Vowel sounds- These are the sounds of speech, formed by the free passage of an air stream through vocal cords consisting mainly of voice (voice tone) with an almost complete absence of noise.
In Russian, vowels are classified according to three criteria:
1) by row (place of formation);
2) on the rise (method of formation);
3) by the presence or absence of labialization.
At classification of vowels according to a number the difference between vowels caused by the movement of the tongue in a horizontal direction is taken into account. The vowels are divided into three groups:
1) vowels front row, during the articulation of which the language is strongly advanced forward: [and], [e];
2) vowels middle row, during the articulation of which the tongue moves back a little: [s], [a];
3) vowels back row, during the pronunciation of which the tongue is strongly pushed back: [y], [o].
At vowel classifications by rise language takes into account the difference between vowels caused by the movement of the tongue in a vertical direction. The vowels are divided into three groups:
1) vowels upper lift, during the pronunciation of which the tongue is strongly raised up, i.e. occupies the highest position: [and], [s], [y];
2) vowels medium rise, during the pronunciation of which the language occupies a lower position: [e], [o];
3) vowels lower lift, during the pronunciation of which the tongue occupies the lowest position: [a].
According to the width of the mouth solution (which is associated with the degree of elevation of the back of the tongue), vowels are divided into
1) wide, i.e. acoustically the most sonorous: [a];
2) averages, i.e. acoustically medium sonority: [e], [o];
3) narrow, i.e. acoustically the least sonorous: [and], [s], [y].
The third criterion for classification is presence or absence of labialization, i.e. elongation or rounding of the lips. In this case, the vowels are divided into
1) labialized (rounded) vowels: [y], [o];
2) non-labialized (non-rounded) vowels: [a], [e], [i], [s].
The classification of vowels can be presented in tables.
The simplest table of articulation of vowels
| Row Rise | Front | Middle | Rear |
| Upper | And | s | at |
| Middle | uh | about | |
| Lower | but |
The division into three rows and three rises does not reflect the full richness of vowel sounds.
There are so-called reduced vowels: [Λ], [and e], [s e], [b], [b].
[Λ] - reduced vowel [a], [o] in the first prestressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word; this sound is called "a - narrow";
[and e] - a sound, the middle between [and] and [e]; this is a sound pronounced with a slightly greater openness of the mouth and a slightly lower rise of the tongue than the sound [and]; the sound is called "[and] open" or "[and] with an overtone [e]", or "[and] prone to [e]";
[s e] - a sound average between [s] and [e]; the sound is called “[s] with an overtone [e]”, or “[s] prone to [e]”;
[b], [b] - reduced vowels [a], [o], [e] in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed; [b] - sound, the middle between [s] and [a];
Tones of sounds can be considered as special sounds. Then the table of vowels should be more detailed.
Vowel articulation table
| Row Rise | Front | Middle | Rear |
| Upper | And | s | at |
| upper middle | and uh | s e | |
| Middle | uh | b | about |
| Lower | and Λ |
QUESTION 6
CONSONANTISM
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Consonants- these are speech sounds, consisting either of one noise, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the organs of pronunciation, where the air stream exhaled from the lungs meets various obstacles.
The consonants of the Russian language are classified according to 5 features:
2) at the place of education;
3) according to the method of education;
4) by the presence or absence of palatalization (by hardness - softness);
5) by the presence or absence of nasality.
The main features of consonants are the place and method of formation. Define place of education consonant - this means to indicate in which place of the speech apparatus there is a convergence or closure of the active organ with the passive. Define way of education consonant - it means to indicate how the barrier is created and how it is removed. Important features of consonants are also deafness - sonority and hardness - softness.
The articulation of each consonant consists of simultaneous works different pronunciation organs. In this case, the main work is the one in which the main focus arises, that is, the place where noise is generated. So, the sounds [p] and [b] are called labial, since the lips are the place of noise formation, the sounds [s] and [h] are, respectively, dental, etc.
Articulation aimed at the formation of the main focus is called basic .
