I hate these scribblers! - growled Freud, twirling a fresh copy of his next biography in his hands. - I repeated a thousand times that the public has no right to my private life! I'll die - then please. And Zweig - there, he wants, you see, to perpetuate my life! So I wrote to him: "Whoever becomes a biographer undertakes to lie, conceal, hypocrisy, embellish and hide his own misunderstanding." Freud's biographers were perplexed: well, wow, what a swell. All my life shamelessly delved into other people's lives, and here - on you!
But who is he, this Viennese professor, who attributed to all mankind the most base instincts from the point of view of this humanity? Who is he who allegedly proved that every man is attracted to his mother, and every woman subconsciously wants to share a bed with her father? Who were his parents and how is he himself with all this filth? Freud did not want to give answers to these questions, refusing audiences to potential biographers. He did not want to let anyone into the cellars of his own subconscious.
Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in the town of Freiberg, located near the border of Prussia and Poland. Five streets, two barbers, a dozen grocers and one undertaker. The town was located 240 km from Vienna and no aromas of the turbulent metropolitan life reached there. Freud's father Jacob was a poor wool merchant. Recently, he married for the third time - to a girl fit for his daughter, who year after year bore him children. The firstborn was Sigmund. Jacob's new family was located in one, however, quite spacious room, rented in the house of an eternally drunk tinsmith.
In October 1859, the completely impoverished Freuds set off in search of happiness in other cities. They settled first in Leipzig, then in Vienna. But Vienna did not provide material wealth either. "Poverty and poverty, poverty and extreme squalor," Freud recalled his childhood. And also diligent study at the lyceum, success in languages, literature, especially ancient literature, philosophy, praise from teachers and the hatred of peers, bringing a black-haired excellent student with heavy curls to tears. From his school years, he obviously endured a complex that was inconvenient for later life: dislike to look the interlocutor in the eye.
Subsequently, as befits a poor Jewish youth, he became interested in politics and Marxism. His lyceum friend Heinrich Braun, who founded the Die Neue Zeit (an organ of the German Social Democratic Party) in 1883 together with Kautsky and Liebkhnecht, invited him to cooperate. But Freud himself did not know what he wanted. At first he thought about studying law, then - philosophy. As a result, grimacing with disgust, he went to the medical - a typical field for a young man of his nationality at that time. The teachers treated him the same way. They did not like his inconsistency in hobbies, superficiality and focus on quick and easy success.
After graduating from the medical faculty, Freud rushed to the Institute of Physiology, where he worked from 1876 to 1882. He received various scholarships and enthusiastically studied the genitals of eels and other similar creatures. "No one has ever," Freud fumed, "have ever seen the testicles of an eel." "These were not the sexual organs of an eel, but the beginnings of psychoanalysis," his psychoanalyst followers would say in chorus years later.
In 1884, Freud was fed up with eels, fish, and crustaceans, and went to the laboratory of clinical psychiatry professor Meinert to study the brains of human fetuses, children, kittens, and puppies. It was exciting, but not profitable. Freud wrote articles, even wrote a book on the then fashionable topic - aphasia, a speech disorder in patients who had a stroke, but - silence. Over the next 9 years, only 257 copies of the book were sold. No money, no fame.
And then there's love. Once, on vacation, he saw a 21-year-old, fragile, pale, short girl of very refined manners - Martha Verneuil. Freud's courtship was peculiar. On August 2, 1882, a few months after they met, he wrote to her: "I know that you are ugly in the sense that artists and sculptors understand it." They quarrel and reconcile, Freud arranges violent scenes of jealousy, periods of nightmare are replaced by happy rare months of consent, but he cannot marry without money. In 1882, Freud entered the main hospital of Vienna as a student and received an assistant post there a year later. Then he conducts paid classes for interns there, but all this is mere pennies. The received title of Privatdozent in neuropathology also does not radically change his position.
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In 1884, there is finally a hope to get rich. Freud brought to Vienna from Merck a then little-known alkaloid - cocaine - and hoped to be the first to discover its properties. However, the discovery is made by his friends Koenigsten and Koller: Freud went to rest with his fiancee, entrusting them with starting the research, and by his arrival they manage not only to start, but also to finish it. The world will know a sensation: cocaine has a local anesthetic effect. Freud repeats at every corner: "I'm not mad at my fiancee for missing a happy opportunity." However, in his autobiography much later he writes: "Because of my engagement, I did not become famous in those young years." And all the time he complains about poverty, slowly coming success, difficulties in winning the favor of people, hypersensitivity, nerves, worries.
The next time Freud missed his chance in Paris was when he went to study with Dr. Charcot, the same one who invented the contrast shower. Charcot treated hysterics, and at the turn of the century there were more of them than mushrooms after rain. Women in unison fell into a swoon, did not see, did not hear and did not smell, hoarse, sobbed and laid hands on themselves. It was here that Freud hoped to show what he was capable of. Before leaving, he writes to his fiancee: "My little princess. I will come with money. I will become a great scientist and return to Vienna with a big, huge halo over my head, and we will get married right away." But it was not possible to come with money. In Paris, Freud sniffed cocaine, roamed the streets, drank absinthe, resented the appearance of Parisians (ugly, bow-legged, long-nosed), composing a global work at night. About his work in one of his letters, he said: "Every night I do what I fantasize, ponder, guess, stopping only when I reach complete absurdity and exhaustion."
