As soon as parents begin to think about how to teach their child reading skills, in addition to letters and syllables, the concept of “sound analysis of a word” appears. However, not everyone understands why it is necessary to teach a child who cannot read how to do it, because this can only cause confusion. But, as it turns out, the ability to write correctly in the future depends on the ability to correctly understand words into sounds.
Sound analysis of a word: what is it
First of all, it is worth giving a definition. So, sound analysis of a word is the definition of the order in which sounds are placed in specific word and characteristics of their features.
Why do children need to learn to perform sound analysis of a word? To develop phonemic awareness, that is, the ability to clearly distinguish between sounds and not confuse words, for example: Tim - Dima. After all, if a child is not taught to clearly distinguish words by ear, he will not be able to write them down correctly. A this skill can be useful not only when studying the grammar of your native language, but also when studying the languages of other countries.
The order of parsing words by sounds
By doing sound analysis Any word must first be stressed and then divided into syllables. Then find out how many letters are in the word and how many sounds. The next step is to analyze each sound step by step. After this, it is calculated how many vowels and how many consonants are in the analyzed word. At first, it is better for children to be given simple one-syllable or two-syllable words for analysis, for example their names: Vanya, Katya, Anya and others.
When the child has gradually figured out how to correctly analyze simple examples, it is worth complicating the analyzed word examples.
Sound analysis of a word: diagram
When working with very young children, special colored cards are used to better assimilate information.
With their help, children learn to create a sound analysis scheme.
The scarlet card is used to represent vowel sounds. Blue - hard consonants, green - soft. To indicate syllables, use two-color cards in the same color scheme. With their help, you can teach your child to characterize sounds and whole syllables. You also need a card to indicate stress and a card to show the division of the word into syllables. All these symbols, which help teach a child to make a sound analysis of a word (the diagram plays an important role in this), are approved by the official school curriculum Russia.
Vowel sounds and their brief characteristics. Diphthongs
Before you start analyzing a word, it is important to know what features all phonetic sounds (vowels/consonants) have. When teaching children early stages it is necessary to provide information only about the most simple properties, the child will study everything else in high school.
Vowel sounds (there are six of them: [o], [a], [e], [s], [u], [i]) can be stressed/unstressed.
Also in Russian there are letters that in a certain position can produce a pair of sounds - ё [yo], yu [yu], ya [ya], e [ye].
If they follow consonants, they sound like one sound and add softness to the preceding sound. In other positions (the beginning of a word, after vowels and “ъ” and “ь”) they sound like 2 sounds.
Brief characteristics of consonants
There are thirty-six consonant sounds in our language, but they are represented graphically by only twenty-one characters. Consonants are hard and soft, as well as voiced and voiceless. They also may/may not form pairs.
The table below lists voiced and unvoiced sounds that can form pairs, and those that do not have this ability.
It is worth remembering: the consonant sounds [y`], [ch`], [sch`] are soft in any position, and the consonants [zh], [ts], [sh] are always hard. The sounds [ts], [x], [ch`], [sch`] are absolutely always unvoiced, [m], [n], [l], [р], [й`] are (sonorous) or voiced .
Soft and solid sign and don't make any sounds. The soft sign makes the previous consonant soft, and the hard sign plays the role of a sound separator (for example, in Ukrainian the apostrophe plays a similar role).
Examples of sound analysis of words: “language” and “group”
Having understood the theory, it is worth trying to practice.
For example, you can conduct a sound analysis of the word “language”. This word is quite simple, and even a beginner can understand it.
1) B in this example two syllables "ya-zyk". 2nd syllable is stressed
2) The first syllable is formed using the diphthong “ya”, which is at the beginning of the word, and therefore consists of 2 sounds [y`a]. The sound [й`] is a consonant (ag.), soft (soft.) (green card), the second sound [a] is a vowel, unstressed (scarlet card). To indicate this syllable in the diagram, you can also take a two-color green-red card.
