity of volcanic activity obtained by studying an ice sample at Bird station in Antarctica.The ice core contains layers of volcanic ash. The graphs show that after intense volcanic activity, the end of the glaciation began.
V. Farrand (1965) and others proved that the events at the initial stage of the ice age took place in the following sequence 1 - glaciation,
2 - cooling of the land, 3 - cooling of the ocean. At the final stage, first glaciers melted and only then warmed.
The movements of lithospheric plates (blocks) are too slow to directly cause such consequences. Let's remember that the average speed of movement is 4 cm per year. For 11,000 years, they would have shifted by only 500 m.But this is enough to radically change the system of sea currents and thus reduce the transfer of heat to the polar regions.
... It is enough to turn the Gulf Stream or change the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and glaciation is guaranteed!As you know, the gene is more or less stable formation. To obtain mutations, significant external influences are required: radiation (radiation), chemical effects (poisoning), biological effects (infections and diseases). Thus, newly acquired mutations are recorded in the gene, as by analogy in the annual rings of plants. This is especially known on example plants, there are plants with long and short daylight hours. And this already directly testifies to the duration of the corresponding light period when this species was formed.
All these astrological "things" make sense only in relation to a particular race, people who have been living in their native environment for a long time. Where the environment is constant throughout the year, there is no point in the signs of the Zodiac and there should be its own empiricism - astrology, its own calendar. Apparently, the genes contain an as yet unclear algorithm for the behavior of the organism, which is realized when the environment(birth, development, nutrition, reproduction, diseases). So this algorithm is empirically trying to grope astrology
.Some hypotheses and conclusions arising from this theory of the rotation of the Earth
So, the Sun is the source of energy for the rotation of the Earth around its own axis. It is known, according to, that the phenomena of precession, nutation and the movement of the Earth's poles do not affect the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation.
In 1754, the German philosopher I. Kant explained the changes in the acceleration of the Moon by the fact that the tidal humps formed by the Moon on the Earth, as a result of friction, are carried away along with solid body Earth in the direction of rotation of the Earth (see figure). The attraction by the Moon of these humps together gives a couple of forces that slow down the rotation of the Earth. Further, the mathematical theory of “secular slowdown” of the Earth's rotation was developed by J. Darwin.
Before the appearance of this theory of the rotation of the Earth, it was believed that no processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, as well as the influence external bodies, failed to explain the changes in the Earth's rotation. Looking at the above figure, in addition to conclusions about the deceleration of the Earth's rotation, it is possible to draw deeper conclusions. Note that the tidal hump is in front in the direction of the Moon's rotation. And this sure sign that the Moon not only slows down the rotation of the Earth, but and the rotation of the earth supports the movement of the moon around the earth... Thus, the energy of the Earth's rotation is “transferred” to the Moon. This leads to more general conclusions in relation to the satellites of other planets. Satellites are stable only if the planet has tidal humps, i.e. hydrosphere or significant atmosphere, and the satellites must rotate in the direction of the planet's rotation and in the same plane. The rotation of satellites in opposite directions directly indicates an unsteady regime - a recent change in the direction of rotation of the planet or a recent collision of satellites with each other.
The interaction between the sun and the planet proceeds according to the same law. But here, due to the multitude of tidal humps, oscillatory effects with sidereal periods of revolution of the planets around the Sun should take place.The main period is 11.86 years from Jupiter, as the most massive planet.
- A New Look on the evolution of the planets
Thus, this theory explains the existing picture of the distribution of the angular momentum (angular momentum) of the Sun and planets, and there is no need for the hypothesis of O.Yu. Schmidt by accidental capture by the Sun "
protoplanetary cloud ”. The conclusions of VG Fesenkov about the simultaneous formation of the Sun and planets receive one more confirmation.Consequence
This theory of the Earth's rotation may be a hypothesis about the direction of the evolution of the planets in the direction from Pluto to Venus. Thus, Venus is the future prototype of the Earth. The planet has overheated, the oceans have evaporated. This is confirmed by the above graphs of paleotemperatures and intensity of volcanic activity, obtained by studying an ice sample at Bird station in Antarctica.From the point of view of this theory,if an alien civilization originated, it was not on Mars, but on Venus. And we should look not for Martians, but for the descendants of Venusians, which we, perhaps, to some extent, are.
