In general, the following trends in the development of the transport network are traced in the world:
- The quality of the transport network is constantly growing (the length of electrified railways, paved highways, of a larger diameter is growing).
- The directions of freight traffic are changing.
- The development of a container system for the transportation of goods is underway (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers). Transcontinental container "bridges" are being formed - a combination with route by train, by road trains. The most widespread are "bridges" on the routes Japan - the east coast (through Seattle and the continental United States). The largest container ports in the world are: Hong Kong, Rotterdam (), Kaohsiung (Taiwan), Kobe (Japan), Busan (Korea), Hamburg (Germany), Kelang (), New York, Los Angeles.
- Duplication of transport communications of global importance (laying of oil pipelines, highways parallel to canals, other communication routes or bypassing "hot spots" - for example, oil pipelines were created parallel to the Suez and the Transpirenian highway along the Gibraltar Strait, the Trans-Arabian oil pipeline was built to avoid the passage of tankers through the controlled Strait of Hormuz and etc.);
- 5. Creation of transport corridors (polyhighways) for the transport of goods through the territory of several states, for example, in Europe there are nine, in Russia - two transport corridors: Berlin - - Minsk - - Moscow -, Helsinki - - Moscow - Kiev - Odessa with a continuation to Novorossiysk and to Astrakhan).
The overwhelming majority of all vehicles and communication lines are concentrated in developed countries (about 80% of the total length of the world transport network). The transport system of industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented by all types of transport. Developed countries account for about 85% of the freight turnover of world inland transport (excluding long-distance sea voyages), 80% of the car park, 2/3 of the world's ports performing? world cargo turnover. The passenger turnover of developed and developing countries... Thus, the "mobility" of the population in Western countries is 10 times higher than in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Developing countries are much worse provided with transport than developed countries. Their transport systems are in the stage of formation, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types of modern transport are poorly developed or absent altogether ( railways, pipeline transport, etc.). The transport systems of these countries reflect the general territorial structure of the economy. In most cases, roads only connect mining or plantation areas with port cities. Developing countries are characterized by a significant predominance of one or two types of transport: rail (India, Pakistan,), pipeline (Near and Middle East), river (countries of tropical Africa).
Since there are differences in the development of transport between different regions, it is customary to distinguish territorial transport systems in the world transport system: North America, overseas Europe, CIS, Latin America, Overseas Asia, Africa and Australia. The first three stand out the most.
The transport system of North America is the leader in the world in terms of the total length of communication routes (about 30% of the world transport network) and in terms of the turnover of most types of transport. Passenger traffic in North America has its own characteristics: 83% of it is provided by road transport (with 81% by cars and 2% by buses), 16% by air, and only 1% by rail. Due to the large size of the United States and the density of the transport network in North America is small.
The transport system of foreign Europe surpasses the systems of all other regions in terms of network density and frequency of movement. It is the leader in terms of cargo and passenger turnover automobile transport;
The transport system of the CIS countries (10% of the world transport network) ranks first in terms of the total volume of cargo turnover. It has the highest railroad traffic density.
V overseas Asia there are large differences between countries in the level of transport development. Therefore, here it is advisable to single out a highly developed transport system, the transport system of China, the system and, of the countries of South-West Africa.
Large differences in the development of transport are also evident in Africa and Latin America.
World transport system
We have already mentioned the role of transport as one of the main infrastructural sectors in the normal, rhythmic functioning of the world economy. As a sensitive barometer of the course of development of this economy, transport reflects the changes taking place in the geographical division of labor, in the relationship between producers, buyers and sellers. Having undergone radical changes under the influence of scientific and technological revolution ("transport revolution"), transport in the 80-90s. XX century on the whole developed successfully, although it also did not manage to avoid the crisis phenomena at the turn of 1997–1998. Long-term trends in the development of world transport indicate the expansion of the global transport network, an increase in its load, an improvement in quality indicators, an expansion of joint activities of various types of transport, etc.
