The system of institutions operating on the territory of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, which included: the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB), the People's Commissariat of State Security (NKGB).
On July 10, 1934, a decision was made to form the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD of the USSR) as a centralized body for managing state security and public order. The People's Commissars were G. G. Yagoda (07/10/1934 - 09/26/1936), N. I. Yezhov (09/26/1936-11/25/1938), L. P. Beria (11/25/1938 - 12/29/1945). ). A number of independent sectors and institutions were transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD, including escort troops, correctional labor institutions withdrawn from the organs of justice, the number of which reached 528 by February 1941. People's Commissariats of Internal Affairs were also created in all union republics ( except for the RSFSR), and in the regions - the NKVD departments. AT in full The NKVD included the OGPU of the USSR, transformed into the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). Instead of the abolished Judicial Collegium of the OGPU of the USSR, a Special Conference under the People's Commissar was created, which, in addition to the People's Commissar, included his deputies, the authorized representative for the RSFSR, the head of the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia (GURKM), the People's Commissar of the republic, on the territory of which one or another criminal case was initiated. case, and the Prosecutor of the USSR. At first, the powers of the meeting were limited to the right to extrajudicially apply imprisonment in a correctional labor camp for up to 5 years, exile under supervision for 5 years and expulsion from the USSR. On December 1, 1934, a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR “On the Procedure for Conducting Cases for the Preparation or Commitment of Terrorist Acts” was adopted, according to which the investigation period was reduced to 10 days, the indictment was handed over to the person under investigation just a day before the trial. The case was considered in court without a prosecutor and a lawyer. Appeals and petitions for pardon were not allowed. The sentence to capital punishment was carried out immediately. A similar procedure was introduced on September 14, 1937 for the consideration of cases of sabotage and sabotage. As a result of the intensification of the struggle for power in the leadership of the state and the party in 1937-1938. the country plunged into the abyss of political repression, from which all sectors of society suffered. The punitive component of the NKVD apparatus was a tool in carrying out repressions, but this did not save the NKVD from a total purge. G. G. Yagoda and N. I. Yezhov, all their deputies and assistants, heads of all large prisons and camps, responsible for mass repression. Many security officers who worked in the field of intelligence and counterintelligence were subjected to repression. February 3, 1941, in accordance with the resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the decree Supreme Council USSR, the People's Commissariat of State Security was separated from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. The NKVD of the USSR retained the functions of protecting public order, socialist and personal property, protecting state borders USSR, the organization of local air defense, the maintenance of convicts, prisoners of war and internees, and a number of other functions. Border and internal troops, as well as special departments serving them, remained under his command. The People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR (NKGB of the USSR) (People's Commissar - V.N. Merkulov from February 03 to July 20, 1941 and from April 14, 1943 to May 4, 1946) was entrusted with the tasks of conducting intelligence work abroad, combating subversive, espionage, sabotage and terrorist activities of foreign intelligence services inside the USSR, the operational development and liquidation of the remnants of the anti-Soviet underground and the protection of the country's leadership. With the outbreak of war, the enemy concentrated on the Soviet-German front the main forces and means of his reconnaissance apparatus, counterintelligence and sabotage units. The state security agencies had to carry out difficult and hard work to uncover and suppress the subversive activities of the special services Nazi Germany, ensure the security of national economic facilities, maintain vigilance, organization and order in the country. By a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 25, 1941, the NKVD bodies were entrusted with the task of guarding the rear of the active Red Army. For this purpose, the troops of the NKVD, the militia of the front-line regions and the destruction battalions created in June 1941 under the territorial bodies of the NKVD, which became one of the links in the system of ensuring state security, were used. With their help, the tasks of combating enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups, searching for and capturing spies, protecting enterprises, maintaining public order in settlements. Subsequently, 1,350 destroyer battalions with a total strength of 250,000 men filled up the active army. At the end of June 1941, due to the difficult situation at the front, the government of the USSR entrusted the NKVD with the formation of 15 rifle divisions from the border and internal troops of the NKVD. The formed divisions were transferred to the army and took an active part in the defense of Leningrad, the battle of Moscow and many other defensive and offensive operations. In June 1942, 10 more divisions were formed and transferred to the Red Army by the NKVD. On the territory liberated by the Red Army, the enemy left a large number of sabotage groups to commit sabotage on important objects, terrorist acts against military personnel, party and Soviet leaders. Beginning in January 1942, as the country's territory was liberated, the state security agencies took measures to neutralize the German agents, their accomplices and traitors, who actively collaborated with the invaders. In July 1941, by decision of the State Defense Committee and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the NKVD and the NKGB were again merged into one People's Commissariat - the NKVD of the USSR. The creation of a single centralized body for the protection of state security and internal affairs made it possible in the difficult initial period of the war to unite efforts and direct them to the fight against invaders, traitors and deserters. In April 1943, due to a change military situation, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was finally divided into the NKVD of the USSR and the NKGB of the USSR. In