The Russo-Turkish War of 1676 - 81 was caused by the expansion of aggression of the Ottoman Empire in the 2nd half of the 17th century.
Russian- Turkish war 1676 - 81 was caused by the expansion of aggression of the Ottoman Empire in the 2nd half of the 17th century. After the capture of Podolia as a result of the Polish-Turkish war of 1672-76, the Turkish government sought to extend its rule over the entire Right Bank of Ukraine, relying on its vassal (from 1669) - the hetman Right Bank Ukraine P. D. Doroshenko. Doroshenko’s treacherous policy caused discontent among a significant part of the Ukrainian Cossacks, who in 1674 elected the hetman of Left Bank Ukraine I. Samoilovich as the sole hetman of Ukraine. In 1676 Doroshenko with 12 thousand. a detachment captured Chigirin, counting on the approach of the Turkish-Tatar army, but in the spring of 1676 Russian-Ukrainian troops under the command of Samoilovich and the Russian military leader G. G. Romodanovsky besieged Chigirin and forced Doroshenko to capitulate. Leaving a garrison in Chigirin, the Russian-Ukrainian troops retreated to the left bank of the Dnieper. The Turkish Sultan appointed Yu. B. Khmelnitsky, who was in his captivity, as hetman of Right Bank Ukraine and in July 1677 moved 120 thousand to Chigirin. Turkish-Tatar army of Ibrahim Pasha. Chigirin's Russian garrison was under siege for three weeks and even launched a number of successful forays. The united Russian-Ukrainian army, led by Prince G. G. Romodanovsky and Hetman I. Samoilovich, crossed to the right bank of the Dnieper on the night of August 26-27 and defeated the Turkish army in the decisive battle on August 28.
In July 1678, the Turkish-Tatar army (about 200 thousand people) of the great vizier Kara-Mustafa besieged Chigirin. The Russian army, having crossed the Dnieper, won on July 12 major battle. During fierce battles on August 1-3, the Russian army pushed the Turkish army back across the Tyasmin River. However, due to the fact that Romodanovsky missed the time to completely encircle the Turkish troops, the Turks captured the Lower City, and on the night of August 12, the Russian garrison left the fortress. A new battle on August 19 ended in favor of the Russian army. On August 20, the retreat of Turkish troops began. The failures at Chigirin predetermined the collapse of the aggressive plans of the Ottoman Empire towards Ukraine.
In 1679-80, Russian troops repelled the raids Crimean Tatars, and on January 3 (13) the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty of 1681 was concluded, an agreement for a period of 20 years on a truce between the Russian state, Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Its conditions: the border between Russia and Turkey runs along the Dnieper; the cities of Kyiv, Vasilkov, Trypillya, the towns of Dedovshchina and Radomyshl remain with Russia. Turkey recognizes the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv with Russia, and the Zaporozhye Cossacks as its subjects. A neutral zone was created between the Bug and the Dnieper. The Crimean Tatars received the right to wander and hunt in the steppes along the banks of the Dnieper and near other rivers, and the Cossacks and other Russian population received the right to fish in the Dnieper and its tributaries, extract salt, hunt and freely navigate along the Dnieper to the Black Sea.
Over the past 500 years, Russia has had to fight with Turkey many times. Let's remember the most significant military conflicts between the two powers.
N. Dmitriev-Orenburgsky. Russian army crossing the Danube at Zimnitsa on June 15, 1877
1. Astrakhan campaign of Kasim Pasha
That was the time of the military power of the Ottoman Empire. But the Muscovite kingdom also grew stronger, spreading its influence to the shores of the Caspian Sea. Sultan Selim II pursued a policy of separation from the Russian state of Astrakhan. In 1569, a large Turkish army moved to the banks of the Volga under the command of an experienced commander, Kasim Pasha.
The Sultan's order expressed far-reaching plans: to take Astrakhan, to begin work on the construction of a canal that would connect the Volga and Don. A Turkish squadron was stationed in Azov. If she had arrived by canal at the walls of Astrakhan, the Turks would have gained a foothold in this region for a long time. The 50,000-strong Crimean army also came to the aid of the Turks. However, the skillful actions of the governor Peter Serebryansky-Obolensky Selim's plans were disrupted.
The Cossack cavalry also helped. After a bold and unexpected attack by Russian soldiers, Kasim was forced to lift the siege of Astrakhan. Soon Russian territory was cleared of uninvited guests.
2. Chigirin campaigns 1672–1681
Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine Peter Doroshenko fell under Turkish influence. Fearing an invasion of Left Bank Ukraine, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered regular troops and Cossacks to begin fighting against the Turks and Doroshenko's troops.
As a result, the Russians and Cossacks jointly occupied the city of Chigirin. Subsequently, it changed hands more than once, and the war ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty of 1681, which fixed the border between Russia and Turkey along the Dnieper.
3. Russo-Turkish War 1686–1700
The foundation of the anti-Turkish coalition in that war was laid by Austria and Poland. Russia entered the war in 1686, when a peace treaty ended another war with the Poles. Since 1682, Crimean troops regularly invaded Russian territory. This should have been stopped. Tsarevna Sophia ruled Moscow at that time. In 1687 and 1689 her right hand- boyar Vasily Golitsyn- undertook trips to Crimea.
However, he was unable to organize supplies for the troops. fresh water, and the trips had to be interrupted. Peter I, having secured his place on the throne, he transferred the fighting to Azov. The first Azov campaign of 1695 ended in failure, but in 1696 Russian troops under the command of our first generalissimo Alexey Shein managed to force the fortress to capitulate. In 1700, the capture of Azov was enshrined in the Treaty of Constantinople.
4. Prut campaign 1710–1713
Swedish king Charles XII after the Poltava collapse he hid in Turkey. In response to demands to extradite him, Türkiye declared war on Russia. Tsar Peter I personally led the campaign towards the Turks. The Russian army moved towards the Prut. The Turks managed to concentrate a huge army there: together with the Crimean cavalry there were about 200 thousand of them. In New Stalinesti, Russian troops were surrounded.
The Turkish assault was repulsed, and the Ottomans retreated with losses. However, the position of Peter's army became desperate due to the actual blockade. Under the terms of the Prut Peace Treaty, the Turks undertook to release the Russian army from encirclement.
But Russia promised to give Azov to Turkey, tear down the fortifications of Taganrog and a number of other southern fortresses, and give the opportunity Charles XII move to Sweden.
5. Russo-Turkish War 1735–1739
The war was supposed to stop the ongoing Crimean raids. Field Marshal's Army Burchard Minich acted successfully. In 1736, having broken through Perekop, the Russians occupied Bakhchisarai. A year later, Minikh occupied Ochakov. Only the plague epidemic forced the Russians to retreat.
But in 1739 the victories continued. Having completely defeated the Turks, Minich's army captured Khotyn and Iasi. The young man responded to these victories with a sonorous ode. Mikhailo Lomonosov.
However, diplomacy let us down: the Belgrade Peace Treaty assigned only Azov to Russia. The Black Sea remained Turkish...
6. Russo-Turkish War 1768–1774
Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia, taking advantage of a minor pretext: a detachment of Zaporozhye Cossacks, pursuing the Poles, broke into the city of Balta, which belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Subjects of the Empress Catherine II acted energetically: a squadron of the Baltic Fleet was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea under the command of Alexei Orlov.
