Frolova Daria, Primakina Anastasia, gymnasium No. 11, St. Petersburg, grade 7
Imagine that the letter Yo is no longer in the Russian alphabet. What are the consequences? Will the Russian language become poorer? Will there be problems for people whose names or surnames contain the letter Yo?
The fact of neglecting one letter for many may seem like a ridiculous problem. The absence of the letter Yo is not a harmless phenomenon. In the reform of the Russian language now being prepared, there is a need to approve the letter Y as a tradition of modern Russian pronunciation. The letter Yo should return to cultural use. The problem of the letter Yo is one of the many sad aspects of the attitude to one's own language.
The presentation and three booklets are the result of a research work on the topic "Is the letter Ё necessary in the Russian alphabet?"
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Letter Yo The history of the youngest letter of the Russian language Daria Frolova, Anastasia Primakina Gymnasium No. 11 St. Petersburg Grade 7
The letter Yo sighs, cries, Stole the points from her. In magazines, books and newspapers You will not find this letter anymore. But the letter E is happy. It is found everywhere. Meanwhile, the world cannot live without the letter Yo! Yo-my!
What was before the letter "Yo"? The combination of sounds formed in Russian pronunciation [ jo ] (and [ o ] (after soft consonants) for a long time did not find any expression in writing. In the middle of the 18th century, the designation in the form of letters IO under a common cap was introduced for them, but it turned out to be cumbersome and was rarely used.Variants were used: signs o, io, їô , ió , io.
When did the letter ё appear? There are two versions of the appearance of the letter "Yo". According to the most common version, this letter was introduced by Nikolai Karamzin, the great Russian scientist and poet, in 1797. When preparing one of his poems for publication, he decided to replace two letters in the word "sliozy" with one - "e". And since then, the combination of letters "io" has been replaced by a single character "yo".
When did the letter ё appear? According to another version, on November 18, 1783, one of the first meetings of the Academy of Literature took place in the house of the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, at which her proposal to introduce the letter “Ё” was approved.
True, the innovation did not take root right away: in the six-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Academy", created by the works of members of the Academy, the spelling of the combination "io" or the letter "e" instead of Yo was still encountered. So, the name of a coniferous tree on the pages of the publication was written as "iolk", a prickly animal - as "iozhik". In other cases, instead of Yo, they wrote e: "eagle", "tears".
The fate of the new letter was far from simple. Various circumstances - both the influence of the Church Slavonic language, and typographical difficulties (the need to cast new letters), and the attitude, traditional for the 19th century, to the "yoking" pronunciation as a low, common people - prevented the wide introduction of the letter Ё into the literary written language.
Replication of its printing press took place in 1795 at the Moscow University Printing House during the publication of the book "And my trinkets" by the poet, fabulist Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev. The first word printed with the letter Ё was the word "everything". Then followed the words: "light", "stump", "cornflower", "immortal". In 1796, N.M. Karamzin in his first book “Aonid” prints with the letter Yo the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears” and the first verb with Yo “drip”.
Officially, the letter "Ё" was not included in the Russian alphabet. The letter "Yo" was contained in L. Tolstoy's "New Alphabet" (1872) almost at the very end of the alphabet, between "YAT" and "E". In 1918, the alphabet was reformed, as a result of which the letters yat, fita, izhitsa and yo were abolished.
Only from December 24, 1942, when the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR No. 1825 (“On the use of the letter “Yo” in Russian spelling”) introduced the mandatory use of “Yo” in educational literature, this letter finally received “citizenship rights” in alphabet.
The letter Ё on the keyboard of typewriters Most typewriters up until the mid-1950s did not have the letter ё on the keyboard at all. To write it, I had to resort to three clicks instead of one. They typed this letter in a “composite method” from the letter e, pressing the backspace keys and quotation marks. Given the established practice of submitting manuscripts in typewritten form, this could not but affect the prevalence of the letter ё in printed literature.
The letter Ё on the keyboard of typewriters Subsequently, with the appearance of the letter ё key on typewriters, the habits of typists did their job, who, typing blindly, developed the habit of replacing a complex compound pressing with a simple one in the form of the letter “e”.
The letter Y on a computer keyboard For domestic IBM PC / XT computers, the Committee on Informatics and Computer Technology proposed a new layout. However, the letter "ё" retained its place there. But this standard did not last long, for the DOS operating system a layout was adopted in which the letter ё was not provided at all.
The letter Ё on a computer keyboard Since 1994, Microsoft Windows began to use a layout in which ё was moved to the fourth row, to the left of the 1 key. At the same time, two types of keyboards were used in parallel for a long time, and although these keyboards were compatible, many users did not knew where the letter ё was located if they had an old-style keyboard. All these reasons are definitely reflected in the decrease in the frequency of use of this letter.
The letter Ё in various encodings The peculiarities of the existence of ё in various character encodings are mainly determined by two factors: the already mentioned optional use of the letter, leading to the fact that it was often considered optional even to allocate a separate code for the letter (this fate was also awarded to the letter ъ). the size of the full Russian alphabet - 33 letters - is only one more than the nearest, fifth, power of two 32 ("sacred" series for modern computer technology: 1, 2, 22=4, 23=8...). This gave rise to a great temptation to throw out one letter and put the whole alphabet into 32 codes.
The letter Yo in various encodings In early computer encodings, the letter Yo was often absent, for example in KOI-7. In many other encodings, it turned out that the remaining 32 letters were compactly packed into the space of codes in two groups of 32 (uppercase and lowercase), and Yo turned out to be restless, she was given a separate place outside the main group of Cyrillic letters, and often wandered even within one encoding, giving rise to a family slightly different encodings. The letter Y did not escape the fate of being an outcast, even in the Unicode encoding.
Letter Ё in various encodings Encoding Ё uppercase ё lowercase Alternative coding GOST (CP-866) 240 (F0h) 241 (F1h) Basic coding GOST 161 (A1h) 241 (F1h) Basic coding GOST (other version) 240 (F0h) 241 ( F1h) Windows-1251 168 (A8h) 184 (B8h) MacOS Russian encoding 189 (DDh) 190 (DEh) Besta machine encoding 163 (A3h) 179 (B3h) KOI-7 36 (24h) 35 (23h) KOI-8 163 (A3h) 179 (B3h) DKOI-8 (Russian EBCDIC) 66 (42h) 89 (59h) CP-500 170 (AAh) 73 (49h) EBCDIC (other version - GOST 19768-74) 66 (42h) 189 (DDh ) Russian layout in russian.el package for Emacs 38 (26h) 94 (5Еh) Dmitry Mikhailov encoding 188 (BCh) 189 (BDh) Unicode 1025 (0401h) 1105 (451h) UTF-8 byte sequence 208 129 (D0h 81h) 209 145 (D1h 91h)
Words starting with the letter "Ё" And how many words in Russian today begin with this letter? Let's open the reference book of any self-respecting student - the famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova. , capacity, fidget, dwarf, ruff and ruff.