In addition to the main one, when forming a consonant, it can also be used additional articulation, which, without changing the basic character of the noise, gives it a specific shade. The most common additional articulation of Russian consonants is palatalization (from lat. palatum - palate). It is expressed in the tension and rise of the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate. With the help of palatalization, soft (palatalized) consonants are formed. Velarization (from Latin velaris - posterior palatine) - this is an additional articulation, in which, in contrast to palatalization, solid consonants are formed (for example, Russian solid [l]). The articulation of velarization consists in raising the back of the back of the tongue to the soft palate. Additional articulation is also nasalization (from lat. nasalis - nasal), i.e. from the point of view of articulation - the participation of the palatine curtain in the formation of nasal consonants ([n], [n "], [m], [m"]), unlike other sounds.
1. Classification of consonants according to the participation of voice and noise:
1) consonants sonorous, formed with the help of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [j];
2) consonants noisy subdivided into noisy voiced , formed by noise accompanied by a voice: [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [g], [g" ], [h], [h "], [j], [γ], [γ"], [dz], [j]; and noisy deaf , formed only with the help of noise, without the participation of the voice: [n], [n "], [f], [f "], [k], [k"], [t], [t "], [s] , [s "], [w], [w "] (in place of u), [x], [x "], [c], [h "].
characteristic feature The system of consonants is the presence in it of pairs of sounds correlative in voicing-deafness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they differ as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound. Compare: rose - dew and roses - grew [ros - ros]. The correlative series of voiced and voiceless consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r "], [j] - unpaired voiced, [x], [c ], [h "] - unpaired deaf.
Table of classification of consonants according to voiced-deafness
2. Classification of consonants according to the place of formation.
The place of formation of a consonant depends on which active organ does the main work and with which passive organ it closes or approaches. This is the place in the mouth where the flow of air meets an obstacle.
If the active organ is underlip , then consonants can be labial-labial (passive organ - upper lip): [p], [b], [m] and labial-dental (passive organ - upper teeth): [c], [f].
If the active organ is language , then the characteristic of the consonant depends on which part of the tongue - the anterior, middle or back - is involved in creating the barrier and with which passive organ - the teeth, the anterior, middle or back of the palate - the tongue approaches or closes. Front-lingual consonants are dental, when the front of the tongue is directed to the teeth: [t], [d], [s], [h], [n], [l], [c], and palatine-dental (anteropalatal), when it is directed to the anterior part of the palate: [p], [w], [g], [h "]. Middle-lingual at the same time always and middle-palatal: [j], [and]. Back-lingual or middle palate: [k "], [g" ], [x "], [γ"] or posterior palate: [k], [g], [x], [γ].
1) consonants labial subdivided into labial: [b], [n], [m] and labiodental:
2) consonants lingual subdivided into anterior lingual, which include dental[d], [t], [s], [s], [n], [l], [c] and palatine-dental[w], [w "], [w], [h "], [p];
3) middle language(mid palate) [j], [and];
4) consonants back-lingual(back palatine) [k], [k "], [g], [g"], [x], [x"], as well as rare
sounds [γ], [γ "], [n].
The sound [n] - nasal back-lingual - is rare in Russian. It is pronounced in place [n] before [k], [g], usually in cases where a consonant follows: pu[n] ktir, fra[n] ksky, ko[n] gress.
3. Classification of consonants according to the method of formation:
Depending on the difference in the methods of noise formation, consonants are divided into:
1) consonants explosive(constant): [b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k];
2) consonants fricatives(slotted): [c], [f], [h], [s], [g], [w], [w "], , [x];
3) affricates[ts], [h "];
4) consonants closure-through, which include nasal[m], [m "], [n], [n"] and side[l], [l"];
5) trembling[p], [p "].
4. Classification of consonants by the presence or absence of palatalization:
1) consonants solid, formed without additional mid-palatal articulation (all consonants, except for [g "], [w"], [h"], [j]);
2) consonants soft, formed with additional articulation (all consonants, except for [g], [w], [c]).
By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).
With the formation of soft consonants, the tongue is concentrated in the front, and with the formation of hard ones, in the back of the oral cavity; compare: [in "] il - [v] yl, [n"] il - [n] yl, [l"] yog - [l] og, [r "] poison - [r] hell.
