When writing various types of texts, many of us are faced with the acute problem of correct use of punctuation marks. There are often situations when the author of a text misses necessary commas, does not work correctly with direct speech, or makes other punctuation errors. To correct these shortcomings and improve general work With speech, it is recommended to use punctuation parsing of sentences, which is an important tool for syntactic text analysis.
Working with punctuation analysis of a sentence allows you to “hone” correct use punctograms (specific cases of applying punctuation rules), learn to determine the boundaries of semantic segments in a sentence, and use punctuation norms in practice.
When conducting punctuation analysis, they analyze the structure of the sentence, the presence of main and minor members, the number of parts of a sentence, its intonation features, the order of the sentence members, and so on.
The procedure for punctuation analysis of the text
Let's move on to the direct algorithm for punctuation parsing of sentences. It usually looks like this:
Explanations for punctuation marks
If the sentence we are analyzing contains a complete message talking about some action, event, or fact that is affirmed or denied, such a sentence is declarative. If a sentence contains a question, it is interrogative, and if a sentence contains an order or request, then such a sentence is motivating. When there is an understatement in a sentence, or speech is interrupted by pauses, you should use an ellipsis at the end.
When analyzing complex sentence decide on the number of its parts, and the characteristics of the connection between these parts (conjunctive or non-conjunctive, subordinating, coordinating). Having decided on the specifics of the connection, you will be able to understand the need to use one or another sign between the parts of the sentence in question.
Highlighting characters(comma, dash, parentheses, quotation marks, colon) are used to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence. Such significant elements can be introductory words, addresses, phrases, sentences, circumstances and additions, homogeneous members of a sentence, clarifying and explanatory members of a sentence.
Dividing marks(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) in a simple sentence indicate the boundaries between homogeneous members(usually comma and semicolon are used). In a complex sentence, they help to separate the simple sentences that are part of the specified complex sentence.
When analyzing direct speech, determine where the author’s words are located and where direct speech is located. If direct speech occurs before the words of the author or after the words of the author, then use rule of four punctuation marks, but if direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, then apply the rule of seven punctuation marks.
Examples of using punctuation analysis of written speech
Let's look at examples of punctuation analysis of simple and complex sentences.
Example of a simple sentence
As an example of a simple sentence, let's take the sentence:
“The words “language” and “speech” for a person who is not involved in linguistics usually mean the same thing.”
Let’s denote the punctograms in this sentence with numbers:
The words “language” and “speech” for a person (1) not involved in linguistics, (2) usually mean the same thing. (3)
Let's look at the proposal:
Example of a complex sentence
As an example of a complex sentence, take the sentence:
“Of course, the modern Russian language is different from the one in which Pushkin, Gogol, Karamzin and Turgenev spoke and wrote.”
Let's designate each available paragraph in the sentence with numbers:
Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (5).
Let's look at the proposal:
- First, we explain the punctogram at the end of the sentence. Since we are dealing with declarative sentence, where there is a complete thought, then there should be a point (5).
- Comma (2) separates clause complex sentence from the main one;
- The comma (1) is used to separate the introductory word from the rest of the sentence;
- Commas (3) and (4) separate homogeneous members of the sentence.
Conclusion
Punctuation analysis of the text consists of a consistent explanation of the punctuation diagrams used in the sentence under consideration. Its implementation requires knowledge necessary rules of the Russian language in terms of the use of punctuation marks in a given sentence. I recommend using the tips given in this article to perform punctuation analysis of the text you need.
This task tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of a complex sentence introductory constructions. Introductory words are words or
combinations of words with which
the speaker expresses his attitude towards
what he says:
Of course, we didn’t count all the ducks that were shot.
got it. Vladimir, to the great
to Yermolai’s surprise, he didn’t shoot at all
Great. Ermolai shot, as always,
victorious. As usual, I -
Badly.
Introductory words have different meanings:
1. expressing the speaker’s feelingsto joy, to grief, to shame, to
unfortunately, to horror, to amazement, to
indignation, etc.
The students went forward, and, to the greatest
their joy, a bark was heard in the distance.
Luckily, the next day we left
Amantaeva.
Varying degrees of confidence (more or less)
undoubtedly, probably, obviously,it seems, probably, obviously, perhaps,
certainly, indisputably, perhaps, apparently
apparently, etc.
Of course, all this was thought childishly.
Dad will probably go to the hero now
Gottlieb may be ordered to harness
Gnedko.