the first days of the war, a special group was created under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, which was entrusted with the tasks of reconnaissance and sabotage activities in the deep and close rear of the enemy, organizing partisan movement, directing special radio games with German intelligence in order to misinform the enemy. Under the Special Group, a separate motorized rifle brigade for special purposes (OMSBON) of the NKVD of the USSR was created. The OMSBON included more than 25 thousand fighters, of which 2 thousand were foreigners. The best Soviet athletes fought in the brigade, including champions in boxing and athletics. OMSBON became the basis of sabotage formations thrown behind enemy lines. October 3, 1941 instead of the Special Group, due to the protracted nature of the war, the occupation of the majority European countries and large area Soviet Union, as well as the need to carry out reconnaissance and sabotage activities on a larger scale behind the front line, the 2nd department of the NKVD of the USSR was created, which had independent functions. On January 18, 1942, the 4th Directorate of the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR was created on its basis. During the war years, the Special Group (the 2nd Department of the NKVD - the 4th Directorate of the NKVDNKGB of the USSR, during the entire war the head of P. A. Sudoplatov) and its military units, carried out responsible tasks of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the Moscow Defense Headquarters, the Defense Headquarters of the Main Caucasus Range, a number of front commanders. More than 2,000 troops were sent behind enemy lines. task forces with a total number of 15 thousand people, 2045 enemy intelligence groups were neutralized and 87 high-ranking German officials were liquidated. More than 80 radio games of disinformation were carried out with the Abwehr and the Gestapo, among them the operations "Monastery", "Novices", "Berezino". On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, behind enemy lines and in confrontation with enemy agents, more than 12 thousand employees of the state security agencies - the NKVD, the NKGB and counterintelligence "SMERSH" - were killed.
Historical sources:
Lubyanka during the battle for Moscow. Materials of the state security organs of the USSR from the Central Archive of the FSB of Russia. M., 2002;
State security agencies of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War: a collection of documents. In 3 T. M., 1995-2003.
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An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.
All changes in the control system could not solve the problems of wartime. Therefore, along with the traditional forms of power and administration, with the outbreak of war, special emergency bodies with special powers were created. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the insufficiency of the measures taken to repel the aggression became visible. www.briefeducation.ru
It became obvious that all power should be concentrated in one hand, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. The State Defense Committee (GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941, became such a body. Initially, the GKO included 5 people, and then it was expanded to 9 people, and to the end of the war was reduced to 8. Stalin headed the State Defense Committee.
On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee issued a decree "On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR", according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local bodies. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense was formed Office of General Military Training (Vseobuch)
Through the people's commissariats, the GKO directed the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Stavka Supreme High Command led the armed struggle against the invaders. The State Defense Committee was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945. The State Defense Committee had unlimited powers. Its composition testified that it brought together the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and government agencies endowed with legitimate authority. Despite the small number of GKOs, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the GKO.
The resolutions of the State Defense Committee had the force of wartime laws. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The committee made do with a small administrative apparatus of its own. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet power structures. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military, industrial people's commissariats, positions of authorized GKOs were established.
In the front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united the party, Soviet and military power in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They led the creation militia, the construction of defensive structures, the repair of military equipment, carried out social and educational work, established a peaceful life in the areas liberated from the invaders.
The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the GKO, the Transport Committee
This committee has become a single governing body for all modes of transport. He mobilized the resources of railway workers, watermen, aviators of the country, ensured the interaction of all links transport system. The composition of the Transport Committee included people's commissars of communications, maritime and river fleet, representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942, the Operational Bureau
GKO. This body oversaw the work of industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly production plans. the most important industries industry, followed the timely supply of their metals, coal, oil, electricity. The operational bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.
The Armed Forces of the USSR underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations on the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a Headquarters of the High Command
Segments of society
The laws of Hammurabi draw a clear line between a free community member and a slave. A free, full-fledged community member was called a "man." Free people(landowners, tamkars, priests, communal peasants, artisans) were divided into slave owners and small producers. Many articles of laws protect the private property of property...
Slovakia.
The Slovak Church was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Esztergom. In the 11th century a number of monasteries appeared, which became large land owners. In the middle of the 15th century together with the Czech Catholic Jan Iskra from Brandes, several thousand Hussite warriors came. In Slovakia, there was a current of brothers (followers of the Taborites). ...
