Homogeneous and heterogeneous circumstances are examples. Homogeneous circumstances. General solution principle

(31) The sky for him has always been only a place of work, and he is used to evaluating it from the point of view of suitability for flight: low cloudiness is bad for landing, high cloudiness is excellent for flying, thunderstorm is dangerous. (32) And the land for him was a landing place where he could rest in anticipation of the next flights.

(33) A few minutes later the boy saw that a large lead cloud was flying towards them, blazing with lightning and roaring.

(34) Meanwhile, it immediately became dark on the plane. (35) The passengers did not look up at the cloud that was approaching the plane, and they were restlessly talking among themselves. (36) The plane turned around and went along the cloud. (37) At the same time, the pilot's gaze met the boy's gaze for a second. (38) Unexpectedly and too lightly for such a dangerous moment, the pilot thought: "I wonder what this thundercloud looks like?"

Which answer option contains the information necessary to substantiate the answer to the question: "Why did the pilot give the boy paints?"

1) The pilot asked the boy to draw a picture where the earth would be shown in a new way.

2) The pilot gave the boy paints as a keepsake of the joint flight.

3) The boy's mother did not have the material opportunity to buy paints for her son.

4) The pilot appreciated the boy's fantasy, which is so important for the future artist.

Explanation.

The pilot appreciated the boy's fantasy, which is so important for the future artist.

Answer: 4

Answer: 4

Source: Open Bank FIPI, block DB6E28, option RESHU No. 106

Relevance: Corresponds to the demo version of the current year

1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov: “The adjective is the most pictorial part of speech. Adjectives can describe the color, smell, shape of any object, tell about our feelings, character, appearance, experiences, mood. ”Arguing your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the text you read. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the desired sentences or use quotations. You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing a topic on linguistic material. You can start your essay with the words of V.V. Vinogradov. The length of the essay must be at least 70 words. A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is scored zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

2. Write a reasoning essay. Explain how you understand the ending of this text: “He left, and the boy, clutching a box of paints to his chest, climbed into the plane to cover a distance of a thousand kilometers, to learn the altitude and modern flight speed and once again look at the earth from above to see it somehow in a new way. " Give in the essay 2 (two) arguments from the text read, confirming your reasoning. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the desired sentences or use quotations. The length of the essay must be at least 70 words. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is scored zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

3. How do you understand the meaning of the expression MAN'S INNER WORLD? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic "What is the inner world of a person", taking your definition as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) example-arguments that support your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience. The length of the essay must be at least 70 words. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is scored zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation.

1. Words of each part of speech have their own niche in the vast world of words and perform certain functions. Each of them can be a means of expressiveness of speech. It is no coincidence that Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov wrote: “The adjective is the most pictorial part of speech. Adjectives can describe the color, smell, shape of any object, tell about our feelings, character, appearance, feelings, mood. " Let's try to prove this using the example of the use of adjectives in an excerpt from the work of V.A. Zheleznikov.

With the help of adjectives in the text, images are created, phenomena and concepts are concretized. So, adjectives are used by the author in describing the pilot: "His gloomy, tired face brightened a little, and he habitually asked ..." (sentence # 7), "And went back to the airport, stooped, big" (sentence # 57). The use of adjectives helps the author to draw vivid, easy-to-imagine portraits of the characters.

In sentences 12, 33, adjectives are used to describe states of nature: white clouds, large leaden cloud. They add brightness and color to the description, which means that they perform the function of pictorial and expressive means.

After analyzing the text, we confirmed the idea of ​​V.V. Vinogradov on the importance of adjectives in our speech.

The little artist sees the world in a special way: he vividly perceives its beauty, for him he is surprised at the unusualness of the world: the Earth is like a mosaic (sentence 26), in the clouds you can see elephants and whales (sentences 12, 15). The ability to be surprised speaks about the open soul of the hero, about the rich inner world.

The inner world of the pilot is revealed next to his random companion. An adult, due to his busyness and a certain harshness of his profession, did not notice how he stopped seeing the main thing: life around is beautiful and amazing: “(29) He even felt a little offended: he flew past all kinds of elephants so many times and did not notice anything about it. (30) He looked with admiration at this thin boy. "

It is scary in life to meet a person who is not able to see beauty and goodness, a person who has hardened under the influence of some life circumstances, who treats everything with distrust and apprehension. Let there be more of these boys in the world, who are able not only to admire the world, but also to charge those around them with their positive energy. This is exactly what happened with the pilot. An invisible impulse from the little artist gave birth to a new charge: the pilot wanted to fulfill the child's dream and give him paints.

