Moscow agreed, subject to the settlement of relations with Poland. After two years of negotiations with the Poles, their king Jan Sobieski, who experienced difficulties in the fight against the Turks, agreed to sign the "Eternal Peace" with Russia (1686). It meant the recognition by Poland of the borders marked Andrusovo truce, as well as securing Kyiv and Zaporozhye for Russia.
Despite the duration, this Russian-Turkish conflict was not particularly intense. It actually came down to only two major independent military operations - the Crimean (1687; 1689) and Azov (1695-1696) campaigns.
First Crimean campaign (1687).
It took place in May 1687. Russian-Ukrainian troops under the command of Prince Vasily Golitsyn and Hetman Ivan Samoylovich took part in it. The Don Cossacks of Ataman F. Minaev also took part in the campaign. The meeting took place near the Horse Waters River. The total number of troops that marched reached 100 thousand people. The Russian army more than half consisted of regiments of the new order. However military power allies, sufficient to defeat the khanate, was powerless before nature. The troops had to go tens of kilometers through the deserted steppe, scorched by the sun, malarial swamps and salt marshes, where there was not a drop fresh water. In such conditions, the issues of supplying the army and a detailed study of the specifics of a given theater of operations came to the fore. Golitsyn's insufficient study of these problems ultimately predetermined the failure of his campaigns.
As they deepened into the steppe, people and horses began to feel a lack of food and fodder. Having reached the Big Log tract on July 13, the Allied troops faced a new disaster - steppe fires. Unable to fight the heat and the soot covering the sun, the weakened troops literally fell off their feet. Finally, Golitsyn, seeing that his army could die before meeting the enemy, ordered to return back. The result of the first campaign was a series of raids of the Crimean troops on Ukraine, as well as the displacement of Hetman Samoylovich. According to some participants in the campaign (for example, General P. Gordon), the hetman himself initiated the burning of the steppe, because he did not want the defeat of the Crimean Khan, who served as a counterweight to Moscow in the south. The Cossacks elected Mazepa as the new hetman.
Second Crimean campaign (1689).
The campaign began in February 1689. This time, Golitsyn, taught by bitter experience, set out for the steppe on the eve of spring, so as not to have a shortage of water and grass and not be afraid of steppe fires. An army of 112 thousand people was assembled for the campaign. Such a huge mass of people reduced the speed of movement. As a result, the campaign to Perekop lasted almost three months, and the troops approached the Crimea on the eve of a hot summer. In mid-May, Golitsyn met with the Crimean troops. After volleys of Russian artillery, the swift attack of the Crimean cavalry bogged down and never resumed. Having beaten off the onslaught of the Khan, on May 20 Golitsyn approached the Perekop fortifications. But the governor did not dare to storm them. He was frightened not so much by the power of the fortifications as by the same sun-scorched steppe lying behind Perekop. It turned out that, having crossed the narrow isthmus to the Crimea, a huge army could find itself in an even more terrible waterless trap.
Hoping to intimidate the Khan, Golitsyn began negotiations. But the owner of the Crimea began to drag them out, waiting for hunger and thirst to force the Russians to go home. After standing unsuccessfully for several days at the Perekop walls and left without fresh water, Golitsyn was forced to hastily turn back. Further standing could end in disaster for his army. From a bigger failure Russian army saved by the fact that the Crimean cavalry did not particularly pursue the retreating.
The results of both campaigns were negligible in comparison with the costs of their implementation. Of course, they made a certain contribution to the common cause, since they diverted the Crimean cavalry from other theaters of military operations. But these campaigns could not decide the outcome of the Russian-Crimean struggle. At the same time, they testified to a radical change in the forces on southbound. If a hundred years ago the Crimean detachments reached Moscow, now the Russian troops have already come close to the walls of the Crimea. Much more Crimean campaigns influenced the situation inside the country. In Moscow, Princess Sophia tried to portray both campaigns as great victories, which they were not. Their unsuccessful outcome contributed to the fall of the government of Princess Sophia.
The continuation of the struggle was the later Azov campaigns (1695) of Peter I.
First Crimean campaign (1687). It took place in May 1687. Russian-Ukrainian troops under the command of Prince Vasily Golitsyn and Hetman Ivan Samoylovich took part in it. The Don Cossacks of Ataman F. Minaev also took part in the campaign. The meeting took place near the Horse Waters River. The total number of troops that marched reached 100 thousand people. The Russian army more than half consisted of regiments of the new order. However, the military power of the allies, sufficient to defeat the khanate, was powerless before nature. The troops had to march tens of kilometers through the deserted steppe, scorched by the sun, malarial swamps and salt marshes, where there was not a drop of fresh water. In such conditions, the issues of supplying the army and a detailed study of the specifics of a given theater of operations came to the fore. Golitsyn's insufficient study of these problems ultimately predetermined the failure of his campaigns.
