The body functions due to the systems that regulate its vital activity. This function is on . Some glands in the human body produce hormones, while others regulate their amount. Getting into the blood (lymph), part of the hormones are carried throughout the body for subsequent participation in biosynthesis.
A certain amount of them, through the excretory streams, is released to the surface of the body, part to the internal sphere of the body.
According to this principle, it is customary to classify the presence of glands in the human body into three types. Included in the composition, internal secretion are endocrine. Hormone-producing surfaces are exocrine. Those that perform both functions are called mixed.
Functions performed
Biologically active substances synthesized in the glandular system are responsible for all processes in the body, both physiological and psychological. Their interrelation, a guarantee of the full-fledged work of the organs, and the psychological perception of the world around. Example of basic functions:
- controls the coherence in the work of all organs and systems in which they are included;
- are responsible for biosynthesis in the body and respond to hormonal disruptions in the system;
- maximally adapt the body to a change in the usual rhythm and changes in the environment;
- stand guard over well-functioning reproductive work, controlling the production of the required amount of hormones;
- thanks to the work of the endocrine system, the body develops both in terms of linear growth and intellectually;
- the well-coordinated work of the glands depends on the perception of society and oneself in it.
The presence of glands in the human body is the most significant need for the body. It depends on her whether a person gets sick or not, and how quickly he copes with the disease. How quickly will adaptation to changing climatic conditions and habitual lifestyles take place.
Internal secretion of the endocrine system
The endocrine system includes the following glands:
- pituitary and;
- thymus gland (thymus);
- adrenal glands;
- parathyroid and thyroid glands.
Based on their functions, which are assigned to the organs of internal secretion and their location in the body, it is customary to divide into the following groups:
- the central group, it includes the pituitary and pineal glands (brain glands);
- peripheral group, consists of the thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid and thymus glands;
- mixed function group, unites pancreas and gonads (ovaries and testicles).
Cells (DES), related to the glands of the intestines and stomach, are capable of producing single hormones by necessity.
Pituitary gland and pineal gland (pineal gland)
All glands of the body that are not included in the system of internal secretion belong to the exocrine class. These are the glands:
- The salivary glands produce an enzyme (saliva) consisting of a substance involved in digestion and amylase. Saliva breaks down starch into its constituents (glucose and maltose).
- Sweat and sebaceous, sweat participate in thermal stability, releasing sweat in the hot season, do not allow thermal shock. The sebaceous glands secrete sebum to protect the surface of the skin from bacteria.
- Dairy, their main and only function is the location in the postpartum period.
- The lacrimal produces tears, which are important for moisturizing the mucous membrane of the eyeball.
conclusions
These are a number of the main organs belonging to the exocrine system. All glands are essential for man. In addition to exocrine and endocrine, there are glands of a mixed type, they perform a number of functions related to both classifications.
The pancreas produces the pancreatic segment, insulin hormones and glucagon to regulate metabolic function.
The gonads are organs related to the genital area - the ovaries in a woman and the testicles in a man. Gonads are responsible for reproduction and the possibility of sexual relations.
Knowing what glands are in the human body and the functions they perform will help to avoid pathological changes in them, and consult a doctor in time about this.
The human body is characterized by the fact that all its constituent parts are inextricably linked.
The functioning of one organ is impossible without others.
The human body is a unique mechanism, harmonious, brought to perfection by nature.
Everyone needs to have knowledge about their structure, this will help in any field of activity and everyday life.
Human structure
The structure of the human body is quite complex, has many features and characteristics. People are unique primarily in that they are able to carry out higher nervous activity, that is, they have intelligence. There are several systems that ensure the smooth functioning of the human body.
Internal arrangement of organs
The internal structure of the human body is those organs that perform various important functions. They are separated from the external environment by the skin. An example of some of them is the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and others. 
External structure
Externally, a person is distinguished by a head, neck, upper and lower limbs, and a torso. The latter has a back, chest and stomach. 
