In Russian, soft and hard signs have one common function - dividing.
1. Divider Kommersant written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I after Russian or foreign prefixes ending in a consonant or in compound words, where the first part is two-, three-, four-, and the second part begins on E, Yo, Yu, I. For instance, corrosive, subjective, two-tiered.
REMEMBER: courier, four-act.
2. Divider b written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I, I inside the word. Found in foreign words b front O, For example: blizzard, dress, nightingales, battalion.
3. b used to denote softness at the end of a word: shampoo, stone; after L before other consonants (except L): balm, glazier; after a soft consonant before a hard one: letter, nurse; in numerals (denoting tens and hundreds) from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900: eight hundred, seventy.
REMEMBER: b not written in combinations H and SCH with other consonants, combined letters HH, ZN, SN, NT, ST, ZD: babysit, nocturnal, monkey.
1. b is used to denote grammatical forms:
at the end of third declension nouns: mouse, rye;
at the end of adverbs ending in hissing: all the way, backward, jump, backhand(BUT: already, married, unbearable);
· v indefinite form verb : wash, love;
in 2nd person singular present and future tenses: eat, write;
in the creative case: children, eight;
in particles: only.
Task 1. Rewrite the words, insert the missing letters.
1) to ... caustic, 2) from ... to reveal, 2) from ... to yat, 4) white ... floor, 5) piano ... yano, 6) ad ... jutant, 7) n ... juance, 8) nine ... yu, 9) head ... southern, 10) interview .. yuer, 11) wasp ... lamprey, 12) p ... edestal, 13) film ... capacious, 14) warm ... capacious, 15) trans ... European, 16) third ... annual, 17) three ... tiered, 18) four ... storey, 19) pass ... jans, 20) champagne ... he. 21) without ... nuclear, 22) variation ..., 23) bondage ... ero, 24) in ... reality, 25) injection ... injection, 26) from ... yang, 27) postal ... he, 28) mouse ... yakov, 29) fel…eton, 30) inter…linguistic, 31) once…unified, 32) with…emochny, 33) feld…jaeger, 34) four…tiered, 35) kan…he, 36) man…chzhur, 37) district… e, 38) hugs ... hugs, 39) con ... yuktivit, 40) drive ... drive.
Topic: Text analysis.
Exercise #1
Last year I was in trouble. I was walking down the street, slipped and fell... I fell badly, worse than ever: my face on the curb, I broke my nose, I smashed my whole face, my hand jumped out in my shoulder. It was about seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.
With great difficulty he got up - his face was covered with blood, his hand hung like a whip. I wandered into the nearest entrance 5, tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Wherever there, she continued to whip, I felt that I was in a state of shock, the pain was getting stronger, and something had to be done quickly. And I can’t speak, my mouth is broken.
Decided to turn back home.
I was walking down the street, I think not staggering: I was walking, holding a bloody handkerchief to my face, my coat was already gleaming with blood. I remember this path well - about three hundred meters. There were many people on the street. A woman with a girl walked towards me, some kind of couple, elderly woman, a man, young guys, they all looked at me with curiosity at first, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone on this path came up to me, asked what was the matter with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently, with unaccountable attention, a heightened expectation of help ...
The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me, bypass me. We have to get home.
Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems to be no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk ... They saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - I fell, hit, - why didn’t they help, didn’t at least ask what was the matter? So, to pass by, not to get involved, not to waste time, effort, "this does not concern me" has become a familiar feeling?
Pondering, he recalled these people with bitterness, at first he was angry, accused, perplexed, indignant, but then he began to remember himself. And he looked for something similar in his behavior. It is easy to reproach others when you are in a situation of distress, but you must definitely remember yourself, I can’t say that I had exactly such a case, but I found something similar in my own behavior - a desire to move away, evade, not get involved .. And, having convicted himself, he began to understand how familiar this feeling had become, how it warmed up, imperceptibly took root.
Unfortunately, our copious conversations about morality are often too general. And morality ... it consists of specific things - of certain feelings, properties, concepts.