Consonant sounds form pairs of hardness / softness: [b] - [b "], [p] - [n"], [c] - [c"], [f] - [f "], [h] - [ h "], [s] - [s"], [d] - [d"], [t] - [t"], [m] - [m"], etc. Unpaired solid sounds are [g], [w], [c]; unpaired soft - [g "], [w"], [h"], [j].
In [j], the elevation of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the middle part of the palate is not additional, like in other consonants, but the main articulation, therefore [j] - palatal , not a palatalized consonant.
Table of classification of consonants by hardness-softness
5. Classification of consonants by the presence or absence of nasality:
1) consonants nasal(nasal): [n], [n "], [m], [m "];
2) consonants non-nasal(non-nasal, oral): all others.
During the formation of nasal consonants, the palate descends and the air stream passes into the nasal cavity, causing nasal resonance. A characteristic feature of nasal consonants is that, along with the bow, the passage of air through the nose is open. Therefore, these sounds are classified as a special group of stop-passing sounds.
| Voice and noise | Way of education | Place of education | ||||||
| Labial | lingual | |||||||
| labial | labiodental | Frontlingual | Middle-lingual | Back lingual | ||||
| dental | palatine-dental | |||||||
| Noisy | explosive | b b’ p p’ | d d’ t t’ | g g’ k k’ | ||||
| affricates | c | h' | ||||||
| fricatives | in v’ f f’ | s s ’s s’ | w w’ w w’ | ј | x x' | |||
| Sonorant | ||||||||
| Connecting passageways | lateral | l l' | ||||||
| nasal | mm' | n n' | ||||||
| Trembling | p p' |
Table of articulation of consonants
The table lists the most important features and basic sounds of modern Russian literary language. However, not all. If, for example, we compare the initial sounds of words garden And court, lady And doom, taz And ace, you can see the difference in their articulation. Before [a], consonants are pronounced without tension of the lips, and before [y] - with rounded and elongated lips. We're just getting ready to say the words court, doom, ace, and the lips have already taken this position. This additional articulation is called labialization (from Latin labium - “lip”), and consonants [s °], [d °], [t "], etc. - labialized (or ruined). These sounds differ from [s], [d], [t] by articulation and by ear. (This difference can be heard if you start pronouncing the word garden and stop after the first consonant, then start pronouncing the word court, but pronounce only the first consonant.) In Russian, the labialization of consonants is always associated with their position before [u] or [o], as well as before labialized consonants: [s°t°ul], [s°t°ol], but [became]. There are no exceptions, so it is usually not noted in transcription.
The vowel sounds of the modern Russian language are classified according to three criteria:
1. according to the degree of elevation of the tongue during the formation of a vowel sound;
2. on the basis of a row (according to the place where the tongue is raised), i.e. by the movement of the tongue horizontally in the oral cavity;
3. in relation to labialization, i.e. participation / non-participation of lips in the formation of a vowel sound.
Basic stressed vowels
§3. Classification of consonants
All consonants of the modern Russian language are classified according to four articulatory features:
2. at the place of noise generation;
3. according to the method of noise generation;
4. by the presence/absence of palatalization (additional iot articulation).
Sonorant are the most sonorous of all consonants. Their formation involves the voice with little participation of noise (approximately 75% - voice, 25% - noise).
Noisy are those consonants in the formation of which noise prevails over the voice or the voice is completely absent. Noisy voiced the consonants are composed of noise with little voice participation (approximately 75% noise, 25% voice). Noisy deaf are formed without the participation of voice, consist entirely of noise.
Many noisy consonants are paired according to the participation of voice and noise. Noisy consonants are paired, differing only in this one feature (with others in common): [b] - [p]; [b '] - [n '], etc. Sonorant consonants do not have a pair on the basis of "participation of voice and noise."
Note: For a list of consonants, paired and unpaired by the participation of voice and noise, see the Phonology section.
Location of noise
The division of consonants into labial and lingual is related to which active organs of speech are involved in their formation: lips or tongue. In the formation of labial consonants, the lower lip plays an active role, in the formation of lingual consonants - the tongue. Active (moving) speech organs interact with passive ones, which include the upper lip, alveoli, teeth, and hard palate. So, in education labial consonants, the lower lip closes with the upper lip, and when formed labiodental consonants, the same active organ - the lower lip - approaches the upper teeth. Lingual consonants are divided into three groups depending on whether the front, middle or rear part language plays an active role in the formation of sound. The group of front-lingual consonants is heterogeneous. Depending on which passive organ the anterior part of the tongue approaches, there are anterior lingual dental(tongue moves towards upper teeth) and anterior-lingual palatine-dental(tongue approaches the alveoli, rising in front of the hard palate).