Body systems
All organs are collected in separate systems, which helps in the classification and systematization of the human structure. This facilitates the study of structures and their functions in the body. The following systems are distinguished:
- Musculoskeletal system responsible for the movement and adoption of the body of any possible position in space. The system consists of the bone skeleton, ligaments, tendons, muscles.
- The cardiovascular system responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. This provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
- digestive tract absorbs vitamins, trace elements, proteins, fats and carbohydrates from food. This is necessary to generate energy, without which it is impossible to perform any action.
- organs of the respiratory system remove carbon dioxide, saturate the blood with oxygen, which is carried throughout the body.
- Nervous system is central and peripheral, is responsible for the functioning of the whole organism, collects information from the outside world, processing it.
- Endocrine glands responsible for maintaining homeostasis within a person.
- Sex organs are responsible for reproduction, the urinary organs are responsible for the removal of biological fluids.
Also, the skin is separately allocated, which protects the insides from adverse external factors, is responsible for the aesthetic function.
Central nervous system and brain
The human central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord. The main thing that these structural formations are responsible for is the formation of reflexes, mental activity, mental functions, motor and sensory sensitivity.
The main organ of our body is the brain. It is located in the cranium, has a complex structure. Schematically, 3 sections can be distinguished: hemispheres, cerebellum, bridge. The brain processes information that a person receives from the environment, thereby forming response impulses. Thanks to him, people are able to think, understand speech, experience emotions, carry out any activity, both mental and labor. 
Nerve trunks originate from the brain, which branch into smaller branches throughout the body, which collect information from the outside world.
chest organs
There are a number of vital formations in the chest cavity. One of the most important is the heart. It is located almost in the middle of the chest, localization is located behind the middle third of the sternum. The size of the heart is equal to the size of a hand clenched into a fist.
Muscle tissue is very powerful, the cells are interconnected by jumpers, forming something like a canvas. This structure provides electrical conductivity and contraction of the heart. The organ provides blood circulation, receiving venous blood from the vessels, saturating it with oxygen, turning it into arterial. The latter, through heart contractions, ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all human systems and organs. 
Also in the chest are the bronchi and lungs. The latter are a paired organ, they occupy most of the space of this cavity. Each lung consists of large lobes: the left of 2, the right of 3.
The share is divided into smaller formations, in the structure of which there are alveoli - special bubbles that carry out gas exchange. Alveoli saturate the blood with oxygen, ensure the elimination of carbon dioxide. These structures are formed by branching of the bronchi.
The latter are large trunks that enter the lungs through the so-called gates, where they begin to divide into smaller formations. The bronchi, in turn, are the airways in humans.
Another organ located in the chest is the trachea. It originates from the larynx, from where it departs lower and passes into the bronchi.
The esophagus runs in parallel, which has several anatomical bends; it itself is a muscular tube that provides the passage of the food bolus for further digestion in the stomach.
In addition, in addition to the structures listed above, there are large vessels - the aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins. Also in the chest are lymph nodes, nerve trunks and another gland - the thymus, or thymus.
The latter is an organ of the immune system, which gradually atrophies with age. In persons older than 16-18 years, there are only remnants of the thymus.
Abdominal organs
The organs of the abdominal cavity provide the digestion of food and the formation of fecal masses from its remnants. They are separated from the chest by the diaphragm. The organs of the chest cavity are as follows:
- Stomach- a hollow formation that originates from the esophagus. The stomach is responsible for the absorption of amino acids, it contains juice, which, in addition to the digestive function, performs the disinfection of incoming processed products.
- Then there is a transition to small intestine, consisting of 3 sections - the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. These organs are involved in the digestion of the food bolus, the absorption of amino acids and carbohydrates. Bile also begins to form in the small intestine.
- Next is colon. Its divisions are as follows: caecum with appendix, transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon. The thick section of the rectum ends. In this organ, the final absorption of nutrients and absorption of water takes place. Fecal masses are formed from food gruel, which are eliminated from the body through the anus, which ends in the rectum.
- Also in the abdominal cavity are liver,pancreas And spleen. These structures are responsible for metabolism, hematopoiesis, and bile metabolism. The liver is located under the right costal arch, the pancreas - under the left. The spleen adjoins the pancreas from below.