In 1770, near Chesma and Chios, Russian sailors defeated the Turkish fleet. In the same year, in the summer, the army of Pyotr Rumyantsev crushes the main forces of the Turks and Krymchaks at Ryabaya Mogila, Larga and Cahul. In 1771, the army of Vasily Dolgorukov occupied Crimea. Crimean Khanate comes under Russian protectorate. In 1774, the Russian army under the command Alexandra Suvorova And Mikhail Kamensky defeats superior Turkish forces at Kozludzhi.
According to the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty, the steppe between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, Greater and Lesser Kabarda, Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, Yenikale went to Russia. And most importantly, Crimea gained independence from Turkey. Russia has gained a foothold in the Black Sea.
7. Russo-Turkish War 1787–1791
On the eve of this war, Crimea and Kuban became part of Russian Empire. Russia was not happy with the Treaty of Georgievsk, concluded between Russia and the Georgian kingdom. Istanbul issued an ultimatum to Russia demanding that it abandon Crimea and Georgia. So it began new war, which showed the power of Russian weapons. On land - Suvorov's victories at Kinburn, Fokshani, Rymnik, the capture of Ochakov by the troops of Grigory Potemkin.
Assault on Ochakov. Engraving by A. Berg. 1792
At sea - victories of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov at Fidonisi and Tendra. In December 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the impregnable Izmail, in which the 35,000-strong Turkish army was concentrated.
In 1791 - victory Nikolai Repnin under Machin and Ushakov - under Kaliakria. Troops in the Caucasus Ivan Gudovich occupy Anapa. The Iasi Peace Treaty assigned Crimea and Ochakov to Russia, and the border between the two empires moved back to the Dniester. An indemnity was also provided. But Russia abandoned it, sparing the Sultan’s already depleted budget.
8. Russo-Turkish War 1806–1812
A new war began as a result of the struggle for influence over Moldavia and Wallachia. Russia took part in the Napoleonic Wars, but was forced to fight in the south... July 1, 1807, the Russian squadron of the admiral Dmitry Senyavin crushes the Turkish fleet at Mount Athos.
A.P. Bogolyubov. Battle of Athos June 19, 1807
In 1811, he became commander of the Danube Army Mikhail Kutuzov. His skillful tactical actions in the Rushuk area and skillful diplomacy forced the Turks to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia.
The eastern part of the Moldavian principality passed to Russia. Türkiye also pledged to ensure internal autonomy for Orthodox Serbia, which was under Ottoman rule.
9. Russo-Turkish War 1828–1829
The Greeks and Bulgarians fought for independence from Turkey. Sultan Mahmud II began to strengthen the Danube fortresses and, in violation of the treaties, blocked the Bosphorus. Emperor Nicholas I declared war on Turkey. Fighting began in Moldova and Wallachia, as well as in the Caucasus.
Count Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky. Engraving from 1831
A major success of Russian weapons was the capture of Kars in June 1828. Small Russian detachments occupied Poti and Bayazet. In 1829, General Ivan Dibich.
Russia concluded the Treaty of Adrianople on the basis that preserving the Ottoman Empire was more beneficial for us than its collapse. Russia was satisfied with moderate territorial gains (at the mouth of the Danube and in the Caucasus), indemnity and confirmation of Greece's rights to autonomy.
10. Crimean War 1853–1855
The reason for the war was a diplomatic conflict with France and Turkey over the issue of ownership of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Russia occupied Moldavia and Wallachia. At the beginning of the war, a Russian squadron under the command of Admiral Pavel Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay. But the allies of the Ottoman Empire - the French, British, and Sardinians - actively entered the war. They managed to land a large landing corps in Crimea.
I.K. Aivazovsky. Sinop battle
In Crimea, the Russian army suffered a number of defeats. The heroic defense of Sevastopol lasted 11 months, after which Russian troops had to leave the southern part of the city. On the Caucasus front, things were better for Russia.
Troops under command Nikolai Muravyov occupied Kars. The Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 led to the infringement of Russian interests.
Relatively small territorial concessions (the mouth of the Danube, Southern Bessarabia) were aggravated by the ban on keeping a navy in the Black Sea - for both Russia and Turkey. At the same time, Turkey still had a fleet in the Marmara and Mediterranean seas.
11. Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878
It was a war for the freedom of the Balkan peoples, especially the Bulgarian. Russian officers had long dreamed of a liberation campaign in the Balkans. The Turks brutally suppressed the April Uprising in Bulgaria. Diplomacy failed to extract concessions from them, and in April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Fighting began in the Balkans and the Caucasus.
After the successful crossing of the Danube, an offensive began through the Balkan ridge, in which the vanguard of General Joseph Gurko distinguished himself. By July 17, the Shipka Pass was occupied. Russian offensive supported by Bulgarian militias.
After a long siege, Plevna surrendered. On January 4, 1878, Russian troops occupied Sofia, and on January 20, after several victories over the Turks, Adrianople.
The path to Istanbul was open... In February, the preliminary San Stefano Peace Treaty was signed, the terms of which, however, were revised in favor of Austria at the Berlin Congress, which opened in the summer. As a result, Russia returned Southern Bessarabia and acquired the Kars region and Batum. A decisive step was taken towards the liberation of Bulgaria.
12. World Wars
FIRST WORLD, CAUCASIAN FRONT
Turkey was part of the Quadruple Alliance - a military-political bloc that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. At the end of 1914, the Turkish army invaded the territory of the Russian Empire. The Russian counterattack was crushing.
Near Sarykamysh, the Russian Caucasian army defeated the superior forces of Enver Pasha. The Turks retreated with significant losses. Russian troops fought to occupy Erzerum and Trebizond. The Turks attempted a counteroffensive, but were again defeated. In 1916, the troops of the generals Nikolai Yudenich And Dmitry Abatsiev occupy Bitlis. Russia also successfully conducted military operations against the Turks on the territory of Persia.
The war ended with revolutionary events in both Russia and Turkey, which changed the fate of these powers.
Türkiye IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR
On the eve of World War II, diplomats from all major powers actively worked in Turkey. In the summer of 1940, at the peak of the power of the Third Reich, Turkey signed an agreement with Germany on economic cooperation. On June 18, 1941, Turkey concluded a Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Germany.
In the World War, Türkiye held sovereignty. However, in the summer of 1942, when Germany was advancing on Stalingrad and the Caucasus, Turkey mobilized and transferred a 750,000-strong army to Soviet border. Many politicians of that time were convinced that if Stalingrad fell, Turkey would enter the war on the side of Germany and invade the territory of the USSR.
After the defeat of the Nazis in Stalingrad, there was no talk of war against the USSR. But attempts to draw Turkey into the anti-Hitler coalition remained fruitless.
Turkey continued economic cooperation with Germany until August 1944. On February 23, 1945, Türkiye, under pressure from circumstances, formally declared war on Germany, but military assistance anti-Hitler coalition did not provide.
Vyacheslav LOPATIN, Arseniy ZAMOSTYANOV
December 17th, 2015N. Dmitriev-Orenburgsky. Crossing of the Russian army across the Danube at Zimnitsa 06/15/1877.
The topic of Turkey, as you know, is not on last place, and military notes do creep into posts and articles. But over the past 500 years, Russia has had to fight with Turkey many times.
Let's remember the most significant military conflicts between the two powers.
1. Astrakhan campaign of Kasim Pasha
That was the time of the military power of the Ottoman Empire. But the Muscovite kingdom also grew stronger, spreading its influence to the shores of the Caspian Sea. Sultan Selim II pursued a policy of separation from the Russian state of Astrakhan. In 1569, a large Turkish army moved to the banks of the Volga under the command of an experienced commander, Kasim Pasha.