One of the most important concepts related to transport is the concept of the world transport system, which covers all world routes of communication and all means of transport. To characterize the world transport system usually use three main indicators: 1) the network of communications; 2) the work of transport; 3) main cargo and passenger traffic.
The world transport network can be viewed from different points of view. It is interesting, firstly, to trace the dynamics of its development and, secondly, to analyze state of the art different types this network.
The dynamics of the development of certain types of world transport in the second half of the XX century. Table 140 demonstrates.
From the data shown in Table 140, it clearly follows that the dynamics of the development of individual types of transport network in recent decades differs quite strongly. On the one hand, the length of its old types - railways and internal waterways- has stabilized. On the other hand, the length of newer types of transport network - roads, pipelines and airways - continues to grow rather rapidly. Graphically, the ratio of individual types of transport network in 2005 is shown in Figure 103.
Table 140
DYNAMICS OF THE WORLD TRANSPORTATION NETWORK 1950–2000
Rice. 103. World transport network, thousand km
The work of transport is determined by the size and structure of transportation of goods and passengers.
Transportation of goods can be measured in two ways. First, the mass of these goods, which in the world at the beginning of the 1990s. exceeded 100 billion tons per year. Secondly, and this is the main thing, freight turnover, that is, cargo transportation work that takes into account not only the mass, but also the distance of transportation of goods and is measured in ton-kilometers (t / km). Back in the early 1950s. world freight turnover was about 7 trillion t / km, and in 2000 it had already reached 50 trillion t / km.
As cargo turnover grows Big changes occurred in the structure. In 1950, railways provided 31% of the world cargo turnover, automobile roads - 7.5, inland waterways - 5.5, sea - 52 and pipelines 4%. If we compare this data with modern (fig. 104), Attention is drawn to the decrease in the share of railways and inland waterways in the transportation of goods, and the increase in the share of sea and pipeline transport. This can be explained by the fact that it is sea transport, which has practically unlimited capacity of sea routes and the largest carrying capacity of rolling stock, that takes over almost 80% of international - primarily intercontinental - transportation. A significant increase in the role of liquid and gaseous fuel and raw materials, fast development petrochemical industry contributed to the enhancement of the role of pipeline transport. (However, at the same time, we must not forget that in reality more than 80% of all cargoes are transported by road transport, while sea transport is only 3.5%. But since the average distance of transportation by road transport is only 30 km, and 7 - 8 thousand km, the cargo turnover of the latter turns out to be much larger.)
Passenger traffic is measured by the number of passengers carried and passenger turnover. Nowadays, all types of transport carry more than 1 trillion passengers annually. In terms of passenger traffic, it increased from 2.5 trillion passenger-kilometers in 1950 to more than 20 trillion passenger-kilometers in 2005. This reflects markedly increased population mobility. In the structure of passenger turnover (fig. 104) non-competitive first place belongs to road transport; including 60% of all transportation is carried out by cars. The special role of road transport in passenger (and also in freight) transportation is explained by its widespread distribution, flexibility and maneuverability. Net highways can be compared with circulatory system organism.
The main transport cargo and passenger flows are subdivided into intercontinental and inland... At the same time, intercontinental transportation of bulk (liquid, gaseous, bulk) cargo is carried out almost exclusively by sea transport. Examples of these are the above-described transport "bridges" associated with the transportation of oil, liquefied natural gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, etc. Sea transport also accounts for the bulk of intercontinental transportation of general (piece) cargo, for example, automobiles and machines. Inland transportation of both goods and passengers the main role play car and railway transport, and in the transportation of oil and natural gas - pipeline.
Rice. 104. The structure of the world cargo and passenger turnover in 2005
Prospects for the development of world transport in early XXI v. depend primarily on the growth rates of the world economy and world trade, as well as on the geopolitical situation in the world and its regions. According to some forecasts, in 2000-2015. relatively moderate traffic growth can be expected.
