AT primary school the basis of spelling literacy of a person is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. Often this is associated with paired consonants.

What is a double consonant?

All consonants are with each other in one or another opposition according to their characteristics. One of them is the opposition of sounds by deafness-voicedness.

Some consonants, with the coincidence of all other features, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the process of sounding. They are called couples. The remaining consonants do not have a pair of deafness-voicedness: l, m, x, c, h, u, d.

Paired consonants		examples of words with paired consonants
		table [b] s - table [n]
		draw [c] a - draw [f]
		expensive [g] a - expensive [k]
		boro[d]a - boro[t]ka
		blah[w]it - blah[w]
		frosty [s] ny - frosty [s]

Here are paired consonants. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling "Checked consonants at the root of the word."

Spelling rule for paired consonants

In the process of pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchanged. But this process is not reflected in the letter. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. So in the Russian language the principle of uniformity of morphemes is realized. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule may be stated in the following paragraphs:

• the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on it;
• spelling must be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
• it is necessary to choose as a test one that, after a dubious consonant, has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound (p, l, m, n, d).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: spelling consonants are either at the end of words, or before other paired sounds. In test words, they are in front of vowels or in front of unpaired phonemes.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be worked out. You need to start with the formation of the ability to see the studied spelling. This will be the end of a word or a confluence of consonants, at which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the next one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it will not be difficult to conclude which option to choose:

• bo [p] - beans - bean;
• bro [t] - ford - ford;
• bro [f "] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
• nail [t "] - nails - nail;
• garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
• dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
• polo [s] ka - strip - strip;
• ko [z "] ba - mow - mowing;
• re [z "] ba - cut - carving;
• city ​​[d "] ba - fence - city;
• cro [in "] - blood - blood;
• stra [w] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Word Discrimination Examples

Deafness and sonority are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

• (soup) dense - (above the river) bush;
• (telegraph) pole - (Alexandrian) pillar;
• bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
• (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
• (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
• (new) house - (thick) vol.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “rose”, a check is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require an attentive attitude.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, rye[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, short[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. W or W?

Sapo ... ki, doro ... ki, boom ... ki, kro ... ki, ro ... ki, poro ..ki, bara ... ki, lo ... ki, game ... ki, cha ... ki, lie down ... ki.

• gu ... ki (__________);
• flasks (__________);
• gri… (__________);
• ch… (__________);
• jump ... ki (____________);
• lo ... ka (____________);
• horse ... b (______________);
• zu .. (_______).

Sha (p / b) ka, provo (d / t), kru (g / c), povia (s / s) ka, me (d / t), su (d / t), sla (d / t) cue, oshi (b / n) ka, doba (v / f) ka, uka (s / s) ka.

9. Insert letters in text:

Lebe ... b - the king of all waterfowl. He, like a dream ..., is white, graceful, he has shiny eyes ... ki, black lac ... ki and a long, booming neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant strawberries!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• Gimp birch flutters petals in the wind.
• The tray floated on the lake.
• Berek is gradually approaching.
• Storosh does not sleep.
• A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
• Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a double consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or sonority.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need pick up a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need to be checked:

dip..ka, underwater .. ny, cue, dressed up .. ny, horse..ka, careful..ny, cook..it, du..ki, l oh...ki, other..ny.

4. Write sounds in square brackets:

grass [V] ka, lo [D] ka, zu [B] ki, arbu [Z], lo [D] ka, short [B] ka, ko [G] ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. W or W?

Boots, tracks, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

• beeps (beep);
• checkboxes (checkbox);
• mushroom (mushrooms);
• eye (eyes);
• jumping (jump);
• boat (boat);
• horse (horses);
• tooth teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• A flexible birch flutters its petals in the wind.
• The boat was sailing on the lake.
• The coast is gradually approaching.
• The watchman does not sleep.
• A mongrel yapps loudly in the yard.
• Hedgehog rustles in the bushes.

Today, almost all children know the letters and the alphabet already in early childhood. However, it is recommended to learn letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be learned with sounds. Speaking of the letter "B", it is necessary to call it [b], and not "be". This is necessary in order to make it easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds is not limited to this. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowels, hard, soft, paired, deaf and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk today about such different sounds. We will talk about this in a fairy-tale form, in the form closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the fairy tale about sounds, presented in.

So, friendly letters live in a hospitable. And the sounds created a great Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of Sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of the sounds of the Russian language Phonetics lived together - fared vowels and consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. The houses of vowels were painted red, while those of consonants were painted blue. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed by themselves when the sounds went to visit each other.

Total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowels [a], [e], [o], [y], [i], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived together and often visited each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds for new words were obtained.