- In the lateral parts of the abdominal cavity are kidneys, which are pair formations. Above them are the secretory glands - the adrenal glands, which are very small. The ureters depart from the kidneys and pass into the bladder. The main function is the formation of urine, which enters the bladder and is excreted.
In addition, there are also large and small blood vessels, lymph nodes, nerve trunks and plexuses in the abdominal cavity, and an omentum is also located here, which ensures the maintenance of all formations in their places. It also protects internal structures from traumatic effects.
Small pelvis
The organs of the pelvic cavity have their own characteristics. Here, males and females have their own distinctive features. Among the common - the presence of the bladder, urethra and rectum. The first is responsible for urination, the second for defecation.
Differences in women
In females, the pelvis contains the uterus, ovaries, which are connected to the first through the fallopian tubes. Also here is the vagina, labia, vulva, clitoris.
Organs form the female reproductive system, which are responsible for reproduction, hormone production, pregnancy.
Differences in men
Men in the pelvis have seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate gland, testicles, penis. These structures are responsible for the formation of sperm, reproduction, perform the function of the endocrine glands, carrying out the production of male sex hormones.
Useful information
Each person is unique and inimitable. At the same time, various anomalies are often encountered - for example, doubling of an organ, a change in its shape and size. Surprising is the fact that often this remains unnoticed and does not affect the state of health in any way.
It is also important that when one of the paired organs is removed, its functions can be taken over by another of this pair. And that almost always happens. In this case, the person himself will feel the same way as before.
The potential and endurance of the body are amazing, it is fragile and strong at the same time. Scientists, biologists and doctors have to find out the answers to a large number of mysteries of the human body. Work in this area is ongoing.
As you can see, the structure of the human body is simple and complex at the same time. Researchers still cannot fully unravel all the secrets of the body. A person is able to carry out higher nervous activity thanks to the cerebral cortex, which is not available to other biological species.
For these reasons, it is important for people to have at least a general understanding of their structure, which will help throughout their life, especially when it comes to checking their own health.
Around the world, the topic of replacing animal products with plant products is gaining great popularity. Someone refuses animal food completely, someone partially or for a certain period - for example, like many of us during. Today we will talk about in which products you can find a complete replacement for proteins if you plan to completely or partially give up meat.
What is protein for?
Protein or proteins (Greek protos - the first, most important) is an organic building material that forms the cells of our body, participates in the process of assimilation of fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, is responsible for immunity and much more. In other words, it participates in every process that takes place inside us. There are about 5 million different proteins in the human body, and they make up 15-20% of the mass of body tissues.
Proteins of any origin are composed of amino acids: 13 of them are successfully produced by the body without the participation of any substances coming from outside, and are called nonessential. And we can get 10 other amino acids only with food: histidine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, arginine, threonine, valine. If the body does not receive these amino acids in sufficient quantities, then its work will begin to malfunction.
What is the danger of an excess of protein in the body?
Most foods contain enough protein, so we are unlikely to be deficient. But the quality of the protein, its rapid digestibility is another matter.
If the body does not have time to get rid of unprocessed proteins, they rot in the intestines. In ancient times, the Chinese even had an execution, in which the convict was fed only boiled meat, and after a while he died of intoxication due to rotting in the intestines. Thus, an excess of animal boiled protein is extremely harmful to humans.
If the protein accumulates too much, the body tries to get rid of it and borrows additional energy for this. But in our body everything is interconnected, therefore, the more energy is spent on getting rid of protein, the less is left for the processing of fats and carbohydrates, which turn into toxins, for the functioning of the liver, blood formation and other processes.
Lack of protein is also harmful
Protein deficiency greatly affects the absorption of calcium: the bones will become brittle, the process of formation of new bone and skin cells will be disrupted, muscle atrophy will develop, the skin will begin to peel and dry, hair will fall out, and nails will break.
From a lack of protein, the release of hormones slows down and immunity decreases, the work of the nervous system is disrupted, cirrhosis of the liver, obesity can begin, and most importantly, a malfunction in hematopoiesis occurs.
