Home Preparations for the winter Why did the monomakh hat get such a name. The history of the Monomakh's cap. Origin and where the name comes from. Great Imperial Crown of Russia

Preparations for the winter

Why did the monomakh hat get such a name. The history of the Monomakh's cap. Origin and where the name comes from. Great Imperial Crown of Russia

But the origin of this relic raises many questions. And in total there are two versions of the origin of the Cap of Monomakh, each of which has its own more detailed sub-versions. The first version is legendary, Byzantine, according to which the Hat is a gift from the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh to his grandson, Prince of Kiev Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh). This legend symbolizes the succession of the power of Russian Orthodox sovereigns from the Byzantine emperors. And although the very fact of the gift raises legitimate doubts, this, nevertheless, does not give a reason to automatically dismiss the possibility of the Byzantine origin of the headdress itself.

The second version, Asian. According to her, the Hat was made by oriental craftsmen. Sub-versions - a gift from Khan Uzbek to the Russian prince Ivan Kalita for faithful service and ... a female Horde skullcap. Is it necessary to doubt which version is chosen as the main one by Svidomo historians? But what about the version? Ukrainian Svidomo "historians" do not bother with such concepts as version, hypothesis or assumption. What for? In the black and white Svidomo brain "Horde skullcap" is a dogma. And its presence in Russian history is a clear evidence of the Horde origin of the mysterious country "Muscovy".

Monomakh's hat (the crown of the Moscow Grand Dukes) - a head abir (skullcap) with sable frames, embellishments with cat stones and a cross (XIV century).
The crown itself was crushed for the Tatar Khan (mabut, for Uzbek) in the 1330s. The most likely version seems to be that Khan Uzbek presented the head ubir to the Moscow prince Yury Danilovich in 1317 when he was friends with the Don Khan Konchaka.
UkroWiki

Once again I am convinced that UkroWiki is, to put it mildly, a bunch of biased and illiterate Russophobes. Who writes it? It seems that those for whom Russophobia has replaced professionalism and knowledge. Crown of Moscow Grand Dukes? Of course, the Svidomo people forgot about the Russian tsars, who were crowned in "All Russia". Yes, and a confident sequence of dates is impressive. “It was crushed for the Tatar Khan in the 1330s” (there is only one doubt - “maybe for an Uzbek?”), but “probably donated to Yuri Danilovich in 1317.” Hm...

I don’t know about you, but Svidomo personally have repeatedly triumphantly presented to me the version “scientifically proven” by “all scientists” that the Monomakh’s Hat is nothing more than the Horde women’s skullcap. But what version is this? It was presented to me as a proven fact. With evidence, however, they do not have much.

By the way, the Asian, like the Byzantine theory of the origin of the Cap of Monomakh, has its ardent supporters and opponents, and so far, we are still talking about versions and opinions. But the version about the Cap of Monomakh, as a women's skullcap, is quite new and comes from the doctor of art criticism Gyuzel Faudovna Valeeva-Suleimanova. At least I didn't find anyone talking about it before her.

Those interested can read her article " Tatar hats - crowns of Russian tsars”completely, I will single out only a couple of paragraphs in which Mrs. Valeeva-Suleimanova cites what, in her opinion, proves that the Monomakh's Cap is a Horde women's skullcap.

In our opinion, Monomakh's hat, before it came to the Russian princes, was female, belonged to a noble Tatar person. The proof of this is, firstly, the pendants that existed earlier (testimony of S. Herberstein), which were characteristic of the women's headdress of the Turkic peoples. Secondly, the details of the Golden Horde women's head jewelry from the famous Simferopol treasure, located in the collections of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. Fragments of a golden women's headdress and a silver pommel from a head ornament, decorated with pearls and precious stones, were found in the hoard. The similarity of the fastening of stones to the pommel and into the nests of the chatons, as well as the ornamentation of the chatons with filigree curls in the form of circles on the details of the headdress from the treasure and the cap of Monomakh, is striking.

Those. there are only two proofs. The first is the pendants characteristic of the "Zolotordynsky women's headdresses", and the second is the curls in the form of circles in the nests of the chatons.

Well, that's understandable. If the headdress is with pendants, then it is undoubtedly feminine. I personally do not understand only one thing. And why was the Russian prince Vladimir, the same one who baptized Russia and lived long before the Golden Horde period, depicted in a hat with pendants? I wonder if he knew that this was a Turkic tradition of women's headdresses?

