Some difficulty in learning the Russian language is created by a complex sentence with a subordinate clause. This article will be devoted to consideration of issues related to this section.
Complex sentence with attributive clause
A complex sentence is a linguistic construction in which there is more than one grammatical basis - a subject and a predicate. Moreover, a complex sentence with a subordinate clause is distinguished by the presence of a main part and a dependent part. The subordinate clause denotes the attribute of the object named in the main clause and answers the questions “which, which.”
Complex sentences are often found in speech. Examples can be given as follows.
The dog ran through a meadow (which one?), which was full of flowers.
Tatyana was reading a book from Nikolai’s library (which one?), which was already the twentieth.
Why are complex sentences needed?
Some people think that all their thoughts are easy to express in short phrases, “no hassles.” They argue that a complex sentence with a subordinate clause should be replaced by two monobasic simple ones.
In some cases they are right. Especially when it comes to “multi-story” constructions with several subordination, participial and participial phrases. Such constructions are difficult to read, and to understand the meaning of what is being said is even more difficult. But what can happen if you constantly replace all complex sentences with several simple ones? We will try to transform the examples given above into simplified versions.
The dog ran across the meadow. The meadow was full of flowers.
Tatyana was reading a book from Nikolai's library. She was already the twentieth in a row.
The resulting sentences were quite understandable and easy to read. We just needed to replace allied words nouns or pronouns. However, in the first case, there is repetition of the word in neighboring sentences, which is undesirable. And by ear, this option is more reminiscent of material from a primer for children learning to read, and not of beautiful Russian speech.
Analysis of a complex sentence
To correctly place punctuation marks in complex grammatical constructions, the ability to find grammatical bases in their parts is required. For example, let's look at a sentence.
The bird sat on the branch of a tree that was bent over under the weight of snow.
Main part - a bird sat on a tree branch, Where bird- subject, and villages- predicate. Subordinating clause here it is: "TOwhich was hunched over under the weight of snow". Conjunctive word " which" can easily be replaced with the word " tree" Then you get a complete simple sentence: “ The tree is bent over under the weight of snow", where the grammatical basis is " the tree is hunched over" Therefore, when parsing subordinate clause indicated by subject " which" - this is the main word here.
The diagram of a complex sentence will help you understand more accurately. The rectangle denotes the main part, the circle the subordinate part. You should also indicate in the diagram the connecting connective word and place punctuation marks.
Connection in a complex sentence with an attributive clause
If the author uses this construction in speech, he connects the main part with the secondary part using allied words “which”, “whose”, “which”, “when”, “who”, “what”, “from where”, “whither”, “where”. Parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. Moreover, the words " whose, which, which" are basic, and all the rest from the list are non-basic, indicating the attribute of an object indirectly. But they (non-basic connecting allied words) can always be replaced with the main " which».
I adore the house in the village where I spent my childhood.
In this construction the conjunction word “ Where" is easily replaced by the word " in which" You can put a question to the subordinate clause “ I adore the house in the village (which one?) where I spent my childhood.”
Often there are demonstrative words in the main part “that” (“that”, “that”, “those”), “such”, “each”, “every”, “any”.
I respect those people who defended their Fatherland with their breasts.
Where and when to place a comma in complex sentences
- In speech constructions where there are subordinate clauses, a comma is placed between the main part and the dependent part.
Here is the cinema where they kissed in the last row.
Black clouds gathered over the forest in which we were picking mushrooms.
- Sometimes the presence of intensifying-restrictive words (conjunctions or their combinations, particles, introductory words) is revealed in the subordinate clause. These are especially, in particular, in particular, even, including, and also, namely, but (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only and others. They are classified as a subordinate clause, and the comma is placed in such a way as not to separate the intensifying-restrictive words from the subordinate clause itself.
It’s good to relax in a village, especially next to which there is a river flowing.
- If we have complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, unrelated connecting or disjunctive conjunctions and (yes), or, either, then a comma separates all simple sentences.
The stream ran past a beautiful fairy-tale lawn, which was full of flowers, over which bright butterflies fluttered.