In general, Freud and Charcot did not work out. Charcot's dark eyes, exuding an unusually soft look, looked more over the head of young Freud, who did not hesitate to share with his friends the idea that had become obsessive by that time: "Why am I worse than Charcot? Why can't I be as famous?" On Tuesdays, Charcot held public sessions that fascinated Freud (a picture of such a session always hung later in his office). A hysterical woman writhing in a fit was brought into the hall, packed to overflowing with spectators, and Charcot cured her with hypnosis. Treatment is theater, Freud realized then. This is how a new type of clinical practice should look like.
The only thing Freud managed to get from Charcot was his works for translation into German. He translated several thick books on hypnosis, which he never managed to master.
The return to Vienna was painful. All hopes were dashed. He nevertheless got married, got into debt, moved to a large apartment at 19 Berggasse. He could not continue his research, the doctors did not let Freud near their patients. True, he was offered to manage the neuropathological service at the hospital institute, but he refused: the position, although a good one, was almost free.
And Freud wanted money. The only way out is private practice. He advertises in newspapers: "I treat various types of nervous disorders." Equips one of the rooms in his apartment as an office. There are no clients yet. But Freud is sure that they will. He is waiting. And here are the first ones. Sent by doctor friends. How tiresome it is to listen to their complaints for hours! They come, stick out in the office for half a day. And it is not clear what to do with them.
What am I to do with them, Martha, huh? - Freud is perplexed. - I have no practice either. Maybe read a textbook?
The textbook - on electrotherapy - was brought by a university friend. Freud immediately sticks electrodes into unfortunate patients. Results - zero. He tries hypnosis in the image and likeness of Charcot. It also doesn't work. He does not like to look people in the eye - ever since those very lyceums. Then he invents a method of concentration, puts his hands or a finger on the forehead of the patient and begins to press and ask: what worries you, what, what? Then, out of desperation, she tries massages, baths, rest, diets, enhanced nutrition. All in vain. He stopped touching patients with his hands and tormenting him with questions after 1896, when the sick Emma von N. complained that Freud was only bothering her.
After these failures, Freud changed his mind and tried to make the process of unsuccessful treatment comfortable, at least for himself. "I can't when they examine me for 8 hours a day," he said in the evenings to Martha. "And I can't look into the eyes of patients either." The solution was found: lay the patient on the couch and sit behind his head. Rationale: so that he relaxes and nothing embarrasses him. Another justification: so as not to see the doctor's idiotic grimaces in response to the nonsense that he carries. The third rationale: that he felt the oppressive presence of the doctor. And no questions: let him say what he wants. This is the method of free association that exposes the subconscious. This is how the basic norms and dogmas of the new profession were born. Freud tried to adjust the practice and laws of psychoanalysis to suit himself. He talks about much of this on March 15 in a German medical journal, using the term "psychoanalysis" for the first time.
There is still little money, but Freud feels that things have started. He works hard, writes books and articles, avoids idleness, smokes 20 cigars a day (this helps him concentrate). His study is already different: a sofa with an armchair at the head, coffee tables with antique figurines, a painting depicting a Charcot seance, subdued lighting. Gradually, Freud thinks out other details that provide comfort to the psychoanalyst. Such, for example: the session should be expensive. "Paying for therapy," says Freud, "must have a significant impact on the patient's pocket, otherwise the therapy goes badly." As proof of this, he receives one free patient every week and then shrugged his shoulders: the patient does not progress at all (why they do not progress is a separate topic and worthy of special theories that Freud presented in an impeccably vivid literary form and for which he received the Goethe Prize for Literature in 1930) . In general, Freud took a lot for his work. One session cost 40 crowns or 1 pound 13 shillings (that's how much an expensive suit cost then).
Gradually, Freud discovered the rest of the foundations of the craft. For example, I limited the session time to 45 - 50 minutes. Many patients were ready to chat for hours, tried to stay longer, but he kicked them out, explaining that temporary pressure was exactly what would help them get rid of the disease as soon as possible. And, finally, the last and most important, the foundation of the foundations is the principle of non-intervention, non-sympathy, indifference to the patient. Also to stimulate various beneficial processes. Another thing is also clear: to feel sympathy is tiresome and unreasonable, harmful to the doctor's mental health. The practical instruction looks like this: "The psychoanalyst should listen for a long time, show no reaction, and only insert individual remarks from time to time. The psychoanalyst should not satisfy the patient with his assessments and advice."
By the beginning of this century, Freud already knew that he had hit a gold mine. The spreading atheism recruited armies of clients for him. In his imagination, he clearly saw the marble plaques that would mark all the milestones of his great path, but glory was late. "I'm already 44 years old," he writes in another letter to his friend Fliess, "and who am I? An old poor Jew. Every Saturday I plunge into an orgy of fortune-telling cards, and I spend every second Tuesday with my Jewish brothers."