Were the Byzantine emperors aware that they were wearing Turkic women's skullcaps?

In general, this evidence does not seem convincing to me. It seems to me that Mrs. Valeeva-Suleimanova still had to prove not that the pendants were worn by Turkic women, but that no one else wore them. It is obvious that this is not the case.

Now let's look at the details of the Golden Horde female head ornament, to which Valeeva-Suleimanova refers, from the famous Simferopol treasure. Here they are.

And here is the “striking similarity” of the ornamentation of the chatons with “filigree curls in the form of circles” on the details of the headdress from the treasure and the cap of Monomakh. I put them side by side so you can compare.

It seems to me alone that the curls of the Cap of Monomakh (on the right) are really curls that form a continuous pattern around the entire chaton, and the curls of the female jewelry (on the left) are just a series of circles? And the teeth holding the stone of a woman's jewelry? They are not on the Cap of Monomakh. I agree that it looks like it, but it's not the same. And it doesn’t seem to me that the ornament of circles on the decoration from the Simferopol treasure is proof that all other ornaments from circles (or similar ones) all over the world are the work of exclusively Golden Horde masters. Something tells me that circles, curls and spirals are found on many ancient artifacts. For example, on the famous Antioch bowl, made in Byzantium in the 6th century.

And, in general, how can curls or circles in an ornament on one female headdress prove that all the others with such an ornament are also female? Really, there are purely female ornaments? Have Turkic women's (and not women's) headdresses consisting of eight plates, similar to those that are the main elements of the Cap of Monomakh, been found at least somewhere? Did the female headdress from the Simferopol treasure obviously not have them? And who, in general, made these elements for the headdress of the Golden Horde woman? Like a Horde jeweler? So far, alas, I do not see the answers to these questions.

As for the Central Asian and Bulgar patterns in the form of "Arabic flowers", lotuses and stars of David, to which Mrs. Valeeva-Suleimanova refers, the doctor of historical sciences Natalya Viktorovna Zhilina, the author of two serious studies - "Grain and filigree Ancient Russia XI-XIII centuries. and "Old Russian scanograin dressing of the XI-XIII centuries." in his work “The Cap of Monomakh. Historical, cultural and technological research” (Nauka publishing house, 2001).

When substantiating the oriental nature of the ornamentation of the Cap of Monomakh, one usually points to the widespread use of the lotus motif in oriental art. This prevalence is undeniable, but it does not prove that the Cap belongs to oriental art, and even more so that it was made by Central Asian or Golden Horde jewelers. The early prevalence of the lotus motif in Byzantium (since the 6th-7th centuries AD) suggests that this motif is also organic to Byzantine art.

The popularity of the motif of a wide flower, which became widespread in the 13th–14th centuries, is evidenced by an extensive number of monuments originating from the Volga region, the Black Sea region, the Crimea and Egypt ... One of the finds was also found in the Moscow region, but all of them are stylistically later than the Shapka flower.

Compare, for the sake of interest, lotus number 1 (Byzantine enamel of the 12th century) and number 10 (Monomakh's Cap). They are almost identical. Other lotuses, of purely Asian manufacture, are also very similar, but they are still of later manufacture than Byzantine enamel. In other words, the presence of "Arabian flowers" in the pattern does not prove the origin of the Horde Cap of Monomakh. What about manufacturing techniques? Zhilina believes that she is quite Byzantine.

G.F. Valeeva-Suleimanova, confidently referring to the technological data, which, in her opinion, prove the Golden Horde production of the "Monomakh's Hat", has in mind only the general presence of the overlaid and openwork filigree technique from the 10th-12th centuries. on the territory of the Volga region and Bulgar. Behind the general postulates about the "handicraft tradition" there is no specific analysis of this tradition, namely, the study of the filigree manufacturing technology, which can be different.

Let me remind you that Natalya Viktorovna is a specialist in granulation and filigree, i.e. in the technique that was used in the manufacture of the Cap of Monomakh. I think her opinion is quite weighty.