When is a comma not used in complex sentences?
- There are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, which are homogeneous and interconnected by single connecting or disjunctive conjunctions and (yes), or, or.
I like to watch kids playing in the sandbox or enthusiastically looking at pictures in a book.
- You should not separate a subordinate clause consisting of one word with commas.
I would take a book, but I don’t know which one.
- Do not separate a subordinate clause with a comma if there is a negative particle before the subordinating conjunctive word " Not".
I had to see not what kind of work it was, but why and by whom it was written.
Position of the connecting word in a complex sentence
Difficulty in parsing may arise when the connecting conjunctive word is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle or even at the end.
Christmas morning was approaching cautiously, which all the kids were looking forward to.
All listeners were captivated by that singer, for whom they did not spare applause.
However, the scheme of a complex sentence, in which the connecting conjunctive word is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, is constructed in such a way as if it were located immediately after the comma.
Stylistic errors in complex sentences with attributive clauses
Quite often, people make outright blunders in their speech. What complex sentence will have a distorted meaning?
That is where there is an incorrect location of the attributive clause relative to the word from the main part, the attribute of which is indicated. If the definition is placed far from it, the entire structure may take on a distorted meaning.
A phrase can become completely absurd if, between the defined word and the subordinate attributive, sentence members that depend on other words are inserted. For example:
Tatyana loved to eat the jam with a spoon that her grandmother made.
From the sentence we can conclude that the grandmother was an expert in making spoons. And this is not true at all! Grandma made jam and never made objects kitchen utensils. That's why the right option will be like this:
Tatyana loved to eat the jam that her grandmother made with a spoon.
But in those cases when between the subordinate and the defined word there are members of the sentence that depend specifically on it, then the construction has a right to exist.
Tatyana loved to eat jam with a spoon painted with a bright ornament, which her grandfather gave her.
Here the phrase “painted with bright ornaments” is dependent on “spoon”, so there was no mistake.
Yes, the Russian language is diverse and difficult! Complex sentences do not occupy here last place. However, the ability to use them correctly in speech and accurately place punctuation marks can achieve a beautiful and vivid description.
There are three broadest groups of complex sentences with subordinate clauses:
- definitive,
- explanatory,
- circumstantial.
These groups of complex sentences are distinguished by the following characteristics:
- the semantic question that the subordinate clause answers,
- means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one (conjunctions, allied words, demonstrative words).
§ 22. Complex sentences with attributive clauses
Subordinate clauses contain a characteristic of the object or phenomenon named in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They refer to a member of the main clause that is expressed by a noun or another word with the meaning of a noun. Join the main sentence with the help of allied words who, where, when, what and etc.
For example: The morning (what morning?) when this story begins, it was cloudy, but warm. (K. Paustovsky.) We met an acquaintance (what acquaintance?) whom we had not seen for a long time.
To highlight the word being defined in the main sentence, you can use an indicative word.
For example: A stream flowed from that pond (what pond?), which was located on the outskirts of the village.
In such sentences, the subordinate clause is attached to the combination of a noun and a demonstrative word. The demonstrative word here is not constructively obligatory and can be omitted: A stream flowed from a pond, which was located on the outskirts of the village.
Read complex sentences.
From the highlighted words, pose a question to the subordinate clauses.
What part of speech are the highlighted words?
What position can a subordinate clause take in relation to the main clause?
1. That night I arrived in city, where he had to stay for a day to purchase the necessary things.
2. At dawn, the inhabitants hurried to climb the fortress walls and fixed their gaze in that direction, from where they expected the enemy.
3. Service, which I had been thinking about with such delight for a minute, seemed to me like a grave misfortune.
4. Frost ran through my whole body at thoughts, in whose hands I was.
5. We agreed to fight behind the stacks that were near the fortress.
(According to A. Pushkin.)
107. Write down complex sentences with attributive clauses using emphatic commas. Complete the entry according to the sample.