4) Syllable 2 “tongue”. It consists of three sounds [z], [s], [k]. Consonant [z] - hard, voiced (card of blue color). Sound [s] - vowel, shock (red card). Sound [k] - agree, hard, deaf. (blue card).
5) The emphasis is placed and checked by changing the word being analyzed.
6) So in the word “language” there are two syllables, four letters and five sounds.
One point is worth considering: in this example, the word “language” was understood as if it were for first-grade students who do not yet know that some vowels in an unstressed position can produce other sounds. In high school, when students deepen their knowledge of phonetics, they will learn that in the word “language” the unstressed [a] is pronounced like [i] - [yizyk].
Sound analysis of the word "group".
1) In the analyzed example there are 2 syllables: “group”. 1st syllable is stressed.
2) The syllable “gru” is made up of three sounds [gru]. The first [g] - agree, hard, ringing. (blue card). Sound [r] - agree, hard, ringing. (blue card). Sound [y] - vowel, shock. (scarlet card).
3) A card is placed in the diagram indicating the division of syllables.
4) The second syllable “ppa” has three letters, but they produce only 2 sounds [p:a]. Sound [p:] - agree, hard, deaf. (blue card). It is also paired and pronounced long (blue card). The sound [a] is vowel, unstressed (scarlet card).
5) Emphasis is placed in the scheme.
6) So, the word “group” consists of 2 syllables, six letters and five sounds.
The ability to do the simplest sound analysis of a word is not something difficult, in fact it is a fairly simple process, but a lot depends on it, especially if the child has problems with diction. If you figure out how to do it correctly, it will help you pronounce words in native language without errors and will contribute to the development of the ability to write them down correctly.
With the beginning of autumn, adults often have to sit down for homework with their children. It is difficult for parents of first-graders, since the program junior school is quickly forgotten, and educational standards often change. Even before reading and writing, when yesterday's preschoolers in 1st grade go through the alphabet, they are given the task of composing sound scheme both words and whole sentences. In such cases, the Internet comes to the aid of parents with examples and samples.
Sound-letter parsing of words
The branch of the Russian language called phonetics deals with the study of letters and sounds and their analysis. Transcription is used to break down a word into sounds. This type of analysis is called phonetic. Parents will need to remember what vowels and consonants are, what sounds correspond to them, what iotized vowels are, and how the letters of the first and second rows differ.
Table of vowels and consonants in the Russian language
You can find the letter series in books for primary classes or on the Internet. As a rule, the letters are arranged in two lines. Vowels are divided into consonants denoting softness and hardness, the latter - into deaf and voiced, paired and unpaired.
Vowels that determine hardness: a, e, o, u, s. They correspond to the sounds: [a], [e], [o], [u], [s].
Vowels denoting softness: i, e, e, yu, i. They are also called iotated because these letters consist of two sounds when they appear at the beginning, after a vowel, or after a soft and hard sign. These letters soften the consonants that precede them.
Consonants are unvoiced and voiced, they form six pairs:
- B (voiced) - P (voiceless);
- V - F;
- Z - N;
- D - T;
- G - K;
- F - Sh.
The remaining consonants are not paired:
- voiced: N, R, L, M, J;
- deaf: Ts, Shch, X, Ch.
In addition, there are consonants that are always soft or always hard, regardless of the vowel that follows them:
- Ch, Sh, J - always soft.
- F, W, C - always hard.
The letters b and b do not have their own sounds. A soft sign softens the preceding consonant, a hard sign does not.
The diagram of letters and sounds of the Russian language in the table for first grade is shown in the picture:
IN educational program“Russian School” usually denotes sounds with colors:
- The vowel is red;
- Hard consonant - blue;
- The soft consonant is green.
The fusion of a consonant and a vowel is indicated by a rectangle divided in half. One part is painted blue or green, the second - in red. Sometimes in this model, voiceless and voiced consonants, stress and division into syllables are additionally indicated.