The study of the style of the filigree ornament and the introductory motifs of the Cap of Monomakh allows us to consider it within the Byzantine complex of filigree works. Moreover, most ornamental motifs and elements find parallels in the Byzantine art of the XII-XIII centuries. The filigree of the Cap of Monomakh was made before the heyday of the “brand” style, i.e. until the end of the thirteenth century.
Based on the reconstruction of the original appearance of the Hat, according to which it had the shape of a miter, it is possible to give preference to the post-Byzantine and Palaiologian parts of this period, since such headdresses of emperors were common precisely from the 20-30s of the XIII century. The preservation of the old Byzantine traditions after the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders, perhaps even somewhat strengthened and archaic, would correspond to the then situation.
Technological data show that the granulation and filigree of the Cap of Monomakh were made entirely in the Byzantine tradition, the granulation can be attributed to the Byzantine-Old Russian standard, and the filigree to the Byzantine standard of the 13th-15th centuries. (These technological parallels also emphasize the border time of the creation of the Cap, which is the XIII century.). Neither the oriental grain and filigree of the XIII-XIV centuries, nor the Russian filigree of the XIV-XV centuries. do not find technological analogies with the filigree of the Cap of Monomakh, as they belong to other technological standards.

I think it's exhaustive enough. And, by the way, according to Zhilina, there were three stages in the existence of the Cap of Vladimir Monomakh, and the pommel of the Cap was a later addition.

A golden cap completes a series of princely headdresses-regalia, imitating the Byzantine imperial crowns. It is characterized by a lamellar (fractional, or diadem) design and, possibly, retains a relic of a crown-stemma in the form of an airy crosshair under a golden cross-top. The lower part of the Cap probably also consisted of eight shorter gold plates, which, by their curvature, created a shape convenient for covering the head. The plates were fixed along their contour, the traces of the original holes, fixed on the side borders, turned out to be distorted by later holes. The top of the cap of the first constructive stage was a golden cross with pearls. The group of castes has a three-member division, refers to the XV century. and added to the Hat later.
At the second stage of existence, according to the proposed reconstruction, the Hat lost its original lower gold detail and was supplemented with a fur lower part, embodying the traditions of the Russian cap. The lower border of the plates has become the main reference line, as evidenced by multiple holes along the lower edge and the central part of the plates. This stage can be attributed to the 15th century, since the holes were punched before the decoration of the Cap with secondary pearls and castes. In this form, the Crown of Monomakh opened a number of Russian Royal Crowns and forever remained the only genuine Monomakh's Cap, which the Tsar had to wear in order to become legal.

Those who wish can look for Zhilina’s book and see for themselves that her really serious research convincingly proves that neither the “Arabic” patterns, nor the style, nor the technique of execution allow us to attribute the Cap of Monomakh either to the work of the Golden Horde masters, or, moreover, to women’s skullcaps. The Byzantine version is the most likely.

And the fact that Svidomo people see some similarity between the Cap and the Turkic skullcap is their personal problem with visual impairment, severely imposed by Russophobia. What can you do that the shape of the human head imposes restrictions on the variety of shapes and sizes of hats. Although, speaking specifically about skullcaps... Has anyone seen a skullcap made of 8 wedges, similar to 8 plates of the Cap of Monomakh? So skullcaps are made from 4 wedges, and not from eight. And in my convex view, the cap in the picture below is much more like a skullcap than the Cap of Monomakh.

And what if not a skullcap richly inlaid with jewels? Patterns and motifs converge, four wedges ... Central Asian skullcap breeders simply do not have enough diamonds and rubies to make a full-fledged crown. Hail Britain!

By the way, those who wish can follow the discussion of 3 years ago

Well, Russophobes cannot but try to spoil the history of Russia. That's why they are Russophobes. Of course, such a symbol as the Hat of Monomakh could not pass by their sticky gaze.

Cap of Monomakh. One of the main regalia of Russian grand dukes and tsars. Symbol of autocracy in Russia. The hat had a special status and function. Since the first wedding ceremony to the throne of Dmitry (grandson of Ivan III), which took place in 1498, the regalia has been used in the wedding ritual of Moscow sovereigns. She, by the way, crowned the kingdom and Ivan IV the Terrible in 1546. Moreover, each sovereign put on the Hat only once: during the solemn ceremony, it was publicly placed on the head of the new king, and after the festival they hid it in the treasury. The last time the Cap of Monomakh was used for a wedding was in 1682, during the unique ceremony of the joint coronation of co-rulers Ivan and Peter Alekseevich. The elder brother, Ivan V, was crowned with the original, and the younger, Peter Alekseevich (First and Great), was crowned using the Cap of the second outfit, a simpler duplicate made specifically for this purpose. Now the Cap of Monomakh is stored in the archives of the Armory Chamber in Moscow. These are all known facts.

