Heroism and courage Soviet soldiers, shown during the battles of the Great Patriotic War, deserve eternal memory. The wisdom of military leaders, which has become one of the most important components of the common victory, does not cease to amaze even today.
Over the long years of the war, so many battles took place that even some historians disagree on the interpretation of the meaning of certain battles. And yet, the most major battles having significant influence on the further move military operations are known to almost everyone. It is these battles that will be discussed in our article.
| Name of the battle | Commanders who took part in the battle | Outcome of the battle |
|---|---|---|
Aviation Major Ionov A.P., Aviation Major General Kutsevalov T.F., F.I. Kuznetsov, V.F. Tributs. | Despite the stubborn struggle of the Soviet soldiers, the operation ended on July 9 after the Germans broke through the defenses in the area of the Velikaya River. This military operation smoothly moved into the struggle for the Leningrad region. |
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G.K. Zhukov, I.S. Konev, M.F. Lukin, P.A. Kurochkin, K.K. Rokossovsky | This battle is considered one of the bloodiest in the history of the Second World War. At the cost of multi-million dollar losses Soviet army managed to delay the advance of Hitler's army on Moscow. |
|
Popov M.M., Frolov V.A., Voroshilov K.E., Zhukov G.K., Meretskov K.A. | After the blockade of Leningrad began, local residents and military leaders had to fight fierce battles for several years. As a result, the blockade was lifted, the city was liberated. However, Leningrad itself was subjected to horrendous destruction, and the death toll local residents exceeded several hundred thousand. |
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I.V. Stalin, G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, S.M. Budyonny, A.A. Vlasov. | Despite huge losses, the Soviet troops managed to win. The Germans were thrown back 150-200 kilometers back, and the Soviet troops managed to liberate the Tula, Ryazan and Moscow regions. |
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I.S. Konev, G.K. Zhukov. | The Germans managed to push back another 200 kilometers. Soviet troops completed the liberation of the Tula and Moscow regions, liberated some areas of the Smolensk region |
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A.M. Vasilevsky, N.F. Vatutin, A.I. Eremenko, S.K. Timoshenko, V.I. Chuikov | It is the victory at Stalingrad that many historians call among the most important turning points during WWII. The Red Army managed to win a strong-willed victory, pushing the Germans far back, and proving that the fascist army also had its vulnerabilities. |
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CM. Budyonny, I.E. Petrov, I.I. Maslennikov, F.S. October | Soviet troops were able to win a landslide victory, liberating Checheno-Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, the Stavropol Territory and the Rostov Region. |
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Georgy Zhukov, Ivan Konev, Konstantin Rokossovsky | The Kursk Bulge became one of the bloodiest battles, but it ensured the end of the turning point in the course of the Second World War. The Soviet troops managed to push the Germans back even further, almost to the border of the country. |
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V.D. Sokolovsky, I.Kh. Bagramyan | On the one hand, the operation was unsuccessful, because the Soviet troops failed to reach Minsk and capture Vitebsk. However, the forces of the Nazis were severely wounded, and the tank reserves as a result of the battle were almost running out. |
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Konstantin Rokossovsky, Alexey Antonov, Ivan Bagramyan, Georgy Zhukov | Operation Bagration turned out to be incredibly successful, because the territories of Belarus, part of the Baltic states and regions of Eastern Poland were recaptured. |
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Georgy Zhukov, Ivan Konev | The Soviet troops managed to defeat 35 enemy divisions and directly go to Berlin for the final battle. |
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I.V. Stalin, G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev | Soviet troops after a long resistance managed to take the capital of Germany. With the capture of Berlin, the Great Patriotic War officially ended. |
Moscow battle 1941– 1942 There are two main stages in the battle: defensive (September 30 - December 5, 1941) and offensive (December 5, 1941 - April 20, 1942). At the first stage, the goal Soviet troops was the defense of Moscow, on the second - the defeat of the enemy forces advancing on Moscow.