The world transport system is not internally homogeneous. Even with the most generalized approach, it can be subdivided into two subsystems - economically developed and developing countries, which differ greatly.
Transport subsystem economically developed countries it is particularly large. It accounts for about 80% of the total length of the transport network, more than 70% of the world cargo turnover by weight and about 80% by value, and its share in the world passenger turnover is even greater. More than 4/5 of the world's car park is concentrated in economically developed countries, and almost 2/3 of all ports in the world are located in them, performing 3/4 of the world cargo turnover. In the structure of the freight turnover of these countries, 40% falls on road transport, 25% on rail, and 35% on other types of transport.
This subsystem is also characterized by: a large density of the transport network, which primarily characterizes its security, a high technical level of the transport network and vehicles, widespread multimodal transport with the participation of different types of transport. V Lately requirements for the quality of transport services, for increasing the efficiency, regularity, rhythm of passenger and freight transport, to increase their speed, comfort, to ensure safety. An increasing proportion of passenger and freight traffic in these countries is carried out on a "just-in-time" basis, reflecting the increased demands of the clientele.
Transport subsystem developing countries has many other parameters and quality characteristics. It has a little more than 20% of the total world length of the transport network, and provides (in value) 20% of the world cargo turnover. 10% of the world car park and 20% of trucks and buses are concentrated in these countries. The density of the transport network in most countries is low, and the technical level of transport (for example, steam traction and narrow gauge railways) is lower. The mobility of the population in these countries is also many times less than in the developed ones.
Along with such a two-member subdivision of the world transport system, it is customary to single out several regional transport systems, each of which has its own characteristics. These features reflect the level of development of productive forces, the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the density and nature of the distribution of the population, the level of the geographical division of labor and the degree of formation of economic regions, the participation of countries in international economic ties as well as features historical development, natural conditions and transport policies of individual states in the region.
The regional transportation system of North America reached the highest level. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total length of all world communication routes, and this share is even greater in terms of the length of highways and gas pipelines. North America also ranks first in terms of freight turnover for most types of transport. In the structure of its internal cargo turnover, 26% is accounted for by road transport, 28% - by rail, 18 - by water (river and coastal sea) and 28% - by pipeline. But the structure of the internal passenger turnover is especially indicative, which is 81% provided by light vehicles, 16 - by air, and only 2 - by buses and 1% - by rail. Although, at the same time, the very large sizes of the territory of both the USA and Canada lead to the fact that the density of the transport network in them is relatively small. For example, for railways it is 30 km in the USA, and 5 km per 1000 km 2 in Canada.
The regional transport system of foreign Europe in many respects, primarily in terms of transportation distance, is inferior to the system of North America, but much surpasses it in terms of network density and traffic frequency. As in North America, high level motorization, pipeline transport has been greatly developed, air transportation, while the role of rail and inland waterway transport has diminished. In the internal cargo turnover Western Europe automobile transport accounts for 67%, rail - 19, water - 8 and pipeline - 6%. Passenger traffic is also markedly dominated by light automobile transport (54%), followed by rail (21), bus (17) and air (8%). But in terms of the density of the transport network, Western Europe ranks first in the world: in Germany, France, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Sweden, Denmark, it ranges from 50 to 100 km per 1000 km 2 of territory.
The transport differences in foreign Asia are so great that it would be more correct to single out several regional transport systems within its limits: for example, the highly developed system of Japan, the system of China, the system of India and Pakistan, the system of the countries of South-West Asia. The same applies to Africa, where there are considerable differences between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa to Latin America. Australia has developed its own regional transport system. However, the density of the transport network in all these regional systems is significantly less than in Europe and North America. Only in some countries it is within the range from 1 to 5 km, and in most it does not even reach 1 km per 1000 km 2 of territory.