Examples
To graphically depict the sound composition of a word, you can select colored cards. To make it easier to draw up a diagram at the beginning, it is advisable to use inscriptions on the pictures. In the future, you can independently draw the schematic composition of the word in a notebook, cell by cell, using colored pens or pencils.
To show the algorithm for drawing up a diagram, it is better to start with an audio recording of monosyllabic words using a tablet.
For example, three-letter words: oak, cat, poppy, onion, beetle, cancer. First you need to write a transcription.
For the word “oak” it looks like this: [dup]. Next, describe a scheme where the first two sounds represent the fusion of a hard consonant and a vowel, and the third - a hard consonant. Now we need to graphically display the result:
- First draw a rectangle.
- Divide it in half diagonally.
- Paint the first part blue, the second red.
- Next, draw a square and color it blue.
The remaining words also fit the resulting scheme.
Options where one or both of the consonants are soft:
Words with 4 sounds, consisting of a single syllable:
Words with 2 syllables:
A few more examples of 2 syllables or more:
- Cone, pine:
- Squirrel, cup: there is a soft consonant
- Skirt: letter Y at the beginning
- Banana, giraffe:
- Lemon, rooster:
- Hedgehog: always hard F and iotized E at the beginning
- Coat:
- Bee, plum:
- Crow, dog:
- Rocket:
How to outline a proposal
A common option for assignments for first-graders is to create a sentence outline. This simple task. There is no need to remember the designations for subjects and predicates here. All words in a sentence are indicated horizontal lines. If a word is written with a capital letter, then a vertical line is drawn at the beginning of the line. At the end there is a period, exclamation or question mark.
Examples
Examples of how to decompose several sentences:
Samples of syllabic pattern
When learning to read, first graders are taught how to break down a word into syllables. To do this, it is enough to remember that a syllable is formed by a vowel. For example, the word “leaf” has one syllable, and the word “leaves” has two.
Thus, a syllable can consist of:
- From one vowel: Stork, Anchor.
- Begin with a consonant and contain a vowel: Tree.
- Consonants without a vowel, Y, ь and Ъ go to the previous syllable: Boy, Heron, Seagull, Teapot.
- Consonants go to a syllable from a vowel: Watermelon, Screen, Astra.
- At the beginning of a word, all consonants are added to the first vowel: Swift, Dragonfly.
The pictures show examples of words broken down into syllables:
Now you can try to break down the word “Dolphin” into syllables yourself. And solve the next problem.
Consultation for parents on preparing children to learn to read and write
"Sound analysis of the word."
Hello, dear parents! I propose to talk about preparing children for literacy, namely about conducting sound analysis of words.
Written speech is formed on the basis of oral speech. And the first steps to literacy there should be not acquaintance with letters, but assimilation sound system language.
Each of us will smile, remembering "folk" rule of the Russian language: “as one hears, that's how it's written". Indeed, if the child does not pronounce sound correct, you can hardly count on him to write it correctly in his notebook in the near future.
It is necessary to pay attention not only to correct articulation sound, but and on the child’s ability to isolate, i.e. hear sounds in a word.
This skill is developed through systematic work as teachers in kindergarten, so parents at home in such games, How: "Name the first sound in a word» , "Pick up a word» , "Catch sound» , "Define your position sound in a word» , “Find a place for the picture” and etc.
Dear parents, remember:
1. Sound - we hear and pronounce.
2. We write and read letters.
3. Sounds are vowels and consonants.
There are six vowel sounds: A, U, O, I, E, Y
There are ten vowel letters: A, U, O, I, E, Y - corresponding to the sounds and four iotated, which indicate two sounds: Ya-ya, Yu-yu, E-ye, Yo-yo.
Vowel sounds are indicated in red on the diagram.
Consonant sounds are soft and hard.
Always hard consonants: Zh, Sh, Ts.
Always soft consonants: Y, Ch, Shch.
Hard sounds are indicated in the diagrams in blue, soft sounds in green.
Teaching children sound analysis of words starts with defining the sequence sounds in a word: this sequence must be highlighted by repeating it words with intonation highlighting of each sound. Yes, when word analysis"BUG" the child must say it three times: "ZhZhuk", "ZhUUUK", "bug".