Words starting with the letter "Ё" In Russian, there are 12 male and 5 female names, in the full forms of which there is ё. These are Aksen, Artyom, Nefyod, Parmen, Peter, Rorik, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alyona, Maple, Matryona, Thekla, Flena. There are about 12,500 words in Russian with the letter ё. Of these, about 150 start with yo and about 300 end with yo.
Words that begin with the letter "Yo" More recently, another word has been added - yo-mobile.
Words with the letter "Ё" The optional use of the letter ё led to erroneous readings, which gradually became generally accepted. They affected everything - both a huge mass of personal names, and many common nouns. So, for example, the letter “ё” disappeared from the spellings (and then pronunciations) of the surnames: - Cardinal Richelieu (fr. Richelieu), - philosopher and writer Montesquieu (fr. Montesquieu), - poet Robert Burns (eng. Burns), - microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur (fr. Pasteur).
Words with the letter “Ё” From the spellings of some geographical names (Pearl Harbor, English Pearl Harbor, etc.), the letter “ё” has also disappeared and the spelling of these words through “e” is considered generally accepted, and they are pronounced the same way. Murphy's laws should sound in Russian as "Merphy's laws", but are written as "Murphy's laws" and therefore turn into "Murphy's laws".
Words in which the letter "ё" has disappeared or changed Due to the optional use of the letter "ё" in the Russian language, words have appeared that can be written both with the letter "ё" and with "e" and pronounced accordingly. For example, faded and faded, whitish and whitish, maneuver and maneuver, bile and bile, etc.
Words in which the letter "Ё" has disappeared or changed Variants constantly appear in the language under the influence of conflicting analogies. For example, the word overcut has pronunciation variants with e / e due to the double motivation: cut / cut. The use or non-use of the letter "ё" does not play a role here.
Don't mix it up! flax (material) - flax (land ownership) flight (flight) - years (year in R.P.) flight (flight) - summer (during the summer) E ≠ E chalk (from revenge) - chalk (fossil) dressed up ( collected) - dressed up (from dressing up) him (he is in P.P.) - him (from dumb) donkey (animal) - donkey (from settling) cut off (from cut off) - compartment (part of a building or ship) case (general death (cattle) from any disease) - case (inflectional category of name)
Why is the letter Yo needed? There is an opinion of scientists that when reading, characters that go beyond the main line of the line help the eye to perceive better, to recognize the printed word faster. So the widespread use of the letter Yo in print will not only increase the level of literacy of readers, but also the development of speed reading skills.
Why is the letter Yo needed? The absence of the letter Yo in most of the replicated texts is a barrier to language learning, especially for foreigners. Psychologists note that the absence of Yo leads to an increase in the time it takes to read and comprehend the text. The reader, as it were, stumbles while reading in order to understand whether the letter E is needed here or not. The confusion with Yo in personal names also has a legal aspect. So, the result of replacing the letter Y with the letter E: the speed when reading and perceiving the text is slowed down, numerous errors occur, gradually turning into speech, and, finally, the language itself is distorted.
I would like to urge everyone to realize the letter Y as an integral part of a single organism - the Russian alphabet, 33 units of which are, as it were, personified in the fabulous image of 33 heroes: "All handsome young, Giants are daring, All are equal as a selection." Proponents of the use of the letter Yo consider its introduction a necessity, because it helped to convey more clearly and clearly the phonetic diversity and beauty of Russian speech.
At present, according to the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 3, 2007 No. AF-159/03 “On decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language”, the letter “Yo” is required when a misreading of the word is possible (for example, in first and last names ), in texts with accent marks, in books for young children (including textbooks) in textbooks for foreigners. In other cases, the use of the letter "Ё" is optional.
There is a discussion about the use of the letter Yo in written speech both in the scientific community and in the media. Academicians L.I. Shcherba and A.A. Reformed. The idea of mandatory use of the letter Yo was put forward by the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language, which sent a proposal to the State Duma to adopt a law on the restoration of the letter Yo in writing everywhere and without fail.
In the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" - the State Standard of Russia there is paragraph 10, which reads: The letter Yo is written in the following cases: vse in contrast to everything; in a bucket, in contrast to a bucket: perfect (participle) in contrast to perfect (adjective), etc. When it is necessary to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: Olё kma river. In special texts: primers, school textbooks of the Russian language, orthoepy textbooks, etc., as well as in dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation.
Let's not forget about the youngest letter of the Russian alphabet - the letter Y!
Monument to the letter "ё" in Ulyanovsk
Monument to the letter "Yo" in the village of Yolkino An interesting monument, which is a wooden letter Yo, mounted on an oak column 3.5 meters high, was opened on August 2, 2003 on the site of the former village of Yolkino in the Yadrinsky district of Chuvashia.
Monument to the letter "Yo" in Perm
Answered by Yesenia Pavlotsky, linguist-morphologist, expert of the Institute of Philology, Mass Media and Psychology of the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University.
You should start with the fact that the letter yo in the language there is a special status of a sign, the strict obligatory use of which is limited. No other letter of our alphabet enjoys such a "privilege". It's hard to imagine that we could write or not write a, t or at if we so desire. But here is the word hedgehog- the same as hedgehog. It turns out such a "stereo picture": a hedgehog - a hedgehog, and in our minds this is one and the same word.
Many people have a question: if there is no difference, if the use of a letter is not mandatory, then why is such a sign needed at all? Who needed to introduce it and why?
So, in order. In understanding language as a system, it will be very helpful to treat it as a historical phenomenon. When we read a textbook on the history of Russia, we are taken back to the past by exciting stories of fierce battles and great deeds. But believe me, a textbook on the grammar of the Old Russian language knows stories no less exciting than the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Kursk and the collapse of the USSR. What are the first, second and third palatalizations, the development of intersyllable synharmonism and the great fall of the reduced. If you get acquainted with the history of the language, you will never happen to think that someone is forcibly changing, spoiling it, introducing something into it, taking something out of it, and all for the sake of some bad people in order to confuse all other good people.
The appearance of the sign yo was the result of a global transformation in the Old Russian language - the transition<е>V<о>(transition of the sound [e] into the sound [o]). You can read more about this process in any textbook on historical grammar. (He writes in great detail about the prerequisites and the phenomenon itself. V.V. Kolesov.) Most often, for understanding, they give the following example: before the transition<е>V<о>word honey pronounced like [ m´ed], and then they began to pronounce it the way we hear it today - [ Maud]. (The sign in transcription indicates the softness of the consonant.) So, the phonetic phenomenon was formed, but there was no expression for it, but the appearance of a special sign, of course, was inevitable. In the 18th century, for this purpose, a combination io- mione, however, he was not destined to take root, like other options - oh, yo, їô, ió, io.
Designation of one sound with two letters io questioned the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences E.R. Dashkova. And, despite the fact that to replace the proposed by her yo could come offered later ö, ø, ε, ę, ē, ĕ , it is this letter that is known to us today as part of our alphabet. The search for another form of sound designation was natural: the fact is that the mark yo requires three broken actions, and in this yo is also unique - not a single letter of our alphabet consists of three separate characters, the writing of which limits cursive writing. Write with a pen a word in the middle of which will be yo- you will track what you will need to write e, stop, return the hand back, put one point and then the second. All this, of course, is not very convenient.But yo throughout its history was objectionable not only to this. Its distribution in the 18th - 19th centuries was blocked by the attitude towards pronunciation with yo as to the ignoble, petty-bourgeois. Pronunciation with e instead of yo considered something like ours call me instead of ringing- emphasized belonging to an approved group of native speakers. Pronunciation with yo was considered vulgar, denigrating the language. President of the Russian Academy A. S. Shishkov wrote that writing "stars" instead of "star" is a complete corruption of the language.