As they deepened into the steppe, people and horses began to feel a lack of food and fodder. Having reached the Big Log tract on July 13, the Allied troops faced a new disaster - steppe fires. Unable to fight the heat and the soot covering the sun, the weakened troops literally fell off their feet. Finally, Golitsyn, seeing that his army could die before meeting the enemy, ordered to return back. The result of the first campaign was a series of raids of the Crimean troops on Ukraine, as well as the displacement of Hetman Samoylovich. According to some participants in the campaign (for example, General P. Gordon), the hetman himself initiated the burning of the steppe, because he did not want the defeat of the Crimean Khan, who served as a counterweight to Moscow in the south. The Cossacks elected Mazepa as the new hetman. Second Crimean campaign (1689).
The campaign began in February 1689. This time, Golitsyn, taught by bitter experience, set out for the steppe on the eve of spring, so as not to have a shortage of water and grass and not be afraid of steppe fires. For a hike
an army of 112 thousand people was assembled. Such a huge mass of people reduced the speed of movement. As a result, the campaign to Perekop lasted almost three months, and the troops approached the Crimea on the eve of a hot summer. In mid-May, Golitsyn met with the Crimean troops. After volleys of Russian artillery, the swift attack of the Crimean cavalry bogged down and never resumed. Having beaten off the onslaught of the Khan, on May 20 Golitsyn approached the Perekop fortifications. But the governor did not dare to storm them. He was frightened not so much by the power of the fortifications as by the same sun-scorched steppe lying behind Perekop. It turned out that, having crossed the narrow isthmus to the Crimea, a huge army could find itself in an even more terrible waterless trap.
Hoping to intimidate the Khan, Golitsyn began negotiations. But the owner of the Crimea began to drag them out, waiting for hunger and thirst to force the Russians to go home. After standing unsuccessfully for several days at the Perekop walls and left without fresh water, Golitsyn was forced to hastily turn back. Further standing could end in disaster for his army. The Russian army was saved from a larger failure by the fact that the Crimean cavalry did not particularly pursue the retreating.
QUESTION №13 AZOV CAMPAIGN OF PETER I Azov campaigns 1695 and 1696 - Russian military campaigns against Ottoman Empire; were a continuation of the war started by the government of Princess Sophia with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimea; taken by Peter I at the beginning of his reign and ended with the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov. They can be considered the first significant accomplishment of the young king. In 1694, it was decided to resume active fighting and strike not at the Crimean Tatars, as in the campaigns of Golitsyn, but at the Turkish fortress of Azov. The route was also changed: not through the desert steppes, but along the regions of the Volga and the Don. In the winter and spring of 1695, transport ships were built on the Don: plows, sea boats and rafts to deliver troops, ammunition, artillery and food for relocation to Azov. In the spring In 1695, the army in 3 groups under the command of Gordon (9500 people with 43 guns and 10 mortars), Golovin (7000 people) and Lefort (13,000 people - with the last two: 44 squeaks, 104 mortars) moved south. During the campaign, Peter combined the duties of the first scorer and the actual leader of the entire campaign. The Sheremetyev group and Mazepa's Cossacks acted from the Ukrainian side. On the Dnieper, the Russian army conquered three fortresses from the Turks (July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen, August 1 - Eski-Tavan, August 3 - Aslan-Kermen), and at the end of June the main forces besieged Azov (fortress at the mouth of the Don). Gordon stood against the south side, Lefort to his left, Golovin, with whose detachment the tsar was also located, to the right. On July 2, troops under the command of Gordon began siege work. On July 5, the corps of Golovin and Lefort joined them. On July 14 and 16, the Russians managed to occupy the towers - two stone towers on both banks of the Don, above Azov, with iron chains stretched between them, which blocked river vessels from entering the sea. This was in fact the highest success of the campaign. The fortress housed a 7,000-strong Turkish garrison under the command of Bey Gassan-Araslan. On August 5, the infantry regiments of Lefort, supported by 2,500 Cossacks, made the first attempt to storm the fortress, which was unsuccessful. On the Russian side, the losses in killed and wounded amounted to 1,500 people. On September 25, the second assault on the fortress took place. Apraksin with the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments and 1000 Don Cossacks managed to capture part of the fortifications and break into the city, but the inconsistency in the Russian army affected here. The Turks managed to regroup, and Apraksin, not supported by other units, was forced to retreat. On October 2, the siege was lifted. 3,000 archers were left in the captured defensive towers, called "Novosergievsky city."