One of these feelings is the feeling of mercy. The term is somewhat outdated, unpopular today and even seems to be rejected by our life. Something peculiar only to former times. "Sister of mercy", "brother of mercy" - even the dictionary gives them as "outdated." , that is, obsolete concepts.
In Leningrad, in the Aptekarsky Island area, there was Mercy Street. They considered this name obsolete, renamed the street into Textile Street.
To withdraw mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality. This ancient, necessary feeling is characteristic of the entire animal community, the bird community: mercy for the downtrodden and injured. How did it happen that this feeling overgrown with us, died out, turned out to be neglected? One can object to me by citing many examples of touching responsiveness, condolences, and true mercy. Examples, they are, and yet we feel, and have long been, the decline of mercy in our lives. If it were possible to make a sociological dimension of this feeling.
I am sure that a person is born with the ability to respond to someone else's pain. I think that this is innate, given to us along with instincts, with the soul. But if this feeling is not used 5 , if it is not exercised, it weakens and atrophies.
Task for the exercise:
Read the text from D. Granin's book "Fulcrum". The article is called "On Mercy". Is this text reasoning? Name the main features of the text and this type of speech, prove your opinion.
1) What is the main thesis of this text? What arguments are used to prove it? Are they enough? What is the conclusion? Do you agree with this conclusion?
2) What types of speech, besides reasoning, are used in this text?
We repeat the spelling.
1. Final consonants in prefixes (except for prefixes on s-s) over-, under-, pre-, before -, from-, about- are always spelled the same, no matter how they sound: train - grind, incision - inscription.
2. Attachments without-, air-, from-, bottom-, times-, through-, through- spelled with a letter W before vowels and voiced consonants, and with a letter WITH before voiceless consonants: tasteless, heartless, outlook, extremely, excessively.
3. In consoles times- (ras-) or roses- (ros-) spelled under stress O, written without stress A: search, look for, painting, painted.
An exception: investigative .
REMEMBER: calculation, prudent, calculate, pay off, quarrel.
4. Prefix With- written before voiceless and voiced consonants: cut down, knock down. In words here, building, health, no zgi Z included in the root.
Fill in the missing letters in the words:
and…following; ra ... to know; be…cherished; be ... coven; and ... flow; ra ... reduced; be…mortal; ra ... to provoke; ra ... trample; and ... scoop; r ... write-off; r ... detective department, r ... looking for a book, give r ... a list.
We repeat the spelling.
Prefixes pre-, at- differ in meaning:
a) prefix pre- close:
* to the meaning of the word "very": lovely;
* to the meaning of the word "in a different way": transform, reshape;
* denotes an action reaching the ultimate degree: surpass;
b) prefix at -:
* indicates spatial proximity: coastal;
* joining or approaching: approach, approach;
* performing an action in an incomplete amount: cover up, lay down;
* bringing the action to the end: swim, teach;
* an action performed in the interests of the subject: to appropriate, to pocket.
It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words:
REMEMBER: pursue, neglect, claim, obstacle, pretender, prestige, president, prerogative, punctuation marks; pretend, privilege, private, priority.
Exercise. Write out the phrases, fill in the missing letters.
1) to ... give in to dreams, 2) to ... adapt to circumstances, 3) a picture without pr ... beauty, 4) to misunderstand, 5) to ... give ridicule, 6) signs of pr ... kicking, 7) pr ... given to memories , 8) pr ... walking phenomenon, 9) pr ... tame the beast, 10 pr ... bizarre drawing, 11) pr ... twist, 12) pr ... block the road, 13) pr ... increase danger, 14) pr ... draft horse .
>>Russian language Grade 2 >>Russian language: Separating soft sign (ь)
Separating soft character (ь)
The role and meaning of the soft sign in Russian
Today in the Russian language lesson we will study a special letter, which is called a soft sign. Such a letter as a soft sign does not have and does not designate any sound, but its role is to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in writing.
For example: bathhouse, stranded, coal, seal, laziness, sorry, horse.
But, besides the fact that the soft sign is an indicator of the softness of consonant sounds, it can also be divisive.
And so, now we can summarize and conclude that such a letter as a soft sign is used in Russian:
In order to mitigate the previous consonant;
As a delimiter;
To denote certain grammatical forms.