It is generally accepted that the norm of protein per day for an adult is from 1 to 1.7 g per kg of body weight. But do not forget that everything depends on the characteristics of the organism, on the lifestyle. For example, for men who perform heavy physical work, for athletes who move a lot, more protein is required. Children, on the other hand, doubly need protein, since a small organism grows and requires “building material” in large quantities. The same applies to pregnant and lactating mothers - they need 2 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight.
Comparing animal and vegetable protein
Many plant foods contain more protein than meat, but plant foods can be deficient in key amino acids. For example, 100 g of beef contains 20 to 25 g of protein, 100 g of salmon contains 16.9 g of protein. Of all plant sources, soy can replace meat almost completely. Soy protein and beans contain approximately 22 g of protein per 100 g of product, and the same amount of peanuts contains about 40 g of protein.
The catch is that animal foods contain more fats and carbohydrates than plant foods, and these elements are protein helpers and help it to be absorbed more easily. The same 100 g of beef contains up to 25% of the recommended daily allowance of fat and up to 30% in the blood. And soy has no cholesterol, and only 1% of the daily recommended amount of fat. Of course, for those who want to lose weight and in particular for the work of the heart, low fat and cholesterol is a big plus.
Thus, a person can receive protein of both animal and plant origin.
It is important to consider the timing of meals. Worst of all, protein is absorbed in the evening, better - from six in the morning until noon. Therefore, include protein-rich foods in breakfast and early lunch, and keep dinner light.
What can replace animal protein?
When you do decide to stop eating animal proteins, be careful not to cut them out abruptly. The characteristics of the body are different for each person, so be careful and with physical or mental discomfort, it is better to suspend the transition to vegetable protein.
So, which plant foods will provide enough protein in our body.
Legumes: beans, peas, lentils, chin, maize, chickpeas and others. For example, beans and peas contain about 23% of proteins. They are absorbed by the body by 80%. In addition, legumes are a good source of energy. They do not create heaviness in the body and quickly satisfy hunger.
Soy and soy products. Soy is also included in the legume category, but we will talk about it separately. As we mentioned above, soy is the only food that can match meat in terms of protein content. Soy is recommended for people who suffer from various allergies and lactose intolerance. Tofu, a healthy and tasty soy product, is gaining popularity; it is akin to cheese or curd cheese, it tastes very good and is indispensable for fasting cheese lovers. There are three types of tofu - soft, hard and dry. From it you can cook many different dishes, both desserts and mains.
By the way, tofu is made from soy milk, which in China is known as soy liquid, and in Europe as a soy drink. The taste, texture and color of soy milk is very similar to cow's milk. It is made from pureed and filtered soybeans. Soy milk is widely used in cooking, and in Asian countries, where this drink almost completely replaces animal milk, it is also produced with various additives - berries, cocoa, ginseng, carrots, etc.
Cereals and cereals. Vegetable protein contained in buckwheat, wheat also contains all the amino acids necessary for the body. Such a protein is digested faster, contains a lot of iron, is rich in trace elements and vitamins that are not found in meat, such as fiber, fibers that promote digestion.
A good way to replace animal protein is. A mixture of oats, nuts, wheat and fruits contains 7 to 10 g of protein.
Nuts and sunflower seeds. In addition to protein, nuts provide us with vitamins, minerals and fiber. Although different nuts vary in protein content, all types have enough protein to meet the needs of the body. For example, 30 g of peanuts contain 7.3 g of protein, and walnuts and almonds contain the most protein. Eat 4-5 pieces a day, add to salads or desserts and you are provided with a daily protein intake!
Mushrooms. They also belong to the category of low-calorie foods (per 100 g - 30 kcal). However, it should be remembered that mushrooms are difficult to digest, so you should not eat them often.
They also contain protein: greens, broccoli, lettuce, spinach, zucchini, asparagus, cucumbers, avocados, figs, hard grain flours and much more - a rather tasty and nutritious set of products that can now be easily and not so expensively purchased in stores.