The turn to real fame and big money took place on March 5, 1902, when Emperor François-Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor to Sigmund Freud. The exalted audience of the beginning of the century - ladies puffing on cigarettes and dreaming of suicide - rushed towards him like a river. Freud worked 12-14 hours a day and was forced to call for help from two young associates, Max Kahane and Rudolf Reitler. Others soon joined them. After some time, Freud already regularly arranged classes at his home on Wednesdays, which received the name of the Psychological Society of the Environment, and since 1908 - the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The decadent beau monde gathered here, meetings were conducted not only by doctors, but also by writers, musicians, poets, and publishers. All the talk about Freud's books, despite the fact that they diverged badly (a thousand copies of "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" hardly sold in 4 years), only increased his fame. The more critics talked about obscenity, pornography, an attack on morality, the more friendly the decadent generation went to see him.
An indicator of true glory was the honoring in 1922 by the University of London of the five great geniuses of mankind - Philo, Memonides, Spinoza, Freud and Einstein. The Vienna house at 19 Berggasse was filled with celebrities, Freud's receptions were signed up from different countries, and it seemed to have been booked for many years to come. He is invited to lecture in the USA. Promise $ 10 thousand: in the morning - patients, in the afternoon - lectures. Freud counts his expenses and answers: not enough, I will return tired and even poorer. The contract is being reviewed in his favor.
However, the money and fame received at such a price is overshadowed by a serious illness: in April 1923, he was operated on for oral cancer. A terrible prosthesis and excruciating pain make the life of the father of psychoanalysts unbearable. He has difficulty eating and speaking. Freud is stoic about illness, jokes a lot, writes articles about Thanatos, the god of death, builds a theory about a person’s attraction to death. Against this background, rabid fame only annoys him. For example, the famous Hollywood mogul Samuel Goldwyn offered Sigmund Freud $100,000 just to put his name in the credits of a film about the famous love stories of mankind. Freud writes him an angry letter of rejection. The same fate befell the German company UFA, who wished to make a film about psychoanalysis itself. In 1928, the movie "Secrets of the Soul" was released on European screens, in the advertisement of which Freud's name is widely used. Freud makes a scandal and demands compensation.
The advent of fascism darkens his life even more. In Berlin, his books are publicly burned, his beloved daughter Anna, who followed in his footsteps and headed the World Psychoanalytic Society, was captured by the Gestapo. Freud's family flees to London. By then, Freud's health had become hopeless. And he determined his end himself: on September 23, 1939, Freud's attending physician, at his request, injected him with a lethal dose of morphine.
Freud is a fool
proavanzzzzzz 12.02.2006 08:33:12
Freud is an idiot! holding cocaine in his hands he was so unable to use it properly! put the whole nation on him, and then he would treat them! Look, there would be no Nazism!
freud
neo quincy 31.03.2006 09:37:12
Great article So much about Freud Even I didn't know Well done guys! (Historian)
Freud
Onikoua 19.05.2006 06:07:03
Sigmund is the person without whom humanity would not be what it is now ...
Freud
Slavic Slavutici 25.07.2006 07:50:33
The human soul is the most interesting object to study. Many do not understand how different we are. I hate patterns. Freud's work is very interesting to me. Respect to you and may the earth rest in peace.
The need to earn money did not allow him to stay at the department, he first entered the Physiological Institute, and then to the Vienna Hospital, where he worked as a doctor.
In 1885, Freud received the title of privatdozent, and he was given a scholarship for a scientific internship abroad.
In 1885-1886, he trained in Paris with the psychiatrist Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière clinic. Under the influence of his ideas, he came to the conclusion that unobservable dynamic traumas of the psyche can be the cause of psycho-nervous diseases.
Upon his return from Paris, Freud opened a private practice in Vienna, where he used the method of hypnosis to treat patients. At first, the method seemed effective: in the first few weeks, Freud achieved instant healing of several patients. But soon there were failures, and he became disillusioned with hypnotic therapy.
Freud turned to the study of hysteria and made significant contributions to the field through the use of free association (or "talk therapy"). The results of his joint research with the Austrian physician Josef Breuer on hysterical phenomena and problems of psychotherapy were published under the title "Studies in Hysteria" (1895).
In 1892, Freud developed and used a new therapeutic method - the insistence method, focused on constantly forcing the patient to remember and reproduce traumatic situations and factors. In 1895, he came to the conclusion about the fundamental illegality of identifying the mental and the conscious and about the importance of studying unconscious mental processes.
From 1896 to 1902, Sigmund Freud developed the foundations of psychoanalysis. He substantiated an innovative dynamic and energetic model of the human psyche, consisting of three systems: the unconscious - the preconscious - the conscious.
He first used the concept of "psychoanalysis" in an article on the etiology of neuroses, published in French on March 30, 1896.