So that the child can analyze some phenomenon, it must be understandable and materially presented.
Let's draw a diagram sound composition of the word: V word"house" three sound- Let's draw three cells. And we’ll give the child this card: a house is drawn on it, so that it’s clear what we will analyze the word, and under the house there is a diagram of this words: the child already knows that words are made up of sounds.
We show him that the cells under the picture tell him how much sounds in a word. "How many cells?" - "Three". - "And how much sounds in a word?" - "Also three." - "Let's have these sounds search. Say it the word home is like that so that I can hear it first sound". Our child already knows how to do this - he learned it at the first stage training. “D-house,” the baby diligently pronounces. - "What is the first sound?" - "D." - "Very good! Let's cover the first cell with a chip, it will be what sound?" - "D".
You can use any material as chips: cut squares out of white cardboard or take an old mosaic and select white or yellow elements from it. Don't take red, blue, green - you'll need them later.
So, in front of the child is a diagram sound composition of the word"house", in which the first cell is already closed. We can move on.
"Let's say now word"house" so as to hear the second one in it sound, the first d - we already know." Help the child for the first time, say with him "do-o-oh".
A diagram will help us a lot here. sound composition of the word: must be pronounced word and at the same time move your finger along the diagram and stop it for a long time on the second cell. We keep our finger on the second cell of the diagram, and you and your child wait for a long time "do-o-oh". "What is the second sound in this word?" - "Oh great! Let's mark this one too sound chip!" The child takes a chip exactly the same as the first one and places it on the second square.
“You see,” you continue, “we already know two sound in a word"house". Let's find the last one sound in this word. Say it word"house" so that the last one can be heard sound".
And again you move your finger along the almost completed diagram words and pronounce: "house-mmm." "What is the last sound in the word house-mm?" “Mmm,” the child answers and puts the last, third chip on the diagram.
This is the first time it has been held sound analysis of words.
It would be good to repeat it again. But how? Take off the chips and start over? This is not interesting for the baby! No, it's better to play the game "Who's attentive." “And now,” you say, “I will call sound, and you will remove its designation from the diagram. Let's see how attentive you are. Please remove the designation sound "d""(blue chip)
For this type analysis the child is offered words with three sounds: poppy, house, cheese, cat, whale, ball, beetle, onion, forest, cancer.
When working with a child, you need to remember all the time: we are teaching him sound analysis of words, we teach him to listen attentively word, hear sounds, its components. Therefore the child must call sounds like that how they are heard in word.
This type of work is especially important with sounds is for children with speech impairments. If you see that with sound analysis of words the child cannot cope, then return to games on the development of phonemic hearing.
In progress analysis sound words remind your child about the presence of vowels and consonants in the language sounds. First, ask him to find word vowel sound and replace the neutral chip with a red one.
Then remember that consonants sounds there are soft and hard: hard sounds We denote them with blue chips, and soft chips with green ones. Thus, now when drawing up diagrams words The child will use chips of three colors.
All characteristics sounds are given ORAL(no need to write down). If the child wants, the model words arrange it in the form of an application so that you can later show it to someone else (ask your grandparents "guess" what is this "mysterious squares").
Phonetic analysis of a word is increasingly causing difficulties, although similar tasks have already been performed in primary school. The essence of the analysis is hear and put on paper sound of the word. For most children, the task is difficult and incomprehensible. Let's try to help the guys analyze the word, answer the basic question of how many sounds there are in a word.
In contact with
Features of phonetics
The science of language has its own classification. One of its sections is phonetics. She learns sound composition of the language. The sound relationship in human speech is interesting:
- you can pronounce several hundred sounds;
- used to convey more than 50 thoughts;
- V writing There are only 33 images of sounds.
To understand phonetics, you should highlight sounds and letters, distinguish them clearly.
- letters are a symbolic image of what is heard, they are written and seen;
- sounds are a pronounced unit of speech, they are pronounced and heard.
