Today, almost all children know the letters and the alphabet already in early childhood... However, it is recommended that you learn the letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be taught with sounds. Speaking about the letter “B”, it is necessary to call it [b], not “bh”. This is to make it easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds is not limited to this. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowel sounds, hard, soft, paired, voiceless and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk today about such different sounds. We will talk about this in a fairytale form, in the form that is closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the tale of sounds presented in.

So, friendly letters live in hospitable. And sounds created a large Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of Sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of the sounds of the Russian language Phonetics lived together - lived together vowels and consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. The houses were painted red for vowel sounds, and blue for consonants. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed on their own when sounds came to visit each other.

In total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowels [a], [e], [o], [y], [and], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived together and often went to visit each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds for new words were obtained.

The vowel sounds loved to sing. Therefore, music was always played in their houses. But the consonants could not sing at all. But they were very flexible and always and in everything "agreed" with the vowels. At the same time, they could become hard or soft ... For example, the sound [n]. In the word "saw" sounds soft, but in a word "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [and] softened [n], and the sound [s], on the contrary, gave firmness.

This is how consonant sounds, when holding hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also "naughty" sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And this happened on a day when idly sitting on benches, they argued over who is more important: vowels or consonants. And the sounds [f],[NS] and [c] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially the vowel sounds. They proclaimed themselves hard sounds that will never, under any circumstances, become soft! And as proof of their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses in dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflicting sounds [SCH],[th] and [h] they were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds would be disturbed in the kingdom and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all residents of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and solid marks... But they did not break the unity either. sound world... The soft sign helped the consonants to become soft, and the hard one - hard. They built themselves white houses and they all healed peacefully and amicably.

But the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous not only for their hard and soft characters. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some of the sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one - the bell always rings loudly, and in the other - as under a dome - it is dull and noisy ... voiced and voiceless consonants ... And a river flows between the quarters.

So the sounds [p], [l], [m], [n], [y], [b], [d], [c], [d], [g], [h] settled in the quarter with a bell ... And in a quiet neighborhood - [n], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [q], [h], [u]. And some of the letters became so friends that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between sounds pb, f-v, t-d, w-w, s-z and k-g. it paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. Sounds visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing ... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them sentences that make up our speech. By the way, it happens ... But by the way, we'll talk about it another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic schemes of words, we made very convenient clouds with him. It is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonants based on them.

Read about how we learned hard and soft consonants with the help of clouds.

How to distinguish voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us to make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. Place your palm against your neck as you name the sound. If the sound is ringing, then vibration (trembling) of the vocal cords is felt. If the sound is dull, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges across the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!

1. A a a
2. B b bae
3. V v ve
4. G g ge
5. D d dae
6. E e e
7. Ё ё ё
8. F f g e
9. Z z ze
10. And and and
11. Th and short
12. K k ka
13. L l el
14. M m uh
15. N n en
16. NS
17. P p pe
18. R r er
19. S s s
20. T te te
21. U u u
22. F f f
23. X x ha
24. Ts tse
25. H h w
26. W w sha
27. Щ u ucha
28. ъ hard mark
29. S s s
30. b soft sign
31. Uh uh
32. Yu yu
33. I i i

42 sounds
6 vowels		36 consonants
[a] [and] [o] [y] [s] [e]		Paired		Unpaired
Drums	Unstressed	Voiced	Deaf	Voiced	Deaf
		[b] [b "] [in] [in "] [r] [r "] [d] [d "] [f] [h] [h "]	[n] [n "] [f] [f "] [to] [to "] [t] [t "] [NS] [s] [s "]	[th "] [l] [l "] [mm"] [n] [n "] [p] [p "]	[x] [x "] [c] [h "] [SCH"]
		Paired		Unpaired
		Solid	Soft	Solid	Soft
		[b] [v] [G] [d] [h] [To] [l] [m] [n] [NS] [R] [with] [T] [f] [NS]	[b "] [v"] [G"] [d "] [z "] [To"] [l "] [m "] [n "] [NS"] [R"] [with"] [T"] [f "] [NS"]	[f] [c] [NS]	[th "] [h "] [SCH"]

How letters differ from sounds

Sound is elastic vibrations in any environment. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).