The psychoanalytic method of treating patients, developed by Freud, consists in analyzing, according to certain rules, associations that spontaneously arise in the patient about any element of his mental life (method of free associations), interpretation of dreams, as well as various erroneous actions (slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue, forgetting, etc.). .p.) with the aim of isolating, with the help of psychoanalysis, the true (unconscious) causes of these phenomena and bringing these causes to the consciousness of the patient.
The result of the generalization of Freud's psychoanalytic research of this period was the classic works The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious (1905) and others published at the beginning of the 20th century.
The causes of many neuroses in Freud's patients at that time were various sexual problems, so Freud turned to research on sexuality and its development in childhood. Since then, Freud placed the development of sexuality at the center of the entire mental development of a person ("Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", 1905) and tried to explain to them such phenomena of human culture as art ("Leonardo da Vinci", 1913), features of the psychology of primitive peoples ( "Totem and taboo", 1913), etc.
In 1902, Freud became a professor at the University of Vienna.
In 1908 (together with Eigen Bleuler and Carl Gustav Jung) he founded the Yearbook of Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research, and in 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association.
In 1912, Freud founded the periodical The International Journal of Medical Psychoanalysis.
In 1915-1917 he lectured on psychoanalysis at the University of Vienna and prepared them for publication. At the same time, his new works came out of print, where he continued his research into the secrets of the unconscious.
In January 1920, Freud was awarded the title of ordinary professor at the University of Vienna.
In the 1920s, the scientist developed new problems of psychoanalysis: he revised the doctrine of drives ("Beyond the pleasure principle", 1920), highlighting "life drives" and "death drives", proposed a new model of personality structure (I, It and Superego), extended the ideas of psychoanalysis to the understanding of almost all aspects of social life.
In 1927 he published The Future of an Illusion, a psychoanalytic panorama of the past, present and future of religion, interpreting the latter in the status of an obsessive neurosis. In 1929 he published one of his most philosophical works, Anxiety in Culture. In it, Freud described a theory according to which not Eros, libido, will and human desire are in themselves the subject of the thinker's creativity, but the totality of desires in a state of permanent conflict with the world of cultural institutions, social imperatives and prohibitions, personified in parents, various authorities, public idols, etc. In 1939, Freud published the book Moses and Monotheism, dedicated to the psychoanalytic understanding of philosophical and cultural problems.
Freud was awarded the Literary Prize in 1930. Goethe. He was elected an honorary member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the French Psychoanalytic Society, the British Royal Medical Psychological Association.
In 1938, after the capture of Austria by Nazi Germany, Freud emigrated to Great Britain.
In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with jaw cancer, caused by his addiction to cigars. Operations on this occasion were carried out constantly and tormented him until the end of his life. In the summer of 1939, Sigmund Freud's health began to deteriorate, and on September 23 of that year he died.
Freud's works had a tremendous impact on pre-existing ideas about man and his world, and laid the foundation for the formation of new ideas and psychological theories.
In St. Petersburg, Vienna, London, and Přibor there are museums to them. Freud. Monuments to Freud are installed in London, Pribor, Prague.
Sigmund Freud was married to Martha Bernays, the family had six children. The youngest daughter Anna (1895-1982) became a follower of her father, founded child psychoanalysis, systematized and developed psychoanalytic theory, made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of psychoanalysis in her writings.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Freud S., 1856-1939). An outstanding physician and psychologist, the founder of psychoanalysis. F. was born in the Moravian city of Freiburg. In 1860, the family moved to Vienna, where he graduated from the gymnasium with honors, then entered the medical faculty of the university and in 1881 received a doctorate in medicine.
F. dreamed of devoting himself to theoretical research in the field of neurology, but was forced to go into private practice as a neurologist. He was not satisfied with the physiotherapy procedures used at that time for the treatment of neurological patients, and he turned to hypnosis. Under the influence of medical practice, F. developed an interest in mental disorders of a functional nature. In 1885-1886. he attended the Charcot J. M. clinic in Paris, where hypnosis was used in the study and treatment of hysterical patients. In 1889 - a trip to Nancy and acquaintance with the work of another French school of hypnosis. This trip contributed to the fact that F. had an idea about the main mechanism of functional mental illness, about the presence of mental processes that, being outside the sphere of consciousness, influence behavior, and the patient himself does not know about it.
The decisive moment in the formation of the original theory of F. was the departure from hypnosis as a means of penetration to the forgotten experiences that underlie neuroses. In many, and just the most severe cases, hypnosis remained powerless, as it encountered resistance that it could not overcome. F. was forced to look for other ways to pathogenic affects and eventually found them in the interpretation of dreams, freely floating associations, small and large psychopathological manifestations, excessively increased or decreased sensitivity, movement disorders, slips of the tongue, forgetting, etc. drew on the phenomenon of the patient transferring feelings to the doctor that took place in early childhood in relation to significant persons.
Research and interpretation of this diverse material F. called psychoanalysis - the original form of psychotherapy and research method. The core of psychoanalysis as a new psychological direction is the doctrine of the unconscious.
The scientific activity of F. covers several decades, during which his concept has undergone significant changes, which gives grounds for the conditional allocation of three periods.