Noise generation method
According to the method of noise formation, several groups of consonants are distinguished. At education stop (explosive) consonants, the active organ, approaching the passive, forms a link, overcoming which an explosion occurs, because. an air jet breaks the barrier with force. Stop consonants are very short, they are often called instantaneous sounds. Slotted (fricative) consonants are formed by incomplete convergence of the active and passive organs, between which there is a gap. The jet of air passes through the slot relatively freely, but the friction of the air against the walls of the slot creates noise. The absence of an explosion when overcoming an obstacle allows fricative consonants to acquire longitude, which is impossible for stop sounds. affricates are sounds that are complex in formation: at the initial stage of articulation, a bow is formed, but the expected explosion does not occur, the barrier opens, passing from the bow into a gap through which the air leaves the oral cavity. Affricates, thus, combine the features of stop and fricative consonants. Connecting passages consonants are formed by complete closure of the active organ with the passive one, air passes simultaneously through the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Depending on how the air passes through the barrier, occlusive-passing nasal And occlusive-passage lateral (oral) sounds. Consonants, during the formation of which the tip of the tongue vibrates, then closes, then opens with the alveoli during the passage of a stream of air, are called trembling (vibrants).
Phonetics.Basic concepts.Sound system.Syllable.Syllabic division
Phonetics - (Greek background - sound) - the doctrine of sound system language, a section of linguistics that studies the sound means of language (sounds, stress, intonation). A special section of phonetics - orthoepy describes a set of norms of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy occupies a special place among linguistic disciplines. It studies those units of language that do not matter, but they determine the existence of meaningful units of language.
Thus, morphology, syntax, lexicology study language units having lexical meaning. Phonetics studies language units that do not have lexical meaning, but serving to distinguish between units of grammar and vocabulary. At the same time, some linguistic phenomena are on the border of phonetics and grammar, since it is impossible to correctly determine the basis of a word without knowing phonetic laws.
Depending on the objectives of the study, phonetics is distinguished:
Private and general;
descriptive and historical;
Comparative;
Experimental;
Sociophonetics.
Private phonetics deals with the study of the sound system of a particular language, general studies general patterns. Descriptive studies the phonetic system of the language in certain period its development. Historical studies the changes that have taken place in the sound system of the language throughout its history. Comparative studies the phonetic structure of several languages. Sociophonetics studies the features of pronunciation individual groups population. Experimental learns language through experimentation.
Speech is a stream of sounds and seems to be continuous. The stream can be divided into separate parts. Membership may be different. If this division is based on grammatical arrangement, then we are talking about division into sentences, words and morphemes. During phonetic division, units are distinguished: text, phrase, speech tact or syntagma, phonetic word, syllable and sound.
The text is only the initial value of the phonetic articulation of speech, because speech is not phonetic, but communicative in nature. The text also has phonetic characteristics: limitation by pauses. Pause at the beginning and end of the text. Phrases are distinguished from the text by intonation. A phrase is a piece of text that has logical stress(|| - pause). A phrase is a phonetic unit, a sentence is a grammatical one. IN complex sentence one phonetic phrase.
Phrases are divided into speech measures or syntagmas. Syntagmas stand out intonationally, but at the border of the syntagma, an unfinished intonation is heard.
On the coast of desert waves || he stood || doom of the great hill
The division of the speech stream into syntagmas is always conditioned by the meaning, so options are possible.
We must learn to work and rest.
The phonetic word is characterized by stress. Phonetic stress is a complex of sounds or a segment of a sound chain. There may be no pauses between words. In this case, the phonetic word can correspond to the first lexical word or a few words.
On the same night || wide boat || left the hotel.
3 speech measures, 2 each phonetic words in everyone.
A syllable is a push of speech exhalation. Sound is the smallest element of speech flow.