Message source
according to (someone's) message, in my opinion, inin your opinion, in (someone's) opinion
words (of someone)
According to reliable information
sources, floods this year on the rivers
will not be.
I got tanned like a blackamoor and went wild, basically
in the words of all our friends.
The order of thoughts and their connections
Firstly Secondly Thirdly,finally, therefore, therefore,
for example, on the contrary, by the way,
therefore, by the way, in addition, etc.
I didn't like the river, first of all.
because everything is overgrown from the banks
reeds, so that the water was not visible,
and secondly, because there was water in it
bitter. However, the bitterness of the water is not
had a bad effect on fish.
Notes on ways to formulate thoughts
in a word, in other words, if possibleso to speak, so to speak,
so to speak, etc.
The year, in a word, was not lived in vain.
In my spare time I gave free rein to my
imagination, or better said,
consideration. (Ax.)
An appeal to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated
imagine, do you believe, do you know,Do you understand, listen, have mercy,
please tell me, etc.
Imagine a door opens and
Masha runs in! And from where, tell me
You're welcome!
Introductory sentences are used in the same function as introductory words. Introductory sentences can be impersonal, vaguely personal
Introductory sentences are used in the samefunctions as introductory words. Introductory
sentences can be impersonal,
indefinitely personal or two-part:
Time seemed to stand still.
As they said, there must be some
number of minks, otters and foxes.
In this way, it is believed, it is possible to quickly and
carry more load.
The hired yard, as already said,
was a complete wasteland,
littered with all kinds of heaps.
10. Pay attention!
Are not introductory and do not stand outwords and phrases separated by commas:
supposedly, as if, even, hardly, suddenly,
literally, as if, after all, it’s unlikely, after all, just, besides, by decision, by
representation, therefore, in addition, in
ultimately, I suppose, as if
11. Word however
if it is in the middle or at the endsentences are introductory and
separated by commas. At first
sentences it has the meaning of a conjunction
but is not introductory either:
However, we had to wait for you for a long time.
You're late, though.
However (=but) he never received the letter.
12. Word however
The snow is overhowever the clouds are still there
hung low over
quiet city.
13. The word is finally
indicates a connection of thoughts and concludes
enumeration and it can be replaced by the expression “and
more":
A.P. Chekhov was a playwright, short story writer and, finally,
a model of self-education.
The word finally is not introductory and does not stand out
commas if used in the meaning “under
the end”, “finally”, “as a result of everything”. IN
In such cases we can finally add to the word
a particle:
He waited a long time for a call from the school, did not sleep, was nervous
and finally waited.
14. The word in general
is introductory and is separated by commas,if used in the sense of “in general
saying":
Actually, I'd like to hear this
story from your mouth.
If "in general" has any meaning at all,
“always”, “at all”, “in general”, “never
under what conditions”, “in all respects”, then
it doesn't stand out:
Don't wait for me at all. From invitation
I completely refused yours. For similar
He generally punished actions strictly.
15. The word means
is introductory and is separated by commas ifit can be replaced with the words “therefore”
"hence":
You rarely sit at homework, which means it’s unlikely
should wait good results. You mean
Didn't make it to the train?
If means replace with the word means or it
stands between the subject and the predicate, then it
not separated by commas:
Your good relations means to my children
a lot for me.
To answer rudely means to show your
bad manners.
16.
Words actually, more precisely, rather, more accuratelyare introductory if after them
you can put the word saying:
What exactly do you need from me?
This, more precisely, was at the end of the past
centuries.
17. Features of punctuation marks for introductory words.
18.
Between adjacent introductory wordsa comma is added:
True, according to your friend, you led
not in the best way.
If introductory combination represents
incomplete construction, then instead of one
a comma is followed by a dash
According to intelligence officers, the enemies settled in
small town, in my opinion - they are moving to ours
side.
19.
If the introductory word is a word (one word)comes after homogeneous members before
generalizing, then a dash is placed in front of it, and
after it there is a comma
Mountaineering, skiing, swimming, tennis
- in a word, he was attracted by a lot.
20.
Between coordinating conjunction and introductorya word is put with a comma if the introductory
the word can be omitted. If this
impossible, then no comma is used
And by the way, I have already prepared dinner.
Not a year, but maybe ten years lived
Ivan Georgievich in one night.
The first frosts began, and
therefore, talk about river rafting is already
didn't behave.
21. Punctuation marks in introductory sentences
22. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:
1) If they are impersonal orvague-personal: Missing
detachment, it seems to me that we need to look for
another side of the mountain. Her temperament, they assured
me, stopped even the ardent
fans.
