Each part of speech has its own morphological features that characterize its grammatical properties. Knowledge of these distinctive features will allow not only to correctly use word forms, but also to write them correctly. Characteristics influence, for example, the choice of suffixes for participles and gerunds and personal endings for nouns. To describe the verb, the form (perfect and imperfect), reflexivity, transitivity, tense, number, person, gender and mood are used. The last characteristic helps to determine other non-permanent properties of this part of speech and makes it possible to find out whether one or another form of the verb can be formed. What is the subjunctive, imperative and indicative mood? What is their role?
Definition
First, you need to understand what inclination is. According to dictionaries, this is a grammatical category denoting the relation of action to reality. In Russian, there are three, as mentioned above, moods. Complicated wording, right? Let's try it easier.
Each of the three moods is responsible for some specific situation. For example, to describe a possibility, an unrealistic, hypothetical action, the subjunctive mood is used ("I would go", "I would read", "I would draw"), which can be recognized by the particle "would". In order to order something, there is an imperative (“tell”, “go away”, “breathe”). The indicative mood of the verb allows you to report any action that occurred in the past, present and future - this is precisely the advantageous difference between this type of mood and others.
Some more theory
Let's move on to time. As mentioned above, the indicative mood can exist in any tense of the Russian language, only the form of the verb will change from this (“read - reads - will read”, “written down - will write down”). But there is one clarification here, which is already noticeable in the examples: for verbs of the imperfect form, both past, present and future tense are available, while the perfect form forms only past and future forms. Try to form the present tense for the verb "to speak". And make sure that you can do this only when its appearance changes. Thus, the form of the indicative mood allows you to understand what form a given verb has (easier to say, it answers the question “what to do?” Or “what to do?”).
Other moods
A useful clarification: not only the indicative mood allows you to talk about the tense of the verb. In the case of the subjunctive (it is also called conditional, by the way), everything is simple: exclusively the past, formed with the help of the suffix "l" ("I would read", "I would go in", "I would rest", "I would knit"). Therefore, words have only number and gender, no person. The particle "would", which serves as a kind of beacon of this type of mood, can be both before and after the verb, and, in principle, can be in any part of the sentence.
The indicative and imperative moods have person and number, but in the case of the latter one cannot speak of gender: for “orders” only the second person (“you / you”) is available in the singular and plural("refuse / refuse", "pour / pour", "leave / leave"). By the way, there is one caveat here: using the particle “let” or “yes”, you can translate any verb in the third person (“he, she, it, they”) into the imperative mood (“let him come back”, “long live”).
Nuances
Sometimes it happens that the indicative mood of a verb can be used in the sense of an imperative. Some researchers note that it is possible to talk about the transition of one mood to another when an order is expressed that does not tolerate objections (“go”, “say”), or to indicate an incentive to joint action (“let's start”, “let's go” ). In the latter case, the particles "let's" / "let's" and the intonational emphasis of the verb are also used, explaining its meaning in the context. Compare: "Tomorrow we will go to the mountains" and "Let's go skiing!" It's the same word, but the shades of meaning are different.
Repetition
Now let's try to consolidate information about all types of inclination.
The subjunctive (it is also conditional) is a hypothetical action, a possible situation. It is formed by adding the particle “by” (“b”) to the past tense verb, does not have a person, changes only in numbers and gender: “would say”, “would drink”, “would quit”.
Imperative - an order or instruction. Verbs of the second person singular and plural are used, but sometimes a third person with the particle “let” is also allowed: “speak”, “refuse”, “let him sing”, “long live”.
The indicative mood is a description of an event that happened at any moment. Exists in the past, present and future tenses, in all persons, numbers and genders (for verbs not perfect look, for the perfect - only in the past and future tenses). Under certain conditions, it can move into other types of inclination. To repeat, we will use a table that shows all forms of the verb "read".
Past | The present | Future |
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As you can see, everything is very simple. In fact, the mood of verbs is one of the simplest topics in the Russian language, so remembering all its nuances will not be difficult at all.
Mood forms
1) Verbs in the indicative mood denote an action that is happening, has happened and will happen. From the very name - "indicative" - it follows that the action takes place in reality, in reality.
A verb in the indicative mood can change over tenses: for example, I play, I played, I will play.
2) Verbs in the conditional mood denote an action that could occur under certain conditions.
The conditional mood is formed using the particle "would", as well as the form of the past tense: learn, read.