The Sultan's order expressed far-reaching plans: to take Astrakhan, to begin work on the construction of a canal that would connect the Volga and Don. A Turkish squadron was stationed in Azov. If she had arrived by canal at the walls of Astrakhan, the Turks would have gained a foothold in this region for a long time. The 50,000-strong Crimean army also came to the aid of the Turks. However, the skillful actions of governor Pyotr Serebryansky-Obolensky disrupted Selim's plans.
The Cossack cavalry also helped. After a bold and unexpected attack by Russian soldiers, Kasim was forced to lift the siege of Astrakhan. Soon Russian territory was cleared of uninvited guests.
2. Chigirin campaigns 1672–1681
Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine Pyotr Doroshenko fell under Turkish influence. Fearing an invasion of Left Bank Ukraine, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered regular troops and Cossacks to begin military operations against the Turks and Doroshenko's troops.
As a result, the Russians and Cossacks jointly occupied the city of Chigirin. Subsequently, it changed hands more than once, and the war ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty of 1681, which fixed the border between Russia and Turkey along the Dnieper.
3. Russo-Turkish War 1686–1700
The foundation of the anti-Turkish coalition in that war was laid by Austria and Poland. Russia entered the war in 1686, when another war with the Poles ended with a peace treaty. Since 1682, Crimean troops regularly invaded Russian territory. This should have been stopped. Tsarevna Sophia ruled Moscow at that time. In 1687 and 1689, her right hand, boyar Vasily Golitsyn, undertook campaigns in the Crimea.
However, he was unable to organize a supply of fresh water to the army, and the campaigns had to be interrupted. Peter I, having secured his place on the throne, transferred the fighting to Azov. The first Azov campaign in 1695 ended in failure, but in 1696 Russian troops under the command of our first Generalissimo Alexei Shein managed to force the fortress to capitulate. In 1700, the capture of Azov was enshrined in the Treaty of Constantinople.
4. Prut campaign 1710–1713
The Swedish king Charles XII hid in Turkey after the Poltava collapse. In response to demands to extradite him, Türkiye declared war on Russia. Tsar Peter I personally led the campaign to meet the Turks. The Russian army moved towards the Prut. The Turks managed to concentrate a huge army there: together with the Crimean cavalry there were about 200 thousand of them. In New Stalinesti, Russian troops were surrounded.
The Turkish assault was repulsed, and the Ottomans retreated with losses. However, the position of Peter's army became desperate due to the actual blockade. Under the terms of the Prut Peace Treaty, the Turks undertook to release the Russian army from encirclement.
But Russia promised to give Azov to Turkey, tear down the fortifications of Taganrog and a number of other southern fortresses, and give Charles XII the opportunity to move to Sweden.
5. Russo-Turkish War 1735–1739
The war was supposed to stop the ongoing Crimean raids. The army of Field Marshal Burchard Munnich acted successfully. In 1736, having broken through Perekop, the Russians occupied Bakhchisarai. A year later, Minikh occupied Ochakov. Only the plague epidemic forced the Russians to retreat.
But in 1739 the victories continued. Having completely defeated the Turks, Minich's army captured Khotyn and Iasi. Young Mikhailo Lomonosov responded to these victories with a resounding ode.
However, diplomacy let us down: the Belgrade Peace Treaty assigned only Azov to Russia. The Black Sea remained Turkish...
6. Russo-Turkish War 1768–1774
Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia, taking advantage of a minor pretext: a detachment of Zaporozhye Cossacks, pursuing the Poles, broke into the city of Balta, which belonged to the Ottoman Empire. The subjects of Empress Catherine II acted energetically: a squadron of the Baltic Fleet was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea under the command of Alexei Orlov.
In 1770, near Chesma and Chios, Russian sailors defeated the Turkish fleet. In the same year, in the summer, the army of Pyotr Rumyantsev crushes the main forces of the Turks and Krymchaks at Ryabaya Mogila, Larga and Cahul. In 1771, the army of Vasily Dolgorukov occupied Crimea. The Crimean Khanate comes under Russian protectorate. In 1774, the Russian army under the command of Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kamensky defeated superior Turkish forces at Kozludzhi.
According to the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty, the steppe between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, Greater and Lesser Kabarda, Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, Yenikale went to Russia. And most importantly, Crimea gained independence from Turkey. Russia has gained a foothold in the Black Sea.
7. Russo-Turkish War 1787–1791
On the eve of this war, Crimea and Kuban became part of the Russian Empire. Russia was not happy with the Treaty of Georgievsk, concluded between Russia and the Georgian kingdom. Istanbul issued an ultimatum to Russia demanding that it abandon Crimea and Georgia. Thus began a new war, which showed the power of Russian weapons. On land - Suvorov's victories at Kinburn, Fokshani, Rymnik, the capture of Ochakov by the troops of Grigory Potemkin.
At sea - victories of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov at Fidonisi and Tendra. In December 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the impregnable Izmail, in which the 35,000-strong Turkish army was concentrated.
In 1791 - the victory of Nikolai Repnin at Machin and Ushakov - at Kaliakria. In the Caucasus, Ivan Gudovich's troops occupy Anapa. The Iasi Peace Treaty assigned Crimea and Ochakov to Russia, and the border between the two empires moved back to the Dniester. An indemnity was also provided. But Russia abandoned it, sparing the Sultan’s already depleted budget.
8. Russo-Turkish War 1806–1812
A new war began as a result of the struggle for influence over Moldavia and Wallachia. Russia took part in the Napoleonic Wars, but was forced to fight in the south... On July 1, 1807, the Russian squadron of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin destroyed the Turkish fleet at Athos.
In 1811, Mikhail Kutuzov became commander of the Danube Army. His skillful tactical actions in the Rushuk area and skillful diplomacy forced the Turks to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia.
The eastern part of the Moldavian principality passed to Russia. Türkiye also pledged to ensure internal autonomy for Orthodox Serbia, which was under Ottoman rule.
9. Russo-Turkish War 1828–1829
The Greeks and Bulgarians fought for independence from Turkey. Sultan Mahmud II began to strengthen the Danube fortresses and, in violation of the treaties, blocked the Bosphorus. Emperor Nicholas I declared war on Turkey. Fighting began in Moldova and Wallachia, as well as in the Caucasus.
A major success of Russian weapons was the capture of Kars in June 1828. Small Russian detachments occupied Poti and Bayazet. In 1829, General Ivan Dibich distinguished himself with skillful actions in the European theater of war.
Russia concluded the Treaty of Adrianople on the basis that preserving the Ottoman Empire was more beneficial for us than its collapse. Russia was satisfied with moderate territorial gains (at the mouth of the Danube and in the Caucasus), indemnity and confirmation of Greece's rights to autonomy.
10. Crimean War 1853–1855
The reason for the war was a diplomatic conflict with France and Turkey over the issue of ownership of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Russia occupied Moldavia and Wallachia. At the beginning of the war, a Russian squadron under the command of Admiral Pavel Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay. But the allies of the Ottoman Empire - the French, British, and Sardinians - actively entered the war. They managed to land a large landing corps in Crimea.
In Crimea, the Russian army suffered a number of defeats. The heroic defense of Sevastopol lasted 11 months, after which Russian troops had to leave the southern part of the city. On the Caucasus front, things were better for Russia.
Troops under the command of Nikolai Muravyov occupied Kars. The Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 led to the infringement of Russian interests.
Relatively small territorial concessions (the mouth of the Danube, Southern Bessarabia) were aggravated by the ban on keeping a navy in the Black Sea - for both Russia and Turkey. At the same time, Turkey still had a fleet in the Marmara and Mediterranean seas.
11. Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878
It was a war for the freedom of the Balkan peoples, especially the Bulgarian. Russian officers had long dreamed of a liberation campaign in the Balkans. The Turks brutally suppressed the April Uprising in Bulgaria. Diplomacy failed to extract concessions from them, and in April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Fighting began in the Balkans and the Caucasus.
After the successful crossing of the Danube, an offensive began through the Balkan ridge, in which the vanguard of General Joseph Gurko distinguished himself. By July 17, the Shipka Pass was occupied. The Russian offensive was supported by Bulgarian militias.
After a long siege, Plevna surrendered. On January 4, 1878, Russian troops occupied Sofia, and on January 20, after several victories over the Turks, Adrianople.
The path to Istanbul was open... In February, the preliminary San Stefano Peace Treaty was signed, the terms of which, however, were revised in favor of Austria at the Berlin Congress, which opened in the summer. As a result, Russia returned Southern Bessarabia and acquired the Kars region and Batum. A decisive step was taken towards the liberation of Bulgaria.
12. World Wars
FIRST WORLD, CAUCASIAN FRONT
Turkey was part of the Quadruple Alliance - a military-political bloc that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. At the end of 1914, the Turkish army invaded the territory of the Russian Empire. The Russian counterattack was crushing.
Near Sarykamysh, the Russian Caucasian army defeated the superior forces of Enver Pasha. The Turks retreated with significant losses. Russian troops fought to occupy Erzerum and Trebizond. The Turks attempted a counteroffensive, but were again defeated. In 1916, the troops of generals Nikolai Yudenich and Dmitry Abatsiev occupied Bitlis. Russia also successfully conducted military operations against the Turks on the territory of Persia.
The war ended with revolutionary events in both Russia and Turkey, which changed the fate of these powers.
Türkiye IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR
On the eve of World War II, diplomats from all major powers actively worked in Turkey. In the summer of 1940, at the peak of the power of the Third Reich, Turkey signed an agreement with Germany on economic cooperation. On June 18, 1941, Turkey concluded a Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Germany.
In the World War, Türkiye held sovereignty. However, in the summer of 1942, when Germany was advancing on Stalingrad and the Caucasus, Turkey mobilized and moved an army of 750,000 to the Soviet border. Many politicians of that time were convinced that if Stalingrad fell, Turkey would enter the war on the side of Germany and invade the territory of the USSR.
After the defeat of the Nazis in Stalingrad, there was no talk of war against the USSR. But attempts to draw Turkey into the anti-Hitler coalition remained fruitless.
Turkey continued economic cooperation with Germany until August 1944. On February 23, 1945, Turkey, under pressure from circumstances, formally declared war on Germany, but did not provide military assistance to the anti-Hitler coalition.
You can still remember, of course. Of course, this was not a purely Turkish campaign. This is a 120 thousand united Crimean Tatar and Turkish army. Where were the Turkish Janissaries, about 10 thousand. It was defeated by the 40,000-strong Russian army of Mikhailo Vorotynsky. Out of 120 thousand, no more than 25 thousand returned to Crimea. As historians write, there was a cry in Crimea - many men died.
And there was also the Azov Seat of 1637-1642, ten thousand Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks captured the Turkish fortress of Azov and subsequently in 1641-42 heroically defended it from the 300 thousand Turkish army, but after the Moscow Tsar refused to take it under his hand, they blew it up and left. They say that the Turkish Sultan started drinking after that and died of grief.
were fought for dominance in the Black Sea and surrounding areas. In the 17th-18th centuries. were a continuation of Russia’s struggle against the aggression of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate; had the goal of Russia's access to the Black Sea and annexation Northern Black Sea region, captured by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. This was required by the economic interests of Russia and its ruling classes (landowners and merchants). From the 2nd half of the 18th century. R.-t. V. were associated with the aggravation of international contradictions in the Middle East (the so-called Eastern Question (See Eastern Question)) and the gradual strengthening of Russian expansion towards the Balkans and the Caucasus, based on the national liberation movement of Christian peoples oppressed by the Ottoman Empire.
The Russian-Turkish War of 1676-81 was caused by the expansion of aggression of the Ottoman Empire in the 2nd half of the 17th century. After the capture of Podolia as a result of the Polish-Turkish War of 1672-76, the Turkish government sought to extend its rule over the entire Right Bank Ukraine, relying on its vassal (since 1669) - Hetman of the Right Bank Ukraine P. D. Doroshenko. Doroshenko’s treacherous policy caused discontent among a significant part of the Ukrainian Cossacks, who in 1674 elected the hetman of Left Bank Ukraine I. Samoilovich as the sole hetman of Ukraine. In 1676 Doroshenko with 12 thousand. a detachment captured Chigirin, counting on the approach of the Turkish-Tatar army, but in the spring of 1676, Russian-Ukrainian troops under the command of Samoilovich and the Russian military leader G. G. Romodanovsky besieged Chigirin and forced Doroshenko to capitulate. Leaving a garrison in Chigirin, the Russian-Ukrainian troops retreated to the left bank of the Dnieper. The Turkish Sultan appointed Yu. B. Khmelnitsky, who was in his captivity, as hetman of Right Bank Ukraine (See Khmelnitsky) and in July 1677 moved 120 thousand to Chigirin. Turkish-Tatar army of Ibrahim Pasha. The Russian garrison of Chigirin withstood a 3-week siege, and the approaching troops of Samoilovich and Romodanovsky (52-57 thousand people) on August 28 (September 7) defeated the Turkish-Tatar troops near Bushin and forced them to retreat. In July 1678, the Turkish-Tatar army (about 200 thousand people) of the great vizier Kara-Mustafa besieged Chigirin. Russian-Ukrainian troops (120 thousand people) broke the Turkish barrier, but approached Chigirin when the Turks had already managed to capture it. The Russian-Ukrainian army retreated beyond the Dnieper, throwing back the Turkish troops that were pursuing it, who then went beyond the Danube. In 1679-80, Russian troops repelled the raids of the Crimean Tatars, and on January 3 (13), the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty of 1681 was concluded, which determined the border between Russia and Turkey along the Dnieper (from the rapids to the area south of Kiev).
The Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700 was part of the struggle of the European powers against the ongoing aggression of the Ottoman Empire and began after Russia joined in 1686 to the anti-Turkish “Holy League” of 1684 (Austria, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Venice). During the war, the Russian army carried out Crimean campaigns 1687 and 1689 and the Azov campaigns of 1695-96. In the conditions of Russia’s preparation for war with Sweden and the conclusion by other powers at the Karlowitz Congress of 1698-99 (See Karlowitz Congress of 1698-1699) of peace with Turkey, the Russian government concluded with it the Treaty of Constantinople of 1700, according to which Azov went to Russia.
The Russian-Turkish War of 1710-13, its main event was the Prut Campaign of 1711, which ended unsuccessfully for Russia; As a result, Azov was lost.