2) If they are personal, undistributed
sentences: Rain, I think, soon
will end. The diploma, he believed, would open
doors in new world creativity.
23. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:
3) If they begin with conjunctions orin allied words: Against the very gates,
on the wall hung an image of Nicholas
The miracle worker, as Kovlyaga told me. I
I got so excited, so excited,
as Yevseich said, I was shaking
arms and legs. It's time for mine
fishing, as Yevseich predicted.
24. Difference between introductory words and sentence members
It must be remembered that in some casesintroductory words can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence
Will not change:
The beavers probably decided that they were in full
security - the introductory word can truly be omitted.
She did the right thing - in this case the word is true
cannot be lowered;
introductory words can be replaced with others similar in
meaning:
Beavers, right (obviously, probably, probably),
They decided that they were completely safe.
She did the right thing (i.e. right).
25.
introductory words can be replaced with others,close in meaning:
The snow has probably stopped, but the clouds
still hung low over the silent
city.
26. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
When (1) finally (2) the sun appeared andwarmed up the earth, then the trees and grass
drenched in such heavy dew, such
looked out from the dark with luminous patterns
forest branches of fir trees, which (3) seemed (4) to this
the finishing wouldn't be enough diamonds all over
our land.
27. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
If the Moon's orbit is in any wayreasons (1) after all (2) to move away from
Earth on short distance, then (3) by
astronomers' opinion (4) of life on the planet
disaster threatens.
28. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
Cheerful, carefree childhood (1) anyway(2) will end someday, and the adult
life (3) of course (4) will require serious
decisions and responsible actions.
29. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
On the one hand (1) they were silentmountains, on the other side (2) the sea was noisy. WITH
on the one hand (3) cars are useful, and
(4) on the other hand (5) everyone knows that
the harm they cause to the environment
environment.
30. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
Makes animals in the forest wary (1there must be (2) even the rustle of falling
leaves. Outlines of a house under construction (3)
seemed (4) like a ship.
31. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
It was assumed that the President of the Russian Federationwill talk to the ambassador for an hour (1)
however (2) the conversation dragged on. Minister (3)
however (4) signed an order regarding
need for so long
spoke in society.
Modern schoolchildren, according to educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation analysis of sentences. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand moments.
Definition
Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify punctuation marks in a sentence. The ability to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence can improve general level student literacy. Analysis of simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentences has its own distinctive features.
Parsing a simple sentence
- Read the text provided for analysis.
- Assign a number to all punctuation marks present in the text.
- Indicate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain the reason for its placement.
- Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.
It is according to this plan that punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is presented below.
Analysis examples
Let’s take the punctuation analysis of a sentence as an example:
1. I can trust this secret to a person who knows how to keep his mouth shut.
2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, Balloons?
Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation. That's why it ends with a question mark.
Step two. By assigning a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in a sentence:
Haven't you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4)?
Step three. The sentence has one grammatical basis you did not see.
Comma number one highlights the participial phrase. Commas numbered two and three separate homogeneous members of the sentence flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.
Analysis of a complex sentence
Punctuation analysis Propositions of this kind are somewhat more complex.
1. Read the sentence.
2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.
3. Indicate the paragraph ending the sentence and explain its placement.
4. Indicate punctuation marks at the SP level and explain the reason for their placement.
5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.
Analysis examples
As an example, we suggest conducting a punctuation analysis of the sentence:
1.We will probably not see Sergei again, since the insult inflicted on him is unlikely to be easily forgotten.
Step one. There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the purpose of the statement is narrative, and the intonation is non-exclamatory.
Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:
Probably (1), we will not see Sergei again (2), since the insult (3) inflicted on him (4) is unlikely to be easily forgotten (5).
Step three. This proposal is complex. Parts of a complex sentence are connected subordinating conjunction because the. A comma stands at the border between the main and subordinate clauses.
Step four. In the main sentence, a comma is used to highlight the introductory word. probably. In the subordinate clause, commas separate the participial phrase inflicted on him.
2. I am sure that you will carry out this assignment because you value my location and want to advance in your career.
Step one. The sentence ends with a period because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.
Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:
I am sure (1) that you will carry out this assignment (2) because you value my location (3) and want to advance in your career (4).
Step three. This sentence consists of one main clause and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.
Step four. In the main part and first subordinate clause There are no punctuation marks. In the second subordinate clause, a comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates you appreciate And you want to advance.