3. The inner world of a person is a special world, inaccessible to other people and hidden from prying eyes. These are our thoughts, experiences, dreams, feelings. The secret of the inner world is revealed when we perform any actions, assess events, that is, we manifest ourselves. And if they did, then perhaps they influenced someone who was around.

Having come into contact with the world of the little artist's fantasies, the pilot could not help but be surprised at their unusualness: he himself had never seen clouds-elephants with trunks in the sky and did not notice that it looked like a mosaic in the Earth. The pilot wondered at himself: for the first time in many years of work, he thought of a thundercloud not as a dangerous situation, but what it looked like. Probably because of these new sensations, which the pilot first experienced, in gratitude for them, he gave the boy paints.

We have two sisters in our class, both are very passionate about poetry, they know a lot of poetry not from the school curriculum. And they read them so expressively, sincerely. The poems about the war were especially shrill at the class hour dedicated to Victory Day. But when we gathered together with the whole class to take part in the "Immortal Regiment", the girls did not come. “We have been cramming poetry anyway, we are tired of this war,” they said in defense. And we thought that they ... really, with a soul ... But it turned out that their soul is darkness.

It is thanks to the inner world that we are all different. But our worlds do not live in isolation in us, they connect us with other people with invisible threads. Let's share the good, bright, clean worlds. And then the world will sparkle with new colors.

The punctuation course of the new school is based on the intonation-grammatical principle, in contrast to the classical school, where intonation is practically not studied. Although the new methodology uses the classical formulations of the rules, they receive additional semantic and intonational justification. In general, the new method is based on knowledge of grammar and allows you to place punctuation marks without memorizing formal rules, including in the best way expressing the author's semantics of the text.

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company liters.

Lecture 3. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence with a non-union connection

The material includes three topics:

1. Clarifying, explanatory and adjoining members of the proposal

2. Distinguishing between homogeneous, heterogeneous, clarifying and explanatory circumstances

3. Distinguishing between homogeneous, heterogeneous, clarifying and explanatory definitions

Topic 1. Clarifying, explanatory and adjoining members of the proposal

§1. GRAMMATIC REFERENCE

1. The grammatical role of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

The clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence with a non-union connection are usually definitions and circumstances, less often compound nominal predicates.

Subjects and additions in this topic are considered as standalone applications.

2. Clarifying members of the proposal

Refinement based on logical narrowing, limiting the scope of the concept and also involves the transition from a more abstract concept to a more concrete one.

Accordingly, the specifying members of the proposal narrow (or expand) the meaning of the previous word, that is, change the scope of its meaning, for example:

A) On a hillock, among two birches , an old man is sitting with a horn (clarification, narrowing of the meaning).

B) I woke up on the bed, in a large and bright room (clarification, expansion of the meaning).

3. Explanatory terms of the sentence

Explanation based on on the logical relation of identity and is re-naming the already named.

Accordingly, the explanatory terms of the sentence reveal the meaning of the previous word or replace it with a word close in meaning, for example:

A) They often used in conversation such, little understandable to me , words (explanation, disclosure of the content of the pronoun).

B) Let's go even, in leg, step (explanation, replacement with a word close in meaning).

4. The similarity of meanings for qualifying and explanatory members of the sentence

In some cases, qualifying and explanatory terms are close in meaning. Then, for the correct setting of punctuation marks, their distinction is not necessary, since in both versions they are separated using commas, for example:

Ruled here brown, almost red , soil color (clarification of the shade when narrowing the meaning or explanation with replacement by a close synonym).

5. The difference between clarifying and explanatory members from separate members of the proposal

- Can qualifying and explanatory terms be called separate?

Clarifying and explanatory members of the proposal differ from isolated members the fact that in the first case at least two words of the same name(the second word clarifies or clarifies the first), while the isolated members do not have such a pair, for example:

A) Clarification and clarification:

Down in the ravine a stream flowed.

The sun has already peeped out from behind the mountain and quietly, no hassle , set to work.

B) Isolation:

Due to the past rains , the road became impassable.

Tired , he quickly fell asleep.

At the same time, the clarifying and explanatory terms of the sentence can be called detached in the broad sense of the word, since they are always separated, that is, they are separated by commas in the letter.