The spelling and pronunciation of one word often do not coincide. Signs (letters) can be less or more than sounds. An option is possible when one sound is pronounced, and the letter image of another is recorded on the letter. Such inconsistencies are explained by spelling and spelling rules. Phonetics reserves only pronunciation norms. What concepts are found in the “Phonetics” section:
- sound;
- syllable;
Each concept has its own characteristics and number of terms. This is how a whole science is created. What's happened phonetic analysis words? This characteristics of its sound composition of a word.
Phonetics - scheme
Principles and rules
The main difficulties that arise during phonetic analysis are the frequent discrepancy between a letter and its pronunciation. It is difficult to perceive a word not as written, but as heard. The principle of phonetic analysis – focusing on correct pronunciation. Some tips for conducting sound analysis of words:
- Determine the sound features.
- Write down the transcription of each letter.
- Do not adjust sounds to letters, for example, zhi or shi sound [zhy], [shy].
- Make adjustments, clearly pronouncing each minimal unit of speech.
Phonetic analysis of a word is performed in a certain sequence. Some of the data will have to be memorized, other information can be prepared in the form of a reminder. Specific areas of phonetics need to be understood. Phonetic processes that are considered basic in school education:
- Stunning and voicing. The positions at which consonants become voiceless are the end of the word. Oak [dup].
- Softening of consonants in position before soft ones. More often they become soft: z, s, d, t, n. Here - [z'd'es'].
- Stunning of voiced consonants before voiceless ones. Teeth - [zupk’i].
- Voicing of deaf people before voiced ones. To do - [zd'elat'], mowing - [kaz'ba].
In higher educational institutions There are more phonetic processes studied by philology students:
- accommodation,
- dissimilation,
- reduction.
Such processes provide a deeper understanding of phonetics and transformation speech norms . They help future teachers see where children might go wrong and how to explain complex topics.
Phonetic analysis of a word - an example.
Characteristics of vowels and consonants
When dividing a word into sounds, the science of language recognizes the distribution into two large groups:
- consonants;
- vowels.
The main difference is in anatomical formation. Vowels - pronounced in a voice without obstacles with the participation of larynx and oral organs. The air leaves the lungs without interference. Consonants encounter obstacles during formation. These can be different organs or a combination of them: tongue, lips, teeth.
Vowels
There are only 6 of them in the language: a, o, u, y, e, i, and to convey them in writing you will need 10 alphabetic characters. Available in semivowel. IN school course she is considered agreeable - this is "th". It helps to hear letters i, ё, e, yu. In this case, two sounds will be heard:
- ya – I;
- ye – e;
- yu – yu;
- yo – yo.
Bifurcation appears under certain conditions:
- At the beginning of the words: Yura, Yasha, Elena.
- After vowels: quiet, blue, blue.
- After hard and soft signs: blizzard, exit.
In other positions, after consonants, they soften, but do not create double sound.
Vowels can be divided into two groups.
- Indicate the previous hard consonant: a, o, u, s, e.
- They warn that there is a soft consonant ahead: i, e, e, i, e.
The main characteristic that is required to parse a word by sounds at school concerns stress. Vowels can be of 2 types: percussive and unaccented.
Phonetic structure, how many sounds in a word becomes clear only after analysis and presentation of it in the form of a diagram.
Speech sounds
Consonants
In russian language only twenty consonants. They can be divided according to the characteristics that will be required for analysis:
Paired by voicedness and deafness have the same articulation, which is why they can replace each other during pronunciation. Voiced in certain positions becomes deaf.
Attention! To memorize paired words, schoolchildren can be asked to memorize the first consonants of the alphabet.
Word model
For figurative perception and understanding of the structure of a speech unit, it has been developed sound model of a word. What is this parsing of words? In simple words- drawing up a diagram in the form of colored cards different forms: square and rectangle. Color differentiation:
- hard consonants - blue square;
- soft consonants - green square;
- vowels – red square;
- a syllable where a hard consonant with a vowel is a rectangle divided diagonally, blue and red (two triangles);
- a syllable with a soft consonant and a vowel is a rectangle divided into two parts diagonally, green and red.