We have already determined when it is necessary to write a soft sign in words to soften consonants. And now let's try to deal with the separating soft sign and find out why the soft sign is also called separating, in which cases the soft sign is separating, and how words with a separating soft sign are written.
In order to better understand this topic and understand the difference soft sign, which serve to soften consonant sounds and a separating soft sign, let's try to consider this issue with an example.
For example: Seed and family
Read these words carefully. Now pay attention to how the last syllable in the first word sounds - seed. In this word “seed”, the sound [m "] has a soft sound, since the letter I gives it softness, and the vowel and consonant are pronounced together in this syllable.
And now let's consider next word. The word "family" is [sem "ya]. In this case, we see that the consonant and the vowel following it are pronounced separately. Such a separate pronunciation between a vowel and a consonant in writing is indicated by a soft sign, which is called a separating soft sign.
For example: Kolya - stakes, salt - salt, flight - will pour.
Therefore, we can already conclude that the separating soft sign indicates that the consonant and vowel are pronounced separately.
Rules for writing a separating soft sign
Separating b (soft sign) is written:
First, in the middle of a word before vowels: e, e, u, i. For example: blizzard, terrier, monkey, health, underwear, leaves.
Secondly, in words of foreign origin before the letter O. For example: champignons, postman, broth.
Thirdly, a dividing soft sign is written in the roots of words, after consonants. For example: December, barley, sparrows, steppe, night.
Also, it must be remembered that the separating soft sign is never written:
First, at the beginning of the word;
Secondly, after prefixes.
And now let's take a closer look at the picture and try to compare the difference between the soft sign, which serves to soften the consonant and the dividing soft sign:
Homework
1. Read carefully the words with a soft sign and first write down only those for which the soft sign acts as an indicator of softness, and then the words with a separating soft sign.
Moth, dress, family, skates, day, chairs, wool, streams, stakes, ice hole, laziness, despondency, housing, friends, bathhouse, health, jelly, coat, autumn, letter, downpour, computer, corduroy, Daria, happiness, joy, sadness.
2. Choose antonyms for these words and tell me what role the soft sign plays in them?
Purity, boredom, work, harm, light, enemies, sugar.
3. Write the words in the plural:
Friend, leaf, wing, bough, log, tree.
4. When writing a separating sign, what sound do you hear in words?
5. Solve the crossword.
Crossword questions:
1. What is another name for a snowstorm?
2. Where do bees live?
3. Dad, mom, I am friendly ....
4. An animal that loves to climb trees.
5. Carlson's favorite treat.
Introduction
After a consonant before a vowel, designate the sound [th "] with the letters e, e, u, i (u) help b and b. In this case signs are called separators.
In the lesson you will learn how to choose from two delimiters the desired one.
Theme of the lesson: "The rule for the use of separating b and b signs."
We observe the structure of words with b and b signs
Let's observe the structure of words with b sign. To find the root, we select words with the same root.
fun, fun, fun(root -fun-),
bear, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),
sparrows, sparrows, sparrows(root -sparrow-).
Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign.
I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix c-),
entrance, drive(root -ride-, prefix under-),
announcement, statement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).
We formulate the rule for the use of separating b and b signs
The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, u, i, and.
The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, u, i.
How to use the rule
1. Say the word, listen if it has a sound [th "] after a consonant sound before a vowel.
2. Select the root in the word.
3. Look where to write separator sign- in the root or between the prefix and the root. If in the root - write b, if between the prefix and the root - write b.
Applying new knowledge
Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - a separating b or b.
Ul_i, nightingales, pre-anniversary, travel, edible, brother_ya.
Hives - root -ul-, we write b;
nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, we write b;
pre-anniversary - anniversary, root - anniversary -, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, we write b;
razezd - ride, root -ride-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, we write b;
edible - food, root -ed-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant, we write b;
brothers - brother, root -take-, we write b.
Apply new knowledge, write down the words with the root -EX- correctly, do not fall into traps.
from? went, went? went, went in? went, went to
moved out, went, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in
In words went, arrived, drove prefixes on-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore You don't need to write a b sign.
In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, under-, - end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.
Write the words in letters.