If the student knows what punctuation analysis of a sentence means, he will not make gross mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks. By doing so, he will significantly improve his performance and increase his chances of getting a decent grade in his final exams. This is important, because how well a student passes them determines his future admission to a university. And even such a small thing as the wrong punctuation mark can deprive him of much-needed points.
What is punctuation analysis and how to do it, believe me, very urgently!?
-
- Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case(to do this you should run graphic works, characteristic of a punctogram: underline grammar basics, highlight a number of homogeneous members of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated separate definition, referring to the personal pronoun. - Thank you
- Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun. -
Explanation of punctuation marks
10 A comma separates a separate definition expressed participial phrase and standing after the word being defined
- Punctuation analysis of a sentence
Sentence punctuation scheme
1. Name and explain the punctogram at the end of a sentence (period, question mark, Exclamation point, ellipsis, combination of characters) .2. Name and explain punctograms at the level of a complex sentence (punctuation marks between simple sentences within a complex sentence).
3. Name and explain punctograms at the level of a simple sentence.
Sample punctuation analysis of a sentenceHaving asked (which one is more quiet), Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling (that his glasses were falling off) and (that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins), galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff ^ who were looking at him from the mound. (L. Tolstoy)
Explanation of punctuation marks
1. Period at the end of the sentence; a period is placed at the end of the sentence, since it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.
2. Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence; This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:
1 and 2 commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;
6 and 8 commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;
7, a comma is not placed, because homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction and;
3. Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence; separation of circumstances and definitions:
3 and 4 commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;
5 a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;
9, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;
- Punctuation analysis - explanation of the conditions for placing punctuation marks.
(grammatical, semantic...) - I don't know
- Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun. - Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence
Having asked (which one is more quiet), Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling (that his glasses were falling off) and (that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins), galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff ^ who were looking at him from the mound. (L. Tolstoy)
Explanation of punctuation marks
1. Period at the end of the sentence; a period is placed at the end of the sentence, since it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.
2. Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence; This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:
1 and 2 commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;
6 and 8 commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;
7, a comma is not placed, because homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction and;
3. Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence; separation of circumstances and definitions:
3 and 4 commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;
5 a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;
9, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;
10, a comma separates a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase and standing after the word being defined.
- I didn't understand a bit
- Instructions
1
Start analyzing the sentence by explaining why a particular punctuation mark (period, exclamation point, question mark, ellipsis, etc.) was chosen at the end of the sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the purpose of the statement in the sentence and its emotional connotation.
2
If a sentence contains a complete message, then it is declarative. If something is asked, then the sentence is interrogative, and if there is an incentive to action, a request or order, then it is motivating. Exclamatory intonations require an exclamation mark. When speech is interrupted by a pause or there is an understatement in it, then an ellipsis is added.
3
Next, determine whether the sentence structure is simple or complex. If the sentence is complex, find out how many parts it consists of and what is the connection between them - coordinating, subordinating, conjunction or non-conjunctive. This way you can explain the reason for choosing the characters that separate all these parts.
4
Analyze the functions of punctuation marks in a simple sentence or marks in each part of a complex sentence in turn. Find and explain the highlighting and separating signs in a sentence or its parts.
5
Emphasizing or emphasizing marks (comma, dash, colon, double signs- brackets, quotation marks) are used to highlight components that complicate a simple sentence. These are introductory words, phrases and sentences, addresses, homogeneous members of a sentence, separate definitions or applications, circumstances and additions, clarifying and explanatory members of a sentence.
6
Dividing, or separators are used to separate homogeneous members of a sentence in a simple construction or to separate simple sentences in complex (comma, semicolon, dash, colon).
7
If the sentence contains direct speech, find and highlight the words of the author and, in fact, the direct speech itself, which can be in any position before the author’s words, after them, or interrupted by them. Remember that if direct speech occurs before or after the author's words, four punctuation marks are placed (to display the construction of direct speech). If direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, the law of seven is observed, that is, seven punctuation marks in the display of direct speech.
8
To facilitate punctuation analysis of a sentence, complete its punctogram graphically. If your sentence contains several paragraphs, explain each of them separately.
9
Emphasize the grammatical basics, highlight homogeneous parts of the sentence. Draw an outline of the sentence, making a graphic designation of places where punctuation marks are necessary. - Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun. - parse the proposal
- pygakpgFCPA
- It is necessary to explain why this or that punctuation mark is in this place
For example: I drink. We need to explain why there is a dot there. - It will be easier and clearer to simply underline all commas and periods (exclamation mark! or question mark?).
And that's it.