6. Affiliating members of the proposal

Joining is giving a member a proposal type of additional statement (explanations, remarks).

Respectively, connecting members of the proposal - these are clarifying, explanatory and non-uniform terms of the sentence in an additional message.

Affiliate members are referred to as heterogeneous, clarifying, explanatory, so simple detached members of the proposal.

§2. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF THE SOLUTION

1. Punctuation marks

Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members with a non-union connection can be in the middle or at the end proposals, while qualifying and explanatory terms are separated with commas, and adjoining ones - with a dash.

2. Intonation

Clarifying and explanatory terms of the sentence are pronounced with intonation isolations, that is, they are highlighted by pauses and intonation stress.

The interposition additionally uses "Intervening intonation"- a general decrease in tone, a change in the rate of speech.

A special intonation is also used for affiliate members. with extended pause related with the setting of a dash.

§3. CLARIFYING MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL (COMMONED)

1. Statement of the problem

When specifying the second word narrows (or expands) the meaning of the first word.

2. Examples of qualifying members of the proposal

A) Clarifying circumstance of place, narrowing of meaning

Against the border, on the other side , everything was empty.

Nikita turned to the right, towards the river , and tried to follow the road, in the footsteps of others.

Below, between the white trunks, the light shines with bright, long rays.

B) Clarifying circumstance of time, narrowing of meaning

The next day, a little light , we were on the shore.

Our places long ago, since the days of grandfather , were famous for their wealth.

C) Clarifying circumstance of place, expansion of meaning

He woke up on the bed, v big and bright upper room.

D) Two clarifying circumstances

I rented an apartment on the edge of the city, at the highest point, at the foot of Mashuk .

In the distance, behind the dust of the alley, behind the boredom of country cottages, the bakery's pretzel glows a little and a child's cry is heard.

E) Clarifying (inconsistent) definition

Lay below wide, half a mile, strip of land.

They went out to deep, to the hub, sand and sat down in a cab.

Grew in the clearing mighty, in three girths, oak.

Entered young, about seventeen, young woman.

E) Clarifying compound nominal predicate

Ship was small, a few inches .

Tablecloth on the table was long, to the floor .

§4. EXPLANATORY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL (COMMA)

1. Statement of the problem

When clarifying the second word (usually pronouns, option 1) or complements the meaning of the first word, calling a sign or object with a word similar in meaning(option 2).

In the second case, the explanatory terms similar to homogeneous members but different from them second plan of speech.

2. Explanation (1)

Second word reveals the content of the first word(pronouns):

Circumstance

Then, in late autumn , at the dacha it was quiet and deserted.

Either he was sleeping, or so, in oblivion , lay.

Definition

Another, iron , the ladder hung in the air like a suspension bridge.

It already had other the dress, very simple and very dexterous .

Such notes, for one myself are often illogical and inconsistent.

Predicate

He stayed the same calm and hardworking .

3. Explanation (2)

Second word synonymous with the first word(the same sign is called a different word)

Circumstance

He naive, childish , wiped his eyes with his fingers.

Quietly, without shouts and shots , this ship will sail.

Definition

We saw empty, no signs of housing , a place.

Predicate

Snow was clean, without a single spot .

Night was clear, in small white stars .

§5. MEMBER PROPOSALS (HIGHLIGHTS DASH)

1. Statement of the problem

Clarifying, explanatory, and non-homogeneous members of the sentence in an additional message belong to the group of accessory members. As already mentioned, affiliate members include both inhomogeneous, clarifying, explanatory, and simply isolated secondary terms suggestions.

2. Clarification in an additional message (narrowing the meaning)

Circumstance

In this house she settled - in a tiny room on the second floor .

By the highway there was a lonely house - near the entrance to the tunnel .

In the room there was still a piano - in the very corner, opposite the sofa .

Predicate

The lily of the valley leaves are extraordinary here juicy and large - the size of the palm .

3. Explanation in additional message

Definition

AND extraordinary - vague and ominous - the roar came from this terrible human mass.

Predicate

The road was one - wide, furnished with milestones .

Autumn dawns others are gloomy, slow .

4. Non-uniform (with respect to the first word) members in an additional message

Forest goldfinches fed here among all kinds of grassy things - cheerful, never discouraged.

5. Separated members in an additional message (not of the same name)

Definition

We went into a spruce forest - dark, smelling of pine needles .