The Russian-Turkish War of 1735-39 was a consequence of Russian-Turkish contradictions, which worsened in connection with the Russian-Polish War of 1733-35 (see Polish inheritance) and the intensified raids of the Crimean Tatars; was a continuation of Russia's struggle for access to the Black Sea. Russia managed to ensure a favorable international situation by concluding treaties with Iran in 1732-35 (which waged war with Turkey in 1730-36) and establishing Augustus III (1735) on the Polish throne instead of the French protege Stanislav Leszczynski (See Leszczynski), who was supported by associated with France Turkey. Austria has been Russia's ally since 1726. The reason for the outbreak of the war was the raids of the Crimean Tatars at the end of 1735 on Ukraine and the campaign Crimean Khan to the Caucasus. The plan of the Russian command for 1736 provided for the capture of Azov and Crimea. On May 20 (31), 1736, the Dnieper Army of Field Marshal B. K. Minich (62 thousand people) stormed the Perekop fortifications, and on June 17 (28) occupied Bakhchisarai, but the lack of food, water and the outbreak of epidemics forced Minich to retreat to Ukraine. On June 19 (30), 1736, the Russian Don Army of General P. P. Lasya (28 thousand people), with the assistance of the Don Flotilla of Vice Admiral P. P. Bredal, captured Azov. In July 1737, Minich's army (60-70 thousand people) stormed the Turkish fortress of Ochakov, and Lasya's army (about 40 thousand people) in June crossed the Genichesk Strait to the Arabat Spit, crossed Sivash and entered the Crimea in July; Russian troops inflicted a series of defeats on the troops of the Crimean Khan and occupied Karasubazar, but due to lack of water and food they were forced to leave Crimea again. In July 1737, Austria entered the war against Turkey, but its troops suffered a number of defeats. In August, peace negotiations between Russia, Austria and Turkey began in Nemirov, which ended without result. In 1738 there were no active hostilities. Due to the plague epidemic, Russian troops abandoned Ochakov and Kinburn. In 1739 58 thousand. Minich's army crossed the Dniester and on August 17 (28) defeated the Turkish army at Stavuchany (See Stavuchany), occupied the Khotyn fortress [capitulated on August 19 (30)] and Iasi. However, Austria was again defeated and on September 7 (18) concluded a separate peace. This, along with the threat of an attack from Sweden, forced Russia to conclude the Belgrade Peace Treaty of 1739 with Turkey, according to which Russia regained Azov.
The Russian-Turkish War of 1768-74 was a continuation of Russia's struggle for access to the Black Sea, against the aggression of the Ottoman Empire, which sought to expand its possessions in the Black Sea region and the Caucasus and capture Astrakhan. Turkey also opposed the strengthening of Russian influence in Poland, where in 1764 the Russian protege Stanislav August Poniatowski was elevated to the throne. The reason for the war was Russia’s rejection of the Turkish ultimatum on the withdrawal of Russian troops from Poland, where they had been conducting military operations against the Bar Confederation since 1768 (See Bar Confederation), after which Turkey, supported by France and Austria, declared war on September 25 (October 6), 1768 Russia. The Russian strategic plan for 1769 provided for an attack by the main forces (1st Army of General A.M. Golitsyn - 80-90 thousand people) on Khotyn. The 2nd Army of General P. A. Rumyantsev (35 thousand people) supported the actions of the main forces, covering the southern borders from the Dnieper to the Don from the Crimean Tatars; ships of the Baltic Fleet were sent to the Mediterranean Sea to blockade the Dardanelles and support the national liberation movement in Greece (see Archipelago expeditions of the Russian fleet). At the beginning of 1769, the 2nd Army repelled the invasion of the Crimean Tatars and reached the coast Sea of Azov. Although two assaults on Khotyn undertaken by the 1st Army in April and June were unsuccessful, the Turkish garrison abandoned Khotyn in September due to lack of food. In September, the 1st Army, of which Rumyantsev was appointed commander, occupied Iasi. Action plan for 1770: the main task - the capture of the Bendery fortress was entrusted to the 2nd Army of General P.I. Panin, and the 1st Army was supposed to cover it from the south from the main forces of the Turkish-Tatar army. But the commander of the 1st Army, General Rumyantsev, decided to carry out his task with active actions - his troops successively defeated the Turkish-Tatar detachment of the Crimean Khan Kaplan-Girey at Ryabaya Mogila (See Ryabaya Mogila) and on the river. Larga (See Larga), and then defeated the main forces of the Turks under the command of the great vizier Khalil Pasha on the river. Cahul. In September, the 2nd Army stormed the Bendery fortress, after which the Turkish fortresses of Izmail, Kiliya, Akkerman and Brailov capitulated. The Russian squadron, which came to the Aegean Sea, defeated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesme 1770 (See Battle of Chesme 1770) and blocked the Dardanelles. According to the plan of military operations for 1771, the 1st Army was supposed to hold the line of the river. Danube, and the main task - the capture of Crimea - was entrusted to the 2nd Army of General V.M. Dolgorukov with the support of the Azov Flotilla of Vice Admiral A.N. Senyavin. In June, the 2nd Army captured Perekop and then quickly occupied Crimea. The 1st Army, operating on a broad front, despite the lack of forces (45 thousand people), successfully repelled enemy attempts to break through to the left bank of the Danube in June and October. The victories of the Russian troops forced Turkey to begin peace negotiations, which ended with the signing of a truce in Jurge (May 1772), but negotiations on a peace treaty, which took place in July in Focsani and then in Bucharest, ended without result. On November 1 (12), 1772, Russia entered into an agreement with the Crimean Khan Sahib-Girey, according to which Crimea was declared independent from Turkey and under the protection of Russia. In June 1773, Russian troops crossed the Danube and besieged the fortress of Silistria (Silistra), but lack of forces forced Rumyantsev to withdraw his troops back across the Danube. Attempts at active operations by Russian troops in September - October against Varna and Shumla (Shumen) also ended in vain. Both sides were exhausted. Rumyantsev was given the task of speeding up the end of the war despite his limited forces (52 thousand people). In June, the main forces of the Russian army crossed the Danube. June 9 (20) 18 thousand. the corps of General A.V. Suvorov defeated 40 thousand at Kozludzha (See Kozludzha). Turkish corps, on the same day 15 thousand. The Turkish detachment was defeated at Turtukai by General I.P. Saltykov. Russian troops blocked the fortresses of Shumla, Rushchuk (Ruse) and Silistria, and the advanced detachment of A.I. Zaborovsky crossed the Balkans. The Turkish government entered into peace negotiations, which ended on July 10 (21) with the signing of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace of 1774 (See Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace of 1774), according to which Russia received the territory of southern Ukraine up to the Southern Bug and free access to the Black Sea (fortresses of Kinburn, Kerch and Yenikale).