The unified transport system of the USSR, to a certain extent, was preserved in the CIS countries, forming a special regional system. Although it accounts for only 1/10 of the world transport network, this system occupies a more prominent place in terms of cargo turnover, primarily due to rail transport. Russia on overall dimensions freight turnover (4.5 trillion t / km) is second only to the USA and China in the world. However, in the structure of this cargo turnover, the share of pipeline transport is very high (55%), followed by rail (41%), while road transport accounts for less than 1%. If we consider not the turnover of goods, but the transportation of goods, then the ratio will turn out to be significantly different: railway transport accounts for 42%, pipeline transport - 36%, road transport - 14%. In the structure of passenger traffic in Russia, 40% is accounted for by rail, 35% - by road and 20% - by air. To this I must add that in the 1990s. both the freight turnover and the passenger transport turnover of the country decreased very noticeably.
World transport geography. The structure and location of the transport complex in Russia. Rail, road, water, air and pipeline transport - the formation and direction of cargo flows.
general characteristics world transport system
Transport is a special area material production... Unlike Agriculture and he does not create industry in the production process New Product, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The production of transport is the movement of goods and people in space, a change in their location. Therefore, the performance indicators of transport are respectively freight turnover in tonne-kilometers (t-km) and passenger turnover in passenger-kilometers (pass-km), which is the product of the volume of traffic (in tons or pass.) by the distance (in km). The sum of tonne-kilometers and passenger-kilometers is called tonne-kilometers given, or reduced transport products .
The main types of modern transport are rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline. Together they form a single transport system for the world.
The assessment of the level of development of the transport system by types of communication routes is carried out using the following indicators: length (length) and density of the transport network (the latter is defined as the ratio of the length of the paths to a unit area of the territory or to a certain number of inhabitants); share one or another mode of transport (in%) in general cargo turnover .
If we talk about the world transport system, then the fastest growing in recent years is automobile, pipeline and air transport. The importance of maritime transport increased and the position of railway transport deteriorated.
The overwhelming majority of all means of transport and communication are concentrated in countries with developed economies. They account for a significant share of freight and passenger traffic in world transport. The countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America are much less well provided with transport, since the level of development of their economies is lower.
Among regional transport systems, the system stands out
North America, leading in the world in terms of the total length of communication routes (about 30% of the world transport network) and in terms of the turnover of most types of transport;
the transport system of Europe, which surpasses the systems of all other regions in terms of network density and frequency of movement;
one system CIS countries (10% of the world transport network), which ranks first in terms of total freight turnover.
In other regions of the world - in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, transport systems are in the stage of formation, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types of modern transport are poorly developed or absent altogether (railways, pipeline transport, etc.).
In general, the world is undergoing a qualitative change in the transport network:
The length of electrified railways, paved highways, and large-diameter pipelines is growing;
There is a duplication of transport communications of global importance: the laying of oil pipelines, highways parallel to water canals, other communication routes (for example, oil pipelines have been created parallel to the Suez and Panama canals, the Transpirenian highway has been built along the Strait of Gibraltar, etc.);
A container system for the transportation of goods is being formed (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers), the formation of transcontinental container "bridges", which are a combination of sea transport with block trains and container lorry trains (Trans-Siberian: Japan - US East Coast, Trans-American: Western Europe - Near and Middle East);
Transport corridors (polyhighways) are being created for the transport of goods through the territory of several states (for example, nine are allocated in Europe, two transport corridors pass through Russia:
Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod,
Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kiev - Odessa with a continuation to Novorossiysk and to Astrakhan).
Railway transport ranks second in cargo turnover (after sea) and in passenger turnover (after automobile). In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air transport. Main function railway transport - transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural cargo (coal, steel, grain, etc.) over long distances. Distinctive feature- regularity of movement regardless of the weather and season.
There are great differences in the level of development of railway transport (length, density of the network, the degree of electrification of railways, etc.) by regions and countries of the world. In general, the length of the railway network is decreasing in the world, especially in countries with developed economies.
By network length railways leading positions in the world are occupied by the largest (in terms of territory) countries: the United States (176 thousand km), Russia (87.5 thousand km), Canada (85 thousand km), India, China, Germany, Australia, Argentina , France, Brazil. These countries account for more than half of the total length of the world's railways. The countries of North America and Western Europe are oversaturated with railways, and some countries in Africa and Asia do not have them at all.