G. E. Rasputin. The attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church to Rasputinism. Brief biographical note
Grigory Efimovich Rasputin (after the father of Vilkin, then Novykh) was supposedly born on January 10, 1870 in the village of Pokrovsky Tobolsk province. His parents, Yefim and Anna Vilkin, may have originally lived in Saratov. Then the family moved to the village of Pokrovskoye, 80 versts from Tyumen, south of Tobolsk, where local peasants began to call them N...
An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.
All changes in the control system could not solve the problems of wartime. Therefore, along with the traditional forms of power and administration, with the outbreak of war, special emergency bodies with special powers were created. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the insufficiency of the measures taken to repel the aggression became visible.
It became obvious that all power should be concentrated in one hand, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. The State Defense Committee (GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941, became such a body. Initially, the GKO included 5 people, and then it was expanded to 9 people, and to the end of the war was reduced to 8. Stalin headed the State Defense Committee.
On September 17, 1941, the GKO issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR”, according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training was introduced for all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local bodies. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense was formed Office of General Military Training (Vseobuch) .
Through the people's commissariats, the GKO directed the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, he led the armed struggle against the invaders. The State Defense Committee was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945. The State Defense Committee had unlimited powers. Its composition testified that it brought together the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and state bodies, endowed with legitimate powers of authority. Despite the small number of GKOs, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the GKO.
The resolutions of the State Defense Committee had the force of wartime laws. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The committee made do with a small administrative apparatus of its own. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet power structures. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military, industrial people's commissariats, positions of authorized GKOs were established.
In the front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united the party, Soviet and military authorities in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They supervised the creation of the people's militia, the construction of defensive structures, the repair of military equipment, conducted social and educational work, and established a peaceful life in the areas liberated from the invaders.
The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the GKO, the Transport Committee . This committee has become a single governing body for all modes of transport. He mobilized the resources of railway workers, watermen, aviators of the country, ensured the interaction of all links of the transport system. The Transport Committee included People's Commissars of Railways, the Sea and River Fleet, representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942, the Operational Bureau GKO. This body supervised the work of industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly plans for the production of the most important branches of industry, monitored their timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The operational bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.
The Armed Forces of the USSR underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations on the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a Headquarters of the High Command . July 10, 1941 she was transformed into Headquarters of the Supreme High Command . The headquarters was supposed to exercise strategic leadership of the country's armed forces. Stalin headed this body and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR. See: History government controlled in Russia: Textbook. Ed. 3rd, revised. and add./Under total. ed. R.G.Pikhoi. - M.: Publishing House of the RAGS, 2004. S.289.
On June 24, 1941, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was formed Evacuation Council . The Council worked in close contact with the people's commissariats, under which evacuation departments were created. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR determined the procedure for the removal and deployment of human contingents and the most valuable property. In September, under the Evacuation Council, Department for the evacuation of the population . Along with the Evacuation Council in October - December 1941, the Evacuation Committee . The committee supervised the evacuation of equipment, stocks of raw materials and food. The placement of evacuated enterprises and organizations was carried out jointly with local authorities and administrations. Along with the Council and the Committee for the evacuation of June 22, 1942, by the Decree of the State Defense Committee, Evacuation Commission . The commission operated until the autumn of 1942. Also, such emergency management bodies as Committee for food and clothing supply and Transport Cargo Unloading Committee .
At the first stage of the war, due to the country's insufficient preparedness for active defense, many regions of the USSR were occupied by fascist troops. Despite the most severe repressions, the Nazis failed to completely paralyze and eliminate Soviet system administration in the occupied territory. In the zone of German occupation, party and Soviet organs. They relied on the underground movement and partisan formations.
Partisan movement originated shortly after the occupation of part Soviet territory. However, it gained wide and organized scope after the proper management of partisan detachments and formations was organized. On May 30, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted the Decree “On the Creation of the Supreme High Command at the Headquarters Central headquarters of the partisan movement ". In the republics, territories and regions, appropriate headquarters were created to lead the partisan movement. Under the Military Councils of the fronts, partisan headquarters were also created. In the rear of the Nazi troops, partisan territories were created, zones where organs were restored Soviet power, collective farms, local industry enterprises, medical, cultural and community and other institutions.
Extraordinary bodies of power and administration were also created to solve specific problems that arose in connection with the war. Wartime conditions dictated the creation of new governments.
On November 2, 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed The Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities Committed by the Nazi Invaders and for the Determination of the Damage Caused by Them to Citizens, Collective Farms, government agencies USSR . This commission was entrusted with the collection of documentary data on atrocities, their verification, and the preparation of materials on the damage caused to Soviet citizens during the occupation. Similar commissions were created in the republics, territories, regions, cities.