By the beginning of the German offensive on Moscow, the Center Army Group (Field Marshal F. Bock) had 74.5 divisions (approximately 38% of the infantry and 64% of the tank and mechanized divisions operating on the Soviet-German front), 1,800,000 people, 1,700 tanks, over 14,000 guns and mortars, 1,390 aircraft. The Soviet troops had 1,250,000 men, 990 tanks, 7,600 guns and mortars, and 677 aircraft in the Western direction as part of three fronts.
At the first stage, the Soviet troops of the Western Front (Colonel General I.S. Konev, and from October 10 - Army General G.K. Zhukov), Bryansk (until October 10 - Colonel General A.I. Eremenko) and Kalininsky (from October 17 - I.S. Konev) of the fronts stopped the offensive of the troops of the Army Group "Center" (the implementation of the German operation "Typhoon") at the turn south of the Volga reservoir, Dmitrov, Yakhroma, Krasnaya Polyana (27 km from Moscow), east of Istra, west of Kubinka , Naro-Fominsk, west of Serpukhov, east of Aleksin, Tula. During the defensive battles, the enemy was significantly bled. On December 5-6, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive, and on January 7-10, 1942, they launched a general offensive on the entire front. In January-April 1942, the troops of the Western, Kalinin, Bryansk (since December 18 - Colonel General Ya.T. Cherevichenko) and Northwestern (Lieutenant General P.A. Kurochkin) fronts defeated the enemy and drove him back for 100-250 km. 11 tank, 4 motorized and 23 infantry divisions were defeated. The losses of the enemy only for the period of January 1 - March 30, 1942 amounted to 333 thousand people.
The battle of Moscow was of great importance: the myth of the invincibility of the German army was dispelled, the plan lightning war strengthened the international position of the USSR.
Battle of Stalingrad 1942 - 1943 Defensive (July 17 - November 18, 1942) and offensive (November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943) operations carried out by Soviet troops to defend Stalingrad and defeat a large enemy strategic group operating in the Stalingrad direction.
In defensive battles in the Stalingrad region and in the city itself, the troops of the Stalingrad Front (Marshal S.K. Timoshenko, from July 23 - Lieutenant General V.N. Gordov, from August 5 - Colonel General A.I. Eremenko) and the Don Front (since September 28 - Lieutenant General K.K. Rokossovsky) managed to stop the offensive of the 6th Army, Colonel General F. Paulus and the 4th Tank Army. By July 17, the 6th Army included 13 divisions (about 270 thousand people, 3 thousand guns and mortars, about 500 tanks). They were supported by aviation of the 4th Air Fleet (up to 1200 aircraft). The troops of the Stalingrad Front numbered 160 thousand people, 2.2 thousand guns, about 400 tanks and 454 aircraft. At the cost of great efforts, the command of the Soviet troops managed not only to stop the advance of German troops in Stalingrad, but also to gather significant forces for the start of the counteroffensive (1,103 thousand people, 15,500 guns and mortars, 1,463 tanks and self-propelled guns, 1,350 combat aircraft). By this time, a significant grouping of German troops and forces of Germany's allied countries (in particular, the 8th Italian, 3rd and 4th Romanian armies) was sent to help the troops of Field Marshal F. Paulus. The total number of enemy troops by the beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive was 1,011.5 thousand people, 10,290 guns and mortars, 675 tanks and assault guns, and 1,216 combat aircraft.
November 19-20 troops Southwestern Front(Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin), the Stalingrad and Don Fronts went on the offensive and surrounded 22 divisions (330 thousand people) in the Stalingrad area. Having repelled an enemy attempt to free the encircled grouping in December, the Soviet troops liquidated it. January 31 - February 2, 1943 the remnants of the 6th army of the enemy, led by Field Marshal F. Paulus, surrendered (91 thousand people).
The victory at Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War.