By network density railways lead European countries(their density in Belgium is 133 km per 1 thousand sq. km). The density of the railway network in Africa on average is only 2.7 km per 1,000 sq. km.
By the level of electrification of iron roads are also ahead of all European countries (in Switzerland about 100% of railways are electrified, in Sweden 65%, in Italy, Austria and Spain more than 50%, in Russia 43%).
In certain regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. In the CIS countries the track is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, Asia. Does not correspond to the Western European gauge of some other states (for example, Finland, states Iberian Peninsula). In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.
By cargo turnover the leading positions in the world are occupied by the USA, China and Russia,
on passenger traffic Japan (395 billion pass-km), China (354 billion pass-km), India (320 billion pass-km), Russia (192 billion pass-km), Germany (60 billion pass-km).
In a number of developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, etc.), super-high-speed (with a speed of more than 200 km / h) railways have been created.
The railways of the CIS countries, foreign Europe, North America within their regions are connected into a single transport system, i.e. form a region-wide rail system.
Automobile transport plays a leading role in the transportation of passengers (provides 80% of the world's passenger traffic), as well as cargo over short and medium distances. Among other types of transport, it is also the leader in the length of the road network (24 million km, or 70% of the world transport network).
Most of car park and network, highways are concentrated in advanced economies. With the total number of cars in the world exceeding 650 million, about 80% of them are concentrated in North America (about 250 million cars, of which 200 million are in the USA), Western Europe (more than 200 million cars) and Japan (over 50 million) ...
The most developed road network is in the USA (1/4 of the entire length), China, Japan, India, Russia, and European countries. The latter, in terms of road density, surpass countries in all regions of the world. In terms of freight turnover by road transport, the United States occupies the first place.
In individual countries and regions of the world (CIS, foreign Europe, North America), highways form unified transport systems (state, interstate).
Pipeline transport, relatively young, but rapidly developing, serves for the transportation of liquid, gaseous and solid types of products. The largest volumes of natural gas, oil and oil products are transported through pipelines. Gas and oil pipelines (their total length in the world is 1.8 million km) most widespread received in the oil and gas producing countries of North America (USA, Canada), Russia, the Near and Middle East, as well as in the countries of Western and of Eastern Europe, poor in oil and gas resources, but consuming a large number these fuels. In terms of the volume of work of pipeline transport, Russia surpasses all others (more than half of the world cargo turnover of this type of transport is concentrated here).
Sea transport is of paramount importance for the implementation of foreign economic (interstate, intercontinental) relations. It provides over 3/4 of all international traffic. They include a particularly large share of bulk cargo (oil, oil products, ores, coal, grain, etc.).
Along with intercontinental, interstate transportation, sea transport is carried out in large sizes transportation of goods by large and small cabotage within their own country. Big cabotage - this is the navigation of ships between the ports of different sea basins (for example, Vladivostok - Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk - Arkhangelsk). Small cabotage - transportation between ports of the same sea (Novorossiysk - Tuapse).
In terms of cargo turnover (29 trillion t-km) and labor productivity, sea transport significantly surpasses other types of transport. Cost of cargo transportation by sea the lowest in transport. The most effective use of maritime transport when transporting goods over long distances. Sea transportation in internal communications(small cabotage) are less effective.
To carry out transportation, sea transport has a complex diversified economy; fleet, seaports, shipyards, etc.
Sea transportation is served by several tens of thousands of vessels with a total tonnage of 500 million gross register tons (GRT).
Largest fleets have Panama (72 million BRT), Liberia (60), Greece (30), Cyprus (25), the Bahamas (a state in the West Indies) and Japan (20 each), China (17), Russia (15), Norway (15), USA (13 million BRT). However, the world leadership of Panama, Liberia, Cyprus and the Bahamas is rather arbitrary, since a significant proportion of their fleets are owned by the United States and Western European countries (including France, Great Britain, Germany), using the flag of convenience policy to evade high taxes.