[s y "e l] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], the sound [y"] of the letter E helps b. C - prefix, root -e-. [vy "un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the sound [y"] of the letter Yu helps b. Root - loach -. [n "er" y "a] - feathers. After the consonant [r"] before the vowel [a], designate the sound [th"] letter I helps b. The root is feather-. Listen to yourself and write the words with sounds.
wings - [wing "th" a], 6 b., 6 stars. I'll go - [sy "edu], 5 b., 5 stars You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in words is the same.
b, b sounds do not denote, and the letters e, e, u, i denote two sounds[th "e], [th" o], [th" y], [th" a].
We are looking for words with b and b signs in poetic lines
Find in the poetic lines the words with b and b.
It suddenly became twice as bright,
Yard as in the sun -
This dress is golden
At the birch on the shoulders.
In the morning we go to the yard -
Leaves fall like rain.
E. Trutneva
Who will have the opportunity
Travel to hot places
Ride a camel!
Right, great, friends!
S. Baruzdin
Rain, rain pours down
Beats the drums. A. Barto
An evil blizzard has flown away.
The rooks brought warmth.
Run after each other
restless streams.
A. Usanova
I see a wonderful pleasure
I see fields and fields.
This is Russian expanse,
This is Russian land.(Song)
Gray hare under a pine tree
He announced that he was a tailor ...
The hare cuts, the hare sews,
And the bear is waiting in the den.
S. Mikhalkov
The dress(root -dress-),
leaves(root -leaf-),
go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),
friends(root -druz-),
winter storm(root -blizzard-),
streams(root -stream-),
freedom- space, free life (root -vol-),
expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),
announced(the root -yav-, the prefix about-, ends in a consonant).
note: in words sews, pours, beats and in related words sew, shed, beat b is written in the root (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).
We are looking for words in the text with separating b and b signs
Find the words in the text with b and b separators.
A small pichuga hovered over the river in a frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment, rise. This is a dipper, a guest from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(See Fig. 1)
winds- twist, twist, root -v-, write b,
rise- you can see in the books two options for highlighting the root: root -em-, prefix under-, root -rise-, we write ъ,
guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,
explain- clear, clear, explain, root -clear-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, we write ъ.
Explain what letters are missing
The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Russia, samovars of various shapes and volumes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: "He who drinks tea will live a hundred years."
Volume- used to allocate the prefix ob-, now they allocate the root -volume-;
removable- shooting, before they singled out the prefix c-, now they single out the root -sem;
family- family, root -seven-;
drinks- drink, root -p-.
We observe the words that answer the question whose?
Listen to the dialogue.
Here you are, hare, and fox teeth!
Here you are, gray, and wolf legs!
That would be for you, oblique, and lynx claws!
- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?
My soul is still hare.
In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdin the root is written b.
We listen to proverbs
Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.
Streams will merge - the river will be. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.
Happiness is not a fish, you can't catch it with a fishing rod.
Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.
streams- stream, at the root - stream - after the consonant before the letter and is written b.
Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.
Unite- union, single, root -one-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, is written b.
Happiness- happy, at the root - happiness - after the consonant before the letter e is written e.
By flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu is written e.
Honor- at the root - honor - after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.
We memorize foreign words.
Remember foreign words with b:
object, subject, adjutant, injection(drug injection, injection)
Remember words with b:
bouillon- decoction of meat
battalion- unit in the army
pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park
postman- courier of mail to addresses
champignon- edible mushroom
Conclusion
The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, yo, yu, i, and.
Separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, yo, yu, i.
Bibliography
- M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
- G.T. Diachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.
Homework
- Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a separating soft sign, in the right - with a separating hard sign.
Sh.yet, p.yut, l.yut, b.yut, s.ate, healthy, announcement, rise, from.yan, hug, sparrow, and, leave, happy. e, bad weather, cheerful, present, unification, clarification. - Insert b or b. In words with a separating hard sign, highlight the prefixes.
In winter, the titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest. So many trees? She jumped on the branches. Bale with a sharp spout into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats.
Zin?ka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. Trembling, all ruffled. She explained to Zinke her fear. A mouse fell into a bear's den.