The sound model of a word is colored cards laid out in a certain sequence. The model is used in preschool institutions And primary school. She helps children learn to read. With the correct explanation, the teacher creates conditions for the merging of speech units into a single whole. Training is based on pictures simple and easy. In addition, the model of parsing words into sounds and letters is a way to hear the difference in the pronunciation of consonants and vowels.
Table of sound-letter parsing of words.
Analysis algorithm
Let's consider how the sound analysis of a word is carried out. The word is analyzed in writing. The process can be compared to the transcription we are used to when studying foreign languages. Analysis order:
- Recording the orthographic spelling of the concept being analyzed.
- Division into syllabic parts, into possible division into syllables (hyphenations).
- Setting the accent, finding its correct place.
- Distribution in order of their sound.
- Characteristic.
- Counting the number of letters and sounds.
To simplify the task, the word written in a column by separate letters, then next to each letter is decomposed into sounds with a description of their characteristics.
Example. Phonetic analysis of the word “everything”
Everything - 1 syllable
v- [f] - acc. hard, dull and steamy;
s - [s’] – acc., soft, deaf and paired;
ё - [o] – vowel and stressed.
Phonetic analysis of the word yula.
Phonetic analysis of the word “laser”, example
La-zer – 2 syllables
l - [l] - acc., hard, voiced and unpaired;
a - [a] – vowel and stressed;
z - [z’] – acc., soft, sonorous and paired;
e - [e] – vowel and unstressed;
p - [p] – agree, hard, voiced and unpaired.
All stages of analysis develop phonemic awareness. It is needed not only by future musicians.
Hearing helps with learning oratory , mastering Russian spelling, it is actively used by polyglots.
Syllabication
The sound pattern of a word begins by dividing it into syllables. The smallest unit of oral speech is the syllable. A clue for the child is the number of vowels: how many there are, so many syllables. In the Russian language, syllabic division into significant parts is subject to certain requirements. Phonetics rules don't always match with dividing words into parts for hyphenation.
Types of syllables:
- open - end with a vowel;
- closed - on a consonant;
- covered - uncovered, which begin with a consonant.
Parsing a word into syllables is constructed according to the following rules:
- A syllable must contain a vowel; one consonant (even a significant part, for example, a prefix) cannot be a syllable: s-de-la-t - wrong, make - la-t - correctly.
- A syllable often begins with a consonant; if it is followed by a vowel, it cannot remain a separate part: ko-ro-va - correct, kor-ova - incorrect.
- The signs, hard and soft, are included in the previous one: horse - ki, rise - ride.
- Letters that form a single sound are not divided into parts: by - zhe [zhe], learn [tsa].
IN attention! The order of analysis changes over time.
Parents often find that they were taught differently. New rules also appeared in syllabic division.
- Previously, doubled consonants in the middle of a word were distributed according to different parts. Now they are introduced into the syllable they begin: kla - ssny, ka - ssa, ma-ssa.
- Voiceless consonants go to the next syllable, voiced consonants go to the previous one: bun, then - chka.
Phonetic analysis of words
Russian lessons. Sounds and letters
Conclusion
Now you know how a sound analysis of a word is done and a diagram is created that conveys its sound in live speech. Parsing words helps develop phonetic hearing, strengthens memory, clarifies some spelling rules. Knowing the parsing algorithm will allow you to do everything quickly and competently.
In progress schooling students get acquainted with the Russian language different types analysis. This includes a lexical analysis of a word and an analysis of its composition and methods of formation. Children learn to parse a sentence into members, identify its syntactic and punctuation features. And also perform many other language operations.