1. There are such autumn nights when there is no wind over our wooded region. Only the watchman's beater can be heard from the village outskirts. 2. The fear that “indoor people” feel of nature - the fear of thunderstorms and showers, fogs and heat, impenetrable nights and winds, forests and incomprehensible sounds - becomes incomprehensible and funny. (According to K. Paustovsky.) 3. On the mountain where we had to climb, a little white church with a green roof peeked out from behind the villages. 4. For the night we were assigned to a spacious house where it smelled of washed walls and cleanliness. (V. Soloukhin.)
108. Write it down using the necessary punctuation marks. Highlight the supporting words and phrases in the main sentence. Designate allied words as members of a sentence and as parts of speech.
I. 1. In the spring of 1826, Pushkin was looking forward to the arrival in Trigorskoye of the poet Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov, about whom he had heard a lot from Alexei Nikolaevich Wulf, the son of Praskovya Alexandrovna Osipova. 2. Yazykov liked everything about Trigorskoye and Mikhailovskoye, both the local nature and the owners of Trigorskoye and the young “maidens of the Trigorsk Mountains,” especially Pushkin, of whom he was in awe.
II. 1. The garden is an integral part of the estates of the 18th and 19th centuries. This was the case everywhere. This was the case in Trigorskoye. In 1970, the garden was laid out in the same place as before. On the one hand, it adjoins the place where the farm yard once stood; on the other, it borders on the center of the estate and the park. 2. In Trigorsky Park, diseased trees that were damaged during the Great Patriotic War are being treated. Patriotic War. 3. Second life for this most beautiful place began only in our days when Trigorskoye became a protected area.
(According to S. Geichenko.)
109. Answer the questions with complex sentences with a attributive clause attached using the conjunctive word which.
1. What branch of the science of language is called syntax? 2. What is a phrase? 3. What sentences are called two-part sentences? 4. Which part of the sentence is called an addition? 5. What sentences are called impersonal?
110. Compose complex sentences with attributive clauses, using the first examples as main clauses, and the second ones as subordinate clauses. Use conjunction words which, where.
Sample: 1. The lake stretched along the road. 2. Tourists are located on the shore of this lake. - The lake where the tourists were located stretched along the road.
- 1. The road led to the station.
2. Horsemen appeared on this road. - 1. The woodpecker sat on the same birch tree.
2. He was peeling off the pine cones in the morning. - 1. The hill was surrounded on all sides by spruce forest.
2. The landowner's house was rising.
Subordinate clauses can refer to the pronouns >that, each, every, all, any, such, such in the main sentence and join the main one using conjunctive words who, what, which, which, which, whose or conjunctions that, as if, as if. In such sentences, the use of pronouns in the subordinate clause is obligatory.
For example: I am the one whom no one likes. (M. Lermontov.) His handwriting was clear, beautiful, the way very neat people write. As is the summer, so is the hay. (He ate.) He looked as if someone had offended him.
In these sentences, the subordinate clause specifies and fills with content the meaning of the pronoun in the main sentence to which it refers. The term "attributive" in relation to a subordinate clause is used in in this case conditionally, in the meaning of “revealing content”.
111. Write complex sentences using commas. Enclose in an oval the means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one. Underline the conjunctive words as parts of the sentence. Determine the type of subordinate clauses.
1. Everything we do in the reserve now comes from our love for Pushkin. 2. We tried...to restore the memorial house as it was during the poet’s life. 3. Everything you read in this book is signs of people’s love and memory for the great...great Russian poet. 4. Everyone who comes to the Pushki Svyatogorye (in) their own way remembers the meeting with Pushkin here, in our fields, groves, on the banks of Soroti. 5. Everything that a person builds around himself and for himself - a hut, a barn, a bathhouse, a chapel, a temple - he builds for everything that exists around him, for nature, for the beauty of the earth.
(According to S. Geichenko.)
112. Read Russian proverbs. Copy it using missing punctuation marks. In each sentence, determine the type of subordinate clauses, characterize the means of communication between the main and subordinate clauses.
1. What are the sleighs themselves? 2. He who is quick in words is (not) in dispute. 3. What is the question is the answer. 4. What kind of master is that’s the point. 5. The one who rides is the one who drives. 6. Like the tree and like the wedge, like the father and like the son.