There is an opinion (and you yourself can check its validity) that the text with yo is much more difficult to read than the same text with e. Perhaps, due to the optional use of this letter and its ambiguous status, we have not been able to properly get used to its appearance and return to it not only when writing - with our hand, but also when reading - with our eyes, as if “stammering”.
Well, in the end, yo they even refuse to be a full-fledged letter. So, A.A. Reformed writes that there is only a special icon umlaut(two dots) above the letter e, which is an opportunity to avoid discrepancies - but not an independent letter yo.
So, we have already found out that the path yo complex, unenviable fate. It remains to understand the main thing: are there cases when the norm establishes its obligatory nature. Yes, there are such cases.
Firstly, yo obligatory in special texts: primers, school textbooks for native Russian speakers and foreigners, as well as dictionaries. It is necessary for learning the language.
Secondly, yo is required to indicate the correct pronunciation in cases where the word is new, little known, or vice versa - is characterized by a common erroneous pronunciation, like words *convicted, *newborn. Letter yo, which, as a rule, indicates the place of stress, helps to indicate the norm - convict, newborn.
And thirdly, you must admit, there is a difference between before we, or let's take a break. In some cases yo has a semantic function All And All, perfect And perfect.
Also yo required in proper names.
In all other cases, the use yo optional and determined by the choice of the author of the text.
Wikipedia article
Ё, ё - the 7th letter of the Russian and Belarusian and the 9th letter of the Rusyn alphabets. It is also used in some non-Slavic alphabets based on the civil Cyrillic alphabet (for example, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Chuvash and Udmurt).
In the Old and Church Slavonic alphabet, there is no similar letter “ё” due to the lack of appropriate combinations of sounds; Russian "yokane" is a common mistake when reading Church Slavonic text.
In 1783, instead of the existing variants, the letter "e" was proposed, borrowed from French, where it has a different meaning. In print, however, it was first used only twelve years later (in 1795). The influence of the Swedish alphabet has been suggested.
The spread of the letter “yo” in the 18th-19th centuries was also hampered by the then attitude to the “yoking” pronunciation as a bourgeois, the speech of “vile mob”, while the “church” “yoking” reprimand was considered more cultured, noble and intelligent (among fighters with “ jokani" were, for example, A. P. Sumarokov and V. K. Trediakovsky
What do you know about the letter e? (shkolazhizni.ru)
The letter Yo is the youngest in the Russian alphabet. It was invented in 1783 by Ekaterina Dashkova, an associate of Catherine II, a princess and head of the Imperial Russian Academy.
The letter ё must die (nesusvet.narod.ru)
... in my opinion, the letter Yo is completely alien to the Russian language and must die
The letter was stolen from the French.
So if the letter Yo is Gallicism, then when, by whom and why was it introduced into Russian?
The letter Yo is the result of the arbitrariness of one person, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Publishing his articles in journals, Karamzin, for the sake of external effect (or, as they would say now, "for show off") in 1797 used the European umlaut, the Latin "e" with two dots, in the Russian-language text. There were many disputes, but there were even more imitators, and the letter Yo quietly made its way into the Russian language, but did not get into the alphabet.
Sergei Gogin. Sacred letter of the alphabet (Russian magazine - russ.ru)
Despite the sacred seventh place that the letter “ё” occupies in the Russian alphabet, it is subjected to the greatest discrimination in the modern press. With the exception of literature for children, "yo" has practically disappeared from texts in Russian.
Encyclopedias indicate that the letter "ё" was introduced by the historian and writer Nikolai Karamzin, a native of Simbirsk (this is the historical name of Ulyanovsk). Karamzin published the poetic almanac "Aonides", where in 1797 in Ivan Dmitriev's poem "Experienced Solomon's Wisdom, or Thoughts Selected from Ecclesiastes" for the first time in the word "tears" on page 186 the letter "ё" is found in its current style. At the same time, the editor in a footnote on this page states: "The letter with two dots replaces "io"".
The mortal letter of the alphabet (01/06/2012, rosbalt.ru)
In 1917, the commission for the reform of Russian spelling proposed to abolish "fita" (ѳ), "yat" (ѣ), "izhitsu" (ѵ), "i" (i), in addition, to limit the use of a hard sign and "recognize as desirable the use the letters "yo". In 1918, all these items were included in the "Decree on the introduction of a new spelling" - all but the last ... The letter "ё" plunged into lethargy. She was forgotten.
The rejection of the letter "ё" can be explained by the desire to reduce the cost of typographic sets and the fact that letters with diacritics make cursive writing and continuity difficult.
By uprooting the letter "ё" from the texts, we have complicated and at the same time impoverished our language.
Firstly, we distorted the sound of many words (the letter "ё" indicated the correct placement of stresses).
Secondly, we made it difficult to perceive the Russian language. The texts have become rough. To sort out the semantic confusion, the reader must re-read the sentence, the entire paragraph, sometimes even look for additional information. Often confusion arises from the combination of the words "all" and "everything".
And the names of Russian celebrities today do not sound the same as before. The Soviet chess player has always been precisely Alekhin, and Fet and Roerich were, after all, Fet and Roerich.
The rules of Russian spelling ("Complete academic reference book edited by Lopatin", 2006) states that the letter "ё" is mandatory only "in books addressed to young children", and in "educational texts for elementary school students and foreigners, learners of the Russian language. Otherwise, the letter "ё" can be used "at the request of the author or editor."
The letter "Ё" marked its serious age (11/30/2011, news.yandex.ru)
In Russia, the Day of the letter "Yo" was celebrated. The history of the seventh letter of the Russian alphabet began on November 29, 1783. On that day, one of the first meetings of the Academy of Russian Literature took place with the participation of Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, writer Denis Fonvizin and poet Gavriil Derzhavin.
Prokhorov will patent 10 trademarks for the letter "Yo" (Yandex News, 4.4.2012)
Mikhail Prokhorov's "Yo-auto" company filed 12 applications for registration of trademarks containing the letter "Yo" with Rospatent at once
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How do you spell " ABOUT" And " Yo" after hissing
Below we will consider the spelling of the letters " ABOUT" And " Yo" in stressed positions (in endings, suffixes, roots and other parts, as well as in pronouns and borrowed words) and in unstressed positions.