Hello my dear readers. Did you know that our poor health is due to a lack of protein (polypeptides)? Consider how much complete protein you are getting. We snack on fast food, use semi-finished products. These foods are high in carbohydrates but very low in protein. This leads to weight gain and various diseases. We need polypeptides to stay healthy. Let's look at where the list of products contains vegetable and animal protein, its pros and cons.
Protein is responsible for proper metabolism, immunity, muscle growth. It speeds up metabolism, thus preventing us from gaining weight. This substance does not accumulate in the body. Therefore, we need to regularly receive it with food. The source of protein is plant and animal food. Polypeptides are made up of amino acids. There are non-essential amino acids that the body can synthesize and essential amino acids for humans. The difference between plant polypeptides and animals is in the content of essential amino acids.
In vegetable proteins, the concentration of amino acids is lower, and they are absorbed worse.
I wrote more about this in an article with a table of amino acid content. The exception is soy, where the content of organic acids is much higher than in other vegetable protein products. But in our country this product is not widely used.
Protein, which contains vegetables, cereals has a number of advantages over animals. Such food contains practically no fat. Therefore, getting proteins from vegetables, we can not worry about being overweight. The gastrointestinal tract does not receive such a load as when digesting meat and dairy products. This is especially important for those who have problems with the digestive system.
Vegetables and cereals contain fiber, which has a beneficial effect on the digestive tract. It improves intestinal motility, promotes weight loss. Most polypeptides in soy and legumes. There is also a lot of it in nuts and seeds. Here is an example of the protein content per 100 grams of food:
- soy - about 40 gr.;
- peanuts and sunflower seeds about 26 gr.;
- lentils 23 gr.;
- peas 22 gr.;
- white beans - about 21 gr.
Many athletes, models, and just active people use peanut butter and paste. Pasta and butter are rich not only in polypeptides. They contain such useful vitamins as, and. As well as trace elements: iodine, zinc, phosphorus, calcium. Many pediatricians advise children to consume peanut butter several times a week.
Do you love soy tofu? I like this cheese for its neutral taste. You can use seasonings and sauce to give it the relish that you like. It is made from soy milk. In addition to being high in protein, tofu is loaded with isoflavones. These compounds are responsible for the proper functioning of the muscles. They also increase blood flow, maintain the health of blood cells.
Which is better to choose
Nutritionists agreed that there is no ideal protein. Despite this, animal-derived polypeptides should make up at least 50% of all proteins. Doctors came to this conclusion, because vegetable proteins are absorbed worse. Because of this, vegetables and greens do not dull the feeling of hunger. This is the difference between plant and animal polypeptides.
When using animal protein, preference should be given to dietary meats, lean fish, and fermented milk products. Plant foods must also be present in the diet. Cereals, vegetables, fruits contain fiber, vitamins, salts. All these substances help products to be well absorbed.
Of plant polypeptides, cereals and legumes are especially useful. Soy is the only plant-based protein that contains nearly all of the essential amino acids. I believe that it is not worth abandoning some polypeptides in favor of others.
Why protein is important for weight loss
Recently, protein diets have become very popular. Perhaps the most famous of them is Dr. Dukan's diet. So what are the benefits of protein?
- animal polypeptides quickly saturate the body, satisfy hunger, a person eats less;
- protein stimulates metabolism;
- despite rapid saturation, insulin does not jump. Since polypeptides provide normal glucose content;
- In addition to losing weight, protein allows you to get rid of carbohydrate addiction. It is very useful for losing weight sweet tooth.
Now you know what animal and vegetable protein is. As you can see, it is impossible to say unequivocally that one species is better than another. Although, as practice shows, vegetarians calmly manage only vegetables and fruits. Sufficient amount of soy: tofu, soy flour, butter, soy milk covers the need for animal protein. But, unfortunately, not everyone can take soy without harm to health. There is simply intolerance to this food. Here you already need to listen to your body, trying to achieve balance.
But for athletes, animal protein plays a huge role. Only he can fully maintain muscle mass. Despite all the advantages of soy, it is still inferior to whey protein in this regard. I hope my tips will help you balance your diet. Let's switch to healthy food together. Check out my blog and subscribe to updates. See you soon!