Chaadaev was in the spotlight thinking - and at the same time unthinkable - Russia.

Circumstances and additions

We sat down - more for decency - A couple of minutes.

We went home - reluctantly - only in the evening.

He himself did not know how much truth there was - and lies - in his thoughts.

Topic 2. Distinguishing between homogeneous, heterogeneous, clarifying and explanatory circumstances

§1. GRAMMATIC REFERENCE

1. Statement of the problem

Homogeneous circumstances reveal a common theme(a homogeneous series can be replaced with a generalizing word), pronounced with the intonation of a listing and in writing are separated from each other by commas.

Inhomogeneous circumstances characterize the defined word from different sides(for example, the coordinates of an object in time and space); they are not distinguished by enumerated intonation and are not separated by commas in writing.

Clarifying circumstances narrow (or widen) the meaning the previous word, and explanatory – disclose its content(1) or replace with another word(2); they are pronounced with an intonation of isolation and are separated by commas in writing.

2. General principle of the solution

Homogeneous, heterogeneous, clarifying and explanatory circumstances are usually differ from each other in meaning in accordance with their definition(disclosure of a general topic, designation of various signs, etc.).

Paired options in this case, they often make up:

A) homogeneous and explanatory (2) circumstances course of action;

B) heterogeneous and clarifying circumstances place and time.

In some cases, the type of circumstances may be ambiguous or copyright.

- It seems to be pretty complex topic?

- This topic really sets out a lot of different information so it seems complicated. On the other side, you very often (though not always) can explain your choice by the author's decision, which is quite true.

§2. COMPARISON HOMOGENEOUS AND EXPLANATORY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES

1. Differentiation by meaning

A) Homogeneous circumstances of place, time and course of action disclose a common theme independently of each other:

In the field, in the grove, in the meadows there was silence.

Classes will be held on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays .

The nearby forest murmured and hummed continuously, secretly, with a dull threat .

B) Explanatory circumstances (1) place, time and course of action: the second word reveals the content of the first word:

Here in the taiga , a person can only rely on his ingenuity.

There, beyond the gray mountains , dark frowned forest.

At this time of day, after sunset , there is a silver stripe on the horizon for a long time.

She then, before the flood , bought a lot of bread.

So, without sadness and without pleasure , the days passed.

C) Explanatory circumstances (2) places and mode of action: the second word supplements (clarifies) the content of the first word:

Down in the valley the forest became more frequent.

Quietly, without a single rustle , a hunter was making his way through the forest.

On a haystack sadly, orphaned , the crow is sitting.

2. Paired options (for the circumstances of the course of action)

Approximation of the meanings of homogeneous and explanatory circumstances of the course of action due to the fact that homogeneous circumstances that reveal a common theme, and explanatory (2) circumstances that call the same feature in different words, in this case, they are close in value. Their difference is often associated with the desire of the author attribute the circumstance to the background of the speech.

A) Homogeneous circumstances of the course of action: the first plan of speech

Ivan in a whisper, barely audible continued to tell her something.

Overconfident, almost defiant these words sounded.

B) Explanatory circumstance of the course of action (2): the second plan of speech

She naughty, girlish, looked at him.

He shook his curls and cocky, almost defiant , looked at the sky.

§3. COMPARISON OF INHOMOGENEOUS AND REFINING CIRCUMSTANCES

1. Discrimination within the meaning of

A) Heterogeneous circumstances indicate different signs:

Inhomogeneous circumstances places: different coordinates

On the lake among the green forests water lilies, white as stars, blossomed.

Inhomogeneous circumstances time: different coordinates

In the evenings on days like this the whole family gathered in the living room.

Inhomogeneous Circumstances: coordinates of place and time:

At midnight, sometimes in the marsh silence, you can barely hear, noiselessly, the reeds rustle.

In the early morning at the very edge of the swamp the wood grouse is dancing.

Only occasionally in the darkness of the foliage a solar circle, similar to a gold coin, will flash.

B) Clarifying circumstances narrow (expand) the meaning of the previously named attribute:

Clarifying circumstances places: narrowing the value

In a hotel, on the second floor, in a room with a window on the square, the former landowner Teplov and his friend Yazykov usually sit in the evening.

Clarifying circumstances time: narrowing the value

Early in the morning, before dawn I trampled the fire and went to the current.