3) Verbs in the imperative mood denote an action that someone asks or orders to perform.
Such verbs in most cases are used in the form of the second person (sit down, stand up), as well as with the particle "-ka" (read-ka, run-ka). Imperative verbs are often accompanied by an exclamation point.
Rules: indicative mood
To determine what mood the verb is, you need to look at the sentence in which it is used, pay attention to the presence of the particle "would" or the fact of a request, an order.
Most often there are verbs of the indicative mood - this is the form that we use in everyday life.
Indicative verbs can be seen in narrative, descriptive and reasoning texts, since this form is almost universal.
Verbs in the indicative mood can be in any tense - past, present or future. This is due to the fact that the indicative mood does not carry almost any emotional coloring(unlike, for example, imperative, which is possible only in the future tense).
Also, the verb in the indicative mood can change according to the category of the person, as well as the category of the aspect - to be perfect or imperfective.
It must be remembered that in individual cases verbs of the indicative mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood: "Go, go!", "And bring me kvass" - as a rule, such a choice is made so that the appeal sounds polite, and not like an order.
An indicative verb can contain an interrogative intonation. But it is also possible Feedback: the use of the imperative verb in the meaning of the indicative - "Someone and whisper in my ear ..." - to create the effect of description.
This choice, as a rule, is explained by the desire of the author to give his text a brighter stylistic coloring. In neutral speech, such techniques are usually not used.
A variety of verbs lived in the Dictionary Kingdom, in the Verb State. And this country was ruled by three sovereign-kings at once, three brothers under the surname Verb Inclinations. The older brother was called the Imperative Mood, the middle one was called the Indicative Mood, and the younger one was called the Conditional Mood of the Verb. All three inclination kings were grammatical category verbs.
The elder brother, Glagola, was strict, he constantly ordered something to everyone, demanded something, forced someone. "Go there, do it, go to work, go to bed!" - just heard from him. And when he was angry, he would exclaim briefly: “Sleep! Be silent! Step march!
No, of course, he was an extremely just ruler. And with those who did not need orders, he treated quite nicely, expressing his request calmly and civilly. For example: “Please, plant more rose bushes in my garden!” or “Make fried chicken for lunch today, please!”
And it also happened when he was in the most excellent mood and affectionately suggested to someone: “Let's go to the cinema! Let's play! Long live fragrant and mint soap. Be healthy!”
The verbs used by the sovereign Imperative Inclination could change by gender and number, but did not have tenses. For example, "cook" is the 2nd person plural, and "cook" is the 2nd person singular. "Let's cook" - 1st person plural.
Verbs in the imperative mood of the singular 2 persons have their own form, inherent only to this mood: the postfix “and” is added to the verb stem or they use the method of formation without a suffix: “speak - speak”, “laugh - laugh”.
The ending "te" is added to the plural: "speak", "laugh".
But if Imperative mood did not address his interlocutor, but meant third parties who did not directly participate in the dialogue, verbs in speech had the form of 3 persons either singular or plural in the indicative mood, but with the addition of the words “let”, “let” or “ yes”: “let them go”, “let them come”, “let there be light”.
Of course, we have already noticed that in anger the older brother threw sharp short orders, expressing them: "sit!", "Be silent!"
When he was in a good mood and offered his subjects or friends, for example, to have a little fun, he used the indicative mood of the perfect form to invite the plural of 1 in combination with the words "come on or" let's ":" let's go "," let's let's have lunch."
Middle-brother, Indicative Verb, he was also an honest, fair man, in general - a realist. He expressed himself in a common and understandable language, using in his speech the verbs of all known persons and numbers, as well as in all existing times. Verbs in the indicative mood denoted a real action taking place at the present time, in the past or planned in the future.
And even if the sovereign by the name of the Indicative Mood was joking or simply lying, fantasizing, then this was not reflected in his speech in any way. He used the same verbs with which he spoke about truthful things. Guess what in this moment the king tells a fairy tale, and does not tell his next fiction or just composed amazing, fantastic story, it was possible only by meaning.
When speaking, he used verbs in every possible person, number, gender, and tense. For example, in the present tense, this part of speech could be conjugated: “I think” - 1st person, “you think” - 2nd person, “he thinks” - 3rd person. And the numbers also changed. If in the proposed version the verbs were in singular, then "we think", "you think" and "they think" are already defined as plural verbs.