113. which. Use synonymous allied words for this what, where, where, where. Write down the sentences in corrected form. Explain (orally) the use of punctuation in written sentences.
Sample fix: The card that hangs above the TV is very dear to me. It has the signature of an astronaut who came to our school.- The card that hangs above the TV is very dear to me. It has the signature of an astronaut who came to our school.
2. The task that made you difficult is really not an easy one. And I know a way with which you can solve such problems.
3. The town from which the letter came to us will (s)oon get rid of the harmful emissions that poisoned the air.
114. Eliminate unnecessary repetition of a conjunction word which. To do this, replace the attributive clause with a participial phrase. Write down the sentences in corrected form. Explain punctuation marks.
Sample fix: I am writing to you about an event that surprised my friend, who knew nothing about it. - 1. I am writing to you about an event that greatly surprised my friend, who knew nothing about it.
2. I am writing to you about an event that greatly surprised my friend, who knew nothing about it.
1. Today our whole family visited the exhibition... which is dedicated to the memory... of an outstanding artist who lived in our city.
2. Concluding the performance, I would like to especially note the gymnast who performed wonderfully at the competition... to which we sent him.
3. This is really a model that is made with great skill, to which only guys who love technology and know how to (really) work can rise..
115. Using these diagrams, construct and write complex sentences with a attributive clause.
116. Replace participial clauses with attributive clauses and write down these sentences. Which of these options expressing attributive relations do you think are easier to pronounce and understand?
1. Netiquette refers to the rules of conduct in computer network, providing conflict-free communication of people. 2. This new type etiquette, born before our eyes. 3. The younger generation will have to dispel the rules of netiquette that have developed in our time. 4. Netiquette must meet the principle of communication, which is implemented in a set of certain requirements: completeness of information, quality of information, etc.
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Similar to the definitions in simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
Due to general meaning attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)), ].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) on the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the defined noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [U.S. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main clause or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by an adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives him in figurative meaning) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [U.S. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
compound unions, last part which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was an ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... that. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed by the form comparative degree adjective or adverb.
1) (How smaller woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by minor member predicate groups - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative turnover, in which there cannot be a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of offer for emotional coloring(exclamation or non-exclamation).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with roots tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance or echo No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
April 3, 2016Kinds subordinating connection, members of a sentence, parsing a sentence, means of connecting sentences - all this is the syntax of the Russian language. The attributive clause is an example of one of the most difficult topics in the study of Russian syntax.
Subordinate clause: definition
An integral part of a complex sentence is the subordinate clause. That part is called a subordinate clause complex sentence, which is dependent on the main one. Lying in the fields White snow when they went to the village. Here is the main offer There was snow on the fields. It asks a question to the dependent part: lay (when?) when they went to the village. The subordinate clause is a separate sentence because it has a predicative basis. However, being associated with the main member semantically and grammatically, it cannot exist independently. This distinguishes the main part of a complex sentence from a subordinate clause. Thus, a subordinate clause is part of a complex sentence, dependent on the main part.
Subordinate clause: types
In the syntax of the Russian language, there are four types of subordinate clauses. The type of dependent part is determined by the question asked from the main clause.
| Name | Meaning | Example |
| Definitive | One word in the main sentence asks a question Which? | At that time he led the ensemble where Ilyin played. (ensemble (which?) where Ilyin played) |
| Explanatory | One word in the main sentence asks a question oblique case:what? what? how? about what? whom? to whom? by whom? about whom? | Imagine how happy she will be! (can you imagine (what?) how happy she will be) |
| Circumstantial | From one word in the main sentence the question of circumstance is asked: Where? When? where? How? For what? and others | He did what cowards do. (acted (how?) as cowards act) |
| Connection | Any question is asked from the entire main sentence. | There was a strong wind, which is why the flights were cancelled. (flights were canceled (why?) because there was a strong wind) |
Correctly determining the type of subordinate clause is the task facing the student. 
