Introductory words and phrases. Grammatical means of communication

Lexical means of communication:

1. Lexical repetition- repetition of the same word. Around the city on the low hills are forests, mighty, untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.
2. Root words. Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and a not so talented person, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent.
3. Synonyms. We saw an elk in the forest. Sukhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
4. Antonyms. Nature has many friends. She has fewer enemies.
5. Descriptive phrases. They built a highway. A noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital.

Grammar means of communication:

1. Personal pronouns. 1) And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. It is for her to live and manage on this earth, for her to decorate it. 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother.
2. Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this) 1) A dark sky with bright, needle stars floated above the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. 2) Corncrakes screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever. - in the second text of the means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun"these".
3. Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.) He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. And so he did.
4. Unions(mostly writing) It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy soared into the sky with lights. With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron.
5. Particles.
6. Introductory words and constructions(in a word, so, firstly, etc.) Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. In a word, the society was rather disgusting.
7. Unity of aspect tense forms of verbs- usage identical shapes grammatical tense, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations. The imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of the time praised Napoleon with fanatical obsequiousness and joked about our failures. All verbs are in the past tense.
8. Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the previous elements of the text: Gorkin cuts bread, distributes slices. He puts me too: huge, you will cover your whole face.
9. Syntax parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture.

Introductory word, union, particle, adverb	When is it used?
IN OTHER WORDS, IN OTHER WORDS	It is used when the author of the text wants to say the same thing, but more clearly.
BESIDES	It is used when it is necessary to supplement what was said with some, in the opinion of the author, important thoughts or circumstances.
SO, SO, THEREFORE	Used when the author of the text sums up his reasoning.
FOR EXAMPLE, SO	They are used when the author wants to clarify what he was talking about before.
VICE VERSA	It is used when the author of the text contrasts one sentence with another.
FIRST, ON ONE SIDE	Indicates the order in which arguments are presented.
DESPITE IT, ALTHOUGH, DESPITE IT	The following meaning is introduced into the author's reasoning: "contrary to the circumstances indicated in the previous part of the text."
BECAUSE, AS, BECAUSE, THE THING IS THAT	The author uses when he indicates the cause of the phenomena described.
SO, SO, SO, FROM HERE	The author of the text uses when he wants to draw a conclusion from his reasoning.
THAT IS	Used to clarify what was said earlier.
HOWEVER, BUT, BUT	Used to contrast the meaning of one sentence with another.
EXACTLY, BECAUSE	They bring in the meaning of clarification and emphasize the importance of thought.
EVEN	Enter the gain value.
NOT BY CHANCE	It means "for this reason".
MEANS	The author wants to give an explanation to what was said before as a model, an illustration of his thought.

Semantic relations expressed by coordinating unions:

1. Connecting: and, yes(=and), and…and…, not only… but also, like… and, also, also
2. Dividers: or, either, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or
3. Opposite: but, yes (= but), however, but
4. Gradation: not only, but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but
5. Explanatory: that is, namely
6. Connecting: also, also, yes, and, moreover, moreover
7. also, yes and, that is, viz.

Semantic relations expressed by subordinating unions:

• Temporary: when, while, hardly, only, while, only, just, slightly
• Causal: because, because, because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because (obsolete), due to the fact that
• Conditional: if (if, if, if - outdated.), if, once, how soon
• Target: so that, in order to, so that (obsolete), in order to, in order to
• Consequences: So
• Concessions: although despite the fact that
• Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, like, rather than (obsolete)
• Explanatory: what, how to
• Conjunctions are not used at the beginning of a sentence: so, than, than, as well as explanatory conjunctions: what, how, to.

Task 2 in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language requires the search for a missing word that connects the previous sentence with the given one. It can be different parts of speech (particle, union, adverb), as well as introductory words or designs.

