Quiz "Summer sports" for schoolchildren with answers

Gracheva Marina Sergeevna, teacher of physical education, MBOU "Secondary School No. 3", Bratsk, Irkutsk region.
Purpose: this event may be of interest to teachers of physical education, teachers of additional education, employees of summer camps.
Description: the material is aimed at developing children's interest in physical culture and sports, contributes to the development of cognitive interest and curiosity in children, it can be used both in the classroom and in extracurricular activities.
Target: to attract to sports, to acquaint children with outstanding athletes of our city.
Tasks:
1. Improve knowledge of summer sports.
2. Promote the development of thinking, attention, memory.
3. To ensure the development of interest in various sports.
4. Promote a healthy lifestyle.

Supervisor:
The clues to the answers are pictures with the image of the equipment for this sport. All kinds of sports are in our city. At the end of the quiz, I hope you will be able to decide on the choice of sport and find a worthy occupation for yourself. Let's start:

Questions:
1. The queen of sports combines more than 40 competitive exercises in walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. One of the oldest and most popular sports. You can do it at any time of the year in an open area, at a stadium, in a park, in a forest.

Answer: hurdle hurdle; javelin, disc, cannonball - throwing; relay baton-relay race; pads - running for short distances; pole, meter - jumping.

Kind of sport - Athletics.

2. The kind of sport gives people a lot of joy, pleasure, serves as an excellent means of recreation, strengthens health, promotes tempering. It helps a person to become strong, agile, resilient, courageous, and to feel confident in various life situations.

Answer: a hat, glasses, a board for swimming.

Kind of sport - Swimming.

3. The game appeared at the end of the 19th century, it has a complex effect on the human body. The game of two teams of 5 people on a special site, on both sides of which there are racks with rings attached to them.

Answer: ring with a net, basketball.

Kind of sport - Basketball.

4. The game emerged at the end of the 19th century. in Denmark is popular all over the world. Each team has 7 players on the court, one of whom is the goalkeeper. The main elements of the game are the skills needed in everyday life - running, jumping, throwing. In the game, it is allowed to use forceful contacts with opponents in the fight for the ball, for the playing position.

Answer: gate, ball.

Kind of sport - Handball.

5. One of the oldest sports games dating back to the Middle Ages. A team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal with the feet or other parts of the body (other than the arms). Currently the most popular and popular sport in the world.

Answer: ball, boots.

Kind of sport - Football.

6. This is one of the most powerful and courageous kinds of sports, recognized not only as the most effective means in all-round physical development, but also as a means of upbringing morality and fortitude.
Contact sport, martial arts, in which athletes strike each other with their fists in special gloves.

Answer: gloves, boxers.

Kind of sport-Boxing.

7. This game is available for both children and adults. Over the past 100 years, it has become the most popular and widespread in the world and in our country. A team sports game in which two teams of 6 people each. Players of one of the teams seek to transfer the ball by passing or hitting to the side of the opponents so that they cannot return it back without breaking the rules.

Answer: net, ball.

Kind of sport - Volleyball.

8. The sports game is the throwing of a special "bouncing" ball with the help of small compact rackets. This action takes place without fail through the game table, which is divided in half by a net. The point of the game is to prevent your opponent from hitting the ball correctly. The sport develops speed, flexibility, agility and even endurance. The ball used in the game is the smallest of all those existing in other sports games, and its high speed requires concentration of attention and quick reactions.

Answer: net, racket, ball.

Kind of sport - Table tennis.

9. This is a European type of single combat, in which an athlete must, with the help of a certain arsenal of technical actions (techniques), unbalance the opponent and press his shoulder blades to the carpet; technical actions with his feet (holds, footboards, sweeps) and grabbing of the legs with his hands are prohibited.

Answer: leotards, "wrestlers", tatami.

Kind of sport - Greco-Roman wrestling.

10. Japanese martial art, philosophy and unarmed combat sports created in the late 19th century. This is one of the types of martial art or wrestling, in which the main thing is agility, not strength. The use of the opponent's strength is essential.

Answer: kimono, tatami.

Kind of sport - Judo.

Supervisor:
I hope that today we have learned a lot about summer sports, and each of you will be able to choose an activity to your liking. I wish you to reach those heights of victories like our Bratchan. I think you are familiar with our heroes:

Track and field athletes from Bratsk Vladimir and Ilya Krasnov. Among the latest achievements of Ilya Krasnova is the "gold" of the European Championship among juniors in the relay race 4 x 400 meters. Among the achievements of his older brother, Olympian Vladimir Krasnov - the "gold" of the Universiade in Kazan, as well as medals of various denominations at the European and World Championships. Vladimir Krasnov is the "Honored Master of Sports of Russia". Ilya Krasnov Master of Sports of Russia. We are proud of them.