Video on the topic
Subordinate clause
A complex sentence (CSS) with attributive clauses, examples of which are given in the table, consists of two or more parts, where the main part is characterized by a subordinate clause. The attributive clause refers to one word from the main clause. It is either a noun or a pronoun. 
A attributive clause is an example of the formation of attributive relations between the main and dependent parts. One word from the main part agrees with the whole subordinate clause. For example, Victor looked at the sea, in the vastness of which a ship appeared. (The sea (which one?), in the vastness of which a ship appeared).
Subordinate clause: features
There are some peculiarities in IPPs with attributive clauses. Examples from the table will help you understand.
| Peculiarities | Examples |
| A subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, usually with a conjunctive word ( whose, which, what, where, which and others). | He was shocked by the picture (what?) that hung in the living room. The city (which one?) where magnolias grow, he remembered forever. |
| In the main part of the dictionary there may be demonstrative pronouns associated with allied words that, that, such and others. | In the city (which one?) where we were vacationing, there are many historical monuments. From apple orchard there was such an aroma (what?) that only happens on warm May days. |
| The attributive clauses must follow immediately after the word being defined. | The photograph (which one?) that he has in his notebook, was given to him by Olga. Everyone remembered the day (what?) when they met. |
| Subordinate clause (examples of sentences with a conjunction word which) can be separated from the main word by other parts of sentences. | The room within which the gallery was located was well lit. In the evenings in the resort town you could hear the sound of the sea, with seagulls screaming in the background. |
Correlative clauses
Complex sentences with a subordinate clause have one more feature. If in the main part of the dictionary the subject or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by an attributive or demonstrative pronoun, on which the subordinate attributive part depends, then such a part is called correlative (pronoun-definitive). That is, sentences in which there is a relationship between a pronoun in the main part and a conjunctive word in the dependent part are sentences where there are pronominal-defining clauses.
Examples: They only told him what happenednecessary(ratio that+what). The woman swore so loudly that the whole square could hear(the ratio so + that). The answer was the same as the question itself(ratio such + as). The captain's voice was so loud and stern that the entire unit immediately heard and formed(the ratio such + that). Distinctive feature Pronominal clauses are that they can precede the main clause: Anyone who has not been to Lake Baikal has not seen the true beauty of nature.
Subordinate clause: examples from fiction
There are many options for complex sentences with a subordinate clause. 
Writers actively use them in their works. For example, I.A Bunin: The northern provincial town (which one?), where my family remained,... was far from me. At the early dawn (what?), when the roosters are still crowing and the huts are smoking black, you would open the window...
A.S. Pushkin: In one minute the road skidded, the surroundings disappeared into the darkness (what?)..., through which white flakes of snow flew... Berestov answered with the same zeal (what?) with which a chained bear bows to his masters on the orders of his leader.
T. Dreiser: We can only console ourselves with the thought (what?) that human evolution will never stop... The feelings (what?) that an outcast experiences came flooded into her. 
The subordinate attributive clause (examples from the literature illustrate this) introduces an additional shade of meaning to the main word, having a broad descriptive ability, allowing the author of the work to colorfully and reliably describe this or that object. 
Impaired construction of sentences with attributive clauses
IN exam paper In the Russian language there are tasks where the attributive clause is used incorrectly. An example of a similar task: H An investor came to the city who was responsible for financing the project. In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred. 
It is necessary to see the mistake and use the attributive clause correctly. Example: The official who was responsible for financing the project came to the city. An error has been corrected in the proposal. In the speech of native speakers and in creative works Students also encounter other errors when using sentences with attributive clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given in the table.
| Example | Characteristics of errors | Corrected version |
| She was helped out by someone she had helped in the past. | Unreasonable omission of the demonstrative pronoun | She was rescued by someone she had helped in the past. |
| Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea. | Incorrect agreement of the allied word with the main word | Narwhal is a unique animal that lives in the Kara Sea. |
| People opened their mouths in surprise, amazed at the action taking place. | Logical and semantic connections are not observed | People who were amazed by the action taking place opened their mouths in surprise. |
Determinative clause and participle phrase
Sentences containing a participial clause are semantically similar to a complex sentence containing a subordinate clause. Examples: The oak planted by my great-grandfather turned into a huge tree. - The oak tree that my great-grandfather planted turned into a huge tree. Two similar sentences have different shades of meaning. IN artistic style preference is given participial phrase, which is more descriptive and expressive in nature. IN colloquial speech The attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.