- Ecology and climate
Thus, this theory refutes the idea of a constant (zero) heat balance. In the balances known to me, there is no energy of earthquakes, continental drift, ebb and flow, warming up of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Moon, biological life. (It turns out that biological life is one of the ways to absorb energy). It is known that the atmosphere for wind production uses less than 1% of the energy to maintain the system of currents. At the same time, out of the total amount of heat carried by currents, a 100 times larger value can potentially be used. So this 100 times large value and also wind energy are used unevenly in time for earthquakes, typhoons and hurricanes, continental drift, ebb and flow, warming up of the Earth and formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Earth and the Moon, etc.
Environmental problems associated with even slight climate change due to changes in sea currents can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere. Any rash (or deliberate in the interests of any one nation) attempts to change the climate by turning the (Northern) rivers, laying canals (Kanin nos), building dams across the straits, etc., due to the speed of implementation, in addition to direct benefits, will certainly lead to a change in the existing “seismic equilibrium” in the earth's crust, i.e. to the formation of new seismic zones.
In other words, you must first understand all the relationships, and then learn how to control the rotation of the Earth - this is one of the tasks further development civilization.
P.S.
A few words about influence solar flares on cardiovascular patients.In the light of this theory, the effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients is apparently not due to the occurrence of increased intensity of electromagnetic fields on the surface of the Earth. Under power lines, the intensity of these fields is much higher and this does not have a noticeable effect on cardiovascular patients. The effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients appears to be through exposure to periodic change in horizontal acceleration when the speed of rotation of the Earth changes. All sorts of accidents, including those on pipelines, can be explained in a similar way.
As noted above (see thesis No. 5), a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat at the contact boundary (Mohorovichich boundary). And this border is one of the areas where rocks and minerals are formed. The nature of the reactions (chemical or atomic, apparently even both) is unknown, but on the basis of some facts, the following conclusions can already be drawn.
- An ascending flow of elementary gases: hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, etc. is going along the faults of the earth's crust.
- The flow of hydrogen is decisive in the formation of many mineral deposits, including coal and oil.
Coalbed methane is a product of the interaction of a stream of hydrogen with a coal seam! The generally accepted metamorphic process of peat, brown coal, coal, anthracite without taking into account the flow of hydrogen is not complete enough. It is known that already at the stages of peat, brown coal, methane is absent. There is also data (Professor I. Sharovar) on the presence of anthracites in nature, in which there are not even molecular traces of methane. The result of the interaction of the hydrogen flow with the coal seam can explain not only the presence of methane itself in the seam and its constant formation, but also the whole variety of coal grades. Coking coal, flow and the presence of a large amount of methane in steeply dipping deposits (the presence of a large number of faults) and the correlation of these factors confirms this assumption.
Oil, gas - the product of the interaction of a stream of hydrogen with organic residues (coal seam). Confirmation of this view is the relative position of coal and oil fields. If we superimpose the map of distribution of coal strata on the map of oil distribution, then the following picture is observed. These deposits do not overlap! There is no place where there would be oil on top of coal! In addition, it was noted that oil lies, on average, much deeper than coal and is confined to faults in the earth's crust (where an ascending flow of gases, including hydrogen, should be observed).
I would like to analyze the map of the distribution of radon and helium over the globe, unfortunately I do not have such data. Helium, unlike hydrogen, is an inert gas, which is significantly lesser degree than other gases are absorbed by rocks and may indicate a deep flow of hydrogen.
- Everything chemical elements, including radioactive ones, are formed at the present time! The reason for this is the rotation of the Earth. These processes take place both at the lower boundary of the earth's crust and in deeper layers of the Earth.
The faster the Earth rotates, the faster these processes (including the formation of minerals and rocks) are. Therefore, the crust of the continents is thicker than the crust of the oceans! Since the areas of application of forces braking and spinning the planet, from sea and air currents, are much more located on the continents than in the oceans.