Battle of Kursk 1943 Defensive (July 5 - 23) and offensive (July 12 - August 23) operations carried out by Soviet troops in the Kursk region to disrupt a major German offensive and defeat the enemy's strategic grouping. The German command, after the defeat of its troops at Stalingrad, intended to conduct a major offensive operation in the Kursk region (Operation Citadel). Significant enemy forces were involved in its implementation - 50 divisions (including 16 tank and mechanized) and a number of separate units of the Army Group Center (General Field Marshal G. Kluge) and Army Group South (General Field Marshal E .Manstein). This amounted to about 70% of tank, up to 30% of motorized and more than 20% of infantry divisions operating on the Soviet-German front, as well as over 65% of all combat aircraft. About 20 enemy divisions operated on the flanks of the strike groupings. The ground forces were supported by aviation of the 4th and 6th air fleets. In total, the enemy strike groupings included over 900 thousand people, about 10 thousand guns and mortars, up to 2700 tanks and self-propelled guns (most of them were new designs - Tigers, Panthers and Ferdinands) and about 2050 aircraft (including the latest designs - Focke-Wulf-190A and Henkel-129).
The Soviet command assigned the task of repulsing the enemy offensive to the troops of the Central Front (from the side of Orel) and the Voronezh Front (from the side of Belgorod). After solving the problems of defense, it was planned to defeat the Oryol grouping of the enemy (Plan "Kutuzov") by the troops of the right wing of the Central Front (General of the Army K.K. Rokossovsky), Bryansk (Colonel General M.M. Popov) and the left wing of the Western Front (Colonel General V.D.Sokolovsky). The offensive operation in the Belgorod-Kharkov direction (the plan "Commander Rumyantsev") was to be carried out by the forces of the Voronezh Front (Army General N.F. Vatutin) and the Steppe Front (Colonel General I.S. Konev) in cooperation with the troops of the South-Western Front (General of the Army R.Ya. Malinovsky). The overall coordination of the actions of all these forces was entrusted to the representatives of the Stavka Marshals G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky.
By early July, the Central and Voronezh Fronts had 1,336,000 men, over 19,000 guns and mortars, 3,444 tanks and self-propelled guns (including 900 light tanks), and 2,172 aircraft. In the rear of the Kursk ledge, the Steppe Military District (from July 9 - the front) was deployed, which was the strategic reserve of the Headquarters.
The enemy offensive was to begin at 3 o'clock in the morning on July 5. However, just before it began, the Soviet troops carried out artillery counter-preparation and inflicted heavy damage on the enemy in the places of his concentration. The German offensive began only after 2.5 hours and was not originally conceived. Measures taken managed to hold back the advance of the enemy (in 7 days he managed to advance only 10-12 km in the direction of the Central Front). The most powerful enemy grouping operated on the direction of the Voronezh Front. Here the advance of the enemy was up to 35 km deep into the defense of the Soviet troops. On July 12, there was a turning point in the course of the battle. On this day, the largest oncoming tank battle in history took place in the Prokhorovka area, in which 1200 tanks and self-propelled guns took part on both sides. The enemy lost here only on this day up to 400 tanks and self-propelled guns and 10 thousand people. On July 12, a new stage began in the Battle of Kursk, during which the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops developed as part of the Oryol operation and the Belgorod-Kharkov operation, culminating in the liberation of Orel and Belgorod on August 5, and Kharkov on August 23.
As a result of the Battle of Kursk, 30 enemy divisions (including 7 tank divisions) were completely defeated. The enemy lost over 500 thousand people, 1.5 thousand tanks, over 3.7 thousand aircraft, 3 thousand guns.
The main outcome of the battle was the transition of German troops in all theaters of operations to strategic defense. The strategic initiative finally passed into the hands of the Soviet command. In the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War, a radical change started by the Battle of Stalingrad ended.
Belarusian operation (June 23– August 29, 1944). The code name is Operation Bagration. One of the largest strategic offensive operations undertaken by the Soviet high command to defeat the Nazi Army Group Center and liberate Belarus. The total number of enemy troops was 63 divisions and 3 brigades of 1.2 million people, 9.5 thousand guns, 900 tanks and 1350 aircraft. Field Marshal E. Bush commanded the enemy grouping, and from June 28 - Field Marshal V. Model. She was opposed by the Soviet troops of four fronts (1st Baltic, 3rd Belorussian, 2nd Belorussian and 1st Belorussian) under the command of General of the Army I.Kh. Bagramyan, General of the Army I.D. Chernyakhovsky, General of the Army G. F. Zakharov and Marshal Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky. Four fronts united 20 combined arms and 2 tank armies (a total of 166 divisions, 12 tank and mechanized corps, 7 fortified areas and 21 brigades). The total number of Soviet troops reached 2.4 million people, armed with about 36 thousand guns, 5.2 thousand tanks, 5.3 thousand combat aircraft.
