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Fine arts style of speech. Artistic style: what it is, examples, genres, language means

Instructions

This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.

An artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in it, in contrast to the official business and scientific styles, all the richness of vocabulary, special imagery and emotionality of speech are widely used. In addition, he uses the possibilities of different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and formal business.

The artistic style is distinguished by a special attention to the casual and the private, behind which the typical features and images of the time are visible. As an example, we can recall “ Dead Souls", Where N.V. Gogol portrayed landowners, each of whom is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are a "face" Russia XIX century.

One more hallmark artistic style is a subjective moment, the presence of the author's fiction or "re-creation" of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of the writer, where reality is presented through his vision. V literary text the author expresses his preferences, rejection, condemnation and admiration. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and diversity.

To prove the artistic style, read the text and analyze the ones used in it. language means... Pay attention to their variety. Used in literary works a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperbole, personification, paraphrase and allegory) and stylistic figures (anaphora, antithesis, oxymorony, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: "a little man with a fingernail" (litota), "a horse runs - the earth trembles" (allegory), "streams ran from the mountains" (personification).

V artistic style the ambiguity of words is clearly manifested. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective "lead" in scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning "lead bullet" and "lead ore", in the artistic, most likely, it will act as a metaphor for "leaden twilight" or "lead clouds".

When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If conversational style serves for communication or communication, official business and scientific are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. His main function- aesthetic, which obeys all language means used in literary work.

Determine in what form the text is implemented. The artistic style is used in drama, prose, and poetry. They are accordingly divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).

note

The basis of the artistic style is the literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectic and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special unique author's style and give the text a vivid imagery.

Helpful advice

The style can be determined only by the totality of all features (function, set of language tools, form of implementation).

Sources:

Artistic style: language and features
how to prove that the text

Tip 2: Distinctive features of a formal-business text style

Language used in different areas activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from colloquial. For such areas public life like science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and means mass media there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristics, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. Has its stylistic features and formal business text.

Why do you need a formal business style for correspondence

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when maintaining business correspondence in the field social and legal relations... It is being implemented, lawmaking, managerial and economic activity... V writing his document and can, in fact, be a letter, and an order, and regulation.

Business documents can at any time be presented to the court as evidence, since they, by virtue of their specifics, have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance, its author acts, as a rule, not as a private person, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, increased requirements are imposed on any official business text to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text should be communicatively accurate and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

The main features of the formal business style

The main feature of formal business communication is the standardization of the used phraseological turns, it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, giving any document legal force. These standard phrases make it possible to exclude ambiguity of interpretation, therefore, in such documents, it is quite possible to repeat the same words, names and terms repeatedly.

An official business document must necessarily have requisites - output data, and specific requirements are also imposed on their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and emotionless. It should be extremely informative, so thoughts have strict formulations, and the very presentation of the situation should be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional load, expressions used in common parlance, and even more so slang, is excluded.

To avoid ambiguity in business document personal demonstrative pronouns ("he", "she", "they") are not used, because in the context of two nouns of the same kind, ambiguity or contradiction may appear. As a consequence of the prerequisite for consistency and argumentation, in a business text, when writing, complex sentences are used with big amount unions that convey the logic of the relationship. For example, they are not often used in ordinary life constructions that include unions of the type: "due to the fact that", "on the subject of what."

Must-have items for a Parisian woman.

Many of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have things in their wardrobe. What kind of objects can be found in the closet of a Parisian woman?

1. Ballerinas. Contrary to popular beliefs, they do not always prefer shoes with heels. They're in Everyday life wear comfortable ballet flats with thin soles.

2.Bag with a long strap. A handbag slung over one shoulder is a habit a large number residents of the fashionable capital.

3.Scarf big size... A variety of voluminous scarves are preferred by residents of many countries. However, most Parisian women believe that this is an indispensable and absolutely necessary accessory in the cold season.

4.Fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. Verily French manner- to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.

5.Large Sunglasses... In combination with hair tucked into a tight ponytail, bun or high hairstyle, these glasses look especially stylish and sophisticated.

6. Black clothes. Black is not the color of mourning for women in Paris. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you need to have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.

Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.