Meteorites and radioactive elements
If we assume that meteorites are part of the solar system and the substance of meteorites was formed simultaneously with it, then by the composition of meteorites it is possible to verify the correctness of this theory of the Earth's rotation around its own axis.
Distinguish between iron and stone meteorites. Iron consists of iron, nickel, cobalt and heavy radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium, do not contain. Stony meteorites are composed of various minerals and silicate rocks, in which the presence of various radioactive components of uranium, thorium, potassium and rubidium can be detected. There are also iron-stone meteorites, which are intermediate in composition between iron and stone meteorites. If we assume that meteorites are the remnants of destroyed planets or their satellites, then stone meteorites correspond to the crust of these planets, and iron to their core. Thus, the presence of radioactive elements in stony meteorites (in the crust) and their absence in iron ones (in the core) confirms the formation of radioactive elements not in the core, but at the contact between the core and the core (mantle). It should also be taken into account that iron meteorites, on average, are much older than stone ones by an amount of the order of one billion years (since the crust is younger than the core). The assumption that elements such as uranium and thorium were inherited from the ancestral environment, and did not arise "simultaneously" with the rest of the elements, is incorrect, since there is radioactivity in younger stone meteorites, but not in older iron ones! Thus, physical mechanism the formation of radioactive elements is yet to be found! Perhaps it
something like a tunnel effect applied to atomic nuclei!- The influence of the rotation of the earth around its axis on the evolutionary development of the world
It is known that over the past 600 million years animal world the globe has changed dramatically at least 14 times. At the same time, general cooling and great glaciations have been observed on Earth at least 15 times over the past 3 billion years. Considering the scale of paleomagnetism (see Fig.), One can also notice at least 14 zones of variable polarity, i.e. areas of frequent polarity reversal. These zones of variable polarity, according to this theory of the Earth's rotation, correspond to periods of time when the Earth had an unsteady (oscillatory effect) direction of rotation around its own axis. That is, during these periods, the most unfavorable conditions for the animal world should be observed with a constant change in daylight hours, temperatures, as well as, from a geological point of view, changes in volcanic activity, seismic activity and mountain building.
It should be replaced that the formation of fundamentally new species of the animal world is timed to these periods. For example, at the end of the Triassic there is the longest period (5 million years), during which the first mammals were formed. The appearance of the first reptiles corresponds to the same period in Carboniferous. The appearance of amphibians corresponds to the same period in Devon. The appearance of angiosperms corresponds to the same period in the Jura, and the appearance of the first birds immediately precedes the same period in the Jura. The appearance of conifers corresponds to the same period in Carboniferous. The appearance of clubroots and horsetails corresponds to the same period in Devon. The appearance of insects corresponds to the same period in Devon.
Thus, the connection between the appearance of new species with periods with an alternating unstable direction of the Earth's rotation is obvious. With regard to extinction certain types, then a change in the direction of the Earth's rotation apparently does not have the main decisive effect, the main decisive factor in this case is natural selection!
References.- V.A. Volynsky. "Astronomy". Education. Moscow. 1971
- P.G. Kulikovsky. “An amateur's handbook of astronomy”. Fizmatgiz. Moscow. 1961
- S. Alekseev. “How the mountains grow”. Chemistry and life XXI century №4. 1998 Marine encyclopedic Dictionary... Shipbuilding. Saint Petersburg. 1993y
- Kukal “Great mysteries of the earth”. Progress. Moscow. 1988
- I.P. Selinov "Isotopes Volume III". The science. Moscow. 1970 "Rotation of the Earth" TSB volume 9. Moscow.
- D. Tolmazin. “Ocean in motion”. Hydrometeoizdat. 1976
- A. N. Oleinikov “Geological Clock“. Bosom. Moscow. 1987y
- G.S.Grinberg, D.A. Dolin et al. “The Arctic on the threshold of the third millennium”. The science. Saint Petersburg 2000
A theory about the world like geocentric system, in the old days, was repeatedly criticized and doubted. It is known that Galileo Galilei worked on the proof of this theory. It belongs to him the phrase that went down in history: “And yet it turns!”. But still, it was not he who managed to prove it, as many think, but Nicolaus Copernicus, who in 1543 wrote a treatise on the movement of celestial bodies around the Sun. Surprisingly, despite all this evidence, about the circular course of the Earth around a huge star, in theory there are still open questions about the reasons that prompted it to this movement.