A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. Has an uppercase (excl., B and b) and a lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. So that the peculiarities of pronunciation do not affect the writing, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact recording of the pronunciation of a word can be found in the phonetic transcription of the word, which is shown in square brackets in dictionaries.

Vowels and sounds

Vowel sounds ("voice" is the Old Church Slavonic "voice") - these are the sounds [a], [and], [o], [y], [s], [e], in the creation of which they participate vocal cords, and no obstacle is erected in the path of exhaled air. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiiii] ...

Vowel sounds are denoted by the letters a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, u, i. The letters e, e, yu, i are called iotated. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when

1. stand first in phonetic word e le [y "e ́l" e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e schё [y "and u" ó] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e f [y "o ́ш] (2 letters, 3 sounds) la [th "u ́l" a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) I block [th "a ́blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) I ichko [th" and ich "ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
2. follow the vowels of the bird d [pt "itsiy" e ́t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) her [yiy "o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ́ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" and "a] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
3. follow after b and b entry zd [vy "e ́st] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise [pady" o ́m] (6 letters, 6 sounds) pour [l "y" y ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wings "y" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)

The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th "], when

1. follows after the nightingale b [salav "y" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)

In the word, the vowel sounds highlighted during pronunciation are called stressed, and not highlighted - unstressed. Sounds under stress are most often heard and written. To check what kind of letter you need to put in a word, you should choose a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.

Running [b "igú sch" iy "] - be g [b" e′k] go ra [gará] - go ry [mountains]

Two words combined with a single stress make up one phonetic word.

To the garden [fsat]

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during hyphenation.

e-e (2 syllables) to -chka (2 syllables) o-de -va -tsya (4 syllables)

Consonants and sounds

Consonants are sounds that, when created, place an obstacle in the path of exhaled air.

Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of a voice, and voiceless consonants are pronounced without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [n] - [b], when pronouncing which the lips and tongue are in the same position.

Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the language and in transcription are indicated by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants

1. are always soft [y "], [h"], [u "] ah [ay"] (2 letters, 2 sounds) ray [ray "] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l" est "] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
2. follow before the letters e, e, i, yu, i, b (excl., always solid [f], [c], [w] and in borrowed words) stranded [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [т "о́т" а] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [л "у́д" и] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [жы́з "н"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [tsyrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
3. followed by soft consonants (in some cases) pancake [bl "in" h "ik]

The rest of the consonants will be mostly solid.

The hissing consonants include the sounds [w], [w], [h "], [u"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation next to last: the tongue must be strong and flexible in order to resist the exhaled air and to hold the palate in the shape of a cup. The last in line are always vibrating [p] and [p "].

Do students need phonetics?

Without dividing into vowels, consonants, stressed, unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But the transcription is overkill.

Speech therapists must know phonetic parsing of words, and probably it can be useful to foreigners.

Students (from grade 1!) Who have not yet mastered the spelling rules are satisfied in-depth study phonetics only interferes, confuses and promotes incorrect memorization spelling words. It is the "back" that the child will associate with the pronounced "running".

General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft ones), k, w at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be transmitted respectively by letters NS or b , f or v , T or d , with or s , To or G , NS or f ... Paired voiced consonants can be transmitted by the same letters b, c, d, h(and corresponding soft ones), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except v). To correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose another form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (the same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being checked is before a vowel or before consonants p, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft ones), as well as before j(in the letter - before the dividing b and b , see § 27-28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: doob (cf. oak, oak), deepNS (stupid, stupid), grab (Rob), syp (pour), butwith (noses), ins (carts),thd (of the year), croT (mole), wifeT (married), handv (sleeves), croyou (blood, blood), shtraf (fines, fine, free kick), washTo (get wet, get wet, wet), blueTo (bruises), moG (may, could), smallNS (baby, baby),montf (assembly, assembly), drawlive (shiver, shiver); Wed frosth (frost, frost, freeze) and frostsit (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