2. Paired options (for the circumstances place and time)

In the author's version, different interpretations of heterogeneous and clarifying circumstances of place and time are possible, if narrowing or expanding the meaning for clarifying circumstances is not critical... In this case, they are close in value and differ. according to the first or second plans of speech, and the isolation of the circumstances of the second plan of speech is often associated with their prevalence:

A) Heterogeneous (uncommon) circumstances: different signs, the first plan of speech:

Over the river on the mountain the forest is green.

Far east mountain ranges stretch.

In summer in rainy weather it's boring here.

B) Clarifying (usually common) circumstances: narrowing the meaning,

second outline of the speech:

Across the river, in the rosy sky , the evening star shone brightly.

In the summer, in the evening dawns, a golden eagle arrives at the top of the mound.

Across the river, on a high mountain, the forest darkens lonely.

- The paired version with the author's choice is possible in the case when there is no clear border in distinguishing between circumstances, and then the author can present them both as heterogeneous and as refining. In addition, the possibility of pegging depends on the structure and prevalence of the proposal.

Topic 3. Distinguishing between homogeneous, heterogeneous, clarifying and explanatory definitions

Note. The topic of distinguishing between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions has already been considered in detail.

§1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. Features of the solution

Distinguishing between homogeneous, heterogeneous, clarifying and explanatory definitions has its own characteristics compared to distinguishing between similar circumstances.

2. Limited topic

Clarifying and explanatory definitions are practically limited to the following topics:

A) the second definition is inconsistent;

B) the first definition is pronominal;

C) in the second place there is a definitive turnover.

3. Explanatory definitions of the homogeneous type

It should be noted the existence explanatory definitions of the same type, which belong to the first plan of speech, are pronounced with enumerated intonation and are separated in writing by commas.

§2. THE SECOND DEFINITION IS UNAUTHORIZED

1. Three options for setting punctuation marks

If the second definition belongs to the category of inconsistent, then it can be homogeneous with respect to the first definition (separated by a comma), heterogeneous (no comma), explanatory or clarifying (separated by commas).

2. Homogeneous definitions:

Homogeneous definitions are characterized by disclosure of a common theme, close signs, the first plan of speech:

Sometimes the road cut extensive, in full color and brilliance groves of lilies of the valley.

In a squat, with brownish walls a lamp burned in the hut.

She took off thick, fringed tablecloth and bed another.

I heard from the darkness quiet, with a slight whistle laughter.

3. Inhomogeneous definitions:

Inhomogeneous definitions mean different signs:

Stood against the wall vintage wooden inlaid cupboard.

They put on the table blue with gilded edge cups.

The wall has been tiled bright with pink veins marble.

4. Clarifying definitions:

Clarifying definitions clarify the feature named by the previous word, usually narrowing its scope:

Small trees, about one and a half meters high , are ubiquitous here.

Only narrow, fathoms in three hundred , a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks.

I saw on a white cap a mound light yellow fiery tint , fox.

Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides in a long, to toe , greatcoats.

Slid gray, earth-colored , lizards.

5. Explanatory definitions (2):

Explanatory definitions (2) more disclose the already named feature, calling it another word:

It was a village outside the city naked, without a tree, without a bush, low location.

Raspberry, no rays , the sun was setting across the river.

Stonebreaker straightened his mustache and beard white, in notice , hands.

§3. DEFINITIVE TURNOVER

1. Two options for setting punctuation marks

If in the second place is the attributive turnover, then it appears in relation to the first definition homogeneous (separated by a comma), clarifying or explanatory (separated by commas):

2. Homogeneous definitions: similar features, disclosure of a common theme:

A view of high, slightly turning pink firmament.

A hundred steps from the mill was small, open from all sides canopy.

We entered cold, unheated all winter Hall.

3. Clarifying definitions: narrowing of the feature, the second plan of speech:

He acquired an old one dated to the end of the 18th century, picture.

4. Explanatory phrase (1): disclosure of the content of the pronoun, the second plan of speech:

Every phenomenon has their, inherent only to him , signs.

Dasha was surprised by the homegrown all this, so sensational , daring.

Chichikov was a little puzzled so partly harsh , definition.

5. Explanatory phrase (2): additional explanation of the feature, the second plan of speech

Pierre, from early in the morning, tied in awkward, made him narrow , uniform, was already in the halls.

§4. EXPLANATORY DEFINITIONS OF THE HOMOGENEOUS TYPE

- Is this a generally accepted term?