But the origin of this relic raises many questions. And in total there are two versions of the origin of the Cap of Monomakh, each of which has its own more detailed sub-versions. The first version is legendary, Byzantine, according to which the Hat is a gift from the Byzantine Emperor Constantine and IX Monomakh to his grandson, Prince of Kiev Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh). This legend symbolizes the succession of the power of Russian Orthodox sovereigns from the Byzantine emperors. And although the very fact of the gift raises legitimate doubts, this, nevertheless, does not give a reason to automatically dismiss the possibility of the Byzantine origin of the headdress itself.

Cap of Monomakh (crown of Moscow Grand Dukes) - a head ubir (skullcap) with sable frames, embellishments with cat stones and a cross (XIV century).

The crown itself was crushed for the Tatar Khan (mabut, for Uzbek) in the 1330s. The most likely version seems to be that Khan Uzbek presented the head ubir to the Moscow prince Yury Danilovich in 1317 under yoga friendly with Donka Khan Konchaka.

UkroWiki

I don’t know about you, but Svidomo personally have repeatedly triumphantly presented to me the “scientifically proven” version by “all scientists” that the Monomakh’s Hat is nothing more than the Horde women’s skullcap. But what version is this? It was presented to me as a proven fact. With evidence, however, they do not have much.

I am not at all trying to challenge the professionalism of Mrs. Valeeva-Suleimanova, but still she is the only one who thinks so, although, remaining a professional, she still speaks about the version and her opinion.
Those who wish can read her article “Tatar hats - the crowns of Russian tsars" in full, but I will highlight only a couple of paragraphs in which Mrs. Valeeva-Suleimanova cites what, in her opinion, proves that the Monomakh's Cap is a Horde women's skullcap.

In our opinion, Monomakh's hat, before it came to the Russian princes, was female, belonged to a noble Tatar person. The proof of this is, firstly, the pre-existing suspension(testimony of S. Herberstein), which were characteristic of the female headdress of the Turkic peoples. Secondly, the details of the Golden Horde women's head ornaments from the famous Simferopol treasure, located in the funds of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. Fragments of a golden women's headdress and a silver pommel from a head ornament, decorated with pearls and precious stones, were found in the hoard. The similarity of the fastening of stones to the pommel and into the nests of the chatons, as well as the ornamentation of the chatons with filigree curls in the form of circles on the details of the headdress from the treasure and the cap of Monomakh, is striking.

Those. there are only two proofs. The first is the pendants characteristic of the "Zolotordynsky women's headdresses", and the second is the curls in the form of circles in the nests of the chatons.

Were the Byzantine emperors aware that they were wearing Turkic women's skullcaps?

Now let's look at the details of the Golden Horde female head ornament, to which Valeeva-Suleimanova refers, from the famous Simferopol treasure. Here they are.

And, in general, how can curls or circles in an ornament on one female headdress prove that all the others with such an ornament are also female? Are there really purely feminine ornaments? Have Turkic women's (and not women's) headdresses consisting of eight plates, similar to those that are the main elements of the Cap of Monomakh, been found at least somewhere? Did the female headdress from the Simferopol treasure obviously not have them? And who, in general, made these elements for the headdress of the Golden Horde woman? Like a Horde jeweler? So far, alas, I do not see the answers to these questions.

As for the Central Asian and Bulgar patterns in the form of "Arabic flowers", lotuses and stars of David, to which Mrs. Valeeva-Suleimanova refers, the doctor of historical sciences said this best of all Natalya Viktorovna Zhilina- the author of two serious studies - "Grain and filigree of Ancient Russia XI-XIII centuries." and "Old Russian scanograin dressing of the XI-XIII centuries." in his work Cap of Monomakh. Historical-cultural and technological research"(Publishing house" Nauka ", 2001).

When substantiating the oriental nature of the ornamentation of the Cap of Monomakh, one usually points to the widespread use of the lotus motif in oriental art. This prevalence is undeniable, but it does not prove that the Cap belongs to oriental art, and even more so that it was made by Central Asian or Golden Horde jewelers. The early prevalence of the lotus motif in Byzantium (since the 6th-7th centuries AD) suggests that this motif is also organic to Byzantine art.