According to the nature of the hostilities and the achievement of the tasks set, the operation is divided into two stages. On the first (June 23 - July 4), the Vitebsk-Orsha, Mogilev, Bobruisk and Polotsk operations were carried out and the encirclement of the Minsk enemy grouping was completed. At the second stage (July 5 - August 29), the encircled enemy was destroyed and the Soviet troops entered new lines during the Siauliai, Vilnius, Kaunas, Bialystok and Lublin-Brest operations. During the Belarusian operation, the enemy completely lost 17 divisions and 3 brigades, and 50 divisions lost more than 50% of their composition. The total losses of the enemy amounted to about 500 thousand killed, wounded and captured. During the operation, Lithuania and Latvia were partially liberated. On July 20, the Red Army entered the territory of Poland and on August 17 approached the borders of East Prussia. By August 29, she entered the suburbs of Warsaw. In general, on a front with a length of 1100 km, our troops advanced 550-600 km, completely cutting off the northern enemy grouping in the Baltic. For participation in the operation, over 400 thousand soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army were awarded military orders and medals.
Berlin operation 1945 The final strategic offensive operation carried out by the Soviet troops on April 16 - May 8, 1945. The purpose of the operation was to defeat the group of German troops defending in the Berlin direction, capture Berlin and reach the Elbe to join the Allied forces. In the Berlin direction, the troops of the Vistula group and the Center group under the command of Colonel General G. Heinrici and Field Marshal F. Scherner took up the defense. The total number of enemy troops was 1 million people, 10,400 guns, 1,500 tanks, 3,300 aircraft. In the rear of these army groups were reserve units consisting of 8 divisions, as well as the Berlin garrison of 200 thousand people.
The troops of three fronts were involved in the operation: the 2nd Belorussian (Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky), the 1st Belorussian (Marshal G.K. Zhukov), the 1st Ukrainian (Marshal I.S. Konev). According to the nature of the tasks performed and the results, the Berlin operation is divided into 3 stages: 1st stage - breakthrough of the Oder-Neissen line of enemy defense (April 16 - 19); 2nd stage - encirclement and dismemberment of enemy troops (April 19 - 25); 3rd stage - the destruction of the encircled groups and the capture of Berlin (April 26 - May 8). The main goals of the operation were achieved in 16-17 days.
For the success of the operation, 1,082,000 soldiers were awarded the medal "For the Capture of Berlin". More than 600 participants in the operation became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and 13 people. were awarded the 2nd Gold Star medal.
September October.
On the basis of mutual assistance pacts concluded with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Soviet troops are deployed on the territory of these countries.
14 - 16 June.
The ultimatum of the Soviet leadership Baltic countries. The introduction of an additional number of Soviet troops and equipment in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
August.
The German offensive continues in three main directions - Leningrad, Moscow, Kyiv.
8 September.
The Germans occupy Shlisselburg and thereby close the ring around Leningrad. The beginning of the blockade of Leningrad.
January.
The territory of the Moscow region was completely liberated from German troops.
December.
The failure of Field Marshal Manstein's attempt to free the Paulus group surrounded by Stalingrad.
January.
The beginning of the retreat of the German troops in the Caucasus.
12 - 18 January.
The capture of Shlisselburg by Soviet troops. Partial lifting of the blockade of the city on the Neva.
April 13th.
The German leadership declares numerous remains of Polish prisoners of war found near Katyn and sends an international commission to investigate the circumstances of this crime near Smolensk.
February March.
Liberation Right-Bank Ukraine, forcing the Dniester and Prut.
December.
Soviet offensive in Hungary. Surroundings of Budapest.
January 12th.
The beginning of a major winter offensive of Soviet troops in East Prussia, Western Poland and Silesia.
August 9th.