Classification of vowels and consonants
Sound from acoustic point vision - fluctuations of air particles. The source is the vibration of sound cords. From the point of view of articulation, vowels and consonants are distinguished.
Articulation is a set of actions of the organs of pronunciation at the moment of sound. The main difference is the following. Consonants - when formed, air overcomes the barrier, so vowels are characterized by the flow of the voice, and consonants by the presence of voice and / or noise.
Vowels are tone sounds. Their formation involves a musical tone voice. Noise is not taken into account. The difference in vowels is determined by the different ways of the organs of speech.
In modern Russian, there are 6 vowels [a] [o] [e] [u] [s] [i].
by place of education
The difference between vowels that cause the tongue to move in a horizontal direction is taken into account:
Front vowels - when articulating, the tongue is strongly advanced forward [and] [e]
Middle vowels - the tongue is slightly pushed back [s] [a]
Back vowels [y] [o]
according to the degree of elevation of the tongue vertically relative to the palate
High vowels [and] [s] [y]
Medium vowels [e] [o]
Low vowels [a]
High vowels will be closed or narrow compared to middle vowels, while low vowels will be open or wide. The middle vowels are closed compared to the lower ones, and open compared to the upper ones.
by participation or non-participation of lips
The presence or absence of lavalization - stretching or rounding of the lips.
Lavialized [y] [o]
Non-lavalized (all others)
The division into 3 rows and the rise does not reflect the full wealth of the SRY. In unstressed syllables ch. pronounced with varying degrees reduction - change, reduction of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. Unstressed vowels are less pronounced. Some vowels are not distinguished.
Consonants are classified according to 4 features:
Sunny and noisy
Sanoric - consonants in the formation of which the voice and slight noise are involved [r] [n] [m] [l]
Noisy deaf - only noise [n] [f] [k] [t] [s] [w] [c] [x]
A characteristic feature of the Russian consonant system is the presence of pairs of sounds that are correlated by sonority-deafness, hardness-softness. Correlation lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions they differ as two sounds, and in other conditions they are indistinguishable.
Rose - dew, once - grew.
According to the place of noise formation (labial and lingual)
labial [m] [n] [b]
labiodental [f] [c]
anterior lingual:
dental [c] [s] [l] [n] [t] [d] [c]
anterior palatine [w] [w] [p] [h]
middle language [th]
posterior lingual [k] [g]
By way of noise generation
Locking (explosive) - [p] [t] [k] [g] [d]
Precative (slotted) - [f] [c] [s] [z] [w] [g] [x]
Affricates - [c] [h] [u]
Linkage [n] [m] [l]
Trembling [r]
By the presence or absence of softening (hard and soft)
without paired soft w, c, sh
phonetic units. Sound.
1. Sound is the smallest unit of sounding speech. The word hand has 4 sounds.
3. Syllable - a segmental phonetic unit - a combination of several sounds, one of which is certainly a vowel.
open syllable - one that ends in a vowel sound: go-lo-va, ra-ma, yu-la.
Closed - at the end of a consonant sound: sleep, kar - kass, bol-tic.
Covered- begins with a consonant: SA-dy, mo-yu, i-rmar-ka.
naked- begins with a vowel: o-sen, ar-ka.
Transfer rules:
1. There are as many syllables as there are vowels.
2. The boundary between words in the middle of a word usually passes after a vowel sound: za-kon, ta-bu-re-tka.
3. If a combination of several consonants is located between the vowel sounds in a word, then the entire combination of consonants, as a rule, goes to the next syllable
There are 2 exceptions to the last rule:
1) the sonorous consonant “yot”, being in the middle of a word between a vowel and a consonant, always goes to the previous syllable: may-ka, sing-te, tai-na, catch-small;
2) the remaining 8 sonorous sounds (p, p /, l, l /, m, m /, n, n /) behave somewhat differently in this position. If they are in front of noisy consonants, they always go to the previous syllable, while the noisy sound joins the next syllable: maar-ka, gal-ka, ram-pa, and-yun-sky. If sonorants are in front of some other sonorant, then the whole combination of consonants in general rule departs to the next syllable: in-lna, ko-rma, Marya.
