Among the many attractions of the capital of Germany, this architectural monument occupies a special place. Built over 225 years ago, the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin is not only famous for being the only remaining part of the customs fence. The world-famous building, decorated with a quadriga, has become a symbol of the unification of Germany and the fall of the Berlin Wall. No visit to the main German city is complete without a visit to the grandiose arch, the image of which is engraved on coins in denominations of 20 and 50 euro cents.
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In the 18th century, parts of a protective structure, the customs wall, were still preserved in Berlin. She ringed the city and consisted of 14 passages. Only the Brandenburg Gate (originally called the Peace Gate), built between 1788 and 1791 during the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm Friedrich II, has survived to this day. By his decree, the architect Karl Gotthard Langgans erected a structure - an arch, copied from the main memorial entrance of the Athenian Acropolis. The road through it led to Brandenburg - the city that gave its name to the western entrance to the capital.
In 1793, a quadriga designed by the German artist and sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow was placed on top of the structure. The chariot, driven by the goddess of peace, Eirena, has its own history: in 1806, Napoleon, having conquered Berlin and received the keys to the city, dismantled the quadriga as a sign of his triumph and brought it to France as a trophy.
8 years later, after the defeat of the army of the great Corsican, the chariot solemnly returned to its rightful place, and the goddess, now called Victoria, received an iron cross crowned with a laurel wreath and the sign of Prussian power - an eagle.
Between 1814 and 1919, only the royal dynasty, ambassadors of other states and representatives of the family of General Karl Pfuel were allowed to pass through the central arch. In 1933, at the majestic building, Hitler's supporters greeted their leader with torches, marking the beginning of a dark period in the country's history.
The split of Germany
In 1945, the victory banner of the USSR fluttered over the triumphal arch, and in 1957 the flag of the GDR was raised. 4 years later, as a result of negotiations between the Warsaw Pact countries, the construction of the Berlin Wall began - a 44.75 km long defensive structure fortified with earthen ditches, which divided the city into two parts.
During this tragic time, the Brandenburg Gate was located in a forbidden area. Access to it was allowed only to East German border guards. The stone structure personified the split of the once united country into two states and the separation of families whose members ended up on opposite sides of the border. Its crossing threatened with immediate death. The fall of the wall in December 1989 reopened access to a historical monument that has become a symbol of peace and free Germany.
Description
The most famous Berlin landmark is the triumphal arch, located at the intersection of two central districts - Tiergarten and Mitte. On the west side, the Gate is adjacent to March 18 Square (Platz des 18. Maerz), on the east - Paris Square (Pariser Platz).
The material for the construction was stone blocks lined with Saxon sandstone. The height of the structure is 26 m, width - 65.5 m. The structure consists of two rows of columns 11 m thick, placed on six supports, forming five through passages. Initially, buildings for customs and military needs were installed on both sides of the Brandenburg Gate. In 1867/68 they were replaced with open porticos and aligned with the arch.
The whole structure is crowned by a six-meter copper quadriga - four horses, controlled by the winged goddess Victoria. In her hands is a wand with an image of a cross, an eagle and laurel leaves. The gaze of the winner is directed to the east. In the northern wing, in the former guardroom, there is the “Hall of Silence”. The purpose of its creation is to remind people of the tragic pages of German history.
The tourist office is located in the southern part, where you will be informed about the fastest and most convenient routes, the repertoire of theaters, concert venues, current events and hotel availability. Opening hours: daily from 9:30 to 18:00.
Artistic value
The construction of the arch marked the beginning of a new era, reflecting the change in the architectural appearance of the city, which until the 18th century was dominated by the baroque. The gate was the first building in the style of German classicism. As a model for it, samples of the architecture of Greek and Roman antiquity were taken.
The imitation of antiquity is visible in the design of the central part of the composition, characterized by six 15-meter Doric relief columns. The diameter of their base is 1.75 m. Structurally, the columns differ from the classical Athenian prototypes in that they are reinforced inside with massive load-bearing masonry.