Writing ABOUT And Yo after hissing under stress
Always in a strong position, i.e. under stress after the letters "g", "w", "u" and "h" should be written "O", i.e.:
In the endings of nouns or adjectives, as well as in the suffixes of adverbs that end in " O".For example: raincoat, shoulder, hut, knife; hot, good; alien to alien, big to big
In the suffixes of nouns. For example:
- "Ovschin (a)": stabbing
- "Otk (a)": ratchet, however tap dance is an exception
- "Ob (a)": slum, thicket, however studies is an exception
- "Onk(a)" or " onk (s) ": trousers, little hands, little book, vest
- "Onysh" or " onok ": frog, barrel, bear cub, mouse, ugly
- "OK": cockerel, borscht, boot, push, hook, jump
- "Ovk (a)": speech, raincoat, hacksaw, chizhovka, small things - but it is important to note here that ABOUT" is used only in words derived from adjectives and nouns, and should not be confused with verbal nouns, for example, " overnight stay"
In the suffixes of adjectives " ov". For example: canvas, brocade, hedgehog, penny.
In the suffixes of adjectives and adverbs " ooh. For example: fresh, fresh.
In adjectives and nouns in place of the fluent vowel " O". For example:
- Spoken words: need (from need), must (from must), scary (from scary)
- Ridiculous (from funny)
- Gut (from the gut)
- Scrotum (from scrotum)
- Princess (from Princess)
- Seam (from the seam)
- Arson, heartburn, burn (from burn)
- Gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous (from to eat)
In the roots of words, when the letter " ABOUT" does not alternate with the letter " Yo" after hissing letters and is always located in a strong position (under stress). For example: evening, rustle, snort, prudish, clink glasses, blinders.
In Russian surnames, which are derived from adjectives, " ABOUT" or " Yo" are written based on the traditional form, i.e. as recorded in the documents. For example: Pugachev, Kalachev, Kalachov, Khrushchev, Khrushchev, Chernyshev, Chernyshov, etc.
Separately, you need to remember how the following proper names are written with the letter " ABOUT" after hissing: Sholokhov, Zhora, Pechora, Pechory, Zhostovo
If the words are borrowed from some other language, then after the hissing letters it will also be written " ABOUT" in a strong position. For example: show, shop, shorts, offshore, torchon, gherkin, bell, hood, anchovy, kharcho, force majeure, dude, joule, joker, junk, borzhom, etc.
Foreign proper names are similarly written with the letter " ABOUT". For example: George, Georges, Chaucer, Shaw, John, Johnny, Jody, Joyce and others
In any other case, after the hissing letters “g”, “h”, “sh”, “u”, which are in the shock position, it is necessary to write the letter “Yo”, i.e.:
In the endings of the verbs "- youte”, “-eat”, “-eat”. For example: you lie, you push, you bake, you bake, you cut, you cut.
In imperfect verbs that end in " -yovyvat", as well as in passive participles and nouns derived from them. For example: uproot - uprooted - uprooting; demarcate - demarcate - demarcate
In nouns formed from verbs and ending in "- yovka. For example: to peel - peeling, to shade - shading, to spend the night - overnight.
In nouns with the suffix " -er". For example: massager, boyfriend, simulator, conductor, trainee, retoucher.
In passive participles, as well as in adjectives formed from verbs and having suffixes "- yon" And "- yonn", and in words derived from them. For example: waxed, scientist - learning, stewed - stew, baked, laden, burnt - burnt, detached - detachment - detached - detached, softened - softened, baked - baked, tense - tension - tension - tense - tense
In past tense verbs and words derived from them, instead of the fluent " ABOUT". For example: walked - left - came, read - took into account, burned - set fire to - burned - burned - burned - burned.
In pronouns in the prepositional case. For example: on what? About what? And also in the words: how much, nothing, moreover, more
At the root in a strong position after the letters " w", "h", "w", "u" must write " Yo" in the event that in single-root words it is put " E". For example:
- Click (click), lye (alkali), lye (slit), cheeks (cheek), dandy (flaunt)
- Wool (wool), whisper (whisper), lattice (sieve), millet (millet), purse (purse), cheap, cheap (cheaper)
- Callous (stale), black (black), bangs (brow), bees (bee), liver (liver), honor (honor), evening (evening), string (twine)
- Heavy (heaviness), hard (tin), perch (pole), wives (wife), yellow (yolk), gutter (groove), chewed (chew)
In words borrowed from foreign languages, in which a vowel sound is in a strong position, which differs from Russian " ABOUT". For example: Schönbrunn, Schönberg, Schötz, Shezh, Shest, Schönbeck
Writing " ABOUT" And "Yo" after hissing in unstressed positions
As for writing " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters " w", "h", "w", "u", then there are only two basic rules:
In certain words borrowed from other languages, in an unstressed position it is necessary to write " ABOUT". For example: driver, chocolate, highway, shock, chauvinism, poncho, ranch, lecho, chonguri, banjo, majordomo, majoritarian, juggler, jockey, Chogori, Jonathan
In words containing the prefix "- between", in an unstressed position, one should similarly put " ABOUT". For example: intercommunal, intersectoral, interregional
Thus, we examined the main rules for writing " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters. And we are sure that if you repeat them a few more times and master their spelling properly, you will no longer have problems and confusion, but will become more literate.
Scoundrel Karamzin - came up with the same letter "yo».
After all, Cyril and Methodius already had both B, and X, and F ...
So no. Aesthete Karamzin thought this was not enough...
Venedikt Erofeev
Myth #7. Writing e instead of yo- gross spelling mistake.
In fact: According to the rules of Russian spelling, the use of the letter yo in most cases optional (i.e. optional).
A small preface. We begin to consider the issue, which has recently become one of the most acute for many native speakers of the Russian language. The controversy surrounding the letter yo, in their bitterness are comparable only to the discussion about what preposition should be used with the name of the state Ukraine - on or V. And, frankly, there is something in common between these completely different, at first glance, problems. Just as the question of choosing a pretext for Ukraine constantly goes beyond the scope of a conversation about language, affecting other aspects - politics, interethnic relations, etc. - so does the problem of using the letter yo has recently ceased to be properly linguistic. It ceased mainly due to the efforts of the irreconcilable "yofikators" (as people call themselves who are fighting to ensure that the use of the letter yo became ubiquitous and obligatory) that perceive spelling (spelling!) hedgehog And let's go to instead of hedgehog And let's go to like a gross mistake, like ignoring the fact of existence yo in the Russian alphabet, and therefore - due to the fact that this letter is endowed by them with the status of "one of the symbols of Russian life" - as a disregard for the Russian language and Russia in general. “A spelling error, a political error, a spiritual and moral error,” pathetically calls the spelling e instead of yo the ardent defender of this letter is the writer V. T. Chumakov, chairman of the “Union of Yofikators” created by him.
How did it happen that of all the alphabetic and non-alphabetic signs of Russian writing, it is precisely two dots above yo become an indicator of the level of love for the Fatherland? Let's try to figure this out.
But we’ll immediately make a reservation: this article was not written at all in order to once again enter into a debate with the “yofikators”. The purpose of the article is different: we invite to a calm, detailed conversation those who want to understand why, out of all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, it is yo is in a special position who is interested to know what arguments were expressed by linguists in different years for the consistent use of yo and against such use, for whom it is important to hear what the law still says about this - the current rules of Russian spelling.