The popularity of the motif of a wide flower, which became widespread in the 13th-14th centuries, is evidenced by an extensive number of monuments originating from the Volga region, the Black Sea region, the Crimea and Egypt ... One of the finds was also found in the Moscow region, but all of them are stylistically later than the Shapka flower

G.F. Valeeva-Suleimanova, confidently referring to the technological data, which, in her opinion, prove the Golden Horde production of the "Monomakh's Hat", has in mind only the general presence of the overlay and openwork filigree technique from the 10th-12th centuries. on the territory of the Volga region and Bulgar. Behind the general postulates about the “handicraft tradition” there is no specific analysis of this tradition, namely, the study of the filigree manufacturing technology, which can be different.

The study of the style of the filigree ornament and the introductory motifs of the Cap of Monomakh allows us to consider it within the Byzantine complex of filigree works. Moreover, most ornamental motifs and elements find parallels in the Byzantine art of the XII-XIII centuries. The filigree of the Cap of Monomakh was made before the heyday of the “brand” style, i.e. until the end of the thirteenth century.
Based on the reconstruction of the original appearance of the Hat, according to which it had the shape of a miter, it is possible to give preference to the post-Byzantine and Palaiologian parts of this period, since such headdresses of emperors were common precisely from the 20-30s of the XIII century. The preservation of the old Byzantine traditions after the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders, perhaps even somewhat strengthened and archaic, would correspond to the then situation.
Technological data show that the granulation and filigree of the Cap of Monomakh were made entirely in the Byzantine tradition, the granulation can be attributed to the Byzantine-Old Russian standard, and the filigree to the Byzantine standard of the 13th-15th centuries. (These technological parallels also emphasize the border time of the creation of the Cap, which is the XIII century.). Neither the oriental grain and filigree of the XIII-XIV centuries, nor the Russian filigree of the XIV-XV centuries. do not find technological analogies with the filigree of the Cap of Monomakh, as they belong to other technological standards

I think it's exhaustive enough. And, by the way, according to Zhilina, there were three stages in the existence of the Cap of Vladimir Monomakh, and the pommel of the Cap was a later addition.

A golden cap completes a series of princely headdresses-regalia, imitating the Byzantine imperial crowns. It is characterized by a lamellar (fractional, or diadem) design and, possibly, retains a relic of a crown-stemma in the form of an airy crosshair under a golden cross-top. The lower part of the Cap probably also consisted of eight shorter gold plates, which, by their curvature, created a shape convenient for covering the head. The plates were fixed along their contour, the traces of the original holes, fixed on the side borders, turned out to be distorted by later holes. The top of the cap of the first constructive stage was a golden cross with pearls. The group of castes has a three-member division, refers to the XV century. and added to the Hat later.
At the second stage of existence, according to the proposed reconstruction, the Hat lost its original lower gold detail and was supplemented with a fur lower part, embodying the traditions of the Russian cap. The lower border of the plates has become the main reference line, as evidenced by multiple holes along the lower edge and the central part of the plates. This stage can be attributed to the 15th century, since the holes were punched before the decoration of the Cap with secondary pearls and castes. In this form, the Crown of Monomakh opened a number of Russian Royal Crowns and forever remained the only genuine Monomakh's Hat, which the Tsar had to marry in order to become legal

By the way, those who wish can follow the progress

One hundred great treasures. Cap of Monomakh

One hundred great treasures
Cap of Monomakh

Monomakh's cap is the main regalia of Russian grand dukes and tsars. Symbol-crown of autocracy in Russia. It is a gold filigree pointed headdress, presumably of oriental work of the late 13th - early 14th century, with a sable edge, adorned with precious stones: pearls, rubies, emeralds and a cross.
The Cap of Monomakh is one of the most ancient regalia kept in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Starting with Ivan Kalita, all the spiritual letters of the Moscow princes mention the “golden hat”. It is possible that for the first time in 1572, in the will of Ivan the Terrible, it was called the “cap of Monomakh”.

Almost three centuries of the reign of the Romanov dynasty raised Russia to a very high level of glory. The treasures of the state were constantly multiplied by each king, and the royal court surprised the envoys of all foreign states with splendor and wealth. So, for example, Lord Carlyle, the English ambassador, describing the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich; reported: “The same thing happened to us that happens to those who suddenly come out of darkness into the light and are suddenly struck by the rays of the bright sun. Our eyes were hardly able to endure the brilliance of the court of the Russian Tsar, covered with precious stones and in the middle of it seemed like a clear sun.