In the first period, psychoanalysis basically remained a method of treating neuroses, with occasional attempts at general conclusions about the nature of mental life. Such works by F. of this period as "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1900), "Psychopathology of Everyday Life" (1901) have not lost their significance. F. considered the suppressed sexual desire - "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905) - to be the main motivating force in human behavior. At this time, psychoanalysis began to gain popularity, around F. there was a circle of representatives of various professions (doctors, writers, artists) who wanted to study psychoanalysis (1902). F.'s extension of the facts obtained in the study of psychoneuroses to an understanding of the mental life of healthy people was met with great criticism.
In the second period, the concept of F. turned into a general psychological doctrine of the personality and its development. In 1909, he lectured in the United States, which was then published as a complete, albeit brief, presentation of psychoanalysis - "On Psychoanalysis: Five Lectures" (1910). The most widespread work is the "Introduction to Psychoanalysis Lectures", the first two volumes of which are a record of lectures delivered to physicians in 1916-1917.
In the third period, the teachings of F. - Freudianism - underwent significant changes and received its philosophical completion. Psychoanalytic theory has become the basis for understanding culture, religion, civilization. The doctrine of instincts was supplemented by ideas about the attraction to death, destruction - "Beyond the principle of pleasure" (1920). These ideas, received by F. in the treatment of wartime neuroses, led him to the conclusion that wars are the result of the death instinct, that is, due to human nature. The description of the three-component model of human personality - "I and It" (1923) belongs to the same period.
Thus, F. developed a number of hypotheses, models, concepts that captured the originality of the psyche and firmly entered the arsenal of scientific knowledge about it. Phenomena were involved in the circle of scientific analysis that traditional academic psychology was not accustomed to take into account.
After the occupation of Austria by the Nazis, F. was persecuted. The International Union of Psychoanalytic Societies, having paid the fascist authorities in the form of a ransom a significant amount of money, obtained permission to leave F. to England. In England he was greeted enthusiastically, but F.'s days were numbered. He died on 23 September 1939 at the age of 83 in London.
FREUD Sigmund
1856–1939) was an Austrian neuropathologist and founder of psychoanalysis. Born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (now Příbor), located near the border of Moravia and Silesia, about two hundred and forty kilometers northeast of Vienna. Seven days later, the boy was circumcised and given two names - Shlomo and Sigismund. He inherited the Hebrew name Shlomo from his grandfather, who died two and a half months before the birth of his grandson. Only at the age of sixteen did the young man change his name Sigismund to the name Sigmund.
His father Jacob Freud married Amalia Natanson, Freud's mother, being much older than her and having two sons from his first marriage, one of whom was the same age as Amalia. By the time their first child was born, Freud's father was 41 years old, while his mother was three months away from turning 21. Over the next ten years, seven children were born in the Freud family - five daughters and two sons, one of whom died a few months after his birth, when Sigismund was less than two years old.
Due to a number of circumstances related to economic decline, the growth of nationalism and the futility of further life in a small town, the Freud family moved in 1859 to Leipzig, and then a year later to Vienna. Freud lived in the capital of the Austrian Empire for almost 80 years.
During this time, he brilliantly graduated from the gymnasium, in 1873 at the age of 17 he entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, from which he graduated in 1881, receiving a medical degree. For several years, Freud worked at the E. Brücke Physiological Institute and the Vienna City Hospital. In 1885-1886, he completed a six-month internship in Paris with the famous French physician J. Charcot at the Salpêtrière. Upon his return from the internship, he married Martha Bernays, eventually becoming the father of six children - three daughters and three sons.
Having opened a private practice in 1886, Z. Freud used various methods of treating nervous patients and put forward his understanding of the origin of neuroses. In the 1990s, he laid the foundations for a new method of research and treatment called psychoanalysis. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he developed the psychoanalytic ideas put forward by him.
Over the next two decades, S. Freud made further contributions to the theory and technique of classical psychoanalysis, used his ideas and methods of treatment in private practice, wrote and published numerous works devoted to refining his initial ideas about the unconscious drives of a person and the use of psychoanalytic ideas in various fields. knowledge.
Z. Freud received international recognition, was friends and corresponded with such prominent figures of science and culture as Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, Romain Rolland, Arnold Zweig, Stefan Zweig and many others.
In 1922, the University of London and the Jewish Historical Society organized a series of lectures on five famous Jewish philosophers, including Freud along with Philo, Maimonides, Spinoza, Einstein. In 1924, the Vienna City Council awarded Z. Freud the title of honorary citizen. On his seventieth birthday, he received congratulatory telegrams and letters from all over the world. In 1930 he was awarded the Goethe Prize for Literature. In honor of his seventy-fifth birthday, a memorial plaque was erected in Freiberg on the house in which he was born.
On the occasion of Freud's 80th birthday, Thomas Mann read out his address to the Academic Society of Medical Psychology. The appeal was signed by about two hundred famous writers and artists, including Virginia Woolf, Herman Hess, Salvador Dali, James Joyce, Pablo Picasso, Romain Rolland, Stefan Zweig, Aldous Huxley, H. G. Wells.