- Not really, but in fact such definitions exist, and therefore it is advisable to denote them somehow.

1. Definition

The explanatory definition of a homogeneous type has the following features:

One side, in the meaning they are addicted, because clarifies the meaning first definition.

On the other side, both definitions grammatically behave as homogeneous, that is, they belong to the first plan of speech, are pronounced with enumerated intonation and are separated by commas in writing.

2. Explanatory definition of homogeneous type or non-homogeneous definition

Explanatory definitions of a homogeneous type should be distinguished from non-homogeneous definitions. Distinguishing between explanatory definitions of the same type ( separated by commas) and inhomogeneous definitions ( no commas) is done within the meaning of :

A) explanatory definition (1) of a homogeneous type (content disclosure pronouns)

I want to buy the other, leather briefcase (other = leather).

This task requires new, non-standard solutions.

Here he was expected another interesting life.

B) heterogeneous definitions (different signs):

On the right side of the road stretches another mountain chain (there are two mountain ranges - one and the other).

3. Explanatory definition uniform type or normal

Explanatory definitions of a homogeneous type should be distinguished from ordinary explanatory definitions. Explanatory definitions of the homogeneous type ( separated by commas) and the usual explanatory definitions ( separated by commas) differ only speech plans, which in many cases is the author's solution:

A) explanatory definition (1) and (2) of the homogeneous type, the first plan of speech, separated by commas.

He spoke at all others, serious tone.

These were their own, suburban people.

Yet one last say - and my chronicle is finished.

I beg you, prince, give the order for more one, last storm.

We must strive for normal, peaceful the existence of various countries.

Stood in the air that special, heavy stuffiness that portends a thunderstorm.

B) the usual explanatory definition (1), the second plan of speech, highlighting with commas:

Yet one, last , the corridor led past a small room.

- It seems that such definitions more often separated by commas?

- Yes, and this can be seen from the following well-known example:

One more, the last saying - and my chronicle is completed (A.S. Pushkin).

- And why these are the pairs?

- This is due, firstly, to the similarity homogeneous and explanatory signs and, secondly, with not always clear border between signs clarifying and heterogeneous.

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The given introductory fragment of the book A grammatical method for teaching Russian spelling. Book 2. Lectures on punctuation (N. P. Kireeva) provided by our book partner -

1. Homogeneous members- these are the members of the sentence, which usually answer the same question and are associated with the same word in the sentence.

Homogeneous members- these are the same members of the sentence, united with each other by a compositional connection.

Both major and minor members of the proposal can be homogeneous members.

For example: Forest humus and moss absorb this rain slowly, thoroughly(Paustovsky). This sentence has two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous subjects humus and moss correspond to one predicate - absorb; uniform circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly depend on the predicate ( absorb(how?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous terms are usually expressed with the same part of speech.

Wed: humus and moss- nouns in the nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young man entered about twenty five, shining with health, . In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed by a noun phrase in the genitive case ( about twenty five ), the second - by the participle turnover ( shining with health ), the third - a combination of three nouns in the instrumental case with a preposition with a dependent participle ( with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes ).

Note. Sometimes a compositional connection can also connect dissimilar members of a sentence, for example: It is not known who and how spread the news of the death of the old Sokzhoi across the taiga(Fedoseev). Union words in the subordinate clause are different members of the sentence (subject who and the circumstance of the course of action how, but they are connected by a creative union and).

Note!

Are not homogeneous members of the proposal:

1) repetitive words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

We were definitely floating in the air and circled, circled, circled; White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back(Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes, connected by a particle not, like this: believe do not believe, try not to try, write like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell it, I took it and I complained, I'll go and take a look etc.;

4) stable combinations with double conjunctions, between which a comma is not put (!):

neither backward nor forward, not for anything, not about anything, neither fish nor meat, nor sleep nor spirit, and laughter and sin, and so and so and etc.

3. Homogeneous members are connected by intonation (non-union connection) and compositional unions or only intonation. If homogeneous members are separated by a comma, then commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member, after the last homogeneous member, commas are not put (!).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members

A) Unionless communication- comma between homogeneous members put.

For example: He cried and stomped kicking(M. Gorky); Here and there on the road comes across a gloomy rakita or young birch (L. Tolstoy).