Second Azov campaign in 1696. Throughout the winter of 1696, the Russian army was preparing for the second campaign. In January, large-scale shipbuilding was launched at the shipyards of Voronezh and Preobrazhensky. The galleys built in Preobrazhensky were dismantled, transported to Voronezh, where they were reassembled and launched on the Don. On May 16, Russian troops again laid siege to Azov. On May 20, Cossacks in galleys at the mouth of the Don attacked a caravan of Turkish cargo ships. As a result, 2 galleys and 9 small ships were destroyed, and one small ship was captured. On May 27, the fleet entered the Sea of Azov and cut off the fortress from sources of supply by sea. The approaching Turkish military flotilla did not dare to join the battle. On July 16, the preparatory siege work was completed. On July 17, 1,500 Don Cossacks and part of the Ukrainian Cossacks broke into the fortress without permission and settled in two bastions. On July 19, after prolonged artillery shelling, the Azov garrison surrendered. On July 20, the Lyutikh fortress, located at the mouth of the northernmost branch of the Don, also surrendered. By July 23, Peter approved a plan for new fortifications in the fortress, which by this time had been badly damaged as a result of artillery shelling. Azov did not have a convenient harbor for basing navy. For this purpose, on July 27, 1696, a more successful place was chosen on Cape Tagany, where Taganrog was founded two years later. Voivode Shein became the first Russian generalissimo for his services in the second Azov campaign. the importance of artillery and navy in warfare. She is a notable example of the successful interaction of the fleet and ground forces during the siege of a coastal fortress, which stands out especially clearly against the background of the failures of the British close in time during the storming of Quebec (1691) and Saint-Pierre (1693). The preparation of the campaigns clearly showed Peter's organizational and strategic abilities. For the first time, such important qualities as his ability to draw conclusions from failures and gather strength for a second strike appeared for the first time. Despite the success, at the end of the campaign, incompleteness became apparent results achieved: without mastering Crimeamil, according to at least, Kerch access to the Black Sea was still impossible. To hold Azov, it was necessary to strengthen the fleet. It was necessary to continue the construction of the fleet and provide the country with specialists capable of building modern sea vessels. October 20, 1696 Boyar Duma proclaims "Sea ships will be ..." This date can be considered the birthday of the Russian regular navy. An extensive shipbuilding program is approved - 52 (later 77) ships; new duties are introduced to finance it. On November 22, a decree was announced on sending nobles to study abroad. The war with Turkey is not over yet, and therefore, in order to better understand the balance of power, find allies in the war against Turkey and not confirm the existing alliance - the Holy League, finally, to strengthen the position of Russia, the “Great Embassy” was organized. treaty (1700)
QUESTION No. 14 Campaigns in the Crimea Minich (1736) and Lassi (1737,1738) On April 20, 1736, Munnich set out from Tsaritsynka with an army of about 54,000 men. The troops were divided into five columns. Major General Spiegel commanded the first column, which formed the vanguard. The Prince of Hesse-Homburg led the second column, Lieutenant General Izmailov the third, Lieutenant General Leontiev the fourth, and Major General Tarakanov the fifth. Minich's army included both Zaporozhye and Ukrainian (Hetman) Cossacks. About them, Minich wrote to the Empress: “In former times, the Hetman Cossacks could put up to 100,000 people in the field; in 1733 the number of employees was reduced to 30,000 and this year to 20,000, of which now 16,000 people are dressed up for the Crimean campaign; they were ordered to be at Tsaritsynka in full numbers at the beginning of April, but we have already traveled 300 miles from Tsaritsynka, and there are only 12,730 Cossacks of the Hetman in the army, and half of them are on carts, and partly poorly populated, partly thin horses, most we are compelled to carry them with us, like mice that eat only bread in vain. On the contrary, the Cossacks from the same people, fugitives from the same Ukraine, have 2 or 3 good horses for each person, the people themselves are kind and cheerful, well-armed; with 3 or 4 thousand such people it would be possible to defeat the entire hetman's corps. The army of Minikh went to the Crimea along the path of Leontiev, along the right bank of the Dnieper, at a distance of 5-50 km from the river. The first battle greatly raised the morale of the Russian troops and, accordingly, caused fear among the Tatars of the regular troops. A thousand soldiers were ordered to conduct a demonstrative attack on the Perekop positions on the right flank. The Turks succumbed to Minich's trick and concentrated significant forces in this area. Up to 60 cannons were counted in the fortress and towers, including several with the Russian emblem, captured by the Turks during the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Golitsyn.
Minich ordered 800 soldiers of the Belozersky regiment to occupy the fortress, and appointed their colonel Devitsa as the commandant of the fortress. In addition, the Maiden was given 600 Cossacks. The Cossacks took away from the enemy 30 thousand sheep and from 4 to 5 hundred cattle, which were hidden by him in the forest. On May 25, Minich convened a military council - what to do next. Minich thought in terms of the European war, where the long-term supply of the army at the expense of the conquered country was a normal phenomenon. The capture of Kozlov further strengthened Minikh in his opinion. Turkish troops concentrated in Cafe, and the main Tatar forces went into the mountains. Small cavalry detachments of the Tatars still surrounded the Russian army. On July 7, 1736, the Russian army reached Perekop. But Perekop's army had nothing to do. Stocks of food and fodder were dwindling every day. The Tatar cavalry darted around, constantly attacking the foragers, stealing horses and cattle. Aporozhian and Ukrainian Cossacks were sent home immediately. On August 23, Lieutenant General Leontiev joined Minikh, who left the destroyed Kinburn.