Z. Freud was elected an honorary member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the French Psychoanalytic Society, and the British Royal Medical Psychological Association. He was given the official title of Corresponding Member of the Royal Society.
After the Nazi invasion of Austria in March 1938, the life of S. Freud and his family was in danger. The Nazis seized the library of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, visited the house of Z. Freud, conducted a thorough search there, confiscated his bank account, and summoned his children Martin and Anna Freud to the Gestapo.
Thanks to the help and support from the American Ambassador to France, W.S. Bullitt, Princess Marie Bonaparte and other influential persons Z. Freud received permission to leave and at the beginning of June 1938 left Vienna in order to move to London via Paris.
Z. Freud spent the last year and a half of his life in England. In the very first days of his stay in London, he was visited by HG Wells, Bronislaw Malinovsky, Stefan Zweig, who brought Salvador Dali with him, secretaries of the Royal Society, acquaintances, friends. Despite his advanced age, the development of cancer, which was first discovered in him in April 1923, accompanied by numerous operations and steadfastly endured by him for 16 years, S. Freud carried out almost daily analyzes of patients and continued to work on his handwritten materials.
On September 21, 1938, Z. Freud asked his attending physician Max Schur to fulfill the promise that he had given him ten years ago at their first meeting. In order to avoid unbearable suffering, M. Schur twice administered a small dose of morphine to his famous patient, which turned out to be sufficient for a worthy death of the founder of psychoanalysis. On September 23, 1939, Z. Freud died without knowing that a few years later, his four sisters, who remained in Vienna, would be burned in a crematorium by the Nazis.
From the pen of Z. Freud came out not only a variety of works on the technique of medical use of psychoanalysis, but also such books as The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), Wit and its relation to the unconscious (1905), "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905), "Delirium and Dreams in Gradiva" by W. Jensen (1907), "Memories of Leonardo da Vinci" (1910), "Totem and Taboo" (1913) , Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1916/17), Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Human Self (1921), Self and It (1923), Inhibition, Symptom and Fear (1926), The Future of an Illusion (1927), Dostoevsky and Parricide (1928), Dissatisfaction with Culture (1930), Moses the Man and Monotheistic Religion (1938) and others.
One of the incredible and very talented people, whose creations still do not leave any scientist indifferent, is Sigmund Freud (whose years of life and death are 1856-1939). All his works are in the public domain and are used in the treatment of most people.
The biography of Sigmund Freud is rich in many events and incidents. Briefly about the main thing can be found in this article.
Psychoanalyst, neurologist, psychologist - all this is about him. He managed to reveal many secrets of our invisible consciousness, get to the truth of human fears and instincts, understand the secrets of our ego and leave behind an incredible store of knowledge.
Sigmund Freud: date of birth and death
The famous scientist was born on May 6, 1856, and died on September 23, 1939. Place of birth - Freiberg (Austria). Full name - Sigmund Shlomo Freud. Lived 83 years.
Freud Sigmund spent the first years of his life with his family in the city of Freiberg. His father (Jacob Freud) was an ordinary wool merchant. The boy loved him very much, as well as his half-brothers and sisters.
Jacob Freud had a second wife - Amalia, mother of Sigmund. There is a very interesting fact that Freud's maternal grandmother was from Odessa.
Until the age of sixteen, Sigmund's mother lived with her family in Odessa. Soon they moved to live in Vienna, where the mother met the father of the future talented psychologist. Since she was almost half the age of Jacob, and his older sons were her age, people started a rumor that one of them had an affair with a young stepmother.
Little Sigmund also had his own brothers and sister.
Childhood period
Freud's childhood years were quite difficult, because it was precisely because of the events experienced during that period that the young psychologist was able to draw interesting conclusions related to childhood in general and the problems of youth in particular.
So, Shlomo lost his brother Julius, after which he felt shame and remorse. After all, he did not always show warm feelings for him. It seemed to Freud that the brother takes a lot of time from the parents, and therefore they do not have enough strength for their other children. After that, the future psychoanalyst issued two verdicts:
- All children in the family consider each other special rivals among themselves, without realizing it. They often wish each other the worst.
- Regardless of how the family positions itself (friendly or unfavorable), if a child feels guilty about something, he develops various nervous diseases.
The biography of Sigmund Freud was predicted to the mother even before his birth. One of the fortune-tellers once told her that her first child would be very famous and smart, would have a special mindset and erudition, and in a few years the whole world would know about him. From this, Amalia was too reverent towards Sigmund.
In his early years, Freud was really different from other children. He began to speak and read early, and went to school a year earlier than other children. He had no speech problems. Freud knew how to express his point of view well. It is incredible that such a great man could not stand up for himself, and even his peers mocked him. Despite this, Freud graduated from the gymnasium with excellent marks. Then it's time to think about the future.
The Early Years of Sigmund Freud
As a Jew, he could become a doctor, a salesman (like his father), take up a craft or take the side of the law. However, his father's work seemed uninteresting to him, and the craft did not inspire the future great psychiatrist. He could have become a good lawyer, but nature took its toll, and the young man took up medicine. In 1873, Sigmund Freud entered the university.