Subordinate clauses indicate the attribute of the subject named in the main clause; answer the question Which?; refer to one word in the main sentence - a noun (sometimes to the phrase “noun + demonstrative word”); are joined by allied words: who, what, whose, which, which, where, where, from, when. At the same time, demonstrative words are often found in the main sentence: that (that, that, those), such, every, every, any and etc.
For example: The forest we entered, was extremely old(I. Turgenev); Once again I visited that corner of the earth, where I spent two unnoticed years as an exile (A. Pushkin).
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a characteristic of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through a situation that is somehow connected with the object.
Subordinate clauses are added using allied words - relative pronouns which, which, whose, what and pronominal adverbs where, where, from, when. In the subordinate clause they replace the noun from the main clause.
For example: I ordered to go to an unfamiliar object, which (= object) immediately and began to move towards us(A.S. Pushkin) - union word which is subject.
I love the people I'm with(= with people) easy to communicate (With which is an addition).
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with attributive clauses can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-core (what, where, where, where, when).
Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign of attributive clauses.
For example: The village where(wherein ) I missed you Evgeny, it was a lovely corner...(A. Pushkin) - [noun, ( Where ),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was my youth friend(S. Yesenin) - [noun ( What ).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which ) night fell over the whole city...(F. Tyutchev) - [noun], ( When).
Union word which can be found not only at the beginning, but also in the middle of the subordinate clause.
For example: We approached a river, the right bank of which was overgrown with dense thorny bushes.
Word which may even appear at the end of a subordinate clause, as in the epigram of D.D. Minaeva: That field gives a generous harvest, for which they do not spare manure...
Subordinate clause usually appears immediately after the noun it modifies, but may be separated from it by one or two members of the main clause.
For example: They were just peasant kids from a neighboring village, who guarded the herd. (I. Turgenev.)
It is forbidden To place a noun and the subordinate clause associated with it far from each other, you cannot break them apart with members of a sentence that do not depend on this noun.
You can't say: We ran to the river to swim every day after work, which was very close to our house .
Correct option: Every day in the evening after work we ran to swim to the river, which was very close to our house.
The subordinate clause can break the main part, being in the middle of it.
For example: Mill Bridge, from which I have caught minnows more than once, was already visible.(V. Kaverin.) Little house, where I live in Meshchera, deserves description.(K. Paustovsky.)
The word being defined in the main part may have demonstrative words that one, For example: There is almost never sun in the room where I live. However, such a demonstrative word can be omitted and is therefore not required in the sentence structure; a subordinate clause refers to a noun even if it has an indicative word.
In addition, there are subordinate attributive clauses that relate specifically to demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, every etc., which cannot be omitted. Such subordinate clauses are called pronominal attributives . The means of communication in them are relative pronounswho, what, which, which, which.
For example: Who lives without sadness and anger, he does not love his homeland(N. A. Nekrasov) - means of communication - union word Who, acting as the subject.
He's not what we wanted him to be.- means of communication - allied word what, which is the definition.
Everything seems good What it happened before(L.N. Tolstoy) - means of communication - allied words What, which is the subject.
Like subordinate clauses, pronominal attributives subordinate clauses reveal the attribute of the object (therefore it is better to ask them a question too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence with the help of allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Compare: That the man who came yesterday, today didn't show up- subordinate clause. [indicative word + noun, ( which), ]. The one who came yesterday, today didn't show up- subordinate pronominal attributive. [pronoun, ( Who ), ].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal-defining clauses can also appear before the word being defined.
For example: He who lived and thought can't help but despise people in his soul...(A. Pushkin) - ( Who), [pronoun].