Reasons for movement
The Middle Ages are over, when people considered our planet to be motionless, and no one disputes its movements. But the reasons why the Earth is heading around the Sun are not known for certain. Three theories have been put forward:
- inert rotation;
- magnetic fields;
- exposure to solar radiation.
There are others, but they don't stand up to scrutiny. It is also interesting that the question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate around a huge celestial body?" Is also not correct enough. The answer to it has been received, but it is accurate only in relation to the generally accepted reference point.
The sun is a huge star around which life is concentrated in our planetary system. All these planets move around the Sun in their orbits. The earth is moving in a third orbit. Studying the question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate in its orbit?", Scientists have made many discoveries. They realized that the orbit itself is not perfect, so our green planet is located from the Sun at different points at different distances from each other. Therefore, the average value was calculated: 149.6 million km.
The Earth is closest to the Sun on January 3, and further - on July 4. The concepts are associated with these phenomena: the smallest and largest temporary day of the year, in relation to the night. Studying the same question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate in its solar orbit?" Having made the discoveries of these two rotations, scientists asked questions not only about the reasons for such phenomena, but also about the shape of the orbit, as well as the speed of rotation.
How did scientists determine in which direction the Earth rotates around the Sun in the planetary system?
The orbital picture of the planet Earth was described by a German astronomer and mathematician. In his fundamental work "New Astronomy", he calls the orbit elliptical.
All objects on the Earth's surface rotate with it, using generally accepted descriptions of the planetary picture of the solar system. We can say that, observing from the north from space, to the question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate around the central star?", The answer will be as follows: "From west to east."
Comparing with the movements of the hands in hours - this is against its course. This point of view was adopted regarding the North Star. The same will be seen by a person on the surface of the Earth from the side of the Northern Hemisphere. Imagining himself on a ball moving around a stationary star, he will see its rotation from right to left. This is tantamount to going against the clock hand or from west to east.
Earth axis
All this also applies to the answer to the question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate around its axis?" - in the opposite direction of the clock hands. But if you imagine yourself as an observer in the Southern Hemisphere, the picture will look different - on the contrary. But, realizing that there are no concepts of west and east in space, scientists pushed away from the earth's axis and the North Star, to which the axis is directed. This determined the generally accepted answer to the question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate around its axis and around the center of the solar system?" Accordingly, the Sun is shown in the morning from the horizon from the east, and hides from our eyes in the west. Interestingly, many people compare the earth's revolutions around its own invisible axial rod with the rotation of a top. But at the same time, the earth's axis is not visible and is somewhat tilted, rather than vertical. All this is reflected in the shape of the globe and elliptical orbit.
Sidereal and solar days
In addition to answering the question: "In which direction does the Earth rotate clockwise or counterclockwise?", Scientists calculated the time of revolution around its invisible axis. It is 24 hours. The interesting thing is that this is only an approximate number. In fact, the total revolution is 4 minutes less (23 hours 56 minutes 4.1 seconds). This is the so-called star day. We count the day by sunny day: 24 hours, since the Earth in its planetary orbit every day needs an additional 4 minutes to return to its place.
Movement around the axis of rotation is one of the common types of movement of objects in nature. In this article, we will consider this type of movement from the point of view of dynamics and kinematics. We also present formulas connecting the main physical quantities.
What kind of movement are we talking about?
In the literal sense, we will talk about the movement of bodies in a circle, that is, about their rotation. A striking example such movement is the rotation of the wheel of a car or bicycle while moving vehicle... Rotation around its axis of a skater performing complex pirouettes on ice. Or the rotation of our planet around the Sun and around its own axis, inclined to the plane of the ecliptic.