Upon the arrival of the troops in the Ukraine, Minich reviewed the troops. It turned out that half of the regular troops were lost in the campaign. Moreover, most of the people died due to illness and physical fatigue. In total, the campaign of 1736 cost Russia about 30 thousand people. With this, the campaign of 1736 was completed; at the end of the year, Minich left for St. Petersburg to justify himself to the empress.
Campaign of 1737. On July 2, the fortress of Ochakov was taken, and the Russian garrison under the command of Shtofeln was left in it. Another Russian army (about 40 thousand), led by Field Marshal Lassi, moved from the Don to Sea of Azov; then, advancing along the Arabat Spit, she crossed the Sivash against the mouth of the Salgir River and invaded the Crimea. At the same time, the head of the Azov Flotilla, Vice Admiral Bredal, who delivered various supplies and food to the Arabat Spit, rendered very important assistance to her. At the end of July, Lassi reached Karasubazar and took possession of it; but due to increased sickness in the troops and the depletion of provisions, he had to leave the peninsula. Having ruined Perekop on the way back, he returned in early October. Like the previous ones, the 1737 campaign of the year, due to climatic conditions and the accumulation of all sorts of disorders (embezzlement, bribery and sloppiness) in the administration of the troops, cost the Russian army huge losses in people; and due to the death of horses, on the way back, part of the artillery had to be left in Ochakovo and in the Andreevsky fortification built on the Bug River. The war has resumed; but the 1738 campaign was unsuccessful for the Allies. Minich, with his weakened army, which he was denied replenishment, reached the Dniester with great difficulty in early August; but having learned that there was a strong Turkish army on the other side of the river and that a plague had appeared in Bessarabia, Minich decided to retreat. Crimea, in places devastated last year, was also disastrous, since this time the Turkish fleet prevented Vice Admiral Bredal from delivering the necessary supplies to the ground army. Russian troops were forced to leave the Crimea at the end of August. For the Austrians, this year was especially unfortunate: one defeat followed another. A series of all these failures did not lead, however, to the conclusion of peace. Only the action plan for the future campaign was changed, Lassi was to be limited to defense.
Hetmanate22px Crimean Khanate
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Crimean campaigns- military campaigns of the Russian army against the Crimean Khanate, undertaken in and 1689. They were part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700 and part of the large-scale European Great Turkish War.
First Crimean campaign
Second Crimean campaign
Results
The Crimean campaigns allowed for some time to divert significant forces of the Turks and Crimeans and benefited Russia's European allies. Russia stopped paying the Crimean Khan; Russia's international prestige increased after the Crimean campaigns. However, as a result of the campaigns, the goal of securing the southern borders of Russia was never achieved.
According to many historians, the unsuccessful outcome of the Crimean campaigns was one of the reasons for the overthrow of the government of Princess Sofya Alekseevna. Sophia herself wrote to Golitsyn in 1689:
My light, Vasenka! Hello, my father, for many years! And hello again, God and Holy Mother of God by grace and with their mind and happiness, having defeated the Hagarites! God bless you and continue to defeat your enemies!
There is an opinion that the failure of the Crimean campaigns is greatly exaggerated after Peter I lost half of the entire army in the second Azov campaign, although he received only access to the inland Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
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Notes
Literature
- Bogdanov A.P."True and true legend about the Crimean campaign of 1687" - a monument to the journalism of the Ambassadorial order // Problems of studying narrative sources on the history of the Russian Middle Ages: Sat. articles / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of History of the USSR; Rep. ed. V. T. Pashuto. - M ., 1982. - S. 57–84. - 100 s.
An excerpt characterizing the Crimean campaigns
Young, pristine and pureI gave you all my love...
The star sang songs about you,
Day and night, she called me into the distance ...
And on a spring evening, in April,
Brought to your window.
I gently took you by the shoulders
And he said, without hiding a smile:
“So I didn’t wait for this meeting in vain,
My beloved star...
Mom was completely subdued by dad's poems ... And he wrote a lot of them to her and brought them to her work every day along with huge posters drawn by his own hand (dad drew superbly), which he unfolded right on her desktop, and on which , among all sorts of painted flowers, was capital letters written: "Annushka, my little star, I love you!". Naturally, what woman could endure this for a long time and not give up? .. They no longer parted ... Using each free minute to spend it together, as if someone could take it away from them. Together they went to the cinema, to dances (which they both loved very much), walked in the charming Alytus city park, until one fine day they decided that enough dates were enough and that it was time to take a look at life a little more seriously. They soon got married. But only dad's friend knew about it (mother's younger brother) Jonas, since neither from my mother's side, nor from my father's relatives, this union did not cause much enthusiasm ... Mom's parents predicted for her a rich neighbor-teacher, who they really liked and, according to their concept, perfectly "suited" for her mother , and in my father's family at that time there was no time for marriage, since grandfather was put in prison at that time, as an “accomplice of the noble” (which, for sure, they tried to “break” the stubbornly resisting dad), and my grandmother ended up in the hospital from a nervous shock and was very sick. Dad was left with his little brother in his arms and now had to manage the entire household alone, which was very difficult, since the Seryogins at that time lived in a large two-story house (in which I later lived), with a huge old garden around. And, of course, such an economy required good care ...