The Russian-Turkish War of 1787-91 was caused by the revanchist aspirations of Turkey, which, incited by Great Britain, Prussia and France, wanted to return Crimea and prevent the strengthening of Russian influence in Transcaucasia. Russia, relying on an alliance with Austria, sought to firmly establish itself in the Northern Black Sea region and expand its possessions in the Caucasus. At the beginning of August 1787, the Turkish government presented an ultimatum to Russia, demanding the return of Crimea, recognition of Georgia as a vassal possession of the Turkish Sultan and consent to the inspection of Russian merchant ships passing through the straits. The ultimatum was rejected, and on August 13 (24) Turkey declared war on Russia. The Turkish command, having an army of about 200 thousand people. and a strong fleet, planned to capture Kinburn, Kherson, and then the Crimea, simultaneously launching operations in the North Caucasus. Russia concentrated 2 armies: Ekaterinoslav under the command of Field Marshal G. A. Potemkin (82 thousand people) with the task of capturing Ochakov and reaching the Danube and Ukrainian under the command of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev (37 thousand people), located in Podolia , to assist the main forces. The defense of Crimea and the Caucasus was entrusted to individual corps and the Black Sea Fleet. On October 1 (12), a Turkish landing force landed at Kinburn, but Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov defeated it. In January 1788, Austria entered the war, but in June the war between Russia and Sweden began and relations with Poland worsened, as a result of which military operations in Moldova were limited to the siege and capture of the fortresses of Khotyn (in September) and Ochakov (in December). In 1789, according to Potemkin’s plan, it was planned to capture Vendors and other fortresses in Moldova. Rumyantsev's army was supposed to, together with the Austrian corps of the Prince of Coburg, advance to the lower Danube. Due to Potemkin's intrigues, Rumyantsev was replaced by General N.V. Repnin, and then both armies were united into one - the Southern - under the command of Potemkin. In July, the main forces of the troops moved towards Vendors. Grand Vizier Yusuf Pasha sent 30 thousand. Osman Pasha's corps against the Austrian corps (12 thousand people), but Suvorov's division (5 thousand people) came to his aid and on July 21 (August 1), 1789, Osman Pasha's corps was defeated near Focsani (See Focsani) . Yusuf Pasha with his main forces (about 100 thousand people) went on the offensive against the Austrian corps of the Prince of Coburg (18 thousand people), but Suvorov (with 7 thousand people) again came to the rescue on September 11 (22) and defeated Turks at Rymnik. Potemkin did not use these victories, limiting himself to the capture of the fortresses of Bendery, Khadzhibey and Akkerman. In 1790, Potemkin was tasked with decisive action to achieve a speedy victorious end to the war, but he acted slowly and sluggishly. The Turkish command deployed active actions in the Caucasus and prepared a landing force for the Crimea. But 40 thousand. Batal Pasha's army, advancing from Anapa to Kabarda, was defeated in September, and the Russian Black Sea Fleet under the command of Rear Admiral F. F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet in the Kerch naval battle of 1790 (See Kerch naval battle of 1790) (July) and in the battle of Tendra (See Tendra) (August), which disrupted the Turkish landing in the Crimea. In September 1790 Austria withdrew from the war. Despite this, Russia's conclusion of peace with Sweden made it possible to launch an offensive on the Danube in the fall. In December, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov stormed the Izmail fortress. In June 1791, Russian troops under the command of Repnin crossed the Danube and inflicted defeats on the Turkish army at Babadag and Machin. In the Caucasus, Russian troops captured Anapa. Ushakov’s defeat of the Turkish fleet at Kaliakria (See Kaliakria) on July 31 (August 11) accelerated the conclusion of the Iasi Peace Treaty of 1791 (See Iasi Peace Treaty of 1791), according to which the territory between the Southern Bug and the Dniester was ceded to Russia, and the annexation of Crimea was confirmed.
The Russian-Turkish War of 1806-12 was caused by the revanchist policy of Turkey, which counted on distracting Russian forces with wars against France (1805-07) and Iran (1804-1813). The reason for the war was Turkey’s violation of the 1805 treaty on the procedure for the passage of Russian ships through the straits and the replacement by the Turkish Sultan of the pro-Russian rulers of Moldova and Wallachia. The Russian government, fearing the seizure of the Danube principalities by French troops landing in Dalmatia, sent troops into them under the command of General I. I. Mikhelson in November - December 1806. On December 18 (30), Türkiye declared war on Russia. In February 1807, the Russian squadron of Vice Admiral D.N. Senyavin, located near the island of Corfu, began military operations and in June in the Battle of Athos 1807 (See Battle of Athos 1807) defeated the Turkish fleet. On the Danube, Turkish troops suffered a number of defeats and retreated beyond the Danube. After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit 1807 (See Peace of Tilsit 1807) between France and Russia, Napoleon, according to the terms of the treaty, mediated peace between Russia and Turkey. In August 1807, a truce was concluded, which lasted until March 1809. In the spring of 1809, 80 thousand. The Russian army under the command of Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky (from August 1809, General P. I. Bagration) began operations against Turkish fortresses, captured Isakcha, Tulcea, Babadag, Machin, Izmail, Brailov and besieged Silistria, but in October was forced to lift the siege , due to the movement towards Silistria 50 thousand. Turkish army. In February 1810, Lieutenant General N.M. Kamensky was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian Danube Army. In May, the Russian army crossed the Danube and captured the fortresses of Pazardzhik, Silistria and Razgrad, and in June besieged Shumla. The assault on Rushchuk (Ruse) in July ended in failure. The Turkish commander-in-chief Yusuf Pasha tried to defeat the Russian troops near Rushchuk, but was defeated at Batina (in August), and Rushchuk and Zhurzha capitulated. At the beginning of 1811, the Danube Army was weakened by the transfer of some troops to the western border. General M.I. Kutuzov, who was appointed commander-in-chief in March 1811, concentrated a small force (45 thousand people) in the main directions. In June 60 thousand. Akhmet Pasha's army launched an attack on Rushchuk, but Kutuzov, with only 15 thousand people, repelled the enemy's attack, and then withdrew his troops beyond the Danube. At the end of August, Ahmet Pasha crossed the Danube and concentrated 35 thousand people. On the left coast. In October Russian 10-thousand. The corps crossed west of Rushchuk to the right bank of the Danube. The main forces of the Turks, located on the left bank, found themselves surrounded in the Slobodzeya area (See Slobodzeya) and capitulated on November 23 (December 5). In October, peace negotiations began, which ended, thanks to the diplomatic skill of Kutuzov, with the signing on May 16 (28) of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812 (See Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812), which recorded the annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
The Russian-Turkish War of 1828-29 was caused by the struggle of the European powers for the division of the possessions of the Ottoman Empire, which was experiencing an acute internal crisis, which intensified in connection with the Greek national liberation revolution of 1821-29 (See Greek national liberation revolution of 1821-1829). The governments of Great Britain and France, fearing the increasing influence of Russia in the Balkans, to which the Greeks turned for help, acted together with her in 1827 in support of the rebel Greeks, but after the victory of the allied fleet in the Battle of Navarino 1827 (See Battle of Navarino 1827), the contradictions between the allies intensified . On October 8 (20), 1827, the Sultan announced the rejection of the Ackerman Convention of 1826 (See Ackerman Convention of 1826) and called for a “holy war” against Russia. April 14 (26), 1828 Russia declared war on Turkey. 95 thousand were sent to the Danube. the army of Field Marshal P.H. Wittgenstein with the task of occupying Moldova, Wallachia and Dobruja and capturing Shumla and Varna. She was opposed by 150 thousand. Turkish army of Hussein Pasha. In the Caucasus there are 25 thousand. The corps of General I.F. Paskevich was supposed to occupy the Kars and Akhaltsikhe pashaliks. In April - May, Russian troops occupied Danube principalities, and on May 27 (June 8) they crossed the Danube at Isakchi, after which Wittgenstein dispersed his forces to blockade many fortresses. The main forces unsuccessfully besieged Shumla, and then transferred their efforts to Varna, which was taken on September 29 (October 11). This minor success came at a huge cost. In the Caucasus, Anapa, Kare, Ardagan, Akhaltsikhe, Poti and Bayazet were occupied. In 1829, Wittgenstein was replaced by General I. I. Dibich, and Hussein Pasha by Reshid Pasha. In May, Russian troops besieged Silistria, and on May 30 (June 11) Dibich defeated 40 thousand. Reshid Pasha's army at Kulevcha. In June, Silistria capitulated, and at the beginning of July 35 thousand. The Russian army moved beyond the Balkans. In the Caucasus, Russian troops captured Erzurum on June 27 (July 9) and approached Trebizond. Despite the presence of significant forces of Turkish troops in the rear of the Russian troops, Dibich's army, reduced mainly due to illness to 17 thousand people, crossed the Balkans and prepared for the assault on Adrianople, the demoralized garrison of which capitulated on August 8 (20). The arrival of Russian troops on the approaches to Constantinople caused panic among the Turkish government, which on September 2 (14) concluded the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, according to which the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea (up to the area north of Batumi) and the Akhaltsikhe region went to Russia; Greece gained independence, and Serbia, Moldova and Wallachia gained autonomy.