There are things that a lady with a truly French outlook on fashion will never allow herself to buy, let alone put on. Too long bright false nails got into one of the first places on the list of "bad manners". Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in.

A mini-skirt combined with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashionable capital. A true woman is unlikely to allow herself to look too frank and too sexy.

Bright hair color, multi-colored milling, flashy accessories, all kinds of bouffants and great amount hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in this way.

The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian woman is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone's image and adheres to the opinion of the uniqueness of each person.

Scientific and informative genre of scientific style

Secondary form scientific style speech is considered a scientific and informative genre. It is, as a rule, compiled on the basis of some kind of basic, pivotal text. This is often based on original monographs or articles. An example of texts made in the scientific and informative genre are theses, or.

A scientific-informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and convey their content in a compressed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific speech style

In one large group linguists often combine the texts of the scientific reference, educational scientific and popular science genres of the scientific style. These sub-styles are characterized by the orientation of information not so much to specialists as to those who are far from the specifics of the subject put at the center of the publication. In this case, not only the results of scientific research are important, but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre, most often they write tutorials and lecture texts. The scientific and reference genre, characterized by the utmost clarity and conciseness, is characteristic of reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogs. Texts composed in the popular science genre, in lesser degree tied to specialized terminology. They are often used in books for mass audiences, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

Perhaps there are no such groups of words that would have predominant use in all genres of the artistic style. But some lexical groups typical for certain genres of fiction. So, for a long time, the poetic vocabulary (poetism) used by poets, especially our classical past, has stood out. For example, the morning dawn was allegorically called Aurora: It's Time, gorgeous, wake up: / Open your eyes closed with bliss / Towards the morning aurora , / Appear as the star of the north!(A. Pushkin). Vitia they called a person skilled in eloquence, an orator: What are you making noise about, folk whites? / Why are you threatening Russia with anathema?(A. Pushkin). Gifts, an abundance of gifts were called talent: the circle of nature giftedness , / Herb incense, their greenness, / Trees shade and fertility. / Reins of golden ears(P. Vyazemsky).

Many Old Slavonic equivalents of Russian words were poetical, for example: Reins fluffy blasting, / The daring wagon flies(A. Pushkin) ; And exhausted, languid, / Head she drooped(E. Baratynsky) ; He drove into a wide courtyard. / Everything is empty ... as if smooth il mor / We recently feasted in it (M. Lermontov); They [water] say to all ends: / "Spring is coming! Spring is coming"!(F. Tyutchev) ; Around him [king] sparkles gold , / Diamonds, purple and crimson(N. Gumilyov).

A variety of poetisms are folk poetry words traditionally used in the field folk art: mediocre- unhappy, unlucky ( He will seize him now; will seize the person completely. The headman will now score him. Ekoy mediocre , think, poor fellow! .. And for what he suffers! — I. Turgenev); knight- brave, valiant warrior ( Ahead rushed ahead of others knight all the best, all the prettier.- N. Gogol); goy ecu- an interjection used to enhance the appeal ( Oh you goy ecu , Tsar Ivan Vasilievich! We composed our song about you.- M. Lermontov).

When discussing the issue of lexical preference in fiction, it is worth turning to the genre of the historical novel, which is characterized by the use of such categories of vocabulary as historicism and archaism. For example, in V. Yan's novel "Genghis Khan" Kievan Rus is shown at the moment of its military clash with nomadic conquerors. The author in a few words showed her internal position, revealed social reasons defeat of the Russian army in the battle of the Kalka River, using historicisms, most often related to the socio-political and military vocabulary of that time (voivode, vigilantes, smerds, archers, pawns and others), less often - to everyday life (Russian princes confer in gridnitsa, their legs are covering onuchi out of simple row).