Many facts from the history of scientific discussion related to the letter yo, as well as quotes from the works of linguists, we have taken from the book “Overview of proposals for improving Russian spelling” (M .: Nauka, 1965). (This edition went out of print at a time when there was a heated discussion in society about the fate of Russian writing - the proposals developed by the Spelling Commission for amendments to the rules of Russian spelling were discussed.) In the corresponding section of the book, all proposals that were put forward in different years are collected and commented on (from the end of the 18th century to the 1960s) regarding the use of the letter yo(and - more broadly - related to the problem of the letter pair to O), arguments are given in favor of sequential and selective writing e. Readers interested in an in-depth study of this issue are strongly encouraged to refer to this book.
While working on the article, we had at our disposal a unique document - a fragment of the correspondence of two outstanding Russian linguists - Alexander Alexandrovich Reformatsky and Boris Samoylovich Schwarzkopf. In a friendly letter to B. S. Schwarzkopf1 A. A. Reformatsky (probably continuing the previous discussion with the addressee) explains the reasons why the famous Russian chess player A. A. Alekhin could not stand it when his name was pronounced A[l'o]khin. The chess player “liked to emphasize that he was of a good noble family, stubbornly insisting that his last name be pronounced without dots over the “e”. When, for example, someone asked on the phone whether it was possible to speak with Alekhine, he invariably answered: “There is no such thing, there is Alekhine,” A. A. Reformatsky quotes L. Lyubimov’s memoirs “In a Foreign Land.” Then comes the commentary of the linguist himself: “All this is fair, but the reader gets the impression that all this is some kind of whim of a great chess player and fanfare of the nobility, and “in truth” he should be Alekhin ... In fact, all this is not So. The point here is not in “whim” and not in “buffoonery”, but in the laws of the Russian language, to which the surname Alekhine is also subordinate.
With a conversation about these patterns, we begin our article. Before talking about the features of the use yo in modern Russian writing, it is necessary to answer the question, why letter yo was absent in the Cyrillic alphabet from the very beginning, and why did it become necessary to introduce it?
To answer this question, we will have to make a brief digression into the history of Russian phonetics. In the Russian language of the most ancient era, the phoneme<о>did not speak after soft consonants. In other words, our ancestors once said, for example, the word dog not as we say now - [p'os], but [p'es], the word honey not [m'od], but [m'ed]. Letter yo so they just didn't need it!
And then a very important change took place in the phonetics of the Old Russian language, which linguists call the “transition e V O"(more precisely, the transition of the sound [e] into the sound [o]). The essence of this process is as follows: in a position under stress after soft consonants (let's not forget that all hissing ones were soft at that time) at the end of the word and before hard consonants, the sound [e] changed into [o]. This is how the modern pronunciation [m'od] arose. (honey),[p'os] (dog),[all] (All). But before soft consonants, the sound [e] did not turn into [o], but remained unchanged, this explains the ratio, for example, [s'ol] a - [s'el'] sky (villages - rural): before a hard [l], the sound [e] went into [o], and before a soft [l '] it did not go. In a letter to B. S. Schwarzkopf, A. A. Reformatsky gives numerous examples of such relationships: whip - whip, cheerful - fun, daily - day, crack - gap, smart - thinking, the same in proper names: Savelovo(station) - Savely(Name), lakes(city) - Zaozerye(village), Styopka - Stenka, Olena (Alena) - Olenin (Alenin) etc.
(The attentive reader will ask: why, then, in the modern language, after a soft consonant, before a hard one, it is often pronounced [e], and not [o]? There are many reasons for this, a complete listing of them will take us away from the main topic of this article. So, there is no specified transition in words, where once there was "yat", - forest, place, Gleb, in words where the consonant has hardened after the transition e V O ended - first, female, in borrowed words - newspaper, Rebekah. Transition details e V O can be read in works on the historical phonetics of the Russian language.)
Thus, in the surname Alekhine really should be pronounced [e]: before the soft [x ’] there are no conditions for the transition [e] to [o] (cf .: Lyokha - there is a transition before the solid [x]). Then what does the noble origin that the chess player was talking about have to do with it? The fact is that in the highest circles for a long time there was an opinion that “yokane” was the lot of common speech, but not the Russian literary language. It is known, for example, that the ardent opponent of "yokanya" and the letters yo(after its appearance) was a conservative and purist A. S. Shishkov.
But we're getting ahead of ourselves a little. So the transition e V O occurred (the first evidence of it appears in ancient Russian texts as early as the 12th century), but there are no special letters to designate the combinations that appeared as a result of this change
But is it a letter? The answer is not obvious. Over 200 years of existence yo polar opinions were expressed in the Russian letter. So, in an article of 1937, A. A. Reformatsky wrote: “Is there a letter ё in the Russian alphabet? No. There is only a diacritical sign "umlaut" or "trema" (two dots above the letter), which is used to avoid possible misunderstandings ... "
What is "wrong" in the inscription of the sign yo that not only many writers avoid using it, but even some linguists deny it the right to be considered a letter (while no one doubts that, for example, sch is an independent letter, not " w with a ponytail"? Are all these people really all “loafers” and “slobs”, as the “yofikators” claim, or are the reasons much deeper? This question is worth thinking about.
A little-known fact: the proposal of E. R. Dashkova and N. M. Karamzin did not mean at all that the search for a sign that could become a letter pair to O, terminated. In the XIX - XX centuries. instead of yo letters were offered at different times ö , ø (as in Scandinavian languages), ε (Greek epsilon), ę , ē , ĕ (the last two signs were proposed already in the 1960s), etc. If any of these proposals were approved, the word honey we would now write like mod, or fashion, or mεd, or med, or honey, or mĕd, or in some other way.
Note that the proposed letters were created in some cases on the basis of O(because there was a search for a letter pair to O), but more often based on e, which is not surprising: after all, the sound for which the letter is sought comes precisely from e. The question arises: what was the meaning of such searches, why the authors of these proposals were not satisfied with the inscription yo? The answer to this question will lead us to understand one of the main reasons why the letter yo in the minds of native speakers is not perceived as a mandatory . In 1951, A. B. Shapiro wrote:
“... The use of the letter ё has not received any wide distribution in the press to date and even in the most recent years. This cannot be considered a random occurrence. ... The very form of the letter ё (a letter and two dots above it) is an undoubted difficulty from the point of view of the motor activity of the writer: after all, writing this frequently used letter requires three separate techniques (letter, dot and dot), and each time you need to follow so that the dots are symmetrically placed above the sign of the letter. ... In the general system of Russian writing, which almost does not know superscripts (the letter й has a simpler superscript than ё), the letter ё is a very burdensome and, apparently, therefore not sympathetic exception.