Russian-Turkish War 1853-56, see Crimean War 1853-56 (See Crimean War 1853-56).
The Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78 was caused by the rise of the national liberation movement in the Balkans and the aggravation of international contradictions. Uprisings against Turkish rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1875-78) and Bulgaria (1876) caused widespread social movement in Russia in favor of the fraternal Slavic peoples. The tsarist government, in order to strengthen its influence in the Balkans, came out in support of the rebels. Great Britain sought to pit Russia against Turkey and take advantage of the weakening of both countries. In June, the Serbo-Turkish war began, in which Serbia was defeated. To save it from destruction, Russia on October 19 (31), 1876 presented Turkey with a demand to conclude a truce with Serbia, which Turkey accepted, but in December, under the influence of Great Britain, abandoned the agreement international conference ambassadors in Istanbul for the project for a peaceful settlement of the eastern crisis. In January 1877, Russia entered into an agreement with Austria-Hungary, which maintained neutrality, for which it received the right to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in March (April) an agreement with Romania on the passage of Russian troops through its territory. In April, the Sultan rejected a new reform project for the Balkan Slavs, developed at the initiative of Russia, and on April 12 (24) Russia declared war on Turkey. Romania took the side of Russia, but its troops began to act actively only in August. At the beginning of June, Russian troops (185 thousand people) under the command of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) concentrated on the left bank of the Danube, having their main forces in the Zimnitsa area. The forces of the Turkish army under the command of Abdul-Kerim Nadir Pasha were equal in number to the Russian army. In the Caucasus, the forces of the parties were also almost equal: the Russian Caucasian Army under the command of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich - about 100 thousand people, the Turkish army of Mukhtar Pasha - about 90 thousand people. In terms of its combat training, the Russian army was superior to the enemy, but inferior to it in the quality of weapons (Turkish troops were armed with the latest British and American rifles). The active support of the Russian army by the peoples of the Balkans and Transcaucasia strengthened the morale of the Russian troops, which included the Bulgarian militia, Armenian and Georgian police. On June 10 (22), the Russian corps (Lower Danube detachment) crossed the Danube at Galati and Brailov and soon occupied Northern Dobruja. On the night of June 15 (27), Russian troops under the command of General M.I. Dragomirov crossed the Danube in the Zimnitsa area (See Zimnitsa), and then the main forces of the army crossed here, but they were not enough for a decisive offensive across the Balkan ridge. For this purpose, only the Advance Detachment of General I.V. Gurko (12 thousand people) was allocated. To secure the flanks, 45 thousand troops were created. Eastern and 35 thousand. Western squads. The remaining forces were in Dobrudja, along the left bank of the Danube or on the way. The advance detachment occupied Tarnovo on June 25 (July 7), and on July 2 (14) crossed the Balkans through the Hainkoy Pass. Soon the Shipka Pass was occupied, where the created Southern detachment (20 thousand people, in August - 45 thousand) was advanced. The path to Constantinople was open, but there were not sufficient forces for an offensive in the Balkans. The advance detachment occupied Eski Zagra (Stara Zatora), but soon 20 thousand Turkish troops transferred from Albania arrived here. Corps of Suleiman Pasha. After a fierce battle near Eski Zagra, in which the Bulgarian militia distinguished themselves, the Advance Detachment retreated to Shipka. Russian troops in the Balkans went on the defensive. The western detachment captured Nikopol, but did not have time to occupy Plevna (Pleven), where 15 thousand troops approached from Vidin. Osman Pasha's corps. The poorly prepared assaults on Plevna on July 8 (20) and July 18 (30) ended in complete failure and hampered the actions of the Russian troops.
In the Caucasus, Russian troops occupied Bayazet, Ardahan and blocked Qare in April - May. But the dispersion of forces into three detachments operating in independent directions made it difficult to consolidate success. The encirclement of Bayazet by the Turks and the advance of superior enemy forces led to the withdrawal of Russian troops to the border and a transition to defense. In the Balkan theater, the Turkish command tried to organize a counteroffensive in August, but was unsuccessful. Russian troops, in stubborn battles, held their positions on Shipka (See Shipka) and repelled the offensive of the Turkish army from the east against the Eastern detachment. In the Caucasus, the offensive of the Turkish army was stopped, and on October 1-3 (13-15) it was defeated in the battle of Aladzha (See Aladzha). Russian troops went on the offensive and on the night of November 6 (18) captured Kars by storm, and then reached Erzurum. In the Balkan theater of war, a new assault on Plevna on August 30-31 (September 11-12) ended in failure and Russian troops moved to a close blockade of Plevna, which ended on November 28 (December 10) with the surrender of its garrison. The Russian army, numbering 314 thousand people. against over 183 thousand people. from the enemy, went on the offensive. The Serbian army resumed military operations against Turkey. The western detachment of General Gurko (71 thousand people) crossed the Balkans in extremely difficult conditions and occupied Sofia on December 23, 1877 (January 4, 1878). On the same day, the troops of the Southern detachment of General F. F. Radetsky began the offensive (detachments of General M. D. Skobelev and N. I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky) and in the battle of Sheinovo on December 27-28 (January 8-9) they surrounded and took 30 thousand were captured Wessel Pasha's army. On January 3-5 (15-17), 1878, in the battle of Philippopolis (Plovdiv), the army of Suleiman Pasha was defeated, and on January 8 (20), Russian troops occupied Adrianople. The hostile position taken by Great Britain and Austria-Hungary against Russia, and the entry of the English squadron into the Sea of Marmara forced the tsarist government to refrain from occupying Constantinople. On February 19 (March 3), the San Stefano Peace Treaty of 1878, beneficial for Russia and the Balkan states, was signed (See San Stefano Peace Treaty of 1878), the terms of which were significantly curtailed at the Berlin Congress of 1878 (See Berlin Congress of 1878). Despite this, the war had great importance to liberate the peoples of the Balkans from the Turkish yoke and gain their independence; Russia returned the southern part of Bessarabia, lost after Crimean War, and annexed the Kars region. As a result, R.-t. V. Southern Ukraine, Bessarabia, Crimea, the Northwestern Caucasus, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, southwestern Georgia and the northern part of Turkish Armenia were liberated from the Turkish yoke and annexed to Russia.
Lit.: Smirnov N. A., Russia and Turkey in the XVI-XVII centuries, vol. 1, M., 1946; History of the Russian Army and Navy, vol. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, St. Petersburg, 1911-13; Petrov A.N., Russia’s War with Turkey and the Polish Confederates, 1769-1874, vol. 1-5, St. Petersburg. 1866-74; his, The Second Turkish War during the reign of Empress Catherine II, 1787-1791, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1880; his, The War of Russia with Turkey, 1806-1812, vol. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1885-87; Belyaev N.I., Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878, M., 1956; Description of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. on the Balkan Peninsula, vol. 1-9, St. Petersburg, 1902-13; Materials for the description of the Russian-Turkish war in the Caucasian-Asia Minor theater, vol. 1-7, St. Petersburg - Tiflis, 1904-10.
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From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (RU) by the author TSB
Wars between Russia and Turkey were very frequent in the period from the 17th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. These confrontations were of great importance for world history and Europe. Because the two largest empires in Europe fought among themselves for their interests, and this could not help but attract the attention of other advanced European powers (France, England, Austria-Hungary), who were very afraid to allow a big victory with extensive conquests of one power over the other.