About 40% of the world's fleet is tankers that carry out international transportation of oil and oil products. The main directions of oil transportation by sea are from the Caribbean to the USA and Western Europe, from the Middle East to Western Europe, the USA and Japan.
Among the ocean basins first place in terms of the volume of sea freight takes Atlantic Ocean , along the coast of which the largest seaports of the world are located: Rotterdam (Netherlands), Antwerp (Belgium), Hamburg (Germany), London (Great Britain), Marseille (France), Genoa (Italy), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia (USA ). Many major ports and coastlines The Pacific (Kobe, Chiba, Yokohama, Nagoya (Japan), Shanghai (PRC), Busan (Republic of Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), etc. Indian Ocean (Karachi (Pakistan), Bombay and Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), etc.
Along with the universal ports, there are specialized ports:
for the export of oil(for example, in the Persian Gulf of Ras Tanura ( Saudi Arabia), Mina El Ahmadi (Kuwait), Amuay and La Salina (Venezuela),
ore(Tubaran in Brazil), coal (Richards Bay in South Africa),
grain, timber and other goods.
The geography of sea transportation is greatly influenced by sea channels. The Suez and Panama Canals are of international importance.
River transport. The positive features of this type of transport are the high carrying capacity (on deep-water rivers), the relatively low cost of transportation and the cost of organizing shipping. The development and geography of river transport are largely determined by natural conditions... In this respect, many countries of North and Latin America, Europe and Asia have great opportunities for organizing river navigation.
In Europe the network of transport routes is formed by rivers Seine, Rhine with tributaries, Elbe, Odra, Vistula, Danube, Dnieper, Volga, Don, etc.
In Asia - Ganges, Indus, Ayeyarwad, Yangtze, Ob with Irtysh, Yenisei with Angara, Lena, Amur, etc.
In North America - Mississippi with tributaries, St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, etc.
In Latin America - Amazon and Parana.
In Africa - Congo, Niger, Nile.
In Australia - Murray with the Darling tributary.
The total length of navigable rivers and canals in the world is 550 thousand km, of which almost half is in Russia and China (more than 100 thousand km each), the USA (more than 40 thousand km) and Brazil (30 thousand km).
In terms of the total cargo turnover of inland waterways, the United States is in first place, China is second, Russia is third, followed by Germany, Canada and the Netherlands.
Air Transport, high-speed, but expensive, has greatest value in international passenger transportation for the implementation of connections with remote and hard-to-reach regions of the world. The air transport infrastructure is represented by a network of airports of international and local importance. Airports provide flight control, reception of passengers, organization of their service, etc. More than 1,000 airports are involved in international air traffic. The largest airports in the world (from 30 to 70 million passengers per year) are located in the USA (Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Los Angeles), Great Britain (London), Japan (Tokyo), France (Paris), Germany (Frankfurt Meine). The same countries, together with Australia, China, Russia, Canada and the Netherlands, form the ten leading air powers (in terms of passenger turnover) in the world.
Air transport is mainly used for passenger transportation. Air cargo transportation, despite the rapid growth, in general, the volume of freight turnover of all types of transport occupies an insignificant share (fractions of a percent).
Transport - one of the most important industries... It provides industrial relations and agriculture, carries out the transportation of goods and passengers, is the basis of the geographical division of labor. Exchange and structure transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, and the geography of the transport network and freight flows - the location of productive forces.
Types of world transport
Transport is subdivided into land (rail and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).
Automobile transport is often called the transport of the XX century, because, having originated at the beginning of this century, it has become the leading one among the types of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has reached at present 24 million km, with about 1/2 accounted for by the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. In terms of motorization, the United States and a number of Western European countries are leading in the world. Automobile transport is the leader in terms of passenger traffic - 80% of the global volume.