As you can see, an important element of the considered type of motion is the axis of rotation. Each point of a body of arbitrary shape makes circular movements around it. The distance from a point to an axis is called the radius of rotation. Many properties of the entire mechanical system depend on its value, for example, the moment of inertia, linear speed, and others.
If the cause of the linear translational movement of bodies in space is an external force acting on them, then the cause of movement around the axis of rotation is the external moment of force. This quantity is described as the vector product of the applied force F¯ by the vector of the distance from the point of its application to the r¯ axis, that is:
The action of the moment M¯ leads to the appearance angular accelerationα¯ in the system. Both quantities are related to each other through a certain coefficient I by the following equality:
The quantity I is called the moment of inertia. It depends both on the shape of the body and on the distribution of mass inside it and on the distance to the axis of rotation. For a material point, it is calculated by the formula:
If the external is equal to zero, then the system retains its angular momentum L¯. This is another vector quantity, which, according to the definition, is equal to:
Here p¯ is a linear momentum.
The momentum conservation law L¯ is usually written in the following form:
Where ω is the angular velocity. We will talk about it further in the article.
Rotation kinematics
Unlike dynamics, this branch of physics considers exclusively practical important quantities associated with the change in time of the position of bodies in space. That is, the object of studying the kinematics of rotation is the speed, acceleration and angles of rotation.
First, let's enter the angular velocity. It is understood as the angle through which the body makes a rotation per unit of time. The formula for the instantaneous angular velocity is:
If, at equal intervals of time, the body makes turns by equal angles, then the rotation is called uniform. The formula for the average angular velocity is valid for it:
Ω is measured in radians per second, which in the SI system corresponds to inverse seconds (s -1).
In the case of uneven rotation, the concept of angular acceleration α is used. It determines the rate of change in time of the value of ω, that is:
α = dω / dt = d 2 θ / dt 2
Α is measured in radians per square second (in SI - s -2).
If the body initially rotated uniformly with a speed of ω 0, and then began to increase its speed with constant accelerationα, then such a motion can be described following formula:
θ = ω 0 * t + α * t 2/2
This equality is obtained by integrating the equations of angular velocity over time. The formula for θ allows you to calculate the number of revolutions that the system will make around the axis of rotation in time t.
Linear and angular velocities
Both speeds are related to each other. When they talk about the speed of rotation around an axis, they can mean both linear and angular characteristics.
Suppose that some material point rotates around an axis at a distance r with a speed ω. Then its linear velocity v will be equal to:
The difference between linear and angular velocity is significant. So, with uniform rotation, ω does not depend on the distance to the axis, while the value of v increases linearly with increasing r. The latter fact explains why, with an increase in the radius of rotation, it is more difficult to keep the body on a circular trajectory (its linear velocity increases and, as a consequence, inertial forces).
The task of calculating the speed of rotation around its axis of the Earth
Everyone knows that our planet in the solar system performs two types of rotational motion:
- around its axis;
- around the star.
Let us calculate the velocities ω and v for the first of them.
The angular velocity is not difficult to determine. To do this, remember that the planet completes a full revolution equal to 2 * pi radians in 24 hours ( exact value 23 h 56 min. 4.1 sec.). Then the value of ω will be equal to:
ω = 2 * pi / (24 * 3600) = 7.27 * 10 -5 rad / s
The calculated value is small. Let's show now how much absolute valueω differs from that for v.
Let's calculate line speed v for points lying on the surface of the planet, at the latitude of the equator. Since the Earth is an oblate ball, the equatorial radius is slightly larger than the polar one. It is 6378 km. Using the formula for the relationship of two speeds, we get:
v = ω * r = 7.27 * 10 -5 * 6378000 ≈ 464 m / s
The resulting speed is 1670 km / h, which is greater than the speed of sound in air (1235 km / h).
The rotation of the Earth around its axis leads to the appearance of the so-called Coriolis force, which should be taken into account when flying ballistic missiles... It is also the cause of many atmospheric phenomena, such as the deviation of the direction of the winds of the trade winds to the west.
Like other planets of the solar system, it makes 2 main movements: around its own axis and around the sun. From the earliest times, it was on these two regular movements that timing and the ability to draw up calendars were based.