The world-famous ancient royal crown - Monomakh's hat. All Russian tsars were crowned with her in the 16th-17th centuries. A long time ago there was a legend about it that in the 12th century the Byzantine emperor Constantine sent it and other regalia on a golden platter to the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh, from whom, after many generations, this crown passed to the Moscow tsars. The legend says that Neophyte, Metropolitan of Ephesus, also gave Vladimir Monomakh a shoulder, or barmas - precious medallions that were sewn on a round collar, a life-giving cross, a chain of Arabian gold and a bowl of Pope Augustus.

Cap of Monomakh. F. G. Solntsev
Drawing from the early 1830s

True, later historians, comparing their years of life and reign, resolutely refuted this legend. Emperor Constantine [died in 1054, and Vladimir Monomakh became Grand Duke in 1113, 59 years after the death of the Byzantine ruler. The opinions of scientists about the origin of the royal crown are different. [Some historians believe that it was made in Byzantium, others attribute it to Eastern (Arabic or Arab-Egyptian) art, others claim that this is a work of Bukhara work. The origin of the royal crown, as well as the history of its appearance in the royal treasury, has not yet been clarified and is still waiting for new research.

The ancient chronicles do not mention the cap: even if it was sent by the Byzantine emperor, it would have been a sign of submission to the person to whom the gift was intended. But Monomakh's hat was not heard of until the beginning of the 16th century ... But in all the spiritual letters "of the Moscow tsars, starting with Ivan Kalita, a certain golden hat was mentioned, but no detailed description of it is given.

Grandson of Ivan III, Dmitry

It has now been documented that for the first time in 1498 the grandson of Ivan III, Dmitry, was crowned with the Monomakh's hat. Tsar Ivan III was a major statesman, therefore, in such a difficult time for the country, he decided to emphasize the creation of a solid centralized power and the increased power of the country with a special solemn ceremony - the crowning of the throne.

For this ceremony on February 4, 1498, the Monomakh crown was used. On this day, Ivan III, accompanied by the boyars, led his 15-year-old grandson to the Church of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos, where they were met by the Russian clergy. To give greater solemnity to the wedding of his grandson, Ivan III invited some hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church: Metropolitan Simon, Archbishop of Rostov, as well as the bishops of Suzdal, Ryazan, Terek, Kolomna and Sarsky.

Crowning the kingdom

Two archbishops presented the metropolitan with grand ducal regalia - barmas and a crown, and the metropolitan handed them over to the grand duke, who placed the cap of Monomakh on Dmitry's head. After 50 years, young Ivan IV was married to the kingdom, who finally approved the royal title for the Russian sovereigns.

Monomakh's hat is similar in shape to a skuf, only it has a sharper top. Its golden surface is covered with a filigree lace pattern of Greek work, in which graceful spiral curls, star-shaped rosettes and lotus flowers of six petals were driven into a single whole.

Oleg Korolev. Monomakh's hat

The “apple” is cut along the lower belt, and minted in the middle parts. A smooth golden cross is installed on it, and four pearl grains are inserted at the ends and at its foot: the upper one is oblong, the side ones are round, the lower one is somewhat squeezed and larger than the others.
On each of the eight boards in nests, three of which are decorated with enamel, there is a large stone in the middle: four rubies and four emeralds.
Initially, Monomakh's cap was decorated with pearl and gold pendants, later it was trimmed with dark sable fur and crowned with a gold engraved pommel with a cross. The height of the cap with the cross is about 25 centimeters, and its diameter is about 20 centimeters.

Symbols on the Cap of Monomakh

Veles Star. Cap of Monomakh (13th century, Russia).
The symbol of the wedding of Russian tsars to power.
Hat symbolism: "Star of Veles"
means power over Heaven ("Cross Dya"),
above the Earth ("Bee-Makosh"), above the Waters ("Mara").

VELES STAR is a Slavic religious symbol of the god Veles.
Despite the fact that Veles is a primordially Slavic god, and the symbol of Veles
- a primordially Slavic symbol, this symbol, as, indeed, everything
Slavic religious dogmas and other symbols, seized and
modern Kabbalistic occultism, and Judeo-Christian teaching
generally. Historically, this symbol does not belong to the Jewish religion,
Jews simply borrowed the Star of Veles."
(Tyunyaev Andrey Alexandrovich, President of the Academy of Fundamental Sciences, Head of the Historical Symbols Sector of the Institute of Ancient Slavic and Ancient Eurasian Civilization of the AFS and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, full member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences) .