So three long months passed, and my dad and mom, already married, were still going on dates, until mom accidentally went to dad’s house one day and found a very touching picture there ... Dad stood in the kitchen in front of the stove and looked unhappy “replenished” the hopelessly growing number of pots of semolina porridge, which at that moment was cooking for his little brother. But for some reason, the "harmful" porridge for some reason became more and more, and poor dad could not understand what was happening ... Mom, struggling to hide her smile so as not to offend the unlucky "cook", rolled up her sleeves right there began to put in order all this “stagnant domestic mess”, starting with completely occupied, “porridge stuffed” pots, an indignantly hissing stove ... helplessness, and decided to immediately move to this territory, which was still completely alien and unfamiliar to her ... And although it was not very easy for her at that time either - she worked at the post office (to support herself), and in the evenings went to preparatory classes for medical school exams.
She, without hesitation, gave all her remaining strength to her, exhausted to the limit, young husband and his family. The house immediately came to life. In the kitchen, there was a stupefying smell of delicious Lithuanian "cepelins", which my father's little brother adored and, just like his father, who had been sitting on dry food for a long time, ate them literally to the "unreasonable" limit. Everything became more or less normal, except for the absence of my grandparents, about whom my poor dad worried very much, and sincerely missed them all this time. But now he already had a young beautiful wife, who, as best she could, tried in every possible way to brighten up his temporary loss, and looking at her father's smiling face, it was clear that she managed to do it quite well. Papa's little brother very soon got used to his new aunt and followed her tail, hoping to get something tasty or at least a beautiful "evening fairy tale", which his mother read to him in great abundance before going to bed.
So calmly in everyday worries the days passed, and then the weeks. Grandmother, by that time, had already returned from the hospital and, to her great surprise, found a newly-baked daughter-in-law at home ... And since it was too late to change anything, they simply tried to get to know each other better, avoiding unwanted conflicts (which inevitably appear with any new, too close acquaintance). More precisely, they simply “got used to each other”, trying to honestly bypass any possible “underwater reefs” ... I was always sincerely sorry that my mother and grandmother never fell in love with each other ... They both were (or rather, mother is still there) wonderful people and I loved them both very much. But if grandmother, all her life spent together, somehow tried to adapt to her mother, then mother, on the contrary, at the end of her grandmother’s life, sometimes showed her irritation too openly, which deeply hurt me, since I was very attached to both of them and very she did not like to fall, as they say, "between two fires" or forcefully take sides. I have never been able to understand what caused between these two wonderful women this constant "quiet" war, but apparently there were some very good reasons or maybe my poor mom and grandma were just really "incompatible," as is often the case with strangers living together. One way or another, it was a pity, because, in general, it was a very friendly and faithful family, in which everyone stood up for each other like a mountain, and experienced every trouble or misfortune together.
But let's go back to the days when all this was just beginning, and when each member of this new family honestly tried to "live in harmony", without creating any trouble for the others ... Grandfather was also at home, but his health, to the great regret of everyone else , after the days spent in detention, deteriorated sharply. Apparently, including the hard days spent in Siberia, all the long ordeals of the Seryogins unfamiliar cities they did not spare the poor grandfather's heart, tormented by life - he began to have repeated microinfarctions ...
Mom made friends with him and tried her best to help him forget everything bad as soon as possible, although she herself had a very, very difficult time. Over the past months, she has managed to pass the preparatory and entrance exams in medical institute. But, to her great regret, her old dream was not destined to come true for the simple reason that at that time in Lithuania you still had to pay for the institute, and my mother's family (which had nine children) did not have enough finances for this .. In the same year, from a severe nervous shock that happened a few years ago, her still very young mother died - my grandmother from my mother's side, whom I also never saw. She fell ill during the war, on the day when she learned that there was a heavy bombardment in the pioneer camp, in the seaside town of Palanga, and all the children who survived were taken away to no one knows where ... And among these children was her son , the youngest and favorite of all nine children. A few years later he returned, but this, unfortunately, could not help my grandmother. And in the first year of my mother's and father's life together, she slowly faded away ... My mother's father - my grandfather - remained in her arms big family, of which only one mother's sister - Domitsela - was married at that time.
CRIMEAN CAMPAIGNS, campaigns of Russian troops under the command of the boyar Prince V.V. Golitsyn against the Crimean Khanate during Russian-Turkish war 1686-1700. According to the articles " Eternal peace» 1686, the Russian state undertook to break the Treaty of Bakhchisaray in 1681 with the Ottoman Empire, to protect the Commonwealth from the raids of the Crimean khans, and also to encourage the Don Cossacks to make a campaign against the Crimean Khanate in 1687. The Crimean campaigns were undertaken to stop the Crimean and Turkish raids on the southern outskirts of Russia and the Commonwealth and protect trade routes, as well as to divert forces Crimean Tatars from their possible participation in hostilities on the Dniester and Prut.