And the third brother was a very soft and indecisive ruler. Yes, he, in fact, did not give any orders, did not issue decrees. Most often, the Conditional Verb gave his brothers cautious advice: “It would be better, my dear brother, if you would order less, and be gentler with your subjects ...” or “I would walk more in your place on fresh air».
Sometimes the Subjunctive (and it had such a name) was attacked by daydreaming. He went into the field and imagined all sorts of amazing things.
“If I had wings, I would fly over the earth like a bird!” By the way, the verbs that he used in his speeches could change by gender and number. The tense y is not defined, but the verb in subjunctive has a shape with a particle "b" or "would".
The brothers were very friendly with each other. Therefore, sometimes they used in their speech those forms of verbs that were characteristic of a different mood. That is, for example, the imperative mood often met in the meaning of the indicative mood: "Here she take it and turn your head in his direction." And sometimes the form of the imperative mood can even have the meaning of the subjunctive: “If you hadn’t come on time, you might not have caught me.”
And in some cases, the verb, standing in the form of the indicative mood, suddenly turned into an order, that is, it was used with the meaning of the imperative mood: “Well, why did you get up? Go, go!"
The form conditional mood sometimes it also has the meaning of an imperative: “If you would talk with Natalya, she has accumulated so many passes!”
And so they ruled their wonderful kingdom happily ever after. Yes, they still do to this day.
Russian verbs can be used in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative. Let's consider each inclination in more detail.
Indicative
The indicative mood of the verb serves to convey the presence or absence of an action within any time (past, present or future). The main difference between verbs in the imperative mood is that they can change over time. Read more about verb tense in the article. So, if the verb is in the present, past or future tense and conveys a real action, then it is used in the indicative mood.
Example: The cup is (was, will be) on the table.
Conditional mood
Used to express an action that can only be performed under certain conditions. Distinctive feature- adding a particle "by" ("b"), which can be placed anywhere in the sentence. Used only in the past tense.
Example: The cup would have been on the table if he had not taken it.
Imperative mood
Serves to convey the will of the speaker (request, advice, order). Most often it is in the second person. The number in this case can be both singular and plural. Example: Put (place) a cup on the table.
If the imperative mood is used in the third person, then it will necessarily have a future tense, and the words “let” (sometimes “yes”) are added to it. Example: Let him put the cup on the table.
If such a verb is used in the first person, then it must be plural. Sometimes the word "come on" is added. Example: [Come on] Put the cup on the table. In the presence of all these signs, we can say that the verb is used in the imperative mood.
That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be permanent and non-permanent. So, to permanent morphological features include person, gender, time, number. Let's deal with such a concept as the inclination of a verb in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.
In contact with
What is inclination?
This grammatical feature verb that helps change the word. This category is required for express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.
Important! The verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional.
.Depending on how words express their attitude to those processes that actually occur, verbs have moods:
- direct;
- indirect.
By direct is meant the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. Example: We watched a movie yesterday.
Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.
Thinking about the definition of a verb
Kinds
The classification is based on features and features lexical meaning verbs.
In modern times, there are three types:
- Indicative.
- Conditional.
- Imperative.
The first type usually denotes the action that actually going on and could happen in the past, can happen in the present, and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.
The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but already at certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theatre.
The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your lessons tomorrow.
Three types of verb mood
How to determine the mood of a verb
In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real act, so this word will change from time to time.
If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.
Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to get the imperative verb form, use certain time, for example, the future or the present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.
The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if there were all the necessary conditions. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.
Important! Any verb word form can be used in oral and writing not only in direct meaning but also in a portable way. Usually figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.
indicative
The most common verbal word form in Russian is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to say that what actually happens to a person, object, or person. Only the indicative time can be determined, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or it will be in the future.
Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change over time:
- The present.
- Future.
- Past.
Every time here is formed in its own way. So, the future tense is formed using the word "to be", which is added to the verb in indefinite form. But this complex shape future tense, and simple form- this . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned my apartment all day long. (past time). I'll be cleaning the apartment all day long. (bud. vr.).
The indicative mood can be found in various types speech, and therefore in many speech situations such verb forms most used.
Conditional
Words that are used in a conditional form indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this. For example: I would pass this test if they helped me. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can be placed anywhere in the sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.
The subjunctive, or conditional, has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some kind of action that could occur if special facilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.
The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the shades of the action condition. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my job didn't keep me going. There would be no trouble!
imperative
Imperative verbs induce the listener to do something. Such words, diverse in emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request, and an order. For example: Please bring a book. Bring a book!