Usually these are words that express certain meanings:
- clarification of what has been said and emphasis on importance: in other words, so, for example, that is, exactly, because, according to this, by the way, at the same time, also, in connection with this;
- the order of presentation of thoughts: first, firstly, first of all, on the one hand, starting with ...;
- an indication of the reason: because, since, because;
- opposition: but, unlike ..., on the contrary, however, on the other hand;
- amplification of what has been said: moreover, even, undoubtedly, that ..., as a rule, moreover, moreover;
- the meaning of concession: in spite of ..., in spite of something, and although;
- uncertainty: probably, maybe, probably;
- confidence: of course, indeed, indisputably;
– condition: only if, if not;
- expression of feelings and emotions: unfortunately, fortunately;
- summing up: so, thus, therefore, therefore, hence, finally, which means, as a result, so, as a result of this.

Execution sequence

• carefully read the text and find out the essence of the author's thoughts;
• determine the value embedded in the gap (highlighted in italics);
• substitute the appropriate word;
• check yourself again, making sure you made the right choice.

Task examples and their analysis

Example 1

1. The character of any person is formed not from a period of conscious age, but from the first months of existence. 2. This process occurs as a result of the interaction of the child with the outside world and under its influence. 3. (…) the baby copies the pattern of behavior and expression of emotions, focusing on significant adults.

- That's why
- probably
- in other words
- vice versa

The author does not contrast (vice versa), does not jump to conclusions (therefore), and does not express the meaning of uncertainty (probably). Sentence No. 3 explains the content of No. 2: how does character formation take place? Correct answer: in other words.

Example 2

Which of the words or their combinations should be in place of the gap?

1. The sun, according to scientists, produces huge flow Sveta. 2. By the age of 8 billion years, it will become so bright that the result of this will be the death of our planet. 3. (…) its significance as the only star in our solar system indisputable from the point of view of the possibility of life, because only thanks to the uniform radiation of energy does the comfortable existence of all life on Earth become real.

- despite
- On the one side
- By the way
- that is why

There is no concessive meaning here (despite), explanation of what has been said (by the way), a certain order of presentation is not assumed (on the one hand). The third sentence sums it up. Correct answer: that is why.

Example 3

Which of the words or their combinations should be in place of the gap?

1. Cats are wonderful animals that amaze everyone not only with their beauty, but also with grace, even in the most unexpected situations. 2. When falling from a height, unlike other helpless representatives of the fauna, unable to do anything, they, (...), can turn their body over reflexively, while landing on their paws. 3. Such a distinctive feature provides them a large number of muscles, tendons and elastic connecting links between the vertebrae, which contributes to the incredible mobility of the skeleton.

- For example
- besides
- Certainly
- vice versa

No example is given here (for example), confidence is not expressed (of course), and there is no specification of the statement (besides). The second sentence contains the meaning of contrasting cats with other animals. Correct answer: vice versa.

Task 2 is a little more difficult than, but - as can be seen from the examples, it is quite doable.

Theory for Assignment #2 USE 2019 in Russian

Changes in 2019:

The wording of the task has changed: there are no answer options, you must independently select and write out a means of communication.

Changed the amount of theory that you need to know for successful implementation tasks.

Task formulation from USE demos 2019:
"Choose your own subordinating union, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

Execution algorithm:

• Read the task and the required passage of text carefully.
• Establish a logical connection between parts of the text.
• Pay attention to the part of speech you are looking for: it is important to choose a word that will correspond to the declared characteristic. For example, if the task indicates that a subordinating union should act as a missing word, it is important not to confuse it with a coordinating one.

Logical links in the text can have the following character:

cause;

consequence;

explanation;

clarification;

addition;

gain;

opposition;

rebuttal;

time;

sequence, connection of thoughts;

way of forming thoughts;

expression of the speaker's feelings;

confidence/uncertainty in something;

confirmation;

condition;

accession.

As a means of communication they act as service parts of speech ( prepositions, conjunctions, particles), and independent ( pronouns, adverbs), and introductory words and phrases.

THEORY

Now in more detail about the parts of speech.

Service parts of speech

1. Preposition

It is a part of speech that serves to connect words in a sentence. Prepositions put next word in the necessary case.

Suggestions are:

• Derivatives(derived from other parts of speech): thanks to, due to, in spite of, during, as a result, etc.
• Non-derivatives: about, about, without, by, over, in, etc.