In the niches of the openings there are statues of the militant Mars and Minerva sitting on the throne with a spear. Ceilings, attic and internal walls are decorated with allegorical engravings, illustrated with images of mythical scenes of the exploits of Hercules and wars of the Thessalian Lapith tribe with centaurs. As conceived by the author, Johann Schadov, heroic themes should evoke associations with the reign of the monarch Frederick William II, who turned Prussia into a powerful state.
Monument restoration
The bombs of the Second World War caused significant damage to the architectural masterpiece. The quadriga suffered the most. Its remains were sent to the warehouse of the West Berlin firm Noack. In 1950, the governments of East and West Germany - although not without friction - agreed on a joint restoration, which was completed only six years later.
In 1958, the arch was again decorated with a chariot cast from the original casts. The updated quadriga lost an important detail - an iron cross with the image of the enthroned Prussian eagle. The initiators of the removal of these regalia were the authorities of the eastern part of Germany. In their eyes, the cross symbolized the Nazi regime.
The victorious Victoria returned her trophy only after the unification of the country, which took place in 1989. However, the joy of the reunited Germans was so great that on New Year's Eve 1989/90 it contributed to the fall of the long-suffering quadriga. And a year later, the historical gates were again closed for restoration. It was carried out by a private fund for the protection of monuments and monuments, spending 4.3 million euros.
The main attention of the restorers focused on strengthening the rigid structures. In addition, with the help of a new laser installation, the blackouts that formed on the western side of the structure were eliminated. On Unity Day, October 3, 2002, the grand opening of the monument took place. The site is now under threat again. The construction of a new subway line passing under the structure caused a crack in one of the columns.
Modern Ensemble
In order to protect the sandstone facade from exhaust gases, in 2002 the Senate of Berlin closed the area adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate to traffic. The Paris Square, which has the shape of a square, has also been turned into a pedestrian zone. At present, the triumphal arch and the newly built nearby buildings form a single ensemble.
To the right and left of the Gate are the symmetrical houses of Liebermann and Sommer, built on the model of completely destroyed buildings created by the Prussian architect Friedrich Stüler. The classic style of the lost buildings is also copied by one of the most luxurious hotels in Germany - Adlon.
On the south side, next to the hotel, you can see the glass facade of the Academy of Arts and the branch of the Dresdner Bank, the author of the building of which is the outstanding modern American architect Frank Gehry. The ensemble closes the US Embassy built in 2008. To the north, the Kennedy Museum and the French Embassy adjoin the arch. Two twin fountains adorn Paris Square.
Brandenburg Gate today
Now the famous landmark is not only an obligatory item in the travel program of travelers. Hundreds of thousands of residents and guests of the German capital gather here several times a year. Their goal is to participate in major events such as public holidays, sporting events, New Year's Eve and free galas.
The New Year's Eve Party is an annual grand performance starting on the morning of December 31st. Well-known musical groups perform on the stage in front of the historical monument. After 9 pm, there is nowhere for an apple to fall - the street from the Victory Column to the Russian Embassy, 2.3 km long, is filled with people. Exactly at midnight, the sky over Berlin is illuminated by millions of multi-colored lights of the world-famous fireworks.
Berlin marathon. Traditionally, a marathon is held in the capital of Germany on the last weekend of September. More than 40 thousand people take part in it, including not only eminent athletes from 120 countries, but also all joggers. The finish line of the distance, which is 42 km, is located at the Brandenburg Gate.
The Fan Mile is Germany's largest gathering place for football fans. During the World and European Championships, the area in front of the stone arch is transformed. A screen of 80 m2 is installed on March 18 Square. Thanks to six more huge monitors, exposed for two kilometers along 17 June Street, everyone can watch the matches and cheer for the national team.
Category: Berlin
The Brandenburg Gate is the most famous architectural and historical monument of Berlin and all of Germany. Immediately after the Second World War, they became a symbol of the division of the country and its people, and after 1989 - a symbol of the reunification of Germany into a single state.