To recreate the flavor of the past, Yang also uses archaisms. There are few of them, and almost all of them are clear to the reader without explanation. With their help, the author stylizes the speech of the characters. For example:

Execute shelves, — the Polovtsians turn to the Russian princes. - Come to our steppe! Defend US! Help drive away evil enemies. Prince of Galician Mstislav Udaloy, calling upon the princes to take decisive action against the newcomers, exclaims: Plundered ...[enemies] vezhi (yurts) Polovtsian, flooded and wives, and horses, and cattle ... so flooded , they don't know, what to do with your full , and put their rich comrade (warehouses) near Lukomorye(coast Sea of Azov), on the banks of the Khazar(Black) seas. Speaking on behalf of the dervish about the events in Kievan Rus, the author stylizes his speech in a peculiar way, including ancient Russian equivalents modern words... So, he calls the army army, servants - youths, exit - snema, the banner - banner, boats - rooks, heavy horses - warriors, building - mansion, fence - tynom, way - by way.

The use of archaisms can even refer to toponymic names. It would be unnecessary "modernization" if Yan used names such as Turkestan and Volga instead of Maverannagr and Itil. It is known that the word "Turkestan" has become widespread much later period Mongol conquests, and "Volga" was not used in the language of the Turkic peoples. Old Russian people they christened the Black Sea steppes the Wild Field; Through the prism of such a name, the modern reader feels both the low population of these places, inhabited only by warlike nomads, and the fear of Russian farmers in front of a hostile force.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is the way writers express themselves, so it is generally used in written speech... Pre-written texts are read orally (for example, in plays). Historically, the artistic style functions in three kinds of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, stories, novels).

An article about all styles of speech -.

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The features of the artistic style are as follows:

2. Language means are a means of transmission artistic image, emotional state and the mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymy, etc., emotional and expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Versatility. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinate to the implementation of the creative intention. From these combinations, what is called the author's style is gradually formed.

5. Using verbal polysemy - words are chosen so that they can not only "draw" images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.

6. The function of transferring information is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood in the reader, an emotional mood.

Artistic Style: Parsing an Example

Let's take an example of the features of the parsed style.

An excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts stood like monuments popular grief charred stoves. Pillars protruded from the gate. Barn gaped huge hole- they broke off half of it and carried it away.

There were gardens, now stump - how rotten teeth... Only here and there are two or three teenage apple trees.

The village has become depopulated.

When the one-armed Fedor returned home, his mother was alive. Got old, emaciated, gray hair has increased. I sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat. Fyodor had his own, soldier's. At the table, the mother said: everyone was picked up, cursed skins! We hid pigs and chickens, who go wherever. Will you really save it? He makes a noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be it the last one. With fright, they gave the last one too. So I have nothing left. Oh, it was bad! The damned fascist ruined the village! You can see for yourself what is left ... more than half of the yards burned. The people who fled where: some to the rear, some to the partisans. How many girls have been taken away! So they took our Frosya away ...

Fyodor looked around in a day or two. Began to return their own, Borovsk. They hung plywood on an empty hut, and on it in lop-sided letters with soot on oil - there was no paint - "The board of the collective farm" Krasnaya Zarya "- and off it went! Down and Out trouble started.

Style of this text, as we said, artistic.

Its features in this passage:

Borrowing and using vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of national grief, fascist, partisans, collective farm rule, dashing trouble began).
Application of fine and expressive means (hijacked, cursed skins, really), the semantic polysemy of words ( the war disfigured Borovoe, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
all were picked, cursed skins! We hid pigs and chickens, who go wherever. Will you really save it? He makes a noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be it the last one. Oh, it was bad!).
There were gardens, and now the stumps are like rotten teeth; I sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat; on oil - there was no paint).
The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author's impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts stood like monuments of national grief, charred stoves. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, now stumps like rotten teeth).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps - like rotten teeth; the charred stoves stood like monuments to the people's grief; two or three teenage apple trees nestled).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary, which forms the basis and creates the imagery of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context, and words of a wide range of use ( aged, emaciated, burned, letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit those places about which the narrator is telling. Of course, there is a certain "imposition" of the author's experiences, but it also creates a mood, conveys sensations.

The artistic style is one of the most "borrowing" and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use other linguistic styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Scientific and artistic style: analysis of an example

Let's take an example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

An excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country love forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Once at a meeting, even splinters appeared on the presidium table. Some rascal cut down an apple tree that grew lonely on the banks of the river. Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep boat. They got used to her, as to the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day, a group for the protection of nature was born. They called it the Green Patrol. There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Scientific style features:

Terminology ( presidium, laying of forest belts, cool, poachers).
The presence in a number of nouns of words denoting the concept of a sign or state ( bookmark, security).
The quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( this love is fruitful, active; in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests).
The use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, guard, mercy, meeting).
Verbs in the present tense, which in the text have a "timeless", indicative meaning, with weakened lexico-grammatical meanings of tense, person, number ( loves, expresses itself);
A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in conjunction with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests.).