4. The establishment of boundaries between syllables can be affected by the allocation of significant parts of the word in the word, as a result of which variants of syllable separation appear. for example, at the junction of a prefix and a root (if the prefix ends with a consonant sound, and the root begins with it), the boundary between syllables can be drawn both according to the phonetic rules of layering, and taking into account the allocation of the prefix and the root: break and break; say-say and tell-say.
Differences in vowel sounds are associated with the position of the tongue in the oral cavity and, to some extent lesser degree, its shape, and also with the shape of the hole formed by the lips. Due to the movement of these organs, the volume and shape of the resonator - the oral cavity - change. On the basis of this, vowels of various rises and rows, labialized and non-labialized (from Latin labia - lips) are distinguished.
The rise of the back of the tongue in the oral cavity determines the rise of the vowel sound. Therefore, [a] is the vowel of the lower rise (the tongue is located quite low, the distance between the back of the tongue and the palate is the largest, which is also achieved by lowering the lower jaw - the maximum opening of the mouth), [o] and [e] - the middle one (the tongue occupies the middle position), and [y] [s] and [and] - upper (the tongue is raised closest to the palate and even, when pronouncing [s], is slightly bent back).
The assignment of a vowel to one or another series depends on which part of the oral cavity (back, middle or front) the bulk of the tongue is located. When pronouncing the sounds [o] and [y], the bulk of the tongue is concentrated in the back of the mouth, so they are called back vowels. When pronouncing the sounds [e] and [and], the tongue is pushed forward - these are the front vowels. When pronouncing the sounds [a] and [s], the tongue is not pushed forward and not pulled back - it occupies almost the entire oral cavity - these are the vowels of the middle row.
In addition, differences in vowel sounds are associated with the shape of the hole formed by the lips. On this basis, vowels are divided into labialized, that is, rounded ([o], [y]), and non-labialized, that is, not rounded ([a], [e], [s], [and]).
Sounds in unstressed syllables can change their quality. This means that their characteristics in terms of rise, row, labialization (all or one of the characteristics) have changed. So, for example, when pronouncing the sound of the middle rise, the back row, labialized [o] in the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound is not only less intense and shorter. When pronouncing it, the back of the tongue drops, the tongue moves slightly forward from the back position, the lips are relaxed, do not stretch forward - and the sound loses its difference from [a], the sound of the lower rise, the middle row, non-labialized.
All vowels, except [y] (which never changes its characteristics), in unstressed syllables can undergo strong qualitative changes and turn into an unstressed vowel [ъ] (medium rise and middle row) after hard consonants or into unstressed [ь] (medium rise and somewhat advanced forward) after soft consonants.
If the characteristics of a vowel in an unstressed syllable do not change, it retains the semantic function (bullet [pul'ivoj] - field [pul'ivoj]), and if they change, then it loses it: field [pul'ivoj] - dusty [pul'ivoj] ].
Vowel sounds
Stressed vowels: classification features
The classification of vowel sounds is based on signs that describe the work of the organs of speech:
1) movement of the tongue forward - backward (row);
2) movement of the tongue up and down (rise);
3) the position of the lips (labialization).
On the basis of the number of vowels are divided into three main groups. When articulating front vowels ([i], [e]), the tongue is concentrated in the front of the oral cavity. When articulating back vowels ([y], [o]) - in the back. Middle vowels ([ы], [а]) occupy an intermediate position.
The lift sign describes the position of the tongue as it moves up or down. Vowels top lift([i], [s], [y]) are characterized by a high position of the tongue in the oral cavity. The articulation of the low vowel ([a]) is associated with the low position of the tongue. vowel medium rise([e], [o]) space is allocated between the named extreme groups.
The vowels [y] and [o] are labialized(or rounded), because when they are pronounced, the lips are pulled forward and rounded. The remaining vowels are pronounced with a neutral lip style and are non-labialized: [and], [s], [e], [a].
The table of stressed vowels is as follows:
row: front middle rear
climb:
upper and´ ы´ ý (labial)
middle e´ ó (labial)
Unstressed vowels: classification features
In unstressed syllables, sounds other than those under stress are pronounced. They turn out to be shorter and articulated with less muscular tension of the organs of speech. This change in the sound of vowels is called reduction. So, all unstressed vowels in Russian are reduced.