Vowel sounds loved to sing. Therefore, music always sounded in their houses. But the consonant sounds did not work at all. But they were very malleable and always and in everything "agreed" with vowels. However, they could become hard or soft . For example, the sound [p]. In the word "saw" sounds soft, but in a word "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [and] softened [p], and the sound [s], on the contrary, gave it hardness.

This is how consonants, holding hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also “naughty” sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And it happened on the day when, sitting idly on the benches, they argued who is more important: vowels or consonants. And the sounds [and],[w] and [c] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially vowel sounds. They proclaimed themselves to be hard sounds that would never, under any circumstances, become soft! And as proof of their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses in dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflict sounds [sch],[th] and [h] they were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds would be disturbed in the kingdom and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all the inhabitants of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and solid marks. But they did not violate the unity sound world. soft sign helped consonants become soft, and hard - hard. They built themselves white houses and all lived peacefully and amicably.

But the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous not only for their hard and soft characters. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one - the bell always rings loudly, and in the other - as if under a dome - deaf and noisy ... So voiced and voiceless consonants . A river flows between the quarters.

So the sounds [r], [l], [m], [n], [d], [b], [g], [c], [d], [g], [s] settled in the quarter with the bell . And in a quiet quarter - [p], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [c], [h], [u]. And some letters became so friendly that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between b-b sounds, f-v, t-d, w-w, s-z and k-g. it paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. Sounds go to visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing ... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them sentences that make up our speech. By the way, it happens ... But by the way, we'll talk about this another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic word patterns, we made very convenient clouds with him. It is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonant sounds from them.

Read about how we learned hard and soft consonants with the help of clouds.

How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us to make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants. Naming the sound, press your palm to your neck. If the sound is sonorous, then vibration (trembling) is felt vocal cords. If the sound is muffled, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges across the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our mother tongue, is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between oral and writing. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies a very big difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper, in different words may differ in one direction or the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can produce them with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" and "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Of course. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editor, change fonts, and add fills. Create own alphabet which will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

• There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
• 6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowels in school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already identified the difference between elementary particles language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

• Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

For example: sn e g, st ý l, sh a f

• unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

For example: to O rzina (heard instead of O, sound BUT), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard And), pl E cho (vowel And heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

• At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
• In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
• At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "package"), and soft (in the word "cookie").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

• "White"
• "Love"
• "Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. Important role plays the presence of a soft sign at the end of the word:

• "Linen" and "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

• "Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants are formed when an air stream passes through the oral cavity and the vocal cords vibrate. This results in consonants such as:

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI!

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A frequent example such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

1. Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
2. Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" and "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

• "ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
• "CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "BUT"
• "CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letters "AND" and "H" are voiced, and the other two ( "SH" and "SCH") deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where Cyrillic is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop reading skills in children faster and facilitate the phonetic analysis of a word.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.

In Russian, most consonants are soft and hard, this quality is meaningful. Compare words:

• chalk - stranded;
• bank - bathhouse;
• guest - guest

However, there are also those whose hardness is a constant quality, which means that they are always hard.

Consonant sounds: [g]

It occurs in the following words:

• life [zhiz "n"].;
• liquid [zhytk "y];
• honeysuckle [zhimls "t"];
• live [live];
• trembles [tremble];
• guards [starazhyt];
• buzzing [buzzing];
• red [red];
• blessed [blessed].

When comparing spelling and sound, the following conclusion can be drawn: after this consonant, a letter is written and, but the sound [s] is heard. When choosing this spelling, you need to be guided by the rule: ZhI write with the letter I.

To play with a child in order to practice spelling skills, you can use, for example, the following text:

A beetle buzzes over honeysuckle. He lives somewhere near the ground beetle. She guards her home from him. And red hedgehogs run past the puddle. A bush is reflected in its liquid liquid - just like a living one, only turned upside down.

Sound [w]

It is solid in contrast to [zh], which is voiced. This phoneme can be observed in the words:

• breadth [shyr "];
• sew [shit"];
• chiffon [chiffon];
• wardrobe [shyfan "yer];
• mice [mice];
• silence [t "ishyna];
• ruffs [yirshy];
• pennies [grashes];
• in a hurry [sp "ishyt];
• finishes [curls].

Here we are also dealing with the same trend as in the case of the sound [g]: after [w], the letter is written and. The rule, as for the previous spelling: "SHI write with the letter I."

To practice a skill correct spelling such words, let's turn to the dictation:

Mice rustle under the roof slopes. One of them hears the cat breathing in silence, and hurries to her hole - she has babies there.

Let's sum up, always solid ones serve as identification signs of the spelling "And after Zh and Sh."