The plan of the first campaign of 1687 provided for the offensive of the Russian troops in combination with the actions of the Don and Ukrainian Cossacks. The Don Cossacks, led by ataman F. M. Minaev, were sent to strike at the right flank of the Crimean Tatars, and the Ukrainian Cossacks of the Chernigov colonel G. I. Samoilovich, together with the voivode of the Sevsky regiment, the roundabout L. R. Neplyuev, were sent to the lower reaches of the Dnieper to the Tatar fortress Kyzy-Kermen (Kazy-Kermen). These actions forced Crimean Khan Selim-Girey I concentrated all efforts on the defense of his possessions, and as a result, he was unable to provide assistance to the Turkish troops operating against the Commonwealth, Austria and Venice. Russian troops gathered in several places: the Big Regiment (near boyar Prince V.V. Golitsyn, boyar Prince K.O. Shcherbatov, roundabout V.A. Zmeev) - in Akhtyrka; Novgorod category (boyar A. S. Shein, okolnichiy prince D. A. Baryatinsky) - in Sumy; Ryazan discharge (boyar Prince V.D. Dolgorukov, roundabout P.D. Skuratov) - in Hotmyzhsk; Sevsky regiment - in Krasny Kut. Regimental governors set out from Moscow on 22.2(4.3).1687. In early May 1687, about 60 thousand soldiers, archers, spearmen, reiters, as well as 50 thousand noble cavalry and artillery concentrated on the Merlo River. Approximately 67% of the Russian army were regiments of the new order. On the Samara River, it was joined by Ukrainian Cossacks (up to 50 thousand) under the command of the Hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine I.S. Samoylovich. On 13 (23) 6/1687, the Russian army, having traveled only 300 km in 6 weeks, camped in the Bolshoy Lug tract. The next day, the Russian army began to move towards the fortress Or (Perekop). Upon learning of the approach of the Russians, the Tatars burned grass over a large area, depriving the Russian army of pasture for horses. On June 14-15 (24-25), the army advanced less than 13 km, experiencing great difficulties due to lack of water and fodder. Golitsyn convened a military council near the Karachakrak River, at which it was decided to return to Russian state. On July 12 (22), Duma clerk F. L. Shaklovity arrived at Golitsyn on the Orel River with proposals from Princess Sofya Alekseevna to continue military operations, and if it was impossible, to build fortresses on the Samara and Orel rivers and leave garrisons and equipment there to protect Left-Bank Ukraine from raids of the Crimean Tatars [in the summer of 1688, the Novobogoroditskaya fortress was built (now in the territory of the village of Shevchenko, Dnepropetrovsk region of Ukraine), where the Russian-Cossack garrison was located and more than 5.7 thousand tons of food was concentrated]. During the return from the 1st Crimean campaign, I. S. Mazepa and V. L. Kochubey made a false denunciation of the hetman I. S. Samoylovich, in which, among other things, the hetman was accused of being an opponent of the Russian-Polish union advised to go on a campaign in the spring, initiated the arson of the steppe. On July 22-25 (August 1-4), 1687, I. S. Samoylovich was deposed at the so-called Kolomak Rada, and Mazepa was elected the new hetman. On 14 (24) 8/1687, the Russian army returned to the banks of the Merlo River, where it was disbanded to their homes. The government of Princess Sofya Alekseevna, despite the obvious failure of the enterprise, recognized the campaign as a success and rewarded its participants.
Sofya Alekseevna 18 (28) 9/1688 announced the need for a new Crimean campaign. The Russian command took into account the lessons of the first campaign and planned to start the second in early spring so that the cavalry in the steppe was provided with pasture. At the same time, in 1689, the foreign policy situation of the Russian state became more complicated, since, contrary to the conditions of the “Eternal Peace” of 1686, the Commonwealth began peace negotiations with the Ottoman Empire. For a speech in the second campaign of 1689, Russian troops again gathered in different places: Large regiment (Golitsyn, steward Prince Ya. F. Dolgorukov, Zmeev) - in Sumy; Novgorod discharge (Shein, steward Prince F. Yu. Baryatinsky) - in Rylsk; Ryazan discharge (V. D. Dolgorukov, duma nobleman A. I. Khitrovo) - in Oboyan; Sevsky regiment (L. R. Neplyuev) - in Mezherechy; The Kazan regiment (boyar B.P. Sheremetev), including a special regiment of Nizovye nobles (okolnichiy I.Yu. Leontiev, steward Dmitriev-Mamonov), - in Chuguev. On April 15-18 (25-28), troops (about 112 thousand people) united on the Orel River, artillery consisted of up to 350 guns. On the Samara River on April 20 (30) a detachment of Cossacks (about 40 thousand people) of the Hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine I. S. Mazepa joined the army. The Russian army advanced south in the same order of march as in 1687. To repel the offensive of the Russian army, Selim Giray I gathered an army of up to 160 thousand people. On May 13 (23), a Tatar detachment (10 thousand people) attacked the Russian camp, located on the Koirka River. The next day, the main forces of the Tatars attacked Golitsyn's army near the Chernaya Dolina tract, but, having suffered heavy losses from Russian artillery fire, retreated. Having beaten off the attacks of the Tatar cavalry, the Russian army moved in the direction of the Kalanchak River and on May 20 (30) approached Perekop. The main forces of the Tatars surrounded the Russian army, but their attacks were again repulsed mainly by artillery fire. Golitsyn entered into negotiations with representatives of the khan, demanding the return of all Russian prisoners captured during the Crimean raids, to stop the raids, to refuse tribute, not to attack the Commonwealth and not to help the Ottoman Empire. On May 22 (June 1), the demand was rejected by the khan. The power of the Perekop fortifications and the fact that the Russian army was weakened by disease and lack of water forced Golitsyn to retreat, abandoning part of the guns. Pursued by the Tatar cavalry, the Russian regiments on May 29 (June 8) reached the southern borders of the Russian state. On June 19 (29) the army was disbanded. The government of Sofia Alekseevna solemnly welcomed Golitsyn in Moscow.