2. Particle

- This is a part of speech that adds shades of meaning (amplification, clarification, negation, indication, restriction) to words and serves to form some forms of the word (conditional and imperative mood verb, degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs).

Particles are:

— Shaping: would, come on (those), let, let, yes.

Do not confuse the particle "yes" with the conjunction "yes".
Union: old man and old woman (can be replaced with "and")
Particle: Long live the sun!

- Negative: not and neither

- interrogative: is it, is it, is it
- Modal: how, what for, hardly, hardly, just, just, just, here, out, after all, after all, even, just, and, exactly, just, directly

Do not confuse particles with other parts of speech!

Compare:
Something like a movie (preposition) - Did you like it? Seems good (particle)
Let it be funny, but honest (union) - Let him speak (particle)
It is easy to solve the problem (adverb) - You are just an ignoramus (particle)

3. Union

- This is the part of speech that is needed to connect words in a sentence or to connect simple sentences within the complex.

Unions are divided into:

— Coordinating conjunctions (connect homogeneous members sentences and parts of a compound sentence (CSP))

Can be divided into:

Connecting:
and, yes (in the meaning of and), not only, ... but also, also, also, and ... and, neither ... neither, how, ... so; how much ..., so much and.

Opposite:
but, but, yes (in the meaning of but), but, however, however, however, nevertheless.

Dividers:
or, or…or, either, either…or, then…that, or…either, not that…not that

Comparative (gradational):

not only but; as ..., and, not so much ... as; not that ... but

Connecting:

also, also, and, moreover, also, and.

Explanatory:

that is, viz.

- subordinating conjunctions(connect parts of a complex sentence)

IMPORTANT! The division of subordinating conjunctions into groups is conditional, since the name depends on the question that we ask to the subordinate part of the NGN.

For example, the union "HOW" can be explanatory in one sentence: and comparative in another sentence. Therefore, be careful.

Explanatory: what, how, to .. etc.

Time: when, only, barely, as soon as ...

Objectives: so that, so that, in order to, in order to ...

Consequences: so...

Conditions: if, if, if…

Concessions: although, at least, let, despite the fact that ...

Comparisons: as, as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if ...

Reasons: because, for, since, because ...

Places: where, where, where from ...

Mode of action and measure, degree: so much, so much, so, to such an extent, to that, such.

Independent parts of speech

1. Pronouns

Ranks:

Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they - in all cases (me, him, etc.)

Possessive: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs - in all cases (mine, yours, etc.)
Possessive pronouns her, him, them coincide in form with personal pronouns he she They in R.p. and V.p. They are easy to distinguish in the text. Compare:
Her book was on the table. (Whose book?) - hers. This is a possessive pronoun.
I know her well. (I know who?) - her. This is a personal pronoun.

Returnable: myself

Indicative: that, those, this, such, so many, this, this, etc.

Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, etc.

Undefined: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, etc.

Negative: nobody, nothing, nobody, no one, nothing, etc.

Interrogative: who, what, how much, whose, what, what, than, to whom, whom, etc.

Relative:(interrogative in affirmative proposals, usually found in the second part of the NGN)

2. Adverb

- This is an invariable independent part of speech, which indicates a sign of an action, a sign and an object, answers questions where, how, where, why, why etc.

Adverbs are:

— circumstantial
- manner of action (how, in what way?) (so, in a summer way, in a comradely way ...)
-measures and degrees (how much, to what extent, by how much) (very, plenty, a little, a little ...)
- places (where, where, from where) (in the distance, here, somewhere ..)
-time (when, how long, since when, until when) (now, the day after tomorrow, always, then ...)
-goals (why, for what purpose) (in spite of, contrary to, on purpose ...)

— Determinants
-quality (of course, scary, cold, monstrous, fast…)
- quantitative (a lot, a little, a little ...)
-method and mode of action (running, galloping, stepping, idling, for sure, swimming ...)
-comparisons and assimilations (in a masculine way, in a bearish way, in our way, still ...)
- aggregates (two, three, publicly, together ..)