Day is the time of rotation around its own axis. Year - revolutions around the sun. The division into months is also directly related to astronomical phenomena - their duration is associated with the phases of the moon.
Rotation of the Earth around its own axis
Our planet rotates around its own axis from west to east, that is, counterclockwise (when viewed from the side North Pole.) The axis is a virtual straight line that crosses the globe at the North and South poles, i.e. poles have a fixed position and do not participate in rotary motion, while all other points of location on the earth's surface rotate, and the rotation speed is not identical and depends on their position in relation to the equator - the closer to the equator, the higher the rotation speed.
For example, in the region of Italy, the rotation speed is approximately 1200 km / h. The consequences of the rotation of the Earth around its axis are the change of day and night and the apparent movement of the celestial sphere.
Indeed, it seems that the stars and others celestial bodies of the night sky move in the direction opposite to our motion with the planet (that is, from east to west).
It seems that the stars are located around the North Star, which is located on an imaginary line - the continuation of the earth's axis in a northerly direction. The movement of the stars is not evidence that the Earth rotates on its axis, because this movement could be a consequence of the rotation of the celestial sphere, if we assume that the planet occupies a fixed, stationary position in space.
Foucault's pendulum
Irrefutable proof that the earth rotates on its own axis was presented in 1851 by Foucault, who conducted the famous experiment with a pendulum.
Imagine that, being at the North Pole, we set a pendulum in oscillatory motion. The force from the outside acting on the pendulum is gravity, while it does not affect the change in the direction of the oscillations. If we prepare a virtual pendulum that leaves footprints on the surface, we can make sure that after a while the footprints will move in the clockwise direction.
This rotation can be associated with two factors: either with the rotation of the plane on which the pendulum is oscillating, or with the rotation of the entire surface.
The first hypothesis can be discarded, taking into account that there are no forces on the pendulum capable of changing the plane of oscillatory movements. Hence it follows that it is the Earth that rotates, and it makes movements around its own axis. This experiment was carried out in Paris by Foucault, he used a huge pendulum in the form of a bronze sphere weighing about 30 kg, suspended from a 67-meter cable. On the surface of the floor of the Pantheon, the starting point of the oscillatory movements was recorded.
So, it is the Earth that rotates, not the celestial sphere. People observing the sky from our planet record the movement of both the Sun and the planets, i.e. all objects move in the universe.
Time criterion - day
A day is a period of time during which the Earth makes a complete revolution around its own axis. There are two definitions of the term “day”. “Solar day” is the period of time of the Earth's rotation, at which it is taken as the starting point. Another concept - "sidereal day" - implies a different starting point - any star. The duration of the two types of day is not identical. The longitude of a sidereal day is 23 hours 56 minutes 4 s, while the longitude of a solar day is 24 hours.
The different duration is due to the fact that the Earth, rotating around its own axis, also makes an orbital rotation around the Sun.
In principle, the duration of a sunny day (although it is taken as 24 hours) is not a constant value. This is due to the fact that the Earth's orbital movement occurs at a variable speed. When the Earth is closer to the Sun, the speed of its movement in orbit is higher, as it moves away from the star, the speed decreases. In this regard, such a concept as “average solar day” has been introduced, namely, their duration is 24 hours.
Orbiting the Sun at 107,000 km / h
The speed of the Earth's revolution around the Sun is the second main motion of our planet. The earth moves in an elliptical orbit, i.e. the orbit is elliptical. When it is in close proximity to the Earth and falls into its shadow, eclipses occur. The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is approximately 150 million kilometers. Astronomy uses a unit of measure for distances within the solar system; it is called the “astronomical unit” (au).
The speed at which the Earth moves in orbit is approximately 107,000 km / h.
The angle formed by the earth's axis and the plane of the ellipse is approximately 66 ° 33 ', this is a constant value.
If you observe the Sun from the Earth, you get the impression that it is it that moves across the sky during the year, passing through the stars and that make up the Zodiac. In fact, the Sun also passes through the constellation Ophiuchus, but it does not belong to the Zodiacal circle.