Now let us once again pay attention to the signs offered in the function of the letter pair k O and created on the basis of the letter e: ę , ē , ĕ (in 1892, I. I. Paulson also proposed such a very exotic sign as e with a circle at the top). It becomes clear: there was a search for such an alphabetic sign, which, on the one hand, would emphasize kinship with e, and on the other hand, it required not three, but two separate techniques (as when writing th), i.e., would be more convenient for the writer. But despite the fact that almost all the proposed signs are more convenient in design yo, they were never able to replace the letter that had already come into use. One can hardly expect the introduction of any new letter instead of yo in the future (at least for the foreseeable future),
Meanwhile, numerous inconveniences yo for more than a decade has delivered not only to writers, but also to printers. First - to typists, for the simple reason that there was no corresponding key on typewriters for a long time. In the textbook by E. I. Dmitrievskaya and N. N. Dmitrievsky “Methods of teaching typing” (M., 1948) we read: “On the keyboards of most typewriters currently working in the USSR there is no ... the letter "ё" ... The sign has to be composed ... from the letter "e" and quotation marks. Typists thus had to resort to pressing three keys: the letters e, carriage return, quotation marks. Naturally, sympathy for yo this did not add: typists developed the habit of replacing a complex compound press with a simple one in the form of a letter e and saved it later, after the appearance yo on the keyboard of typewriters.
Letter required special attention. yo and with the advent of the computer age. In different layouts yo occupies a different place (often inconvenient), on some keyboards produced at the dawn of the computer era, it was not provided at all, sometimes it was possible to type a letter only using special characters of a text editor.
So, the following situation has developed, which we invite readers to fully understand: in the function of the letter pair to O in our alphabet (despite repeated proposals to introduce another, more convenient sign) a letter has become entrenched, which is unusual in its style for Russian writing, complicates it, requires increased attention and additional efforts from those who write and print. Thus, native speakers actually faced a choice between two evils: not to designate combinations
But it must be admitted that the first of these "evils" is by no means always such an evil, since in most cases the failure to write yo does not lead to significant problems when reading; a literate person is unlikely to make a mistake and read the word that you just read correctly, as err [b'e] tsya. According to N. S. Rozhdestvensky, “spelling tolerance for those arising from the absence of a letter yo spelling is explained by the fact that there are few such spellings. That is why native speakers prefer to consistently dodge the "evil" of the second - inconvenient diacritics (even in cases where reading errors are still possible). Is it possible to explain this solely by the "disorder" of the writer, his "indifference" to the language? In our opinion, such statements in no way reveal the true reasons for the peculiar fate yo In russian language. “It is significant that, despite all the validity of the use of ё, it still cannot win a place in our orthography, - wrote in 1960 A. N. Gvozdev. “Obviously, the practical requirements of not complicating writing take precedence over theoretical motives for the systematic and consistent writing designation of phonemes.”
For more than two hundred years of the history of the letter yo there was only one short period when it was considered mandatory. On December 24, 1942, the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR V.P. Potemkin “On the use of the letter “e” in Russian spelling” was published. This order made it mandatory yo in school practice (“in all classes of primary, incomplete secondary and secondary schools”). The order also dealt with the consistent application yo in all newly published textbooks, teaching aids and books for children's reading, on a detailed presentation of the rules for using yo in school grammars of the Russian language, as well as on the publication of a school reference book of all words in which the use yo causes difficulties. Such a reference book called “The use of the letter ё” was released in 1945 (compiled by K. I. Bylinskiy, S. E. Kryuchkov, M. V. Svetlaev, edited by N. N. Nikolsky). Prior to that, in 1943, the reference book was published as a manuscript (see illustration).
The initiative to issue an order (and in general to show attention to the letter yo in 1942) rumor ascribes to Stalin: as if it all started with the fact that a decision was brought to the leader's signature on conferring the rank of general to several military men. The names of these people in the resolution were printed without a letter. yo(sometimes they even call a surname that could not be read: fire or Ognev). Legend has it that Stalin immediately, in a very categorical manner, expressed his desire to see yo in writing and in print.
Of course, this is just a legend, but one believes in it: such a question could hardly have been resolved without the knowledge of the "knowledgeable in linguistics" leader. sudden appearance yo in the issue of the newspaper Pravda dated December 7, 1942, where that very decision was published, cannot be explained otherwise than by the strictest instructions from above (in the previous issue, dated December 6, this letter was not in sight).
Modern "yofikators", who aspirate about the decree of 1942 and the firm will of the leader, who put an end to "spelling slovenliness" with an iron hand during the harsh war years, usually state with regret that the process of introducing letters into print and writing yo came to naught a few years after Stalin's death. This suggests the conclusion that during the life of the leader about optional yo no one dared to think. But this is not true. Discussion about the appropriateness of the application yo resumed before March 1953. Above, we quoted A. B. Shapiro's words about the complexity that yo for the writer, said in 1951. And in 1952, the 2nd edition of the Spelling and Punctuation Handbook for Press Workers by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky was published. The book says in black and white: letter yo in print it is usually replaced by the letter e (Highlighted by us. - V.P.) It is recommended to use yo in the following cases: 1) When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading of a word, for example: learn Unlike learn; All Unlike everything, bucket Unlike bucket; perfect(participle) as opposed to perfect(adjective). 2) When it is necessary to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: Olekma river. 3) In dictionaries and spelling guides, in textbooks for non-Russians, in books for children of primary school age and in other special types of literature.
Practically word for word, these three points are repeated in the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" of 1956. Thus, current spelling rules consistent use of a letter yo is not provided in ordinary printed texts. Understanding the complexity of choosing between two evils (which we talked about above), linguists have found a golden mean: if from not setting two points the shape of the word is distorted - the letter yo we write (although diacritics are inconvenient, but it is more important to prevent incorrect reading of the word). If not writing yo does not lead to reading errors, it is quite acceptable to replace yo on e. That is, the rule (we emphasize that it is still officially in force) provides for writing in ordinary texts ice, honey, tree(these words are impossible not to recognize even without yo), But All(to distinguish from All) And Olekma(to indicate the correct pronunciation of an obscure word). And only in the normative dictionaries of the Russian language, as well as in texts intended for those who are just mastering the skills of reading in Russian (these are children and foreigners), writing yo Necessarily.
If the rule were a little more detailed and regulated the sequential writing yo in proper names (where options are possible: Chernyshev or Chernyshev) and if it were strictly observed, then it is quite possible that in our days there would be no battles with "yofikators", the use yo would not be overgrown with myths and conjectures, and this article would not have to be written. However, the habit turned out to be stronger: the letter yo and after 1956 was replaced by e, words All And All were written the same way. It is in this that a number of linguists see the main drawback of the existing rule: in practice it is difficult to implement. Already in 1963, only eight years after the adoption of the rules, A. A. Sirenko noted: “Recommended by the Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation, the spelling of ё in order to establish differences between words and their forms is not respected even in the most necessary cases. The force of inertia is manifested in orthography: where the letter e is not indicated due to optionality, it is not indicated even in spite of obvious necessity.
That is why the discussion about the letter yo continued. And after 1956, the proposal to replace the rule with another was repeatedly considered: on the consistent use yo in all texts. At different times, linguists have given different arguments for the introduction of such a rule and against it. Here are the main 2 arguments in favor:
1. Consistent writing yo would provide an indication of the correct pronunciation of words with<о>after soft consonants in a stressed position. It would prevent errors like scam, grenadier, guardian(Right: scam, grenadier, guardianship) on one side and whitish, mockery(Right: whitish, mock) - with another. An indication of the correct pronunciation of proper names (foreign and Russian) would be provided - Cologne, Goethe, Konenkov, Olekma, as well as little-known words - hair dryer(wind), gueuze(in the Netherlands in the 16th century: a rebel against Spanish tyranny).