3. Introductory words and phrases

- separated by commas
- are not members of the proposal
- you can't ask them questions

Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question to them), are separated by commas, do not change the information in the sentence, they can be excluded without distorting the meaning.

Groups of introductory words by meaning:

- Feelings of the speaker (joy, anger, regret, etc.)
Fortunately, unfortunately, to horror, to shame, to misfortune, to joy, etc.

- Degree of certainty (guess, possibility, uncertainty, etc.)
Maybe, maybe, apparently, in fact, it seems, it would seem, indisputably, really, one must suppose, in fact, certainly, etc.

- Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
So, therefore, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the other hand, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, it means vice versa, etc.

- Message source
According to rumors, they say, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to legend, I remember, report, transmit, etc.

- Techniques and ways of forming thoughts
In other words, in other words, just to put it mildly, in one word, etc.

- An appeal to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract attention
Do you know (whether), know (whether), understand, excuse me, forgive, listen, believe, agree, imagine, please, etc.

- Evaluation of the measure of what is being said
Perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, in the final analysis, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, as if, as if, just, moreover, meanwhile, I suppose, by suggestion, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly.

IN task 2 you are working with text in which a word (or words) is skipped. One of the proposed answers helps you choose the very nature of the text, its property such as integrity. Integrity is achieved due to the semantic completeness of its content. Most often, by carefully reading the text, you can intuitively make the right choice.

Let's say there are words: On the one side or Firstly. This means that there will almost certainly be a sequel: on the other (on the other side) or secondly ... If the text contains reasoning, and the omission is made at the end, when presenting the conclusion, then it is likely that the missing words may be the words: so, therefore, thus.

If you are in doubt about the correct answer, use substitution method : consistently substitute the proposed answers in the sentence with a gap. And watch for changes in meaning. IN four cases the semantic integrity of the text will be violated. Only the right answer will save it.

Read the text at least three times. The first time - for general acquaintance, the second - after familiarization with the answer options. The third time, testing, to make sure that the text with the selected answer is perceived holistically.

Usually in task 2 missed unions And allied words or introductory words And combinations, acting as a means of connecting sentences in the text. Let's remember what it is.

Unions

Recall that the function (role) of unions is the expression syntactic links: coordinating and subordinating. writing connection is a relationship that expresses equal relations of elements. subordination- this is a connection of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. So connected the parts complex sentences. Conjunctions can also serve as a means of connecting sentences in the text. Here are the main types semantic relations which are expressed in the text.

Semantic relations expressed by coordinating unions:

1. Connecting: and, yes(=and), and…and…, not only… but also, like… and, also, also
2. Dividers: or, either, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or
3. Opposite: A, But, Yes(=but), however, but
4. Gradation: not only, but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but
5. Explanatory: that is, namely
6. Connecting: also, also, yes, and, moreover, moreover

also, yes and, that is, namely.

Semantic relations expressed by subordinating unions:

1. Temporary: when, while, hardly, only, while, only, just, slightly
2. Causal: because, because, because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because (obsolete), due to the fact that
3. Conditional: if (if, if, if - outdated.), if, once, how soon
4. Target: so that, in order to, so that (obsolete), in order to, in order to
5. Consequences: so
6. Concessions: although despite the fact that
7. Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, like, rather than (obsolete)
8. Explanatory: what, how, to

Conjunctions are not used at the beginning of a sentence: so, than, than, as well as explanatory conjunctions: what, how to

You do not need to memorize the lists of unions to complete task 2: the answer options will be presented in the task. It's only reference material, showing the many meanings that help express conjunctions.