Rationale for the topic
After repeating the material covered in elementary school, 5th grade students begin the first major section of linguistics - phonetics. The completion of its study is the analysis of the word by sounds. Why does a serious and deep acquaintance with phonetics begin with phonetics? in native speech? The answer is simple. The text consists of sentences, sentences - of words, and words - of sounds, which are the building blocks building material, the fundamental basis of the language, and not only Russian, but any. That is why parsing a word by sounds is the beginning of the formation of practical skills and abilities of schoolchildren in linguistic work.
The concept of phonetic analysis
What exactly does it include, and what do schoolchildren need to know in order to successfully cope with phonetic tasks? Firstly, it is good to be familiar with syllabic division. Secondly, parsing a word by sounds cannot be done without a clear distinction between phonemes, paired and unpaired, weak and strong positions. Thirdly, if it (the word) includes iotized, soft or hard elements, doubled letters, the student must also be able to figure out which letter is used to indicate a particular sound in the letter. And even such complex processes as accommodation or assimilation (similarity) and dissimilation (dissimilarity) should also be well studied by them (although these terms are not mentioned in textbooks, nevertheless, children become familiar with these concepts). Naturally, parsing a word into sounds cannot be done if the child does not know how to transcribe, does not know elementary rules transcriptions. Therefore, the teacher must approach teaching the “Phonics” section seriously and responsibly.
What is a scheme for parsing a word by sounds? What stages does it include? Let's look at this in detail. To begin with, the lexeme is written out from the text, a “dash” sign is placed, after which it is written again, only this time divided into syllables. Emphasis is placed. Then open square brackets, and the student must transcribe the word - write it down as it is heard, i.e., identify its sound shell, indicate the softness of phonemes, if any, etc. Next, under the transcription option, you need to skip a line, draw a vertical line down. Before it, all the letters of the word are written in a column, after - in the sounds and they are given full characteristics. At the end of the analysis, a small horizontal line is drawn and, as a summary, the number of letters and sounds in the word is noted.
Example one
How does all this look in practice, i.e. in a school notebook? Let's first make a trial analysis of the word by sounds. Examples of analysis will make it possible to understand many nuances. We write down: bedspread. We divide it into syllables: po-kry-va´-lo. We transcribe: [veils]. Let's analyze:
- p - [p] is a consonant sound, it is deaf, paired, para - [b], hard;
- o - [a] is a vowel sound, unstressed;
- k - [k] - consonant sound, it is dull, parn., [para - g], hard;
- p - [p] - the sound is therefore unpaired in sonority, hard;
- ы - [ы] is a vowel, unstressed in this position;
- in - [v] - this sound according to, is voiced, its pair is [f], hard;
- a - [a´] - vowel sound, in a stressed position;
- l - [l] - this is a concordant sound, it belongs to the sonorant ones, therefore unpaired, hard;
- o - [a] - consonant, unstressed.
Total: 9 letters in a word and 9 sounds; their number is completely the same.
Example two
Let's see how to parse the word "friends" by sounds. We act according to the already outlined scheme. We divide it into syllables, put the emphasis: friends´. Now we write it down in transcribed form: [druz "y"a´]. And we analyze:
- d - [d] - consonant, it is voiced and is paired, para - [t], hard;
- p - [p] - consonant, voiced, sonorant, unpaired, hard;
- y - [y] - vowel, unstressed;
- z - [z"] - according to, is voiced, has a voiceless pair - [s], soft and also paired: [z];
- ь - does not indicate sound;
- i - [th"] - semivowel, always voiced, therefore unpaired, always soft;
- [a´] - vowel, stressed.
IN this word 6 letters and 6 sounds. Their number is the same, since b does not indicate a sound, and the letter I after a soft sign indicates two sounds.
Example three
We show how to parse the word “language” by sounds. The algorithm is familiar to you. Write it down and divide it into syllables: I-language. Transcribe: [th "izik". Parse phonetically:
- i - [th"] - semivowel, voiced, always unpaired, only soft;
- [a] - this and unstressed;
- z - [z] - acc., voiced, paired, para - [s], hard;
- ы - [ы´] - vowel, stressed;
- k - [k] - consonant, deaf, paired, [g], hard.