2. When used consistently yo the written form of all words that include a phoneme<о>after soft consonants in a stressed syllable, would contain an indication of the place of stress. This would prevent such speech errors as beetroot, quicklime(Right: beets, quicklime) etc.
3. Mandatory use yo would facilitate reading and understanding of the text, distinguishing and recognizing words by their written appearance.
However, the arguments against mandatory yo quite a few, and they are by no means exhausted by a statement of the inconvenience of this letter for those who write, print and read. Here are some other counterarguments cited by linguists:
1. In cases where pronunciation is in doubt, the requirement to consistently use yo would lead to great difficulties in the practice of printing. It would be very difficult (and in some cases impossible) to solve the problem of writing yo or e in the publication of texts by many authors of the 18th - 19th centuries. According to A. V. Superanskaya, Academician V. V. Vinogradov, when discussing the rule on the obligation yo turned to the poetry of the 19th century: “We do not know how the poets of the past heard their poems, whether they meant forms with yo or with e". Indeed, can we say with certainty how his lines from the poem "Poltava" sounded in Pushkin's time: We are pushing the Swedes army after army; // The glory of their banners darkens, // And the grace of the god of war // Our every step is sealed? Banner - Imprinted or banner - imprinted? Apparently banners - sealed but we won't know for sure. Therefore, the introduction of mandatory yo in the practice of printing would require special rules for publications of authors of the XVIII - XIX centuries. But to what extent it would be possible to guarantee their implementation given the mass nature of such publications?
2. Mandatory use yo would complicate school practice: the attention of teachers would be constantly directed to checking the presence of “points above e”, non-positioning of points would have to be considered an error.
Above, it was not by chance that we called the rule fixed in the code of 1956 the “golden mean”. To sum up the arguments "for" the mandatory spelling yo and "against", it can be seen that, subject to strict adherence to the existing rule, almost everything of value is preserved, which gives a proposal for the consistent use yo and at the same time there are no difficulties associated with such use. This is the main advantage of the existing rule.
"Overview of proposals for improving Russian spelling" gives us an idea of how for almost two hundred years (from the end of the 18th century to 1965, that is, until the publication of the book) there was a scientific discussion about the pros and cons of consistent and selective letter usage yo. Let's pay attention: it was just a scientific discussion, various arguments were expressed - convincing and controversial, a view of the problem was given from the point of view of a linguist and from the point of view of a native speaker - a non-specialist. And what was not in this controversy? There was no populism, no exaggerated claims about the letter yo as a stronghold of the Russian language and one of the foundations of Russian statehood. There were no arguments testifying to the incompetence of their authors (in particular, the argument that the use yo cannot be optional, because in orthography, as if, in principle, options are unacceptable3). There were no near-scientific and pseudo-scientific arguments, including esoteric ones (that yo in the Russian alphabet, it is no coincidence that it is listed under the “holy, mystical” number seven) and nationalist (that due to the lack yo in the book of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, the Russian surname Levin turned into Jewish Levin, and also that they reject the letter yo those who are characterized by "irritation at everything pronounced Russian"). There were no direct insults to opponents. It never occurred to anyone that writing Kremlin tree less patriotic than Kremlin tree.
All this obscurantism, unfortunately, appeared in the late 1990s and continues today. Of course, not in the works of linguists: a scientific discussion about the use of yo, and other orthographic issues are being conducted quite correctly within the linguistic community. But in recent years, there has been a flourishing of what Academician A. A. Zaliznyak calls "amateur linguistics": people who are far from academic science, basing their views not on a strict scientific basis, but on their own, have joined the conversation about the modern Russian language and its history. thoughts and attitudes. “Where the criterion of a serious scientific analysis of the problem is discarded, motives of a taste, emotional, and especially ideological order will certainly come forward in its place - with all the social dangers that follow from this,” A. A. Zaliznyak rightly points out. We come across similar phenomena typical of amateur linguistics - a manifestation of one's own taste, heightened emotionality (sometimes going beyond the limits of decency), an appeal to readers who share a certain ideology - we encounter when reading menacing articles and interviews of "yofikators" -amateurs. They tell of the "crime against the mother tongue" committed by those who write e instead of yo, there are theses that are against yo a “holy struggle” is being waged, a set of pseudo-patriotic clichés is repeated, regrets are expressed about the absence of a law that would presuppose – literally – repression for not writing yo. Its unstoppable defenders call this letter “the most unfortunate”, “publican”, while operating with such concepts far from scientific terminology as “extermination” of the letter, “monstrous distortions of the native language”, “ugliness”, “mockery”, “foreign terror” and etc., and in every way they try to convince native speakers that writing e instead of yo - a) a gross spelling error and b) a sign of lack of patriotism.
They are trying, admittedly, not without success. The myth that writing e instead of yo in all cases, it is a violation of the norms of Russian writing, which is now shared by many native speakers, including writers, public figures, journalists, and many officials. Under the pressure of "yofikators" mandatory spelling yo is now accepted in many print and electronic media, as well as in official documents of a number of regions of Russia, for example, the Ulyanovsk region, where the letter yo in 2005, even a monument was erected. At the same time, the zeal of officials, their hasty introduction yo into the practice of writing did not go unnoticed by publicists: “spelling national project” ironically calls the new cult of the letter yo writer, journalist, philologist R. G. Leibov.
We want to draw the reader's attention to the wording that can often be heard from the mouths of "yofikators" who spread the myth of the "war against yo", and people who are already in the grip of this myth: "there are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, the letter yo no one canceled, therefore, writing e instead of yo - error". Many do not know what to object to this, and agree: yes, indeed, since the letter yo no one canceled e instead of yo, seems to be a bug. In fact, the first two theses in this formulation are absolutely fair, no one denies them, but the third one does not correspond to reality and does not follow from the first two at all! Yes, there are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, yes, yo no one canceled, however, according to the current rules of Russian spelling, this letter is used selectively in ordinary printed texts - that's how things are. It must be admitted that the cunning combination in one sentence of truthful statements with a false conclusion confuses many.
And one more important note. From the several previous paragraphs, the reader may erroneously conclude that both the author of the article and other linguists who oppose the forced “yofification” of Russian texts have some kind of strange dislike for yo and speak of the introduction of this letter, which has taken place in some contexts, with regret. This, by the way, is another of the myths spread by the “yofikators”: as if their opponents hate the letter yo and are striving with all their might to expel it from the Russian alphabet. Of course, this is not really the case. It is hard to imagine how one can hate this or that letter: a literate person, a person who loves his native language, cherishes all his letters and words, the norms of the language and the existing spelling rules are just as dear to him. The author, as well as fellow linguists who hold a similar position, do not oppose yo, A against the emerging cult of this letter, against the transformation of a private spelling problem into a political issue, against the absurd situation when a person who writes according to the rules, are accused of illiteracy and disregard for their native language. We are not at all conducting a "holy struggle" with the letter yo - we are trying to resist the aggressive expansion of militant dilettantism.