Note. Unions and, yes, yes, and can have a connecting meaning (meaning "and moreover"). These unions introduce not homogeneous, but connecting members of the proposal. In this case, a comma is placed before the union. Wed: People laughed at him, and rightly so(Panova). - People laughed at him, and rightly so; What can you order a sculptor to do, and even a bad one(Turgenev). - What can you order a sculptor to do, and a bad one at that.

C) Duplicate conjunctions(and ... and; neither ... nor) and repeated dividing unions (or or; or either; then ... then; not that ... not that put.

For example: No earth, no trees, no sky could be seen; But Vasily Lvovich either did not hear her words, or did not give them real meaning(Kuprin).

Note!

1) If the conjunctions are repeated, then the punctuation marks are placed in the same way as in a non-union connection, that is, between homogeneous members (there is no comma before the first homogeneous member and after the last homogeneous member!).

Wed: There was no longer any land, trees, or sky to be seen. “The land, trees, sky were no longer visible.

2) A comma is placed between all homogeneous members also in the case when only part of them are connected by repeated unions, and the rest are connected by a non-union part.

Wed: He is blind, stubborn, impatient, and frivolous, and arrogant.(Pushkin). - He is blind, stubborn, impatient, frivolous, arrogant.

3) If the union connects homogeneous members in pairs, then a comma is placed only in front of paired groups.

I am happy and strong, free and young(Bryusov).

Paired unions can be connected by a repeating union and.

Mines exploded both near and far, and to the right and to the left.

4) With two homogeneous members with a repeating union, the comma may not be used if the homogeneous members form a close semantic unity (such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words):

and brothers and sisters, and parents and children, and body and soul, and poetry and prose, and days and nights, and knives and forks and etc.

Most often, such unities form antonymic pairs:

and glory and shame, and love and hate, and joy and sorrow and etc.

5) The comma is not placed inside whole phraseological phrases with two repeating unions and or neither:

and day and night, and laughter and sorrow, and old and young, and this and that, and here and there, neither more nor less, neither back nor forward, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither day nor night, neither end nor edge, nor fluff, nor feather, nor fish, nor meat, neither one nor the other, neither add nor subtract and etc.

6) If the union is repeated in a sentence not for homogeneous members, then a comma is not put between them.

At home and at work, he looked for and did not find rest(the first union and connects the circumstances of the place: at home and at work; the second union and connects homogeneous predicates: searched and did not find).

D) Adverse alliances(a, but, on the other hand, yes = but, however = but) - comma between homogeneous members put.

For example: He looks good, but green(Krylov); Now the sea did not shine entirely, but only in several places (Kataev); Our shelter is small, but calm(Lermontov).

Note!

1) After the last homogeneous member, connected by an adversarial union, a comma is not put.

I will put not a clan, but my mind in the governor(Pushkin).

2) The union, however, should be distinguished from the introductory word, however: the union, however, can be replaced by the synonymous union no. If, however, it is a union, then a comma is placed only before it.

Wed: The task was not difficult, but time consuming. - The task was not difficult, but time consuming.

If, however, is an introductory word, then commas are placed on both sides.

He, however, remained calm.

E) Double and paired unions (if not ... then; if not ... so; although ... but also; both ... and; not only but; not so much ... as; as much ... as; not that ... but; not that ... but) - comma between homogeneous members put.

For example: The glow spread not only over the city center, but also far around(Fadeev); I have an assignment both from the judge and from all our acquaintances to reconcile you with your friend(Gogol); For Alevtina Vasilievna, although she was accustomed, the power of Erofei Kuzmich was heavy(Bubenkov).

Note!

1) Homogeneous members with double and paired unions are separated by only one comma, which is placed before the second part of the union. A comma is not placed either before the first homogeneous member or after the last homogeneous member. In order not to be mistaken in the setting of punctuation marks, omit the double conjunction: a comma is placed between homogeneous members, as in a non-union connection.

Wed: The glow has not only spread over the city center but also far around. - The glow has spread over the city center, far around; I have instructions both from the judge and from all our acquaintances to reconcile you with your friend. - I have an assignment from the judge, from all our friends, to reconcile you with your friend; For Alevtina Vasilievna, although she was accustomed, the power of Erofei Kuzmich was heavy. - For Alevtina Vasilyevna, the power of Erofei Kuzmich was heavy.

2) Parts of some double and paired conjunctions have homonyms - subordinate conjunctions used in subordinate clauses: if, though, how, what, to... Subordinate clauses (with these and other unions), if they are inside the main clause, are separated by commas on both sides.