The word consists of 4 letters and 5 sounds. Their number does not coincide because the letter I is at the absolute beginning and denotes 2 sounds.
Example four
Let's see what parsing the word "squirrel" looks like by sounds. After he is discharged, make the syllable division: squirrel. Now transcribe: [b "e´lka]. And produce:
- b - [b"] - acc., voiced, paired, [n], soft;
- e - [e´] - vowel, stressed;
- l - [l] - consonant, sonorant, unpar., v in this case solid;
- k - [k] - acc., deaf., paired, [g], solid;
- a - [a] - vowel, unstressed.
In this word the same number letters and sounds - 5 each. As you can see, phonetically analyzing this word is quite simple. It is only important to pay attention to the nuances of its pronunciation.
Example five
Now let's analyze the word "fir" by sounds. Fifth graders should find this interesting. It will help to repeat and consolidate the phonetic features of iotated vowels. The word consists of one syllable, which is also unusual for students. It is transcribed like this: [е´л"]. Now let’s analyze:
- e - [th"] - semivowel, voiced, unpaired, soft;
- [e´] - vowel, stressed;
- l - [l´] - consonant, sonorant, therefore unpaired, in this word soft;
- ь - does not indicate sound.
Thus, the word “fir” has 3 letters and 3 sounds. The letter E means 2 sounds, because it is at the beginning of the word, and soft sign does not indicate sounds.
Drawing conclusions
We have given examples of phonetic analysis of words consisting of different quantities syllables and sounds. A teacher, explaining a topic, teaching his students, should try to fill them with lexicon appropriate terminology. Speaking about the sounds “N”, “R”, “L”, “M”, we should call them sonorant, simultaneously pointing out that they are always voiced and therefore do not have a pair for deafness. [Y] is not sonorant, but also only voiced, and in this parameter it is adjacent to the previous 4. Moreover, it was previously believed that this sound belongs to consonants, but it is fair to call it a semivowel, because it is very close to the sound [and]. What's the best way to remember them? Write down the sentence with the children: “We didn’t see our friend.” It includes all sonorants.
Special cases of parsing
In order to correctly determine the phonetic structure of a word, it is important to be able to listen to it. For example, the word form for “horses” will look like this in transcription: [lashyd “e´y”], “rain” - [do´sch". It is quite difficult for fifth-graders to deal with such and similar cases on their own. Therefore, the teacher should try in the lessons analyze interesting examples and draw students' attention to some linguistic subtleties. This also applies to words such as “holiday”, “yeast”, i.e., containing double or unpronounceable consonants. In practice, it looks like this: holiday, [pra´z"n"ik]; tremors, [tremors]. A line should be drawn above the “zh” indicating the duration of the sound. The role of the letter I is also non-standard. Here it denotes the sound Y.
About the role of transcription
Why does a word need to be transcribed? Phonetic analysis helps to see the graphic appearance of the lexeme. That is, to clearly show how the word looks in its sound shell. What is the general purpose of such an analysis? It consists not only of comparison (letters and sounds, their number). Phonetic analysis makes it possible to trace in what positions the same letter represents different sounds. Thus, it is traditionally believed that in the Russian language the vowel “ё” is always in a strong stressed position. However, this rule does not work in words of foreign origin. The same applies to complex lexemes consisting of two or more roots. For example, the adjective tricore. Its transcription is as follows: [tr"iokh"a´d"irny"]. As you can see, the shock sound here is [a].
On the issue of syllabification
Syllable division is also a rather difficult question for fifth graders. Usually the teacher guides children to the following rule: the number of vowels in a word, the number of syllables. Re-ka: 2 syllables; po-soul: 3 syllables. These are the so-called simple cases when vowels are surrounded by consonants. The situation is somewhat more complicated for children. For example, in the word “blue” there is a confluence of vowels. Schoolchildren find it difficult to divide such options into syllables. You should explain to them that the rule remains the same here: si-nya-ya (3 syllables).
These are the features observed during phonetic analysis.