Despite the ineffectiveness of the Crimean campaigns, the Russian state made a significant contribution to the fight against Turkish aggression in Europe. It diverted the main forces of the Crimean Tatars, and the Ottoman Empire lost the support of numerous Crimean cavalry. However, the Crimean campaigns did not solve the problems of protecting the southern borders of the Russian state and eliminating the source of possible aggression in the Crimea. The main reasons for the failures of the Crimean campaigns were: the incompleteness of military reforms in the middle of the 17th century in the Russian state; the existence, along with the regiments of the new system, of the outdated noble local army and detachments of archers, which were distinguished by weak discipline; insufficient experience of V. V. Golitsyn as an army commander; dispersed command of the army between different government agencies and others. The lessons of the Crimean campaigns were taken into account by Tsar Peter I in the Azov campaigns of 1695-96.
Source: Correspondence of Patriarch Joachim with governors who were in the Crimean campaigns of 1687-1689. / Comp. L. M. Savelov. Simferopol, 1906; Neville de la. Notes on Muscovy. M., 1996.
Lit .: Ustryalov N. G. History of the reign of Peter the Great. St. Petersburg, 1858. Vol. 1; Golitsyn N. S. Russian military history. SPb., 1878. Part 2; Belov M.I. On the history of Russian diplomatic relations during the Crimean campaigns // Uch. app. LGU. 1949. T. 112; Babushkina G.K. International significance of the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 // Historical Notes. 1950. T. 33; Bogdanov A.P. "True and true legend" about the 1st Crimean campaign // Problems of studying narrative sources on the history of the Russian Middle Ages. M., 1982; he is. Moscow journalism of the last quarter of the 17th century. M., 2001; Lavrentiev A. V. “Note to the sovereign measuring miles and the camp of that Crimean campaign along the measuring wheel miles” of 1689 // Natural science representations of Ancient Russia. M., 1988; Artamonov V. A. Russia, the Commonwealth and Crimea 1686-1699 // Slavic collection. Saratov, 1993. Issue. 5; Stevens S. V. Soldiers on the steppe: army reform and social change in early modern Russia. DeKalb, 1995.
The end of the regency of Tsarina Sofya Alekseevna, who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1689, was marked by two attempts to secure the southern borders of the state. They went down in history as Golitsyn's Crimean campaigns of 1687-1689. The portrait of the prince opens the article. Despite the fact that the main task assigned to the command could not be completed, both military campaigns played important role as during the Great Turkish war, as well as in further development Russian state.
Creation of an anti-Turkish coalition
In 1684, at the initiative of Pope Innocent XI, an alliance of states was organized, called the "Holy League", and consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Commonwealth - a federation of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His task was to confront the aggressive policy, which had gained strength by that time, the Ottoman Empire, as well as its Crimean vassals.
Having concluded an alliance treaty with the Commonwealth in April 1686, Russia assumed the responsibility to carry out the military tasks assigned to it as part of the general strategic plan for fighting the alliance against Muslim aggressors. The beginning of these actions was the Crimean campaign of 1687, which was headed by Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who was the de facto head of government during the regency of Princess Sophia. Her portrait is below.
burning steppe
In May, the Russian army, numbering 100 thousand people and reinforced by detachments of Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks, set out from the left-bank Ukraine and began to advance towards the Crimea. When the warriors reached the borders of the Crimean Khanate and crossed the border river Konka, the Tatars resorted to the old and centuries-old method of protection against the advancing enemy - they set fire to the steppe on the entire territory lying in front of it. As a result, the Russian army, due to lack of food for horses, was forced to turn back.
First defeat
However, the First Crimean campaign did not end there. In July of the same year, the army of the Crimean Khan Selim Giray overtook the Russians in the area called Kara-Yylga. Despite the fact that in terms of numbers his army was inferior to the army of Prince Golitsyn, the khan was the first to attack. Dividing the forces at his disposal into three parts, he launched both frontal and flank attacks.