Soviet troops launch an offensive in Manchuria, North Korea, in South Sakhalin and the Kuriles.
History of World War II Tippelskirch Kurt von
List of maps and diagrams
List of maps and diagrams
Map 1. Polish campaign.
Map 3. Mediterranean theater of operations.
Map 4. Campaign in Russia 1941 (228)
Map 5. Pacific Theater of Operations (286)
Map 6. Exit of Russian troops to the Carpathians (477)
Map 7. Invasion of France in 1944 (521)
Map 8. Occupation of Hungary by Russian troops. (633)
Map 9. Military operations in Germany (657)
Map 10. Russian breakthrough on the Vistula (682)
Scheme 1. Atlantic Ocean (67)
Scheme 2. Russo-Finnish War 1939-1940 (70)
Scheme 3. Campaign in Norway 1940 (83)
Scheme 6. Western Campaign 1940 (battle for France). (121)
Scheme 7. Strait of the English Channel. (139)
Scheme 8. Italo-Greek War. (163)
Scheme 9. Italian defeat in North Africa in December 1940 (175)
Scheme 10. fighting in Italian East Africa. (181)
Scheme 11. Rommel's first offensive (April 1940). (184)
Scheme 12. Balkan campaign of 1941 (Yugoslavia). (201)
Scheme 13. Balkan campaign of 1941 (Conquest of Greece). (203)
Scheme 14. Capture of the island of Crete. (211)
Scheme 15. Boiler in the Uman region (1941). (249)
Scheme 16. Finnish front. (258)
Scheme 17. Boiler near Kiev. (265)
Scheme 18. Bryansk, Vyazma, Moscow. (272)
Scheme 19. Russian counteroffensive in the winter of 1941/42 (276)
Scheme 20. Capture of the Philippine Islands by the Japanese. (291)
Scheme 21. Southwest Asia. (292)
Scheme 22. Singapore. (293)
Scheme 23. Capture of Burma by the Japanese. (296)
Scheme 24. The offensive of the British troops in North Africa in November 1941 (303)
Scheme 25. Kerch and Sevastopol.(314)
Scheme 26. Fighting near Kharkov in 1942 (315)
Scheme 27. Exit of German troops to the Caucasus and the Volga.(318)
Scheme 28. Breakthrough of German troops to Tobruk in June 1942 (330)
Scheme 29. The actions of German troops near El Alamein.(339)
Scheme 30. Russian breakthroughs on the Don in November and December 1942 (350)
Scheme 31. Stalingrad. (357)
Scheme 32. Fighting in the south of Russia (January - March 1943). (360)
Scheme 33. Military operations in Tunisia. (386)
Scheme 34. The direction of the main attacks of the British and Americans. (398)
Scheme 35. Landing in Italy in September 1943 (416)
Scheme 36. Kursk and Orel (July 1943). (422)
Scheme 37. Exit of Russian troops to the Dnieper (July - September 1943). (427)
Scheme 38. Fight for the Dnieper (October - December 1943). (437)
Scheme 39. Defense of German troops southeast of Rome. (457)
Scheme 40. Cassino and Nettunia. (469)
Scheme 41. The blow of Russian troops with access to the Baltic states (January - March 1944) (491)
Scheme 42. Capture of Rome and the struggle for the Apennines. (503)
Scheme 43. Landing in Southern France (575)
Scheme 44. Allied pursuit of German troops in the West to the German border.(577)
Scheme 45. Arnhem. (584)
Scheme 46. offensive operations Russians between by the Baltic Sea and the Carpathians in the summer of 1944. (593)
Scheme 47. The blow of Russian troops to Bucharest. (623)
Scheme 48. The final stage of hostilities in Courland. (629)
Scheme 49. Invasion of East Prussia (630)
Scheme 50. The struggle for the mouth of the Scheldt. (658)
Scheme 51. Fight for Alsace-Lorraine. (664)
Scheme 52. The offensive of German troops in the Ardennes. (673)
Scheme 53. The struggle for the Philippines in the winter of 1944/45 (752)
Scheme 54. Reconquest of Burma by the British (760)
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