(According to V. Bianchi)
Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Solve riddles. Solve spelling problems.
1. They beat him, but he is not angry,
He sings and has fun
Because without a bit. I
There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)
2. Itself, like a rocker,
It hung in the air.
Wings chirp,
The mosquito wants to eat.
3. Dust underfoot, winding and spinning.
Lies, and runs, and circles. What's the name?
- Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
- Internet portal Festival.1september.ru ().
- Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().
Russian lesson on the topic: « Separating solid sign Ъ".
Goals:
1. Teach children how to spell the separator solid mark b.
2. To form the spelling vigilance of students.
3. Develop in children such mental operations as analysis, synthesis and comparison.
4. Teach children to acquire knowledge on their own.
6. To educate children's communication skills.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
A moment of harmony. Greeting guests.
2) Psychological attitude.
Look at each other. Smile. I'm glad to see your smiles. May this day bring you the joy of communication.
II. Emotional mood students.
I would like to start the lesson of the Russian language with the words of A.S. Pushkin.Slide.
“Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have
The spirit is preparing for enlightenment. A.S. Pushkin
How do you understand these words of the poet?
So, in every lesson you do little opening- miracle. Every year there are more and more of these discoveries. Today, I hope you will share with me your new, interesting and useful discoveries.
Sit up straight, straighten your back. Open the notebook, lay it with an inclination, the left elbow holds the corner of the notebook. Take a pen, write down the date of the lesson, class work.
III . Formulation of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
- Today at the lesson we will work on the issue of the newspaper "Bukovka". The newspaper is dedicated to a letter that does not denote a sound and is present in one of the words:Slide.
sat down, ate
- What is this letter? What word is it in?
It was “sat down”, it became “ate”.
You were able to guess
Why did it happen?
Who is the culprit?
- Solid mark. Slide.
We also need a solid sign
We can't write without it.
What letter will be mentioned in the newspaper?
Name the topic of the lesson.
- So, the topic of the lesson and the topic of the newspaper"Dividing solid sign"
To whom will we dedicate our newspaper and who will be its reader?
- What do you think we and our readers should learn about the letter ъ? (Answers of children).
The purpose of the lesson: Find out when it is written.
Publish a newspaper.
IV . Work on the topic.
We received a letter. And what is written there? Nastya, read it!
(Dear editors of the newspaper "Bukovka"! Tell us the story of the origin of the dividing solid sign. With respect to you, students of the 3rd grade of school No. 11.)
Savatneeva Vika prepared a response to this letter.Slide.
The hard sign is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet.
Until 1917, she was the 27th in a row and was called "er".Slide.
Previously, this letter was silent and was written at the end of words after hard consonants, for example:HOUSE, OAK, CITY. Slide.
Because of this letter wasted more paper and printing ink. And it cost money. Therefore, the letter “er” was called “loafer”, “loafer”, “robber”, “parasite”, “bloodsucker” and other similar words. The letter “er” at the end of words devoured more than 8% of the time and paper. This letter - idler was the most expensive letter in the world.
Now this letter is not written at the end of words.
- We will publish the answer to the question in our newspaper under the heading “From the history of b”.
IV . Introduction to new material.
Open the textbook on page 148, doexercise 349 and find out where ъ is now written.
- What can be said about these words? (They are one-sided).
- In the words of which line is there a b? (In the words of the second line).
- What part of the word is followed by a separating b? (After the prefix, before the root).
- Why isn't Ъ written in the first line after the prefix, but is it written in the second? (?)
What sound do the prefixes of the first line end with? (on a vowel).
What sound do the prefixes of the second line end with? (to a consonant).
What letter does the root begin with? (With a vowel).
Group work.
Rules for working in groups.
Open envelope number 1. Make a writing supportb in words.
Slide support.
Comment on support.
- To find out which vowels are preceded by a separating b, runcard assignment. You will work in pairs.
Read the words, fill in the missing letters. Highlight the prefix, underline the solid sign and the vowel after it.
S. edobny,under. lover, vol. reveal from. drive, s. cringed, oh clarification.
- Let's make a conclusion. Which vowels are preceded by a separating b? (e, e, u, i).