Wed: Then, in order to calm down a little, I took up the book; Then I though my thoughts were in the laboratory, took up the book.

Therefore, when placing punctuation marks, be sure to pay attention to what these forms are (a subordinate union or part of a double and paired union) and what they connect (homogeneous members or a main clause with a subordinate clause).

Note. Conjunctions as well, and even may have a connecting meaning (meaning "and moreover"). Please note that after the second homogeneous member of a sentence with such a union, a comma is not put. For example: It happens difficult, if not impossible immediately understand a similar situation.

4. Homogeneous members can be combined with a generic word. Generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous members, answers the same question, but has a generalized meaning:

a generalizing word denotes a whole, and homogeneous members are parts of this whole:

Outside the village from the hill could be seen town: squares of quarters, brick buildings, spilling gardens, church spiers(Sholokhov);

a generalizing word denotes a generic (general concept), and homogeneous members denote specific (more particular concepts):

Shouted shrilly bird: roosters, geese, turkeys(Fadeev).

Generalizing words are expressed by different parts of speech, but most often by pronouns and pronouns and nouns:

Punctuation marks for homogeneous terms with generalizing words

Punctuation marks for homogeneous terms with generalizing words depend on the position of the generalizing word in relation to homogeneous members and on the position of homogeneous members together with the generalizing word in the sentence as a whole.

A) If the generalizing word is before homogeneous members, then the first homogeneous term is preceded by colon... : above your head, under your feet and next to you - iron lives, rumbles, triumphing its victories (M. Gorky).

For example: But neither fences nor houses - nothing hasn't changed as much as people(Chekhov).

Note!

If after homogeneous members before the generalizing word there is an introductory word ( in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then a dash is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after the introductory word.

He sings about a scythe, about arable land, about the harvest, about labor sweat - in a word, about everything that we, decent people, are used to looking down on(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Parse plan for homogeneous members

1. Indicate which members of the sentence are homogeneous members and what grammatical forms they are expressed.
2. Indicate how homogeneous members are related to each other (non-union relationship, union relationship - a type of union or unions).
3. If there is a generalizing word, indicate its position in relation to homogeneous members (before or after homogeneous members).
4. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members.

Sample parsing

Everywhere: above your head, under your feet and next to you - it lives, rumbles, celebrating its victories, iron(M. Gorky).

This sentence is complicated by the homogeneous circumstances of the place, expressed by nouns in the indirect case with the preposition ( overhead, underfoot) and adverb ( nearby). The first two circumstances are connected by a non-union connection, therefore, they are separated by a comma ( overhead, underfoot). The second and third circumstances are connected by a single connecting union and, therefore, are not separated by a comma ( underfoot and near). Homogeneous members carry a generalizing word ( everywhere), expressed by the pronominal adverb. The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, therefore a colon is placed after it. Since the sentence does not end with homogeneous terms, a dash is placed after them.

what are homogeneous circumstances and got the best answer

Answer from Anna Demina [newbie]
I pogoimu on "the sun is not allowed", "streams", homogeneous circumstances

Answer from † DARK ANGEL †[guru]
i.e. similar situations

Answer from Olvina Vakhitova[expert]
homogeneous circumstances, revealing the same syntactic dependence, as a rule, are united by the same meaning (time, place, cause, mode of action, etc.): It must be from this alien air, from dead streets and rain dampness I felt complete loneliness (Paust.) - three circumstances of the cause; His speech flowed heavily, but freely (MG) - two circumstances of the mode of action; There were about a dozen tiny wooden cages hanging between the windows and along the walls ... (T.) - two circumstances of the place. However, it is sometimes possible to unite and dissimilar circumstances, provided that the meaning of the combined words is generalized: Somewhere, once I heard these words, Why and why do I need to be here? In this case, they are not homogeneous, although they show a compositional connection.
Circumstances can give a rather complex semantic association: In the quietest winter, on some scarlet dawn in the evening, you anticipate the spring of light (Prishv.).
Homogeneous circumstances can be both morphologized and shaped in different ways: My heart began to beat hard and quickly (Paust.); The leaves on the trees trembled from this laughter or from the wind rushing around the garden (M.G.); ... The lady explained in a quiet voice and without raising her eyes (MG); Makar pulled the door on himself on time and without much effort (Shol.).

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

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