August 15, 2016

Sports gloves are not a must-have training accessory, but they are quite popular with athletes.

The modern sports equipment market offers a huge selection of training gloves.

FIRST, THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:

1. Mens (they are designed for strength exercises, which are more often performed by men, the inner side of the product is additionally covered with a dense overlay necessary for a strong and reliable fixation of the bar in the athlete's palm.);
2. Womens (They differ from men's in size and width. Since women's hands are smaller and narrower than men's, with the same palm length, the gloves will be much narrower than men's. Most often, women's models are of bright color and without special overlays, due to less work with the neck).

DEPENDING ON THE PURPOSE SET BY THE ATHLETE, sports gloves come in different types, in particular:

• Normal (amateur).

The sole purpose of these gloves is to protect the athlete from blisters. They differ in low cost and, as a rule, are sewn from leather or leatherette, without additional overlays.

• Strength training gloves.

These models are made of good and durable material. The inner part of the product has pads that reduce pressure on the palm, which also distributes the weight evenly over the entire area.

• Professional.

Gloves of the highest class and quality. Thanks to the use of modern technologies, such products allow you to gradually take on large weights without risking a dislocation of the wrist joint, based on the reinforced fixation of the athlete's wrist. These gloves are mainly used by professionals to prepare for competitions, as the models are quite expensive.

ADDITIONAL MODELS

For the most part, gloves for the gym are made of leather, polyester or neoprene, without fail supplied with a special area of ​​perforated material or mesh, to ensure air circulation from which the hand does not sweat much during training. In addition, the inner part of the palm in the products has a high coefficient of friction, due to which the sports equipment does not slip in the hands.

To increase the load in the hall, WEIGHTED GLOVES(like Adidas, Nike, Everlast, etc.), inside which a small weight is sewn in, without losing the convenience of the model. One such glove often weighs about 0.5 kg. There are products of greater weight, in which the weights are removed.

For a secure hold of the hands when working with large weights, they are sewn GLOVES WITH RETAINERS... They can be stretchable (allowing you to adjust the level of fixation) or rigid (only with a rigid level of fixation).

There are a number of reasons why athletes use gloves in their training, in particular:

• Protection.

First of all, gloves are excellent protection for hands from calluses or other injuries that occur during regular work with sports equipment. It is believed that they are the prerogative of the female half of athletes, however, calluses on men's hands look not only unaesthetic, but also reduce the effectiveness of training.

• Hygiene considerations.

The gym is a public place that cannot be kept completely clean. In any case, other athletes used this or that equipment before you, leaving a variety of bacteria or viruses on it. As a result, gloves are a kind of barrier against skin diseases.

• Efficiency and safety of training.

The gloves are designed in such a way that soft pads on the palm and fingers of the product improve the grip of the hand on the bar or dumbbells, while reducing the pressure on it. Consequently, the athlete gets tired more slowly. In addition, a good model allows the wrists to remain in a natural position for various exercises, while protecting the hand from sprains and wrist problems.

First criterion when choosing gloves - the right size.

In order to determine it you need:

1. Slightly bending the hand, measure its circumference at the base of the thumbs with a measuring tape.
2. Then measure the length of your palms from the tips of your middle fingers to your wrists.

Below is a sample table of the most common sizes:

TIPS FOR SELECTION

It is necessary to understand that each company sets its own sizes, so it is better to try on gloves in a store or to be guided by the size grid provided by the manufacturer.

If the product is purchased in a store, be sure to put it on and hold different sports equipment in your hands, so you can feel like you can choose the most suitable model for your workouts.

In addition, the nature of the training must be taken into account when choosing.

• Serious strength training requires strong gloves with stiff pads and a secure fit (best with adjustable wrist brace).
• For girls who train with small weights, it will be sufficient to purchase a regular model of gloves that protects women's palms from calluses and abrasions. It should be lightweight and comfortable, while such a product is suitable both for a gym and for cycling or rollerblading.

Be sure to consider the quality of the material, seams and the presence of perforations (mesh). If any of the above does not suit you - for a while, until the desired pair is found, postpone the purchase.

Well-known manufacturers and the price of models

The range of sports gloves on the market is enviable.

• Power-System manufacturers, Mad Max, Sprinter and Labs offer ONE OF THE MOST BUDGETARY MODELS for Sport. Their price varies from 80 to 450 UAH, but there are also more expensive gloves for professional athletes.
• HIGHER PRICE NICHE occupied by such manufacturers as Adidas, Puma, Reebok, Nike, Harbinger, Craft and other well-known brands. Their price starts from 500 UAH, and the most popular models (for example, Craft Glow Glove or HARBINGER Training Grip) cost about 800-1000 UAH.