a) before the deaf: doob ki(cf. oaks, oak), shakeNS ka (rags, rag, rag, rags), NSNS tsa (merchant), Ov tsa (sheep),lov cue (dexterous), handv chick (sleeves), shkaf chick (cabinets), nors cue (low), miwith ka (bowls), Wahsit ka (Vasya), NSh ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), kad ka (tub), meT cue (tags), NSG ti (claw), loTo ti (elbow), beG state (running runaway), lof ka (spoons, spoon), the roomNS ka (little room), wingsNS NS (winglets); Wed alternatelyf NS (interspersed) and alternatelyNS NS(mix), suNS chick (soups) and sub chick (subject);

b) in front of paired voiced (except v): youngbe ba (thresh), piledb ba (weddings, bridal; do not check with a word woo), NSdb ba (walk), aboutsit ba (ask), reh ba (cut), oxNS ba (magic), bof ba (swear), vraf Yes(hostile), f gu (burned, burned), f to give (wait).

Exceptions: in words hole and open written with , although there are verbs to open (Xia), to open (Xia) and to open (Xia), unfold (Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction written To (although abstract, react, correct), in the word transcription written NS (although transcribe); in these cases, the writing reflects the alternation of consonants in the source language (Latin). On relations of the type prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics see a.1.3.1.3, clause 2, Note 1.

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except v): v walk,v to beat(cf. get in, get in), ond prick (cut, tear), Ob hew, ohb fry (cut off, chop off, go round), OT talk aboutT call, ohT advise (wean), ond throw, byd quit, byd send (bring, send), with make,with to cheat(be able, able to, dump), Pred carpathian (Urals).

There is a lot of trouble with letters, that's how they are people.

Sounds change without asking, and pretend to be different.

How much trouble these letters and sounds give children! Learn the letters, and then also remember when and what sound they mean! And the sounds of these oh-oh-oh how many. How to remember everything voiced and voiceless consonants?

Everything, it turns out, is very simple, if you set up the child correctly.

I already wrote about it. But consonants are not only hard and soft, but also voiced - deaf. And they give children so much trouble in the form of mistakes! How to teach a child to identify correctly?

Just memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants is a losing battle. Even if the child remembers, it will be very difficult for him to apply this knowledge. But if the child understands how voiced and dull sounds are obtained, learns to hear them and identify them by signs, then it will be easy for him to remember.

Let's first figure it out ourselves with voiced and voiceless consonants.

In Russian, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless, depending on the participation of the voice in the pronunciation of the sound. How to determine this? Make a separate consonant and place your hand in your throat. If the vocal cords vibrate, then this ringing sound... If not, then deaf. Check with your child and say the sounds B - P, M or X. Did you notice?

Voicing or deafness can be defined differently. Cover your ears with your palms and pronounce a consonant sound. Heard a voice or noise? If a voice is heard, then the sound is ringing, if the noise is deaf.

And so you can easily and simply define voicedness or voicelessness of a consonant... This method is very good at first. But if the child continues to do this, it will take a lot of time. The child will not have time to complete the work in the lesson. Therefore, it is necessary for the child to remember voiced and voiceless consonants.

And here we need to remember that the brain can perceive information in different ways - through hearing, sight or sensation. This means that in order for the child to remember the information, it is necessary to influence all the systems of the child.

Determining the voicedness and voicelessness of consonants by ear, we have already included hearing in the work. By placing our hand to the throat, we connected the sensations. Now you need to connect your vision. To do this, you need to make a plate or drawing, where voiced and voiceless consonants are designated with some symbols.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired. This means that when drawing up such a scheme or tablet, it is necessary to place paired consonants side by side. Any symbols can be used that remind the child that the sound is voiced or dull. So in this scheme, voiced consonants are indicated by a bell, and deaf ones - by headphones.

Draw a similar sign with your child. Let him independently arrange the letters near the desired symbol, and you only control and direct the child's actions. Remember that a person will only remember well what he did on his own.

Play the resettlement of letters on floors or houses with the desired symbol several times and the child will perfectly remember voiced and voiceless consonants. Hang this sign in a prominent place and periodically return to it, ask the child to tell, show, name some sounds.

So, playing, repeating the already familiar properties of sounds and letters, you will help your child learn the basics of the Russian language without difficulty, remember voiced and voiceless consonants.

Have questions? Write in the comments to get an answer.

In the meantime, get a dose of positive and watch a wonderful cartoon. Let's learn from this cheerful monkey to find good in everything.