Unstressed vowels differ from stressed vowels both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the one hand, unstressed vowels are always shorter than stressed vowels (cf.: s [a] dy´ gardens ´ - s [á] dik sadik, p [i] lá pilá - p [i´] lit púlit). This feature of the sound of vowels in an unstressed position is called quantitative reduction.
On the other hand, not only the duration changes, but also the very quality of the vowels. In this regard, they talk about qualitative reduction vowels in unstressed position. Paired with [b] the gardener's argument - with [á] dik, the unstressed garden [b] is not just shorter - it differs from the stressed one [á].
Any unstressed vowel experiences a quantitative and at the same time qualitative reduction. When pronouncing unstressed, the tongue does not reach extreme points promotion and tends to take a more neutral stance.
The most “convenient” in this regard is the sound [ъ]. This is a vowel of the middle row, middle rise, non-labialized: with [b] plane plane, b [b] razdá furrow. The articulation of all unstressed vowels shifts towards the "central" [ъ].
When pronouncing unstressed [s], [u], [y], [a], the force of change is not very significant: cf. r [s] bak fisherman - r [s'] ba fish'ba, [s'i] net blue - [s' and'] niy, r [u] ká ruk - r [ý] ki ruki, l [ a] to caress - l [á] affectionate affectionate .. Unstressed [s], [and], [y], [a] can be left in the same cells of the table as the percussion ones, slightly shifting them to the center.
Unstressed [b] ([s’b] neva blue) should take an intermediate position between unstressed [and] and “central” [b].
The sound "er" is characterized as a front-mid vowel, upper-mid rise, non-labialized.
The reduction can be stronger or less strong. Among the listed unstressed vowels, the sounds [b] and [b] stand out for their brevity. The rest of the vowels are more pronounced.
The vowel table, supplemented by unstressed sounds, takes the following form:
row: front middle rear
climb:
upper i´ s´ y (labial.) y
and y
b
middle
e´ b ó (labial)
lower a
á
Features of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions (positional distribution of vowels)
Features of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions depend on a number of conditions:
1) places in relation to the stressed syllable,
2) positions at the absolute beginning of a word,
3) hardness / softness of the preceding consonant.
The place in relation to the stressed syllable determines the degree of reduction of vowels. In phonetics, it is customary to name syllables not by their order in the word, but by the place occupied relative to the stressed syllable. All unstressed syllables are divided into pre-stressed and stressed. The numbering of pre-stressed syllables is carried out in the direction from the stressed syllable, that is, from right to left.
In the first pre-stressed syllable, four vowels are possible - unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]: [a] good night.
In the remaining unstressed syllables (second, third pre-stressed and stressed), strongly reduced vowels [b], [b], as well as the sound [y] are pronounced. In the second pre-stressed syllable: d [b] movy smoke and brownie, [m'b] meat grinder, [ch'u] miraculous.
In stressed syllables: swamp [b] m swamp and swamps, gentle [b] th gentle and gentle, si [n'n] m blue and blue, pó [l's] m field, horse horse.
In stressed syllables, at the absolute end of the word, along with the sounds [b], [b] and [y], the vowel [s] is fixed, only very short: not [s] notes, not [b] note, not [t'b] note , note[y] note.
The position at the absolute beginning of a word after a pause also affects the features of vowel reduction. In this position, the sounds [y], [and], [a] are pronounced, regardless of their distance from the stressed syllable: [u] take away, [and] exporter exporter, [a] speak stipulate.
Features of the distribution of unstressed vowels in a word can be presented in the form of a table.
In a stressed syllable: stressed [ý], [i´], [ы´], [e´], [ó], [á]
In the 1st prestressed syllable,
at the absolute beginning of a word: unstressed [y], [and], [s], [a]
In the 2nd, 3rd pre-stressed syllable,
in stressed syllables: unstressed [b], [b], [y] + [s] (at the absolute end of the word)
Hardness / softness of the preceding consonant - important factor, which determines the possibility of the appearance of certain vowels:
1) after solid ones, [y], [s], [a], [b] can appear: [lu] govo meadow, [ly] net to go bald, [la] rétz casket, [l] children of horses;