Railway transport, despite a decrease in its share in transportation, it still remains an important type of land transport, especially in terms of the volume of transported goods (10% of the global volume). The world railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the XX century, its length is now 12.5 million km. But its placement is uneven. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the "top ten countries": the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France, Germany and Brazil. European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this, there are huge spaces where the railway network is very rare or absent.
Pipeline transport - actively developing thanks to rapid growth oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main regions of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the world cargo turnover.
First of all, it is characterized by the outstanding role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, and also serves about 4/5 of the total. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer divides, but connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargo: oil, oil products, coal, ore, grain and others, usually over a distance of 8-10 thousand km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in traffic and so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished goods. Sea transportation is provided by the merchant marine fleet, the total tonnage of which exceeds 420 million tons. Atlantic Ocean, the second place in terms of sea transportation is Pacific Ocean, the third is Indian.
International sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and sea straits (English Channel, Gibraltar, etc.) have a very large influence on the geography of maritime transport.
Inland waterway transport - oldest species transport. Now it occupies the last place in the world transport system in terms of the length of the network.
The development and placement of inland waterway transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation, the Amazon, Mississippi, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a greater capacity than the most powerful railways. But the use of these premises depends on general level economic development... Therefore, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and also China stand out in terms of the cargo turnover of inland waterways in the world.
Artificial waterway and lake shipping are also of great importance in some countries.
Air Transport. This type of the fastest, but rather expensive transport plays important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, besides speed, are the quality of deliveries, geographical mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of regular airlines now encircles the entire globe, stretching for millions of kilometers. Its anchor points are 5,000 airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, Canada, Germany.
World transport system
All routes of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form world transport system. It was formed in the XX century. and experiences strong impact Scientific and technological revolution, which is expressed in the "division of labor" between separate types transport, increasing the capacity of transport routes, the emergence of fundamentally new vehicles, for example, bullet trains on air cushion... The "container revolution" has had a huge impact on the development of all types of transport, as a result of which the transportation of goods is carried out in special metal containers - containers. There are also new vehicles - container ships and special reloading stations - terminals. This made it possible to increase labor productivity in transport by 7-10 times.
The world transport system is heterogeneous, and it is possible to distinguish transport systems of economically developed and developing countries in it. The first of them accounts for 78% of the total length of the world transport network and 74% of the world cargo turnover. The density of the transport network, which most characterizes its provision, in most developed countries is 50 - 60 km per 100 km of territory, and in developing countries - 5 - 10 km.
Along with this, in the world transport system, there are also several regional transport systems: North America (it accounts for about 30% of the total length of all world routes of communication), the CIS countries, Europe, Asia (subdivided into several subsystems), Latin America, Australia, North Africa.
Since its inception, transport has had a strong impact on the environment. With the growth of the length of the transport network, the intensity of traffic, the negative impacts are increasing, while different kinds transport have their own "specialization". Thus, the main air pollutant is road transport, air transport and railway transport, these types of transport also create "noise pollution" and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, stations, etc. (excluding air). Water transport is primarily a source of oil pollution of the oceans and inland waters.
TOPIC:
World transport system
Lecture plan:
1. Quantitative indicators of the work of transport.
The influence of scientific and technological revolution on the development of transport.
2. Transport network of the world. The structure of world transport.
Regional transport systems.
3. Land transport of the world.
4. Water transport of the world.
5. Air transport of the world.
EXTENSION OF MESSAGE WAYS
QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS
WORLD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM:
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 140 MILLION PERSONS
CARGO AND PASSENGER TURNOVER
EXTENSION OF WAYS OF THE COMMUNICATION (in thousand km)
Automotive
roads
24000
Pipelines
1900
Internal
waterways
550
Airways
9500
Railways
1250
0
5000
10000STRUCTURE OF WORLD CARGO AND PASSENGER TURNOVER
SHARE IN CARGO TURNOVER
SHARE IN PASSENGER TURNOVER TRANSPORTATION AND THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REVOLUTION
What is the impact of scientific and technological revolution on various
types of transport?