The Brandenburg Gate is located on Paris Square (Pariserplatz). Their project was developed by the famous German architect of the 18th century, Karl Gottgard Lanngans, who is considered the founder of such a direction in architecture as Berlin classicism. The construction of the gate, which was originally called the Gate of Peace, started back in 1789 and lasted just over two years. Despite being recognizable, the main German attraction cannot be called completely unique. Thus, the majestic columns are made in the Doric style and are virtually identical to the main aisles (propylaea) of the legendary ancient Greek Acropolis in Athens.
Before the opening, the Gate of Peace was painted white - bright, dazzling. Historians then long wondered what prompted Lanngans to find just such a color solution. The dominant version was that the architect listened to the advice of Johann Godfried Schadow, a German sculptor and artist who decorated his brainchild. Why did the person of Shadov surface at all? It turns out that documents have been preserved that dispel any doubts about the authorship of the project of the goddess of victory, Victoria, “sitting” on the Brandenburg Gate on a quadriga chariot drawn by four horses. The six-meter sculptural ensemble, deployed to the eastern part of the German capital, is also the work of Shadov, also known as an outstanding art theorist.
The sculptural Victoria crowning the gate was admired not only by the townspeople and guests of Berlin. Genuine delight composition caused Napoleon Bonaparte. When the army of the French emperor entered Berlin, the conqueror ordered ... to remove the goddess from her "familiar" place and transport it to France. The logic that Napoleon was guided by was simple: such a magnificent symbol of victory could not be in a defeated city. But history, as we know, decided in its own way. The seemingly invincible army of Bonaparte was eventually defeated, and the emperor himself was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena, where he spent the last days of his life. After the invader was expelled, Victoria and her quadriga were returned to the German capital and erected back on the Brandenburg Gate. However, after the war, the sculptural ensemble underwent some changes. The sculptor Friedrich Schinkel added an Iron Cross to it, symbolizing the order, which the state awarded only to the most courageous and devoted to the Motherland warriors.
In 1871, a grandiose march of victorious soldiers in the Franco-Prussian War took place in Berlin. It was this parade, which passed through the Brandenburg Gate, that marked the proclamation of the German Empire, which lasted, by the way, until 1918. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new turn in the history of the German state - its transformation into a republic - was also marked by the triumphal passage of soldiers through this majestic symbol of Germany. Fifteen years later, a new event, no less symbolic than the two described above: the National Socialists who came to power in 1933 covered the Brandenburg Gate with huge banners with Nazi symbols. The majestic architectural monument has become a silent witness to the ominous, even somewhat mystical, procession of the Nazis. Berliners did not yet know what a tragedy not only for the people and the country, but also for the main attractions - the Reichstag and the Brandenburg Gate - Hitler's dreams of world domination would turn into.
In 1945, the Brandenburg Gate suffered enormous damage. Its Doric-style columns were riddled with bullets and shell fragments. Under the age-old symbol of Germany lay the corpses of the soldiers of the Third Reich, which seemed invincible. From the former greatness of the gate, it seems, nothing is left. One of the Soviet shells hit the sculpture of the goddess Victoria directly, destroying it along with the quadriga and the Iron Cross. For twelve whole years (1945-1957), the red flag of the Soviet Union proudly fluttered in place of the symbol of victory. It was then replaced with the flag of the German Democratic Republic.
In 1958, the government of the GDR, having asked permission from the "big brother" - the USSR, decided to restore the Victoria quadriga. Three years later, the Brandenburg Gate, which has always symbolized the unity of Germany, for the first time in history began to symbolize the split of the country. The GDR, in its desire to isolate itself from the FRG, went so far as to build the infamous Berlin Wall, which separated the Brandenburg Gate from West Berlin. But, even formally remaining in the "eastern zone", they turned out to be inaccessible to the inhabitants of the GDR, from which they built an additional wall that completely isolated them.