Group work.
Open envelope number 2 and complete the support.
Check.
Slide support.
Try to formulate a rule. (The dividing bj is written after prefixes that end in a consonant sound before the vowels e, e, u, i).
- Let's read this rule in the textbook on p.149.
- And why is b called dividing? (Because it divides a consonant sound from a vowel in a word).
We will place the support and the rule in the newspaper under the headings “Knowledge support” and “Writing rule b”
Let's do itexercise 351 .
What is the main idea of the text?
Which of you likes skiing in winter forest?
What else besides pleasure does a person get from skiing? (breathes fresh air, heals your body, develops muscles).
Love, do not be lazy to ski! This will help you become hardy, insure against cardiovascular diseases and colds.
V . Control and self-control of knowledge.
- In the newspaper for readers we will place a test on the studied topic under the heading "Test yourself",
But first, let's test our knowledge.
1. After what part of the word is written b?
a) after prefixes,
b) after the root.
2. After what prefixes is it written b?
a) after prefixes that end in a consonant,
b) after prefixes that end in a vowel.
3. Before which letters is it written b?
a) a, i, e, e,
b) yu, i, e, e,
c) oh, yo, yu, u.
4. Find a word with a separating hard sign.
a) in ... driving
b) sem ... I
c) in ... south
5. How many sounds are in the word "congress"?
a) 3
b) 5
at 4
Put your work on the edge of the desk, I will check it today, and tomorrow I will report the results.
VI . Summary of the lesson.
And now let's sum up.
What is the name of the topic of the lesson on which we worked?Separating solid sign.
What was our goal at the beginning of the lesson?Learn to when it is written ъ and publish a newspaper.
What have we learned? (The separating b is written after the prefixes that
end in a consonant sound before the vowels e, e, u, i).
Look at the newspaper. What do you think our readers will learn about after reading it?
Guys, what did you like about yourself today? What can you praise yourself for?
Who do you think was the most active in class today?Assess participation.
VI I . Homework
VI II . Reflection.
And I also want to know about the impression of the lesson of each of you. Take a letter on the desk in a color that suits your mood.Slide.
For me, the topic was important and interesting -red letter b
Learned a lot of newyellow letter b
I was not interestedgreen letter b
Pick up the letter you have chosen and show it to me. Now turn to the guests, let them look.
I am very glad to see in your hands the letters of the solid sign of red and yellow color, which means that the lesson was important, interesting and informative for you.
Let's decorate our newspaper with letters. Apply glue to the letter and stick it “in a chain” on the edge of the newspaper so that you get a frame.
- Now our newspaper has become not only informative, but also beautifully designed.
Today I saw in your eyes a spark of inquisitiveness, curiosity. I want to wish you that this light does not fade over the years, and that the discoveries that you make day after day will help you overcome all the difficulties in your life path.
No matter how hard they try to convince students that the knowledge they received in school years, will be needed by them in the future, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, some things that are taught in school will actually come in handy in adulthood. For example, the ability to write well. To master it, you need to know the basic grammatical laws of the Russian language. Among them are the rules governing the use of separators ъ and ь signs.
Solid sign: history and its role in the word
The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not denote sounds, is performed in words important function. Therefore, before consideringthe rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs are worthlearn a little about its history and role in the word.
A solid sign existed in Slavic languages almost from the very moment of their formation. At first it was a short vowel, until it became unpronounceable letter, which is used to separate a word into syllables, and also replaces spaces.
V late XIX v. it was noted that the frequent use of ъ in texts (4% of the total volume) is inappropriate, especially in telegraphy, cursive writing and typography. In this regard, more than once they tried to limit the use of a solid mark.
After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. In those years, the apostrophe was used as a separator in words.However, in 1928 it was excluded from the Russian language (but preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian), and its dividing function was taken over by a solid sign, which it still performs to this day.
In what cases is put ъ in words
As for the use of a solid sign, there are several rules for putting it before e, u, yo, i:
- After prefixes that end in a consonant: connector, pre-anniversary.
- In terms that came from other languages, with the prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob- and sub-: adjuvant, disjunction.
- After counter, pan, super, trans and feld: pan-Europeanism, superyacht.