Sound [ts]

The last sound, in which hardness is a constant quality, is [ts]. It has more difficulties in terms of spelling. The spelling of vowels after this sound depends on the morpheme. Let's take examples of words with spelling at the root of words:

• digit [number];
• compass [compass "];
• circus [circus];
• citron [citron];
• acacia [akatsyya];
• lecture [lecture];
• section [with "ektsyya];
• sanction [sanction].

Where there is this solid consonant sound in a word, we hear [s] after it, but we designate this phoneme in different ways. In the examples given above, the spelling is regulated next rule: after the letter C, it is written And at the root of the word. But there are exceptions in which you still need to put Y:

• chick-chick-chick;
• on tiptoe;
• chick;
• click;
• Gypsy.

In addition to these exceptions, it is also possible to write Y in suffixes and endings:

• sinitsyn;
• sisters;
• near the hospital;
• without water;
• at the young woman;
• at the girl.

Play with your child to practice spelling words that are spelled with the letter C:

A gypsy performs in the circus, he clicks at the chickens: "Shush!" They hide in the paws of the fox. The girls laugh, stand on tiptoe and greet the fox's kindness with loud ovations.

To summarize: the sounds in the alphabet are always Zh, C, Sh. The following vowels can be written with them: I, Y.

Replacing W with W

The sound [ts] is not hissing. And the other two are called just that. In a weak position (at the end of a word or before voiceless consonants), the sound [g] is replaced by [w]:

• married [zamush];
• already [ush];
• unbearable [nefterpesh];
• spoon [spoon];
• horns [roshk" and].

The text of the dictation on this topic, which will help to make it interesting training work over this spelling:

This always happens when consonant, voiced, hard sounds in a weak position are replaced by the same, only deaf.

The Golitsyn sisters got married. They are unbearable. And the dowry is ready: spoons, mugs, pillows, boots, tubs, bowls, cups, ladles. And now the droshky appeared on the path, Seryozhka, Alyoshka, Proshka and Olezhka - the sisters' grooms - are riding there. Here the fairy tale ends, and they lived happily ever after.

When put b after Zh and Sh

For the reason that the above consonants are always hard, it is never used with them to indicate softness. However, there are times when you can meet it after the letters Zh and Sh:

• mouse;
• False;
• shiver;
• brooch;
• nonsense;
• all over;
• do not touch;
• hear.

These examples illustrate the rule of using a soft sign to indicate the grammatical form of words:

1. Nouns 3 folds: silence, whim.
2. Adverb: backhand.
3. Verbs: go, lay down.

We use the following suggestions for training:

It's just a lie that the mouse is scary: don't touch it when you walk by, it won't touch it either.

If the house is quiet, and you don’t scream, don’t jump, don’t bliss, then there’s some kind of catch, you won’t understand right away. What are you doing there, but you yourself are silent?

When b is not put after Zh and Sh

Always hard consonants [g] and [w] are sometimes written with a soft sign, and this depends on their grammatical category. And, conversely, the absence of this letter after them also has a morphological meaning:

1. There are no 3 declensions for nouns: baby, watchman, roof covering.
2. Short adjective: good, comely.
3. Adverbs-exceptions: already, married, unbearable.

Practice text:

My baby is good, handsome and looks like dad. He will be a pilot, he will fly above the roofs, you can’t follow him.

O and Yo after hissing and C

Always solid consonants require special attention to themselves, since the pronunciation of vowels after them does not always correspond to the spelling. This applies not only to the letters I and Y, but also O and Y:

• walked [shol];
• whisper [whisper];
• silk [silk];
• millstones [zhornof];
• acorn [acorn];
• rustle [rustle];
• highway [shose];
• jockey [jock "hey].

The name of this spelling is "Oh and Yo in the root after hissing." Rule: "If you can pick up a word with the letter E in a single-root word, then we write -Yo, if there is none, we write O." Let's check:

• acorn - acorn;
• silk - silks;
• millstones - millstones;
• rustle - cannot be checked;
• jockey - can't be verified.

In suffixes and endings after Zh and Sh, the letter O is written under stress:

• walrus;
• big.

Without stress, you need to write the letter -E:

• Orange;
• pear.

After C, the letter E is never written, only O (under stress) or E (without stress).

• basement;
• church;
• end face;
• wrestling;
• slate;
• glossy;
• towel;
• stigma.

consonant letters that represent hard sound(F, W, C), require very great attention. As you can see, they are very connected a large number of spelling. The school curriculum provides test associated with testing knowledge with these consonants. For example, here is a dictation:

"Once we went hunting and our dogs ran after us.

In the forests in autumn there are many delicious things: cones, pears, honeysuckle berries, blackberries, acorns. Animals eat at this time and get fat.