Currently, the Brandenburg Gate has completely returned to its former grandeur and glory. Like two hundred years ago, they again symbolize the unity of Germany and fit perfectly into the integral architectural ensemble of Pariserplatz.
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Brandenburg Gate (Germany) - description, history, location. Exact address, phone number, website. Reviews of tourists, photos and videos.
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Like the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Colosseum in Rome or the Tower of London, the Brandenburg Gate is a symbol and hallmark of Berlin. This is the most recognizable Berlin landmark, from which the construction in the so-called Berlin classicist style began. They are located in the heart of the German capital and adjoin the legendary Linden Alley, which connects the gate with the former royal residence, and are also one of the tallest buildings on Paris Square, their height is more than twenty-five meters.
The Brandenburg Gate was built by order of the German king Friedrich Wilhelm II in 1791. Their continuous construction was carried out for three years, and was led by the architect Karl Gottgard Langgans. It was he who designed this triumphal arch, taking as a model the front gates of the Acropolis of Athens. According to the original idea, they were supposed to become a symbol of the world, hence their second name - the Gates of the World.
According to this concept, the main decoration of the gate is the bronze figure of the ancient Greek goddess of peace, Irene, riding an ancient chariot drawn by four horses; she appeared above the gate only two years after they were erected. Napoleon Bonaparte liked this sculptural composition so much that after the conquest of Berlin in 1806, he took it with him to Paris, but eight years later it was won back and took its original place. True, since then, instead of an olive branch, she holds a cross in her hands, and is called the goddess of victory, Victoria.
Later, the gate became the personification of the absolute power of the Nazi Party in Germany. And after some time they were part of the Berlin Wall, which did not prevent them from becoming also a symbol of the reunification of West and East Berlin. After all, it was through this gate that GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow went out to meet German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.
Once upon a time, it was possible to enter Berlin through eighteen gates, but all of them were destroyed, and only the main Brandenburg gates remained timeless. Although this statement is very conditional, because during the Second World War they suffered serious damage and were completely restored only in the second half of the fifties of the last century. During the war years, the statue of Irena Victoria was also destroyed, but the original casts, according to which the sculpture was created at one time, were preserved, so it was not difficult to restore it almost in its original form.
Today, the Brandenburg Gate on Paris Square attracts not only guests of the city, but also the Berliners themselves, they come to the Hall of Silence, located in the northern wing of the gate, to once again recall their history and the lessons it taught them.
First time in Berlin. Where to go, what to try:
History knows many examples when an ordinary utilitarian building becomes a symbol of an entire city, and sometimes even a country. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin is one of those. It is their image that first of all pops up in memory at any mention of the German capital, and it is they who were and remain silent witnesses of all its triumphs and falls.
The history of this building is full of tragic moments, and their symbolism has changed over time, so this gate certainly deserves to learn more about it.
Architecture
Most recently, the Brandenburg Gate celebrated its 225th anniversary. They were built at the end of the 18th century and then were part of the so-called Berlin Customs Wall, which surrounded the capital of Prussia from all sides. Erected by order of Friedrich Wilhelm II, they were supposed to serve as ordinary city gates, that is, to serve as a checkpoint and customs point for people and goods. At that time, Prussia was experiencing an unprecedented economic boom, so its ruler wanted the gates of a prosperous capital to look expensive and pompous, and at the same time symbolize some kind of virtue. The Brandenburg Gate was destined to become the "Gate of the World".
The architect Carl Gotthard Langgans was entrusted to realize the will of the monarch, and he perfectly coped with his task. Taking into account the complex allegory that had to be expressed in stone, the architect decided to turn to antiquity and chose the famous Propylaea of the Athenian Acropolis as a prototype for his creation.
Just like the Greek ones, the Berlin gate had two rows of strict Doric columns, between which there were five through passages. The central aisle was the widest and could only be used by ambassadors of foreign countries or persons of royal blood. For ordinary mortals, both on foot and on horseback, the remaining, narrower passages were intended.