Gloves can be purchased at most sports stores or online, but you cannot try them on when shopping online. The ideal option would be to first select a model in a store, and then buy it cheaper online.

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet is used:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters can be used in a word than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, in phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of the phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -> [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar "]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of the pronunciation of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you to carry out a letter analysis:

• Write out the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "i", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or voiceless, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n ’] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorous [e] - vowel, unstressed ________________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their interrelationships and rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing is given.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - vigorous and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless scales, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds in contrast to the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. The vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds and in transcription are not used. Often, when the letter parsing of words, the stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by the stressed sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme "U" retains its unchangeable phonetic properties: ku ku ru za, tablet, u chu s, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not reduced: cat [ko' t'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako '], eight [vo'c'im'], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go' var], autumn [o's'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], bonfire [cas't'o'r]. It will not be difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the position under stress.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to ma].
• New houses [but "vie da ma"].

V unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [gara"];
• he is online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• testimonial = [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (they consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, it differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock one: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(open syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+ 2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward -di [fp'ir'i d'i '];
• e-naturally-nno [yi s't'e's''v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when parsing sound refer to 2nd degree reduction. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: the second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i'ts: a], numb [atyp'in'et't '], hope [nad'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "U" always:
  • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
  • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu' pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't '];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye'l ’], I go [ye' w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir’], eunuch [ye' vuh];
  • - yacht [ya'hta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
  • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yil'vy], blackberries [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [yi nva'rskiy], core [yidro'], sarcastic [yiz'v'i't '], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign-language word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Evgeny [ye] vgeniy, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda '], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi'i], vanity [suyi ta'],
  • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], manifest [prayi v 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: For the St. Petersburg phonological school "hiccup" is characteristic, and for the Moscow school "hiccup". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to the Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule applies to syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's carry out a sample of the sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [kro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l's'yi]. But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "E" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o'fka], easy [l'o'hk'iy], honey [ap'o'nak], actor [act'o'r], child [rib ' o'nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
  • I - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl'u'f], people [l'u' d'am], gateway [shl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [cas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening has ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], ambre [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in un,
  • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: da acha - d dolphin,
  • [z] - [z ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: k onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ']: l odka - luks,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ’]: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [f], [c], [w] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
  • [h ’], [sch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.) in front of you: zavod, b people o, w from n.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (n, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: st opka, f ishk a, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing of words, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under investigation is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but w [no'sh], snow [s'n'ek], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced with its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced into sounds [d'd '], bessh clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in the sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] fir, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] ration;
• the letters "N", "K", "P" during phonetic analysis by composition can be softened before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borsch [ Borsch'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter parsing, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (w, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zzh a'l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing a sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, climbed in.
• Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root when parsing sound-lettering is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "mid", "zh" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
• With the sound-letter parsing of the combination "pt", "dch" at the junction of morphemes is defined as a double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hic], molod ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

• nt → [ni ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [razno'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gru’sch ’: uk], narrator [rask’sch’: uk];
• gh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
• shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': ity];
• stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
• zd → [u ':]: buster [abye'sh': uk], furrowed [baro'sh ': ity];
• ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
• vain → [h'ch ']: to split off [ach'sh' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
• pm → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’:‘ zna], ciliated [r’is’n’ ’h’: it’s];
• dch → [h ’:]: to underline [pach’: o'rk'ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• squeeze → [w:]: squeeze [w: a't ’];
• zzh → [f:]: get rid of [il: y't ’], ignite [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
• ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'osh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
• thu → [pc], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pc]: so that [pc o'by], not at all [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
• Thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and TP;
• chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [skazach'n], dacha [da'ch'n th], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! zhd → in place of the letter combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic parsing online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'es'n'y], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy ive [‘’: asl ’’ ’”], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vzye´s: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tur'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'is's: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng 'e'n];
  • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, suits;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d'e'ts k'iy], brotherly [bra'tskiy];
  • ts → [c:] / [cs]: sports men [spark: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: ep'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
• "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festive ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
  • zd → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts'];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [gala'ants];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz y'y'na];
  • rdch → [rf "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'ishka];
  • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [c]: subtrip [pats: yp'i't '], twenty [two'ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [race], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • lnts → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] literal parsing of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [balls o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the dropout of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanël ’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

• E.I. Litnevskaya Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Training of Educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.