Personal life and family of a scientist
The professional biography and personal life of Sigmund Freud are closely intertwined. It seems that it was love that pushed him to magnificent discoveries.
Medicine was easy for him, with the help of various diagnostic conclusions, he came to psychoanalysis and made his own conclusions, made small observations and constantly wrote them down in his notebook. Sigmund knew that he could become a private doctor, and this would give him a good income. And he needed him for one big reason - Martha Bernays.
Sigmund saw her for the first time when Marta came to his sister's house. Then the heart of the young scientist caught fire. He was not afraid to be frank and knew how to behave with the opposite sex. Every evening, Freud's beloved received a gift from him - a red rose, as well as an offer to meet. So they secretly spent time, because Martha's family was very rich, and parents would not allow an ordinary Jew to marry their daughter. After the second month of meetings, Shlomo confessed his love to Martha and offered his hand and heart. Despite the fact that her answer was mutual, Martha's mother took her away from the city.
Young Shlomo decided not to give up and fight for marriage with a young beauty. And he achieved this after going into private practice. They lived together for over 50 years and raised six children.
Freud's practice and innovation
The chosen profession enriched him financially and morally. The young doctor was going to help people, in order to do this, he had to test the proven methods on himself. Knowing some of the tricks he learned in the hospitals he trained in, Freud put them into practice based on the patient's problems. For example, hypnosis was used to penetrate the patient's old memories and help him find the problem that was tearing his flesh. Baths or massage showers are practiced to treat nervous exacerbations. Once Z. Freud came across studies on the benefits of cocaine, which at that time did not receive wide popularity. And he immediately tried the technique.
Freud was sure that this substance does more good than harm. He spoke about the connection of mind and body, that after the endured bliss, all stress evaporates and goes away. He began to advise this way of using cocaine to other people, after which he was very sorry.
It turned out that people with acute mental neurosis are completely contraindicated in such methods. Most of the indicators worsened after the first application, and it was almost impossible to restore them. And this meant for Freud only one thing - it is necessary to look for the cause of all diseases in the subconscious of a person. And then the psychoanalyst acted as follows: he broke the parts of life into separate fragments, looked for a problem in them and brought his own hypothesis of the disease. For a better understanding of his own patients, he came up with this method. This method was used in this way: the psychologist named certain words that could somehow affect the patient's psyche, and he in response named other words that first came to his mind. As Freud argued, in this way he directly explored the psyche. All that remained was to interpret the answers correctly.
This new approach of psychoanalysis amazed thousands of people who came to him for a session. Recording was carried out for years ahead. This was the beginning for the development of their own theories.
The book "The Study of Hysteria" in 1985 brought even more fame to the scientist, in which he singled out three components of the structure of our consciousness: id, ego and superego.
- Id - psychological component, unconscious (instinct).
- The ego is a person's own impulses.
- Superego - the norms and rules of society.
The whole book describes these factors in interrelation. To understand this process, you need to understand the relationship of each of them to the person as a whole. Such a scientific development seems too complicated and abstruse, but Freud easily explains it with a simple example. The first factor may be the student's feeling of hunger in the lesson, the second - the appropriate actions, and the third - the realization that these actions will be wrong. It follows from this that the human ego regulates the process between the id and the superego. Thus, the student will not eat at the lesson. Knowing that this is not accepted, he will be able to restrain himself. Then it turns out that people who do not regulate the ego process have various mental deviations.
Developing this idea, the scientist deduced the following personality models:
- Unconscious.
- Preconscious.
- Conscious.
In 1902, a community of psychoanalysts was founded, which included famous scientists such as Otto Rank, Sandor Ferenczi, and others. Freud was active in this cell. Periodically wrote his works. So, for the first time he presented to the public the work "Psychopathology of everyday life", which attracted a lot of people's attention.
In 1905, Z. Freud published his practice entitled: “Three studies on the theory of sexuality”, where he explains the relationship of sexual problems in adulthood with early psychological trauma in childhood. Society did not like such work, and the author was instantly bombarded with humiliating insults. However, there was no end to the patients. It is Freud who introduces normal life circumstances into the concept of sex. He discusses the problems of sex in a normal everyday context. The scientist explains this by a simple natural instinct that wakes up completely in everyone. Dreams are also interpreted in the order of sexual characteristics.
Based on this teaching, the professor invented a new concept - the Oedipus complex. It is closely connected with the childhood of the child and the unconscious attraction to one of the parents. Freud gave parents methodological recommendations for raising children so that in adulthood they would not have sexual problems.
Other methods of Z. Freud
Freud later developed a method for analyzing dreams. It is with the help of them, as he argued, that the problem of man can be solved. Dreams are dreamed by people on purpose, in this way the consciousness transmits a signal and helps to find a way out of the current situation, but people, as a rule, do not know how to do this on their own. Sigmund Freud began to receive patients and interpret their dreams, he listened to the most secret secrets of his acquaintances and people completely unfamiliar to him, increasingly realizing that all the difficulties are associated with childhood or sexual life.