The creation of emergency management bodies did not remove responsibility from the traditional links of leadership. They were required not only diligence, but also initiative and full dedication of forces. Government bodies, like the whole country, worked in a state of emergency.
EXTRAORDINARY BODIES OF STATE ADMINISTRATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.
All changes in the control system could not solve the problems of wartime. Therefore, along with the traditional forms of power and control, with the outbreak of war,special emergency bodies with special powers. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the insufficiency of the measures taken to repel the aggression became visible.
It became obvious that all power should be concentrated in one hand, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. This body becameState Defense Committee(GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941. Initially, the GKO included 5 people, and then it was expanded to 9 people, and by the end of the war it was reduced to 8. Headed GKO Stalin.
On September 17, 1941, the GKO issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR”, according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training was introduced for all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local bodies. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense was formedOffice of General Military Training(Vseobuch).
Through the people's commissariats, the GKO directed the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, he led the armed struggle against the invaders. The State Defense Committee was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945.GKO had unlimited powers. Its composition testified that it brought together the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and state bodies, endowed with legitimate powers of authority. Despite the small number of GKOs, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the GKO.
The resolutions of the State Defense Committee had the force of wartime laws. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The committee made do with a small administrative apparatus of its own. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet power structures. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military, industrial people's commissariats, positions of authorized GKOs were established.
In the front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united the party, Soviet and military authorities in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They supervised the creation of the people's militia, the construction of defensive structures, the repair of military equipment, conducted social and educational work, and established a peaceful life in the areas liberated from the invaders.
The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the GKO, theTransport Committee. This committee has become a single governing body for all modes of transport. He mobilized the resources of railway workers, watermen, aviators of the country, ensured the interaction of all links of the transport system. The Transport Committee included People's Commissars of Railways, the Sea and River Fleet, representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942, theGKO Operational Bureau. This body supervised the work of industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly plans for the production of the most important branches of industry, monitored their timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The operational bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.
The Armed Forces of the USSR underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations on the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, aHeadquarters of the High Command. July 10, 1941 she was transformed intoHeadquarters of the Supreme High Command. The headquarters was supposed to exercise strategic leadership of the country's armed forces. Stalin headed this body and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
On June 24, 1941, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was formedEvacuation Council. The Council worked in close contact with the people's commissariats, under which evacuation departments were created. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR determined the procedure for the removal and deployment of human contingents and the most valuable property. In September, under the Evacuation Council,Department for the evacuation of the population. Along with the Evacuation Council in October - December 1941, theEvacuation Committee. The committee supervised the evacuation of equipment, stocks of raw materials and food. The placement of evacuated enterprises and organizations was carried out jointly with local authorities and administrations. Along with the Council and the Committee for the evacuation of June 22, 1942, by the Decree of the State Defense Committee,Evacuation Commission. The commission operated until the autumn of 1942. Also, such emergency management bodies asCommittee for food and clothing supply and Transport Cargo Unloading Committee.
At the first stage of the war, due to the country's insufficient preparedness for active defense, many regions of the USSR were occupied by fascist troops. Despite the most severe repressions, the Nazis failed to completely paralyze and eliminate the Soviet system of government in the occupied territory. In the zone of German occupation, party and Soviet bodies continued to operate or were re-created. They relied on the underground movement andpartisan formations.
The partisan movement was born shortly after the occupation of part of the Soviet territory. However, it gained wide and organized scope after the proper management of partisan detachments and formations was organized. On May 30, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted the Decree “On the Creation of the Supreme High Command at the HeadquartersCentral headquarters of the partisan movement". In the republics, territories and regions, appropriate headquarters were created to lead the partisan movement. Under the Military Councils of the fronts, partisan headquarters were also created. In the rear of the Nazi troops, partisan territories were created, zones where Soviet authorities, collective farms, local industries, medical, cultural and other institutions were restored.
Extraordinary bodies of power and administration were also created to solve specific problems that arose in connection with the war. Wartime conditions dictated the creation of new governments.
On November 2, 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formedExtraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of Atrocitiescommitted by the Nazi invaders, and determining the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, state institutions of the USSR. This commission was entrusted with the collection of documentary data on atrocities, their verification, and the preparation of materials on the damage caused to Soviet citizens during the occupation. Similar commissions were created in the republics, territories, regions, cities.
The creation of emergency management bodies did not remove responsibility from the traditional links of leadership. They were required not only diligence, but also initiative and full dedication of forces. Government bodies, like the whole country, worked in a state of emergency.