Until the 18th century Russia was mainly fought not so much by Turkey as by its loyal vassal, the Crimean Khanate.
In the mid-18th century, Catherine II ascended the throne of the Russian Empire. The Empress of the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century was quite seriously obsessed with the idea of capturing Constantinople and liberating it from Islamic invaders, liberating the Balkans from Turkey and creating a Slavic empire in Asia Minor with its center in Constantinople. Accordingly, Russia was supposed to become the actual head of Constantinople, and it was a very important trading city in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Caucasus and Crimea were chosen as springboards for the attack on the Ottoman capital of Russia, which had to be conquered. Crimea was a province of the Turks, and they had great cultural and religious influence in the Caucasus.
The Crimean Tatars have long tormented with their raids southern lands Russia. Christians - Georgians and Armenians - suffered greatly from the Turks in the Caucasus. Russia decided to help them, while also realizing its own interests. The first of the Caucasian peoples to join the Russian Empire were the Orthodox Ossetians in the 18th century, then Georgia was annexed. Later, Armenia and Azerbaijan were conquered from Persia.
In the 18th and 19th centuries. there were many wars between Russians and Turks. Valiantly in the wars of the mid and late 18th century. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov showed himself. Consider the most ingenious capture of the Izmail fortress, developed and implemented by him. As a result of the wars with the Ottomans in the 18th century. Russia acquired such territories that are now called Krasnodar region and Crimea. One of the outstanding victories of Russian weapons occurred during the Russian-Turkish War in 1774, thanks to the heroic actions of Colonel Platov’s detachment.
The annexation of Crimea was very important, since this territory had an important trade and strategic position, but in addition to everything else, the Crimean Khanate, which had tormented Russia for several centuries with its raids, was eliminated there. On the territory of Crimea, many cities named in Greek were built: Sevastopol, Feodosia, Chersonesus, Simferopol, Evpatoria.
Russo-Turkish wars of the 18th century
1.Russian-Turkish war 1710-1713. (reign of Peter I). Neither side managed to achieve decisive success, but still this war ended rather with the defeat of Russia and as a result we were forced to cede the city of Azov, previously occupied by them, to the Turks.
2. War of 1735-1739 (reign of Anna Ioanovna). Results: Russia received the city of Azov, but was unable to win the right to have its own fleet in the Black Sea. Thus, neither side achieved much success either in battles or in diplomatic negotiations.
3.Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 (reign of Catherine II). Russia won a great victory over the Turks in this war. As a result, Russia included South part Ukraine and the North Caucasus. Turkey lost the Crimean Khanate, which did not officially go to Russia, but became dependent on the Russian Empire. Russian merchant ships received privileges in the Black Sea.
4.War of 1787-1792 (reign of Catherine II). The war ended in complete victory for Russia. As a result of which we received Ochakov, Crimea officially became part of the Russian Empire, the border between Russia and Turkey moved to the Dniester River. Türkiye renounced its claims to Georgia.
Liberation of Orthodox countries from the Ottoman yoke, war with Turkey 1877-1878.
In 1828, Russia again became involved in a war with the Great Defense of Shipka and Turkey. The result of the war was the liberation of Greece in 1829 from more than three hundred years of Ottoman rule.
The most big role Russia contributed to the liberation of the Slavic peoples from the Turkish yoke.
This happened during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. This war is remembered for the unprecedented exploits of Russian soldiers, just like crossing the Shipka mountain pass in winter and defending the Bayazet fortress in terrible heat and without water. General Skobelev showed himself very well in this war. Bulgarian militias joined the Russian troops, Romanian troops helped us, as well as others Slavic peoples, which were under the patronage of the Ottoman Empire.
Very typical example The dedication of Russian soldiers was the defense of Shipka, which is worth talking about in more detail. A small Russian detachment, together with Bulgarian militias, held on to the Shipka mountain pass, their total number was 4 thousand people. In order to take possession of this strategic area, the Turkish commander Suleiman Pasha sent a 28,000-strong selected detachment against the defenders of Shipka. In August 1877, a battle took place between the Russians and the Turks over the Shipka Pass. The Russians stubbornly repulsed the enemy pressure and on the first day of this battle they were joined by the Bryansk regiment of about 2 thousand people. Our wars were fought desperately, but soon the Russian detachment began to suffer greatly from a lack of ammunition and the Turks had already begun to push back the Russians. From last bit of strength our soldiers began to fight them off with stones and detained the enemy for a while. This time was enough for the defenders of Shipka to hold out and wait for reinforcements, with whom they repulsed the Turkish onslaught. After which the Ottomans, having suffered huge losses in this area, no longer acted so decisively. The Russian detachment defending Shipka was commanded by generals Dragomirov and Derozhinsky. In this bloody battle, the first was wounded and the second was killed.
The Turks did not give up in this war either. The Russians took the city of Plevna only the fourth time. After which our army made a successful and completely unexpected crossing of Shipka in winter for the enemies. Russian troops liberated Sofia from the Turks, occupied Adrianople and victoriously moved further east. Our troops were already not far from defenseless Constantinople, but the English fleet approached this city. Then political actions began rather than military ones. As a result, Alexander II did not dare to capture Constantinople, since the danger of war with the British, French and Austrians, who were very afraid of such a strengthening of Russia, loomed. As a result, a peace treaty was signed between the Russians and the Turks, according to which the Turkish cities of Kars, Ardahan, Batum, half of Bessarabia (Moldova) went to Russia, Turkey lost Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Romania, and partly Bulgaria.
Last time Russia and Turkey met on the battlefield in the First World War and here the Russians defeated the Ottomans. But the result of this treacherous war was the death of such great monarchical empires: Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman. Russia made an invaluable contribution to weakening and eliminating Ottoman expansion in Europe and the Caucasus.
The result of the wars with the Turks was the liberation of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Georgia, Romania, Bosnia, Montenegro and Moldova from the Ottoman yoke.
Russo-Turkish wars of the 19th century
1.War of 1806-1812 (reign of Alexander I). Russia won this war. According to the peace treaty, Bessarabia (Moldova) became part of the Russian Empire; the border in Europe was moved from the Dniester River to the Prut before its connection with the Danube.
2.War of 1828-1829 (reign of Nicholas I). This confrontation arose during the Greek war for its independence from the Ottoman Empire. The result is a complete victory for Russia. Became part of the Russian Empire most of eastern coast of the Black Sea (including the cities of Anapa, Sudzhuk-Kale, Sukhum). The Ottoman Empire recognized the supremacy of Russia over Georgia and Armenia. Serbia received autonomy, Greece became independent from Turkey.
3.Crimean War 1853-1856 (reign of Nicholas I). The Russians confidently crushed the Turks. The successes alerted England and France and they demanded that we stop the seizure of Turkish territories. Nicholas I rejected this demand and in response, France and England entered the war with Russia on the side of the Ottoman Empire, later joined by Austria-Hungary. The Union army won the war. As a result, Russia returned to Turkey all the territories seized from it in this war, lost part of Bessarabia and was deprived of the right to have a navy in the Black Sea.
* Russia regained the right to have a navy in the Black Sea after the defeat inflicted on the French by Prussia in the war of 1870-1871.
4.Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 (reign of Alexander II). The Russians won a complete victory over the Ottomans. As a result, Russia gained possession of the Turkish cities of Kars, Ardahan and Batum, and regained the part of Bessarabia lost in the previous war. The Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its Slavic and Christian possessions in Europe. Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Romania and partly Bulgaria became independent from Turkey.