- In compound words starting with two-, three-, four-: two-core, three-tier, four-language.
There are several exceptions when ъ is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but inside the word itself. These nouns include: courier and flaw.
When do not put
In addition to the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth remembering the cases when they do not need to be put:
- A solid sign is not put in words with a prefix ending in a consonant letter, when it is followed by vowels a, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, secluded.
- Not set given sign in complex abbreviated terms: foreign language, head of trade.
- It is also not put in lexemes written with a hyphen: half a diocese, half an apple.
Considering the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs that perform a separating function in a word, it is worth remembering that the lexemes "interior" and "clerk" are written through a soft sign. Such a spelling is no exception, since in the word "interior" the inter is not a prefix, but part of the root. And in the "clerk" the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot under-, but po-, but -clerk is the root.
What are the functions of a soft sign
As for ь, in ancient times it meant a short vowel [and], but gradually, like ъ, it lost its sound.
At the same time, he retained the ability [and] to give softness to the previous consonant sound.
Unlike a solid word, it can perform 3 functions.
- Dividing.
- Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
- Used to denote certain grammatical forms.
Rules for the use of a soft sign
Studying the laws of the Russian languageregulating the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth learning a few rules:
- A soft sign that performs a dividing function is never placed after a prefix (this is the lot of a hard sign). Parts of words in which the separating b is written are the root, suffix and ending before e, e, u, i: monkey, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
- The separating b is placed in some words before the letter combination he: champignon, medallion, broth and million.
In the case when b informs about the softness of the previous sound, and does not perform a separating function, its setting is determined by the following rules:
- In the middle of a word, ь indicates the softness of the letter l if it precedes another consonant, except for l: finger, prayer. Also, a soft sign “does not wedge” into letter combinations: lf, nsh, nn, rsh, chk, ch, rch, schn ( drummer, candle).
- In the middle of a word, this sign is placed between soft and hard consonants: please, very much.
- In the middle of a word, ь can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when changing the form of the word, the first remains soft, and the second becomes hard: a request is a request, a letter is a letter.
- V individual cases this symbol is located at the end of a word after consonants. In doing so, it helps to set the value of the lexeme: linen(plant) - laziness(quality of character), con(place for bets in the game) - horse(animal).
As a marker for individual grammatical forms, this sign is used in such cases:
- In adjectives arising from the names of the months (except January): February, September.
- At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens from 50 to 80 and hundreds from 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
- V imperative mood verbs (except lie down - lie down): take out - take out, throw - throw.
- in infinitive ( initial form verb): keep, grow.
- In all cases, the words "eight" and in the instrumental plural. numbers of individual numerals and nouns: six, lashes.
The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh
Following these soft sign letters is possible under the following conditions:
- At the end of most adverbs and particles, except for: really, already, unbearable, married and in the preposition between.
- In the infinitive: save, bake.
- In the imperative mood of verbs: smear, soothe.
- In the endings of the II person singular of the future and present tenses: sell, sell.
- In the end nominative case nouns kind, in the third declension: daughter, power. For comparison in the m. gender - call, broadsword.
In some cases, ь is not used after these letters:
- In nouns II declension: executioner, fake.
- V short forms adjectives: fresh, poignant.
- V genitive case nouns plural:puddle, cloud
A solid sign after w, w, h, u at the end of a word or root is not put, since its “place” is always after the prefix before e, e, y, i.
Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises
Having familiarized yourself with all the cases of setting soft and hard signs, it is worth moving on to the exercises. In order not to be confused, we have collected together most of the above rules governing the use of ь and ъ signs. The table below will serve as a hint for completing tasks.
In this exercise, you need to choose which of the letters should be put in words.
This task concerns the use of a soft sign following the hissing letters. It should open the brackets and, where necessary, put a soft sign.
In the last exercise, you need to write out the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with ь, in the second - those that are without it.
That both hard and soft signs are "silent" letters, they perform important role in Russian. You can make many mistakes in your writing, if you do not know the laws of grammar governing the use of ъ and ь signs. You will have to learn more than one rule so as not to confuse which of the signs should be put in specific situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of the word.