Artistic style features:

Extensive use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying of forest belts, cool).
The use of various pictorial and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant guards, reckless), active use of the speech ambiguity of the word (the guise of the house, "Green Patrol").
Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to her, as to the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. The group was born on this day).
The manifestation of the creative individuality of the author is the author's style ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Here: linking traits of multiple styles).
Allotment special attention particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations, behind which you can see the typical and general ( Some rascal cut down an apple tree ... And now she was gone. On this day, a group for the protection of nature was born).
Syntactic structure and corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of figurative-emotional author's perception ( Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep boat. And now she was gone).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this love, fruitful, active, like a beacon, she stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary, which forms the basis and creates the imagery of the parsed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, dashing, fruitful, active, guise).

By the variety of linguistic means, literary techniques and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper rendering of images and emotional mood you can even write artistic text scientific terms... But, of course, this should not be overused.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Fiction speech, along with non-fiction, make up two levels national language... The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-pictorial function. Let's cite the beginning of V. Larin's novel "Neural Shock":

“Marat's father Stepan Porfirevich Fateev, an orphan from his infancy, was from the clan of Astrakhan bindyuzhniks. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, wires through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and bliss "(Star. 1998. No. 1).

In these two sentences, the author showed not only the segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of huge changes associated with the revolution of 1917. The first sentence gives knowledge social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. Simple, rude people who surrounded the boy (binder - the colloquial name of a port loader), the hard work that he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - that is what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes privacy into the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases The revolutionary whirlwind blew out ..., dragged ..., threw ... liken human life a grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those "who were nobody." In a scientific or official business text, such imagery, such a layer of deep information is impossible.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words of a wide range of use. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic credibility when describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in "War and Peace" used a special military vocabulary; significant amount words from the hunting vocabulary we will find in "Notes of a Hunter" by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev, and in A. S. Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades" there are many words from the lexicon card game etc.

In the artistic style of speech, the verbal polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up in it additional meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the finest shades values. This is due to the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also various pictorial means from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let's give a small example:

"In the tavern Evdokimov alreadywere gathered extinguish the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this.First everything looked fine in the hall, and even the tavern-pubic Potap told the owner that,they say, today God has mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, it buzzed like a swarm of bees.

- Father's lights, - the owner was lazily amazed, - here,Potapka, your evil eye, devil! Well, you should have croaked, damn it! " (Okudzhava B. Shilov's Adventures).

Emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the literary text. Many words that in scientific speech appear as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and publicistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry specific sensory ideas. Thus, the styles complement each other functionally. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), while artistic it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, phrases play an important role in artistic speech, which create a kind of figurative representation.

For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring... An example of inversion is the well-known line from the poem by A. Akhmatova "I see everything Pavlovsk hilly ..."

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find all the variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, to show the disorder, "troubles" family life the heroine of the story "Poetry in Life", includes in one sentence several simple and complex sentences:

“In Mila’s story, everything continued on an increasing scale, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either here or there. - Mila's husband became himself and Iago and Othello, and with a sneer from around the corner watched how peasants of his type, builders, prospectors, poets, who did not know how heavy this burden was, how unbearable life was if fighting alone, on the street , since beauty is not an assistant in life, so roughly it would be possible to translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now Researcher, Mila's husband, shouted both on the night streets, and in his apartment, and got drunk, so Mila hid with her young daughter somewhere, found shelter for herself, and the unfortunate husband beat furniture and threw iron pans ”,

This proposal is perceived as an endless complaint from an uncountable number of unhappy women, as a continuation of the theme of a sad woman's lot.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the selection by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a vivid, expressive artistic image:

"Ay, cute, - Shipov shook his head - why is that so? Do not. I can see right through you, mon cher… Hey Potapka, why have you forgotten the man on the street?? Lead him here, waking him up. And what, mister student, how does this inn lease to you? It's filthy, and you think he's okay with me?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know ... Pure Empire style ... But you can't talk to people there, but here I can learn something "(Okudzhava B. Shilov's Adventures).