INCREASING FLOW CAPACITY
TRANSPORT ROUTES
APPEARANCE OF NEW VEHICLES
INCREASE IN CAPACITY AND
LOAD CAPACITY
INCREASING TRAVEL SPEED World transport system
COLLECTION OF ALL WAYS OF COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORTATION
ENTERPRISES AND VEHICLES FORM A WORLD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (MTS).
HOWEVER, WORLD FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED
EXTREMELY WRONG! According to the level of development, the world transport system
can be divided into two parts:
TRANSPORT
ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
75 %
These countries account for 75% of the total length of the transport network,
world cargo and passenger turnover. High density is characteristic
transport network.
TRANSPORT
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Transport is a lagging industry
economy. A mono-transport system is characteristic (dominance of 1-2 types of transport.
The world transport system consists of several
Regional Transport Systems (RTS)
RTS
North America
30% of the total length of the MTS;
1st place in terms of cargo turnover;
high level of motorization.
RTS
overseas Europe
1st place in density and
frequency of movement;
high level of development of air and road transport.
RTS
Commonwealth Independent States
10% of MTS;
high share of railway transport
in cargo turnover;
high rates of transportation distance. LAND TRANSPORT
AUTOMOTIVE
RAILWAY
PIPELINE
Leading countries by length
highways:
USA;
India;
Brazil;
Japan;
China. RAILWAY
There are railways in 140 countries of the world. Preparations have begun for the construction of the Asia-Pacific Railway:
Singapore - Bangkok - Beijing - Yakutsk - Bering Strait tunnel - Vancouver San Francisco. HIGH SPEED LINES
The fastest express trains run on the lines:
Paris - Bordeaux (France) Mistral Express
(line length 540 km) carries passengers for
2 hours 10 minutes
Paris - London Express carries passengers under
Strait of Pas-de-Calais at a speed of 250 km / h
Tokyo - Osaka (Japan) express "Hikari" (length
line 515 km) carries passengers in 2 hours 15 minutes.
Express train
"London Paris"
Railway tunnel under
Strait of Pas-de-Calais (France Great Britain) PIPELINE
Got developed through growth
oil and gas production and territorial
the gap between the regions of production and consumption.
(The first oil pipeline was built in
USA in 1865, 6 km long.)
LEADING COUNTRIES IN LENGTH
OIL AND GAS PIPELINES:
1. USA (760 thousand km)
2.Russia (230 thousand km)
3. Canada (150 thousand km)
4. Countries of the Middle East
5. Germany
6. France
The most powerful trunk lines in the world
oil and gas pipelines are located in the CIS:
"Friendship"
"Shining of the North"
"Union" WATER TRANSPORT
NAUTICAL
LEADING COUNTRIES
BY SEA
FOR TRANSPORTATION:
Panama
Liberia
USA
Japan
Greece
Norway
FRG
Great Britain
Italy
Sweden
RIVER AND LAKE WATER TRANSPORT
Serves mainly
domestic needs of individual countries
But it also carries out international
transportation
Great American Lakes and
St. Lawrence River Deep Water Route (USA, Canada)
Marine ships pass several locks when
rise along the St. Lawrence River and bypass canals. Ocean liners can sail from
Atlantic to all industrial centers in the Great Lakes region.
RIVER AND LAKE
Major international river
arteries of Europe:
Rhine
Danube
Audra
Elbe 5% 2%
AIR TRANSPORT
SHARE OF REGIONS OF THE WORLD IN
AIR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
Leading countries in
air transportation:
1. USA
2. United Kingdom
3. Japan
4. Russia
5. France
North. America
Zarub. Europe
6%
38%
Zarub. Asia
CIS
19%
South America
24%
Australia and
Oceania
Africa
Major airports
the world:
1. Heathrow (London)
2. Los Angeles
3. New York
4. 5. Frankfurt am Main
6. Tokyo