Symbol-crown of autocracy in Russia. It is a gold filigree pointed headdress, presumably of oriental work of the late 13th - early 14th century, with a sable edge, adorned with precious stones: pearls, rubies, emeralds and a cross.

The "Cap of Monomakh" is one of the most ancient regalia kept in the Moscow Kremlin. Starting from, in all the spiritual letters of the Moscow princes, a “golden hat” is mentioned.

Legend and history

The hat is a Central Asian headdress. It is possible that this hereditary regalia of the Moscow sovereigns was a gift from Uzbek Khan to Yuri Danilovich or Ivan Kalita, whom he patronized. It is widely believed among historians that the Monomakh's cap is a relic of the Moscow-Horde alliance, which became the key to the political rise of Moscow at the beginning of the 14th century. N. S. Borisov, for example, writes:

“Those who faithfully served the Khan, he rewarded with clothes and shoes. Among historians, there is an opinion that the famous Monomakh's hat is nothing more than a golden skullcap, which Khan Uzbek awarded for devotion to Ivan Kalita.

In connection with the reorientation of the Moscow principality from the Golden Horde to Byzantium, there is also a rethinking of the meaning of the cap in line with the concept of "Moscow - the Third Rome". In the “Tale of the Vladimir Princes” (circa 1518), the official version of its origin is formulated: this gift of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh to his grandson, the Kievan prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, was supposed to symbolize the succession of the power of Russian rulers from the Byzantine emperors. In fact, such an origin of the dress is extremely doubtful - both because Constantine died in 1055, when Vladimir was only 2 years old and the likelihood that he would receive Kiev was rather modest, and from an art history point of view.

Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0

For the first time, the name "Monomakh's hat" appears in Russian sources in the Chronicle edition of the rank of setting Dmitry, the grandson of Ivan III, to the great reign, compiled in 1518. The hat appears in the legend, according to which the Byzantine emperors, before transferring it and other regalia to Russia, they themselves sent an expedition to Babylon for her, where they found her among other treasures left from King Nebuchadnezzar near the tomb of the Three Youths (see Three Youths in a Cave of Fire).

The special status of the crown dictated its use - until the end of the 17th century, when all Russian sovereigns were placed on the throne. The tsar put on the Monomakh's hat only on the day of his wedding to the kingdom, later he used a personal headdress - the "crown". This crown was part of the Big outfit.

The last Russian tsar crowned with the cap of Monomakh was Ivan V, whose co-ruler was his brother Peter I, in 1682. Peter I himself, crowned together with his brother as a junior co-ruler, was crowned king with a specially made “cap of the second outfit”, which reproduced the shape and decoration of the historical Monomakh’s cap, but with simplifications and not at such a high artistic level. The cap of the second outfit is also kept in the Armory.

Description

The weight of Monomakh's cap is 993.66 grams. In the detailed inventory of the royal treasury of 1696 stored in the archives of the Armory Chamber, the description of Monomakh's cap is given as follows:

“Imperial cap of gold, filigree. Monomakhov, on it is a smooth golden cross, on it at the ends and in the underside are four Gurmyk grains, and there are stones in it, in golden nests: above the apple, a yellow yahont, an azure yahont, lal, between them there are three Gurmytsky grains; Yes, it has four emeralds, two lalas, two yakhont barks, in golden nests, twenty-five grains of Gurmitskaya, on golden backs; near sables: lined with worm-like satin: the vagina is wooden, pasted over with grass marigold, bookmarks and silver hooks.

Inventory of Used Jewels

Gold caps. Inside the cap, according to the inventory of 1884, there are copper screws. And according to the inventory of 1696, the bookmarks and hooks of the inside of the cap were made of silver. Gems:

Blue sapphire ("azure yacht") - one stone on an apple.
Sapphire yellow ("Yahont yellow") - one stone on an apple.
Red spinel ("lal") - one stone on an apple and two stones on planks, in total - 3 stones.
Ruby ("yahont worm") - two stones on the planks.
Emerald - four stones on planks.
Pearls ("Burmit grain", "Gurmic grain"). On the golden cross and at its base are four pearls; on an apple - three pearls and on seven boards, three pearls each, arranged in a triangle with the top up, on the eighth, front - four pearls arranged in a rhombus; total - 32 pearls.

In total, there are six types of stones on the cap with a total of 43 pieces.