The protagonist's speech characterizes him very vividly: not too educated, but ambitious, who wants to give the impression of a master, a master. Shipov uses elementary French words (my cher) along with vernacular waking up, ndrav, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial norm. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Bibliography:

1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Textbook. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmSTU, 2005 .-- 80 p.

2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. manual / I.B. Golub. - M.: Logos, 2002 .-- 432 p.

3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaeva. - M .: NORMA-INFRA, 2005 .-- 549s.

4. Nikonova, M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for non-philological students / M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmSTU, 2003 .-- 80 p.

5. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. / edited by prof. IN AND. Maximova. - M.: Gardariki, 2008 .-- 408p.

6. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for technical universities/ ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubeva. - M.: Higher education, 2008 .-- 356 p.

The literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Art style - functional style speech, which is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and everyday and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech fulfills an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; all language tools are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative, the power of depicting reality. The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic influence, the presence of imagery, the totality of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary linguistic means. Typical features: the presence of homogeneous members of the sentence, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prosaic (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolette, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic-figurative concretization of the author's intention (a system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of the literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of linguistic means of all other functional styles;

2) the subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author's intention, figurative thought;

3) the performance of the aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Artistic language means:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of formulaic words and expressions;

2) the wide use of words in a figurative sense;

3) deliberate collision of multi-style vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally colored words.

2. Phraseological means- colloquial and bookish.

3. Word-building means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) the frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, forms of the third person;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns in comparison with masculine and feminine nouns;

5) forms plural abstract and real nouns;

6) wide use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) the use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) extensive use of stylistic figures.

8. The main features of the conversational style.

Conversational style features

Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the utterance is usually easy, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author's attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

the characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotionally - evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, verbs perfect kind with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of the action, appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamation sentences.

opposed to book styles in general;

the function of communication is inherent;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax. For example: phraseology - running with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - a thrill, in an embrace with a computer, to get into the Internet.

Spoken language is a functional type of literary language. She performs the functions of communication and influence. Conversational speech serves such a sphere of communication, which is characterized by the informality of relations between the participants and the ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, in a family setting, at informal meetings, meetings, unofficial anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

Colloquial topics are determined by communication needs. They can vary from narrow-minded to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness, spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately "cleanly". As the researchers note, linguistic spoken features are often not realized, not fixed by consciousness. Therefore, it is not uncommon for native speakers to be presented with their own colloquial statements for a normative assessment, they rate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of the speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - in a dialogical or monologue. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, remarks, interjections, and simply made sounds.

The structure and content of colloquial speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addressee (speaker) and addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and intimacy, background knowledge (general stock of the speakers' knowledge), speech situation (context of the statement). For example, to the question "Well, how?" depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: "Five", "Met", "Got enough", "Lost", "Unanimously". Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a hand gesture, to give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what the partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowing this situation, the meaning of the statement may be incomprehensible. Big role in colloquial speech, gestures and facial expressions also play.

Spoken speech - speech is uncodified, the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in different kinds dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in adhering to the norms of the literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not denigrate them,” writes the well-known linguist MP Panov. “The litter warns: do not call the person with whom you are in strictly official relations darling, do not offer him to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words lo and behold, to his fullest, home, penny. After all, reasonable advice? "

In this respect, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geological scientist writes an article for a special journal about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses book speech in writing. With a report on this topic, the scientist speaks at international conference... His speech is bookish, but the form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter about his impressions to a colleague at work. The text of the letter - colloquial speech, writing.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which of his old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is spoken, its form is oral.

The active study of colloquial speech began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze taped and hand-held recordings of spontaneous natural speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of own methods of nomination (naming): various types of constriction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-single-word phrases (Is there anything to write? - a pencil, a pen, Give me something to hide - a blanket, a blanket, a sheet); one-word derivatives of words with a transparent inner form (opener - can opener, rattler - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, smear - about a sluggish, spineless person).