Graceful, very similar to antique, statues by the famous sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow became the decoration of the Brandenburg Gate. He also created a huge, 6-meter quadriga - a chariot harnessed by four horses, crowning the entire structure.
Initially, the quadriga was ruled by the Germanic goddess of peace, Eirene, who held an olive branch in her hand. However, after some events, the goddess had to change her name, but more on that later.
The entire sculptural composition is oriented to the east, so it is easy to navigate by its location.
In addition to the quadriga, the Brandenburg Gate is decorated with numerous reliefs, and statues of ancient gods are located in niches and annexes. All of them are called to embody the glory and prosperity of Prussia as a great European power, and Frederick William II as its wise ruler.
Ups and downs
The Brandenburg Gate was opened in 1791, but it didn't take long to please Berliners with its beauty and grace. Already in 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of Jena and Berlin was forced to surrender to the mercy of the winner. Napoleon triumphantly entered the city through the Brandenburg Gate and was so delighted with the quadriga decorating them that he decided, as a military trophy, to take it to France.
The chariot with the goddess returned to her homeland only after the fall of the Napoleonic empire, and it was then that she changed her name and attire. From now on, her head was decorated with an oak wreath, and instead of a neutral olive, a patriotic iron cross appeared in her hands. Now it was the goddess Victoria, symbolizing not peace, but freedom and victory over the invader.
The soldiers who won the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 marched through the Brandenburg Gate, and it seemed that now there would be no end to the victories. However, the twentieth century came, and the German heroes changed a lot.
For the first three decades, the goddess Victoria was forced to watch helplessly as the once great empire collapsed, giving rise to a wave of uprisings and unrest. And then, the dark times of the Third Reich came and the Brandenburg Gate, with their pagan symbols, became perhaps the best decoration for the grandiose festivities organized in honor of the new order.
During the Second World War, the gates were almost destroyed, and the famous quadriga turned into dust. In its place, for more than a decade, from 1945 to 1957, the flag of the USSR fluttered. The sculptural composition was restored and returned to its place only in 1958, and the Soviet flag above it was replaced by the flag of the GDR, on the territory of which, after the division of Berlin, the Brandenburg Gate remained.
Loneliness and alienation
Since 1961, when the division of Berlin ended with the erection of a blank wall between its western and eastern parts, the Brandenburg Gate has been completely isolated. It became impossible to approach them from either side. Lonely towering in the middle of an empty square, the gate for many years became a symbol of division and alienation.
Therefore, it is natural that they also became the place of the main celebrations regarding the unification of the German capital. The joy of the inhabitants was so great and indefatigable that after New Year's Eve in 1990, the already long-suffering quadriga had to be restored again.
Symbol of modern Berlin
Today, the Brandenburg Gate is considered perhaps the most famous landmark of the capital of the united Germany. Long ago, having lost the city walls, the gates for a long time were a separate structure, but now they are harmoniously inscribed in the new architectural appearance of Paris Square.
Nowadays, the Brandenburg Gate has many roles. When high-ranking foreign guests visit Berlin, they act as a triumphal arch and serve as a monument to German power. On ordinary days, they pose for numerous tourists, and in the evenings they often turn into a decoration for music or light shows.
Hello, friends. The topic of today's story and the object of research will be the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. They are the symbol of Germany and the most recognizable landmark of Berlin. According to surveys of companies responsible for the development of tourism in Germany and constantly surveying tourists from different countries and different ages, the Brandenburg Gate consistently ranks first in the list of the most visited sites in Berlin and 5th among all German attractions.
Germany has a huge number of beautiful places, cities, amusement parks, biosphere reserves. If you dream up and set yourself a slightly strange task - to make a route so as not to stumble upon a single attraction, then I doubt that you will succeed.
Why are the gates, even if they are Brandenburg gates, so popular among the people?
Let's figure it out
1. Location
The object of our research is located in the very center of Berlin in the Mitte district, where government offices and embassies are located in beautiful historical buildings.