As the surviving historical documents, the battle, which lasted 2 days, ended with the victory of the Crimean Tatars, who captured more than a thousand prisoners and about 30 guns. Continuing the retreat, Golitsyn's army reached a place called Kuyash, and built defensive fortifications there, digging a moat in front of them.
The final defeat of the Russian-Cossack forces
Soon the Tatars approached them and camped on the opposite side of the ditch, preparing to give the Russian-Cossack army a new battle. However, the army of Prince Golitsyn, who had made a long journey through the waterless and scorched steppe by the enemy, was not able to fight, and its command suggested that Khan Selim-Girey begin negotiations on a peace treaty.
Having not received a positive response in time, and trying to avoid the complete destruction of his army, Golitsyn ordered a further retreat. As a result, having withdrawn at night, the Russians began to retreat, leaving the enemy an empty camp. Finding out in the morning that there was no one behind the defensive structures, the khan began the pursuit, and after a while overtook the Russians in the Donuzly-Oba area. In the ensuing battle, the army of Prince Golitsyn suffered heavy losses. According to historians, the reason for this military failure was the extreme exhaustion of the warriors, caused by the tan of the steppe.
Summary of the first trip
Nevertheless, the events of 1687, which became part of the military campaign that went down in history as the Crimean campaigns, played an important role in the struggle of the Holy League against Turkish expansion. Despite the failure that befell the Russian-Cossack army, he managed to divert the forces of the Crimean Khanate from the European theater of operations, and thereby facilitate the task of the allied troops.
The second campaign of Prince Golitsyn
The failure of the military campaign of 1687 did not plunge into despair either Princess Sophia or her closest boyar, Prince Golitsyn. As a result, it was decided not to stop the Crimean campaigns, and as soon as possible to strike again at the Horde, who had increased their robbery raids.
In January 1689, preparations began for a new military campaign, and in the first days of March, the army of Prince Golitsyn, this time increased to 150 thousand people, marched in the direction of the Crimea, which was the nest of the hated khanate. In addition to cavalry regiments and infantry, the warriors also had powerful artillery reinforcements, consisting of 400 guns.
Considering this period of the war of the European coalition with the Ottoman Empire and its vassals, one should note the very unworthy actions of the Commonwealth, which entered into negotiations with Istanbul and forced Russia to make the Crimean campaigns alone. What happened in subsequent years was repeated many times both in both World Wars and in many local conflicts - the main burdens fell on the shoulders of Russian soldiers who irrigated the battlefields with their blood.
Tatar attack repelled by artillery fire
After two and a half months of travel, in mid-May, the Russian army was attacked by the Tatars near the village of Zelenaya Dolina, located in three days way from Perekop. This time, the Horde did not set fire to the steppe, saving food for their own horses, and, having waited for the approach of the Russian army, they tried to sweep it away with an unexpected blow from their cavalry.
However, thanks to the reports of the patrols sent ahead, the effect of surprise was not achieved by the enemy, and the gunners managed to deploy their guns in battle order. Their dense fire, as well as rifle volleys of infantry, stopped the Tatars, and then pushed them far into the steppe. A week later, the army of Prince Golitsyn reached Perekop - the isthmus connecting the Crimean peninsula with the mainland.
A close but unattainable goal
No matter how great was the desire of the prince’s warriors, having overcome the last kilometers, to break into the Crimea, from where from time immemorial the daring raids of the Horde were carried out on Russia, and where countless strings of captured Christians were then driven, but they failed to make this last throw. There were several reasons for this.
As it became known from the testimonies of the captured Tatars, there were only three wells with fresh water, which was clearly not enough for the prince's army of many thousands, and beyond the isthmus, a waterless steppe stretched for many miles. In addition, the losses inevitable during the capture of Perekop could greatly weaken the army and call into question success in the battle with the main enemy forces concentrated on the peninsula.
In order to avoid unnecessary losses, it was decided to postpone further advance and, having built several fortresses, accumulate in them the necessary supply of food, equipment and, most importantly, water. However, these plans could not be realized, and soon the prince gave the order to retreat from their positions. Thus ended the Crimean campaigns of Golitsyn in 1687-1689.
The results of two military campaigns
Over the following centuries, discussions were repeatedly held about what role the Crimean campaigns of 1687-1689 played during the Great Turkish War, and what benefits they brought directly to Russia. Opinions differed, but most historians agreed that thanks to the military campaigns discussed above, Russia was able to greatly facilitate the task of the allied forces fighting the army of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. Having deprived the Turkish Pasha of the support of the Crimean vassals, the Russian army significantly limited his actions.
In addition, Golitsyn's Crimean campaigns contributed to the rise of Russia's prestige by international arena. Their important result was the termination of the payment of tribute, which Moscow had previously been forced to pay to its longtime enemies. As for the internal political life of the Russian state, the failed Crimean campaigns played a very important role in it, becoming one of the reasons for the overthrow of Princess Sophia and the accession to the throne of Peter I.