As you know, the sounds of speech can be divided into vowels (pronounced only by voice) and consonants (noise is involved in their pronunciation). Many consonants can be paired according to their characteristics, but not all.

Paired and unpaired consonants for voicelessness

Immediately it is necessary to make a reservation that there are only four such sounds that are unpaired in all respects. We'll talk about them at the end of the article. The majority, on one basis, are part of a pair, but on the other they are not. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about the consonant "unpaired" - it is necessary to indicate on what basis.

Consonants differ in voicelessness. This means that when pronouncing some of them, more voices are used (sonorous, voiced), while others use more noise (deaf) or even just one noise (hissing).

Sonorous are very voiced consonants, there are a lot of voices in them, but there is little noise.

Two sonorous consonants - [L] and [R] - can even form a syllable under some circumstances, that is, behave like vowels. Surely you have met the erroneous spelling "theator". It is explained precisely by the fact that [P] in this word is syllabic. Other examples are the words "Alexander", "meaning".

Unpaired voiced consonants are just sonorous sounds. There are five of them:

Sometimes [Y] is not classified as sonorant, but it still remains voiced unpaired. Let's look at the table.

It shows that, in addition to voiced unpaired, there are also sounds that are unpaired deaf. Most of them are hissing; only the voiceless unpaired consonant sound [Ts] does not apply to hissing ones.

In this article, we are considering only Russian speech sounds. In other languages, the pairing may be different. For example, in Tibetan there is a voiceless pair for a voiced [L].

Hardness-softness pairs

In addition to voicelessness and voicedness, Russian consonants form pairs in terms of hardness and softness.

This means that some of them are perceived by ear as softer. Then we usually somehow designate it in writing: for example, we write a soft sign or one of the vowels E, E, Yu, Ya.

Oral speech is primary (anyone understands that it appeared before writing), therefore it is wrong to say: "The sound [N '] in the word KONE is soft, because after it there is b." On the contrary, we write b because H is soft.

According to hardness-softness, consonants also make up pairs. But even in this case, not everything. In Russian, there are unpaired soft and unpaired hard consonants.

Unpaired solid consonants are mainly hissing ([Ж], [Ш]) and [Ц]. They always form at the far palate.

But in the ancestor of our language, Old Church Slavonic, on the contrary, [F] and [W] were always soft and did not have a solid pair. Then [K], [G] and [X] were not soft. Currently, you can find (once the only possible) pronunciation with a soft [Ж ’] [ДРОЖ’Ж’И] or [DOZH’] (rain), but this is no longer necessary.

Unpaired soft ones are [Y ’] and, again, hissing [H’] and [Щ ’].

That is, all sibilants are either always hard or always soft. The letter b after them does not indicate softness, it performs a grammatical function (for example, even without knowing what "baldness" is, anyone will immediately say that this word female, because in the masculine gender after the hissing b is not put). Solid unpaired hissing consonants in a word may have b with them, but this does not mean that they should soften. This means that we have before us a noun of 3 declensions, an adverb or a verb.

Unpaired soft consonants in a word make you want to put b after them, which is often not required. Therefore, it makes sense to remember that in combinations of CHK, CHN, etc. B after h is not needed.

Sounds "completely unpaired"

In Russian, the majority of consonants are either paired for both signs, or paired for one sign and unpaired for the other. For example, in the word [P'EN '] (stump) the sound [P'] is paired both by the deafness-voicedness (P '- B'), and by the hardness-softness (P '- P), and the sound [N'] is paired in hardness-softness (H '- H), but unpaired in deafness-voicedness.

However, there are several sounds that are unpaired in both ways. These are the sounds [Y ’] (unpaired voiced, unpaired soft), [CH’] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf), [Щ ’] (unpaired soft, unpaired unvoiced) and [C] (unpaired solid, unpaired unvoiced). Such sounds are often made in the Russian language Olympiads. For example,"Guess the sound by its characteristic: unpaired solid, unpaired dull." We already see that it is [C].

What have we learned?

From the article about paired and unpaired consonants, we learned that in Russian there are both paired and unpaired consonants. Paired consonants differ in voicelessness and hardness-softness.

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