2. Architectural symbol
The gate is a triumphal arch, the construction of which marked the beginning of a new architectural image of Berlin. Thus, the famous gate became a symbol of the new era of the capital.
3. Antiquity
Such arches were erected by Roman emperors in honor of an important historical victory. The heirs of the great German dynasties did not lag behind Rome. Once upon a time there were many arches, but now Brandenburger Tor is unique, the only surviving of such Berlin buildings.
4. Historical value
For 28 years, the symbol of Germany rested on and divided the former capital of the Third Reich into two parts - West and East Berlin. When the unification of Germany began, the Brandenburg Gate again became a symbol. Now a new peaceful united Germany.
Manifestations, demonstrations, celebrations - everything took place against the backdrop of Brandenburger Tor.
An analogy suggests itself to me: the Soviet country that defeated fascism put its nose in a corner (in the corner of the Berlin Wall) with the symbol of the great and invincible Germany - the triumphal arch (Brandenburg Gate).
In 1989, the triumphal arch was "allowed to emerge from the corner".
The Hall of Silence is now located in the left wing of the building. A place where everyone can be in silence and think.
Conclusion: The Brandenburg Gate, from whichever side you look at it, is the main attraction of Berlin.
Now let's move on to the details.
Architecture
The Arc de Triomphe was born in 1791. And they called it the "Gate of the World."
This great building was built from 1789 to 1791 by Karl Gottgard Langgans. The appearance of the arch marked the beginning of the development of a new style of Berlin architecture - Berlin classicism.
The main decoration of the facade, painted white, was a six-meter quadriga drawn by four horses.
Since then, Victoria, the goddess of victory, has ascended over the city. She guided Berlin to victories and protected from enemies.
The quadriga was created by Johann Gottfried Schadov, who also became the author of all the other decorative elements of the triumphal gates.
One day, the goddess Victoria left "her hometown". This happened after the conquest of Berlin by Napoleon.
The emperor ordered the chariot to be removed from the gate and transported to Paris. But Victoria remained faithful to her people and did not exchange her beloved Berlin for a beautiful, but alien Paris.
As soon as the German army gained revenge, Victoria returned to her homeland. At the same time, the Iron Cross, the creation of Friedrich Schinkel, was added to the sculpture.
During the battles of World War II, the arch was badly damaged, and the quadriga was completely destroyed.
From 1945 to 1957, the flag of the USSR flew in its place. Then it was replaced by the flag of the GDR.
The restoration of the sights took almost ten years later.
The Quadriga was recreated again by 1958. But three years later, the passage through the arch was blocked by the Berlin Wall.
So the main attraction of the modern city became part of East Berlin, and the inhabitants of West Berlin could not get to it.
For 28 long years, the symbol of Berlin was isolated from other buildings of the city, and it was impossible to appreciate its beauty and grandeur.
A joyful event - the unification of Germany, was by no means joyful for the Brandenburg Gate. From the stormy manifestations of joy of the united German people, the quadriga suffered once again.
Finally, in 1991, the Brandenburg Gate was restored and the sculpture took its historical place.
Brandenburger Tor today
Now Brandenburger Tor are an organic part of the ensemble of buildings of Paris Square (Pariserplatz).
For modern Berlin, this building has become a hallmark. The most recognizable, the most replicated, the most popular attraction of the city.
Once part of the wall that divided the country, the arch is now seen as a symbol of German reconciliation and unification.
At the northern wing of the gate there is the Hall of Silence - a special room where the inhabitants of modern Germany can meditate in silence on the tragic fate of their people, of which this building has so often become unwitting witnesses.
Tiergarten park
How to get there
There are many ways to get to the Brandenburg Gate - all roads lead to it.
- Metro. Line U-55 to the final station, which is called Brandenburger Tor.
- by city train S-Bahn S-1, S-2, S-25. You will need to get off at the stop with the same name Brandenburger Tor.
Address: Pariser Platz, 10117 Berlin, Germany
Brandenburg Gate on the map
That, perhaps, is all that we wanted to tell about the most popular attraction in Berlin.
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