However, among the supporters of mandatory yo(we are still talking about native speakers - non-linguists) includes not only "yofikators", inflating a secondary linguistic issue to the scale of a national problem, and their followers, unknowingly believing that non-writing yo - this is indeed a grave mistake. In sequential use yo native speakers are interested, who, due to the presence of phonemes in their names, patronymics, surnames<о>after a soft consonant or combination
Indeed, in recent years, the number of such situations has increased when, due to the different spelling of the name, patronymic or surname in different documents, their carriers could not formalize an inheritance, receive maternity capital and faced other bureaucratic delays. “For fifty years, legal services have been writing names and surnames in passports and other documents without yo, - emphasizes A.V. Superanskaya, - and now they demand that the "owners" of the documents prove to them that the names Seleznev And Seleznev identical that Semyon And Semyon- the same name. And if a person does not know what to object, he is sent to court to prove that he is he.
It is significant, however, that such legal incidents related to writing / non-writing yo, until the beginning of the 1990s (i.e., before the "yofikators" introduced confusion into this area of Russian writing), there was practically no...
But what about linguists? Are their voices heard? Is there room for scientific debate in this environment? Yes, there are still papers coming out that argue for consistent use yo and against such use. As a rule, they repeat the arguments already expressed earlier and cited by us above. So, recently, one of the discussion platforms has become the journal "Science and Life", in which in 2008 the already cited article by A. V. Superanskaya "" and - a few months later - the article by N. A. Yeskova "" were published. If A. V. Superanskaya spoke mainly about the fact that the mandatory yo would ensure the correct pronunciation of proper names and prevent legal incidents, then N. A. Eskova noted that “the introduction of the mandatory use yo for all texts is fraught with danger ... for Russian culture, "meaning the publication of texts by authors of the 18th - 19th centuries. "By entering "mandatory" yo as a general rule, we will not protect the texts of our classics from barbaric modernization,” warns N. A. Eskova.
In other words, the arguments of linguists - supporters and opponents of sequential use yo- remained the same, it is hardly possible to add something new to them. Perhaps the following argument is even more relevant today: mandatory yo complicate school practice. Indeed, if we accept non-writing yo mistake, it can be perceived as an additional punitive tool, and the attention of students will be focused not on really important orthograms, but on the particular problem of writing two periods (as it was in the 1940s). Given the heated discussions around schooling going on in our society, it seems that adding another controversial issue to them would be at least unreasonable.
An attempt (in our opinion, quite successful) to put an end to the dispute that has dragged on for 200 years was made by the authors of the complete academic reference book “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” (M., 2006), approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In this book, for the first time, it is clearly stated that the use of the letter yo may be sequential or selective. Consistent use is obligatory in the following types of printed texts: a) in texts with sequentially placed stress marks (these include, among other things, head words in dictionaries and encyclopedias); b) in books addressed to young children; c) in educational texts for elementary school students and foreigners studying Russian. At the same time, the most important reservation was made: at the request of the author or editor, any book can be printed sequentially with the letter yo.
In ordinary printed texts, according to the handbook, the letter yo used selectively. It is recommended to use it in the following cases: 1) to prevent misidentification of a word, for example: everything, sky, in flight, perfect(as opposed to the words everything, sky, summer, perfect), including to indicate the place of stress in a word, for example: bucket, we know(Unlike bucket, let's find out); 2) to indicate the correct pronunciation of a word - either rare, not well known enough, or having a common incorrect pronunciation, for example: gyozy, surfing, fleur, harder, slit, including to indicate the correct stress, for example: fable, brought, carried away, condemned, newborn, filler; 3) in proper names - surnames, geographical names, for example: Konenkov, Neyolova, Catherine Deneuve, Schrödinger, Dezhnev, Koshelev, Chebyshev, Vyoshenskaya, Olekma.
The attentive reader will notice that the rules for the selective use of a letter yo become much more detailed. Unlike the code of 1956, a recommendation has been added to use yo in words that have a common mispronunciation; in addition, proper names are highlighted in a separate paragraph. In a letter to V. T. Chumakov dated October 21, 2009, the executive editor of the reference book, V. V. Lopatin, points out: “In the following editions of the reference book, recommendation in this wording (yo in proper names - V.P.) may well be replaced by mandatory ... which is quite consistent with the wishes of our “yofikators”, and with the decision of the Ministry of Education and Science of May 3, 2007 on the mandatory use of the letter yo in proper names.
In our opinion, adherence to the rules set out in the handbook will help to reconcile supporters and opponents of mandatory yo and to remove the acuteness of many questions connected with the use of this letter. Indeed, on the one hand: (a) authors who wish to “fair” their own books are entitled to do so; b) the requirement for mandatory yo in head words in dictionaries and encyclopedias, in publications for those who are just learning to read or who are studying Russian as a non-native language; c) the problems of bearers of names, patronymics, surnames are solved, in which yo; d) an indication of the correct pronunciation of words that cause difficulties in reading is provided - and on the other hand: e) Russian writing will not be overloaded with diacritics that are inconvenient for writers and readers; f) the texts of the classics will be saved from "barbaric modernization", and the school from an additional "stumbling block" in the lessons of the Russian language.
Of course, this is not enough for the irreconcilable "yofikators" who do not want to make any compromises; their passionate struggle with common sense does not stop. But we hope that the majority of our readers, who are familiar with the history of scientific discussion around yo, with arguments for and against consistent use of this letter, with the prescriptions of the 1956 rules and their fuller interpretation in the new academic handbook, it will be easier to separate genuine information from false information, and competent opinion from profanity. Therefore, we suggest that you remember truism #7.
ABC's #7. Use of a letter yo obligatory in texts with consistently placed stress marks, in books for young children (including textbooks for elementary school students), in textbooks for foreigners. In ordinary printed texts yo is written in cases where a misreading of a word is possible, when it is necessary to indicate the correct pronunciation of a rare word or to prevent a speech error. letter yo should also be written in proper names. In other cases, the use yo optional, i.e. optional.
Literature
1. Eskova N.A. About the letter ё // Science and Life. 2000. No. 4.
2. Eskova N. A. // Science and Life. 2008. No. 7.
3. Zaliznyak A. A. Notes on Amateur Linguistics. M., 2010.
4. Review of proposals for improving Russian spelling. M., 1965.
5. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. M., 1956.
6. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V. V. Lopatina. M., 2006.
7. Superanskaya A. V. // Science and Life. 2008. No. 1.
V. M. Pakhomov,
Candidate of Philology,
editor-in-chief of the Gramota.ru portal
1 Many thanks to k. f. n. Yu. A. Safonova, who provided the original letter to the author of the article.
2 A significant place in the scientific discussion around yo occupies the question of how the consistent use of this letter contributes to the implementation of the main principle of Russian spelling - phonemic. Since it will be very difficult for a non-linguistic reader to understand this issue, we allow ourselves, when reviewing the arguments for and against yo omit this paragraph; we will only say that here, too, there are arguments both in favor of the consistent use yo and against such use.
3 The fact that this is not true is evidenced, for example, by such equal spelling options as mattress And mattress, sparrow And sparrows, hydrocephalus And hydrocephalus and many others. others