Here we are in the very thicket of the forest, we hear the barking of dogs and run to that place. We see a fox hole there. The dogs tore open the entrance and dragged her out. We drove the dogs away. The fox red fluffy outfit is slightly wrinkled, but still it is silky and smooth. Yellow circles around the eyes. The breast is white, the paws are black. Good foxes!

We released the poor fellow, she quickly darted into the bushes, and the trail went cold from the sister fox.

Phonetics- This is a branch of the science of language, in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as stress, intonation, syllable division.

Graphic arts- This is a branch of the science of language, in which the outlines of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied.

Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are intended to denote vowels and are respectively called vowels. 21 consonants are used to designate consonants. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not mean: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).

Vowels and consonants

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

1. Vowel sounds are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [y], [s].

2. Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

a) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs by hardness-softness: [b] - [b′], [c] - [c′], [g] - [g′], [d] - [d′], [h] - [h′], [k] - [k′], [l] - [l′], [m] - [m′], [n] - [n′], [p] - [n′], [p] - [p′], [s] - [s ′], [t] - [t ′], [f] - [f ′], [x] - [x ′] (the apostrophe at the top right indicates softness consonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [l′uk].

b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired hard consonants[g], [w], [c] (i.e. they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants[sh ′], [th], [h] (i.e. they are always only soft).

Notes:

• for sounds [th], [h], it is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
• the sound [w ′] is indicated on the letter by the letter sch;
• overline means double (long) sound. For example, cheek - [sh ′ika], thicket - [cup ′a], bath - [van a], cash desk - [cas a]. In some textbooks, long consonants so: [van: a] - bath.

in) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d′], [h], [h′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs: [b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [c′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [k′], [d] - [t], [d′] - [t′], [h] - [s], [h′] - [s′], [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.

G) The sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [p], [p′] do not form a correlative pair with deaf consonants, hence they are unpaired voiced(unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf. These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x′].

3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n′], also softens, and we get the sound [z′]. So the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position before deafs and at the end of a word sound closer to paired deafs. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, a boat is a lo [t] ka, a fairy tale is a fairy tale [s] ka, a cart is in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when deaf consonants in a position in front of voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

In Russian, the softness of consonants is indicated in the following ways:

1. Using a letterb(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.

Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t′ya], be-lye - be [l′yo];

b) to distinguish grammatical categories: rye (3 folds, female) - knife (2 folds, m.s.);

c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing): read (2 l., singular), cut (form imperative mood), help ( indefinite form verb-la), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

2. Through lettersand,e, yo, yu, i, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l'es], honey - [m'ot], lil - [l′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

3. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i

1. The letters e, e, u, i can denotetwo sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

• at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] zh, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;
• after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;
• after dividing b, b: eat - c [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter and: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

2. The letters e, e, u, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in a position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m′eh], carried - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

Reminder:

• Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [r] - voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
• Sounds [x], [c], [h], [w ′] are deaf (they do not have a pair in terms of hardness-softness)
• Sounds [w], [w], [c] are always solid.
• Sounds [th], [h], [sh ′] are always soft.

Phonetic analysis of the word (sound-letter analysis of the word) is an analysis of the word, which consists in characterizing syllabic structure and sound composition of the word; phonetic parsing of a word involves elements of graphical analysis. Word for phonetic parsing in school textbooks is indicated by the number 1: for example, land 1 .

When conducting a phonetic analysis of a word, it is imperative to pronounce the word aloud. It is impossible to automatically translate a letter entry into an audio one, this leads to errors. It must be remembered that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.

Phonetic order(sound-letter) word parsing (according to school tradition):

1. Write down given word, divide it into syllables, verbally indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put the stress on the word.

3. Write down the phonetic transcription of the word (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets).

4. Describe the sounds (put a dash in front of each sound and write its characteristics, separating them with commas):

• characteristics of a vowel sound: indicate that the sound is a vowel; percussion or non-impact;

• characteristics of the consonant sound: indicate that the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf. You can also specify paired or unpaired in terms of hardness-softness, sonority-deafness.

5. Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Phonetic patterns(sound-letter) word parsing(a basic level of)

Earth - earth-le
z [z ′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [i] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, solid, voiced
l [l′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [e] - vowel, stressed
__________
5 letters, 5 sounds

Blacken - black-né-yut
h [h] - consonant, soft, deaf
e [i] - vowel, unstressed
r [r] - consonant, hard, voiced
n [n ′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [e] - vowel, stressed
yu [th] - consonant, soft, sonorous
[y] - vowel, unstressed
t[t] - consonant, hard, deaf.
___________
7 letters, 8 sounds