Introductory words and combinations

Recall the topic: "Introductory words and combinations." It is no coincidence that they are divided into groups by value. Here are the main ones:

Emotions, feelings, evaluation

Fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to chagrin, to annoyance, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to amazement, to happiness, to joy, to surprise, fortunately, in truth, in conscience, in justice, what good , strange thing, amazing thing, funny to say, do not be reproachful

Degree of reliability, possibility, confidence

Without a doubt, without any doubt, without a doubt, without a doubt, certainly, of course, of course, of course, undoubtedly, of course, apparently, apparently, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, maybe, maybe , one must suppose, one can suppose, one must think, (I) think, (I) believe, (I) hope, (I) believe

Message source

According to information, according to information, according to opinion, according to rumors, in accordance with, they say, report, convey, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, I remember, I remember

Sequence of presentation, coherence of speech (words from this group are often used as means of connecting sentences in the text)

Therefore, so, in this way, means, finally, therefore, further, by the way, by the way, by the way, by the way, in general, in in general terms, in particular, in addition, moreover, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, firstly, secondly (and other similar), on the one hand, on the other hand

Formulation techniques, ways of expressing thoughts (words from this group are often used as a means of connecting sentences in a test)

In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, in other words, more precisely, more precisely, in short, briefly, frankly, speaking the truth, bluntly speaking, not beating around the bush, putting it mildly, calling a spade a spade, if possible to say, if I may say so, so to speak, with your permission, it is better to say, more precisely, so to speak, as they say

Activating the attention of the interlocutor, including in order to establish trust

Understand(s), know(s), see(s), understand(s), believe(s), listen(s), agree(s), imagine(s), imagine( -te) to yourself, imagine (those), do you believe (-ite), do you know (- do you), I repeat, I emphasize, speaking between us, between us, be it said

The measure of what is being said

The most, the least, the most unusual, the most surprising, at least

Ordinary, typical of what is being said

It happens, it happened, it happens, it happened, as usual, as usual, as a last resort

Task Formulation:

Select the subordinating conjunction on your own, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

(1) According to the blu-de-ni-yam of the contemporaneous research-to-wa-te-lei in a person, in a better way infor-mation on the Web, me-nya-et-sya "nature" of reading. (2). -tel-no-th reading of a long text disappears, like any ability, someone does not train. (3)<...>consciousness, when you get used to working with mel-ki-mi ku-soch-ka-mi and from-del-us-mi fragments that are not connected with each other, poorly copes -et-sya with more-shi-mi texts, tre-bu-u-schi-mi time and attention.

Correct Answer: As a result<ИЛИ>That's why

A comment:

The word “therefore” and the like are not suitable, since after them it would be necessary to put a comma, these are introductory words that are the conclusion from the chain of evidence. We are required to choose a subordinating union.

The conjunction “because of this” can be replaced by “therefore”.

What you need to know:

The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the adjacent sentence, which are consistent with each other.

Lexical means connections:

1) Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word

Around the city on the low hills spread forests, mighty, untouched. In forests I came across large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.

2) single-root words

Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talents. (V.Belov)

2) Synonyms. In the forest we saw moose. Elk walked along the edge and was not afraid of anyone.

3) AntonymsNature has a lot friends. Enemies she has much less.

4) Descriptive phrases

built highway. Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)

Grammar means of communication:

1) personal pronouns, possessive pronouns

1.And now I'm listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He cooing like a wild dove. 2.The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to youth. To her to live and manage on this earth, to her and decorate it. (L.Leonov).3. He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov)

2) demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this)

1.Above the village floated a dark sky with bright, spiky stars. Such stars only come in autumn.(V. Astafiev). 2. They shouted with a distant, sweet twitch corostels . These corostels and the sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever.(B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these".

3) pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.)

He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did(L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

4) unions ( mostly composing)

It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. AND joy soared into the sky with lights.(A. Alekseev). With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron.(L.N. Tolstoy)

5) particles

6) introductory words and constructions (in a word, so, firstly and etc.)

Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. In a word, society was pretty nasty. (A. Pushkin).

7) the unity of aspect tense forms of verbs - the use of the same forms of grammatical tense, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.

Imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the Fatherland seemed pedantry. The then nerds praised Napoleon with fanatical subservience and joked over our failures.(A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.

8) incomplete sentences and ellipsis referring to the preceding elements of the text:

Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge, cover your whole face(I. Shmelev)

9) syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. Knowing how to speak is an art. Know how to listen - culture. (D. Likhachev)