In June 1941 (a week after the start of the war), the Presidium of the Supreme Council, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a decree on the creation of a supreme emergency body - State Defense Committee (GKO), concentrated in his hands all the power. All organizations and individuals were obliged to comply with his orders. The State Defense Committee acted through the existing state, party and public bodies, special committees and commissions and their representatives (in the union and autonomous republics). Local defense committees were created in some regional and city centers. They included representatives of the Soviet, party bodies, senior officials of the NKVD and the military command. The GKO bodies acted in parallel, simultaneously and through the constitutional authorities and administration.
In the summer of 1941, the evacuation began industrial enterprises to the eastern regions of the country. For this work was created Council for Evacuation Affairs under the GKO. In October 1941 formed Food Evacuation Committee, industrial goods and industrial enterprises. Both bodies functioned until the end of December 1941, when instead of them, under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Department for Evacuation Affairs was created, and under the Council of People's Commissars of the republics and regional (territory) councils - evacuation departments, on railways- evacuation points.
In July 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted resolution on the organization of the partisan movement in the territories occupied by the enemy. The organizers of the movement on the ground were party organs, sabotage military groups and organs of the NKVD. By the end of 1941, headquarters and departments of the partisan movement began to be created under the political directorates of the fronts. In May 1942, at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, Central headquarters of the partisan movement, in September - the Special High Command of the partisan movement.
At the beginning of November 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet formedExtraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of Atrocities Nazi German invaders and their accomplices and the damage caused by them to citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions of the USSR. Local commissions were formed in the republics, territories, regions and cities. In their work, the commissions used the results of the activities of the military tribunals.
At the beginning of the war The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed a number of new people's commissariats: in September 1941 - the People's Commissariat of the tank industry, in November 1941 - the People's Commissariat of mortar weapons. The structure and work of the People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Communications were restructured.
To carry out the mobilization of the able-bodied population in June 1941, Accounting and Distribution Committee work force under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and at regional and regional executive committees - bureau for accounting and distribution of labor force. In 1942, under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Main Directorate for the Supply of Coal was created, in 1943 - the Main Directorate for the Supply of Oil, Timber, Artificial Fuel and Gas.
Already at the beginning of July 1941, the government adopted a decree that significantly expanded the rights of people's commissariats in wartime conditions. They were given the right to distribute and redistribute material resources between enterprises, to allow directors of enterprises and foremen of construction sites to issue the necessary materials from their resources to other enterprises, to redistribute capital investments in construction, to deviate from approved projects and construction estimates, to allow commissioning of enterprises under construction, etc.
military construction during the war years was especially intense. On the first day of the war, the mobilization of 14 ages (from 19 to 55 years).
From July 1941 to October 1942, the institute of military commissars and political officers (at the company level) operated in the army. From the autumn of 1942, it was replaced by the institution of deputy commanders for political affairs, who continued to exercise ideological control and education.
The top military leadership began to exercise Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, which included members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the People's Commissariat of Defense. The organs of the Headquarters were General base of the Red Army, the departments of the people's commissariats of defense and navy, the command of the fronts. Formations, operational formations and corps were created within the fronts.
The structure of the armed forces included fronts, armies, corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, platoons, and squads.
In 1942, the Combat Charter of the Infantry was issued. Since July 1943, the division of military personnel into private, sergeant, officer corps and generals was introduced, new insignia were introduced.
Special system military justice regulated by the July (1941) Decree on military tribunals in areas declared under martial law and areas of military operations.Tribunals were formed at armies, corps, divisions, garrisons, brigades on railways and in river (sea) basins. The supervisory authorities for these tribunals were the military, military railway, military water transport boards. Supreme Court USSR and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR. The People's Commissariat of Justice carried out organizational work, the relevant special prosecutor's offices - general supervision and support of the prosecution. Some of the territorial courts and prosecutor's offices (in areas declared under a state of siege) were also transformed into military ones.
Before 1943 tribunals acted as part of three permanent members, then assessors began to participate in them. Terms of consideration of cases were extremely short; the verdicts of the tribunals were not subject to cassation appeal (they were reviewed only in the order of supervision); cases were heard in a closed process.
The commanders of the armies and districts, military councils could suspend the execution of death sentences, the rest of the sentences were executed immediately after they were pronounced. The tribunals had a wide jurisdiction, considering all the most dangerous acts up to speculation and hooliganism. The military authorities themselves determined the jurisdiction of a particular case - general courts or tribunals. In areas declared under a state of siege, provocateurs, spies and other agents of the enemy who called for a violation of order were shot without trial.
During the war years, the authorities carried out two important measures aimed at strengthening national unity in the country, while abandoning some ideological postulates.