Such premises again did not please the community of psychoanalysts, but Freud began to develop the doctrine further.
Turning years
The years 1914-1919 became a big shock for the scientist; as a result of the First World War, he lost all his money and, most importantly, his daughter. On the front line at that time were two more of his sons, he was in constant torment, worrying about their lives.
These sensations served to create a new theory - the death instinct.
Sigmund had hundreds of chances to become rich again, he was even offered to become a member of the film, but the scientist refused. And in 1930 he was awarded a prize for his enormous contribution to psychiatry. Such an event raised Freud again, and three years later he began to lecture on the topics of love, death and sexuality.
Old patients and strangers began to come to his performances. People asked Freud to hold private receptions for them, promising to pay huge sums of money.
Now Freud is becoming a famous neurologist and psychiatrist, colleagues are beginning to use his works, refer to his methods and even request the right to use them in their own sessions.
For Freud, these were the best years of his life.
Sigmund Freud and his publications
Many of the terms that psychologists now use in professional speech or simply study in lectures are interpreted by Z. Freud himself based on his hypotheses. The institutes have a course of lectures that briefly tells the biography of Sigmund Freud and his main works.
There are dream books according to Z. Freud, as well as books for everyday reading:
- "I and It";
- "The Curse of Virginity";
- "Psychology of sexuality";
- "Introduction to Psychoanalysis";
- "Reservations";
- "Letters to the Bride".
Such books are accessible to the understanding of ordinary people who are little familiar with psychological terms.
Last days of the great scientist
In constant search and work, the scientist spent his best years of his life. Freud's death shocked many. The man suffered from pain in the throat and mouth. Later, a tumor was found, due to which he underwent dozens of operations, losing the pleasant appearance of his face. During his years of life, Z. Freud managed to make an important contribution to many areas of human life. It would seem that a little more time, and he would have created much more.
But, unfortunately, the disease took its toll. The man made an agreement with his doctor in advance, and when he didn’t want to endure it anymore, and there was also no need to force all his relatives to look at it, Z. Freud turned to him and said goodbye to this world. After the injection, he calmly fell into an eternal sleep.
Conclusion
In general, the years of Freud's life were interesting and fruitful. The author of so many scientific articles, theories, books and techniques did not live the most modest life. The biography of Sigmund Freud is full of ups, downs and exciting stories. He was able to see beyond the human consciousness. Freud achieved a lot in life, despite the fact that he was silent and unable to repulse his peers. Or maybe it was the isolation that was able to direct his energy in the right direction.
After the death of the scientist, there were like-minded people and those who mastered his practices. They began to sell their services. To date, Freud's research is still relevant and studied, many earn a lot of money on them. Sigmund Freud (years of life and death of a scientist - 1856-1939) made an invaluable contribution to the development of psychology and neurology.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Austrian psychologist, psychiatrist and neurologist, creator of psychoanalysis.
Biography
See the biography itself →
The teachings of Z. Freud
Freud stated that human behavior is governed not by ideals, not by reason and not by the rules of decency, but by instincts: the instinct of sex and the fear of death. He argued that the basis of all our actions are secret desires, complexes and neuroses. You can learn about them by analyzing your dreams. According to Freud, not consciousness, but the unconscious controls human behavior. Look →
Freud believed that there is a single list of innate drives that are common to all people and cannot be changed: these are life drives, sexual drives, death drives. Look →
Freud proposed a three-component model of the psyche, consisting of "It", "I" and "Super-I". Look →
Freud influenced the entire European culture: Proust, Joyce, Sartre, Dali, Picasso. The influence of Z. Freud on both academic and practical psychology is enormous. From the work of Z. Freud went:
- actually Freudianism, or classical psychoanalysis, deriving all the problems of an adult from sexual instinct, see →
- psychoanalytic approach, deriving all the moments and problems of an adult from the events and experiences of his childhood, see →
- psychodynamic approach, which brings about what is happening in the human soul from the deep struggle (dynamics) of unconscious forces, see → Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung stand out among Freud's students.
Publications
Sigmund Freud once wrote poetry, in psychology he began his research more as a physiologist and neuropsychologist, but became famous for his research as the founder of psychoanalysis: Studies in Hysteria (1895), Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901 ), Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious (1905), Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Totem and Taboo (1913), Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1916-1917), side of the pleasure principle" (1920), "Psychology of the Masses and Analysis of the Self" (1921), "I and It" (1923), "The Future of an Illusion" (1927), "Civilization and Those Dissatisfied with It" (1930), "Moses and Monotheism" (1939), "Essay on Psychology" (1940, unfinished), "Analysis of a Phobia of a Five-Year-Old Boy", "On a Dream", "On Psychoanalysis", "A Child is Beaten: On the Question of the Origin of Sexual Perversions".
Modern assessment of the legacy of Z. Freud
Despite the fact that psychoanalysis has become a "sacred cow" in psychology, psychoanalysis has no direct relation to science, it is more poetry, mythology and a practical approach. There is no scientific data that either confirms his position on the leading role of sexual desires. Its effectiveness in comparison with the behavioral and humanistic approach is low. look
