(meaning): " Verily, Allah, on the day when He created the heavens and the earth, determined the number of months - twelve, according to the Scripture of Allah. Four months of them are forbidden, this is a persistent religion. So don't harm yourself during these months. » .
The hadith says: “ The year consists of 12 months, of which four are forbidden, three come alternately: Dhul-Qada, Dhul-Hijjah and Muharram, and (the fourth month) Rajab is between Jumada al-Akhir and Sha'ban "(al-Bukhari).
Al-Izzu ibn Abd al-Salam said: “Allah increases the reward for deeds done, such as by rewarding to a greater extent for fasting in Ramadan than for fasting at all other times, and also on the day of Ashura, the dignity of which is due to the generosity and kindness of Allah to His slaves on this day..."(book "Kawa'id al-Ahkaam").
Differences between the Day of Ashura among Muslims
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: “The Prophet ﷺ arrived in Medina and saw that the Jews were fasting on the day of Ashura. He asked: “Why are you fasting?” They have replyed: “This is an honorable day, on this day Allah saved the children of Israel from their enemies, so Musa (peace be upon him) fasted on this day.”. He ﷺ said: “We are more worthy of Musa (peace be upon him) than you.” He fasted on that day and commanded fasting on that day." "(Imam al-Bukhari).
2. The intention is to add another day to Ashura. This is similar to the prohibition of fasting separately on Friday, as mentioned.
3. As a precaution to ensure that the fast falls on the tenth day, in case there is some error in the observation of the moon at the beginning of Muharram and the ninth day is actually the tenth.
Ibn Hajar said in his commentary on the hadith “If I live to see next year, I will certainly fast on the ninth day”: “Perhaps by fasting on the ninth day it was meant not that he would limit himself to that day, but that he would add it to the tenth, or the need to distinguish Muslims from Jews and Christians , which is more reliable, as evidenced by some hadiths transmitted by Imam Muslim." (Fath, No. 4/245)
About fasting only on the day of Ashura
In the book “Tuhfat al-Mukhtaaj” by Ibn Hajar al-Haytami it says: “ There is nothing wrong with fasting only on the day of Ashura"(section about the desired post). Fasting on this day is observed, even if it is Friday or Saturday.
It is not advisable to fast only on Friday, unless you add another day to Friday. A person can fast on Friday if it coincides with his usual fast (for example, he fasts every other day), or he fasts in fulfillment of a promise (nazr), or he observes a missed obligatory fast; the same applies to fasting on days prescribed by Shariah, such as Ashura or Arafah. ("Tuhfat al-Muhtaaj")
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The month of Muharram is the first month of the year according to the Muslim calendar. This is one of the four months prohibited for wars, blood feuds and the like. The venerability of the month of Muharram is stated in the Koran and Sunnah. Therefore, every Muslim should try to spend this month in service to the Almighty. How we spend this first month of the year is how the whole year will pass. Imam Ghazali in the book “Ihya” writes that if you spend the month of Muharram in ibadah, then you can hope that its barakat will also apply to the rest of the months of the year.
An authentic hadith narrated by Muslim states: “ After the month of Ramadan, the best time to fast is Muharram. ».
Another hadith narrated by Tabarani states: “ Anyone who fasts one day of the month of Muharram will be rewarded with 30 fasts. " According to another hadith, fasting on Thursday, Friday and Sunday of the month of Muharram is highly rewarded.
Imam Nawawi (may Allah be pleased with him!) in the book “ Zawaidu rrawza " writes: " Of all the highly revered months, Muharram is the best for fasting. ».
Month Muharram also contains the holy day of Ashura.
Muharram is a month of repentance and worship of Allah, so do not miss the chance to receive forgiveness of sins and multiple rewards for good deeds!
Day of Ashura
The 10th day of the month of Muharram is called the day of Ashura (from the word “ashara”, which means “ten”). The month of Muharram, as mentioned above, is one of the highly revered and holy months for Muslims. And the most valuable day of the month of Muharram is Ashura.
On the day of Ashura, as well as on the previous (9 Muharram) or the next (11 Muharram) days, it is advisable (Sunnat) to fast. According to one of the hadiths, fasting on the day of Ashura cleanses a Muslim from sins for the previous and subsequent years, and for a grain of alms (sadaqa) on the day of Ashura, the Almighty will give a reward the size of Mount Uhud.
On the day of Ashura, they distribute sadaka, bring joy to children and loved ones, read the Koran, and perform other godly deeds.
This day marks the creation by the Almighty of Heaven, Earth, Arsh, Kurs, angels, the first man - Adam, and blessings on him. ( The statement that Heaven and Earth were created on this day may seem logically meaningless if we assume that celestial bodies are primary, and the periods of their movement are secondary. In fact, everything is the other way around - periods are primary, and celestial bodies are secondary).
The doomsday (end of the world) will also occur on the day of Ashura.
The day of Ashura also marks the relocation of Adam, blessing him in Paradise, and the acceptance of repentance from him after the Fall. On the day of Ashura there are many happy occasions associated with the prophets.
On this day the ship Nuha(Noah), blessing be upon him, landed at Mount Judy after the Flood; was born Prophet Ibrahim, blessings be upon him; ascended to heaven prophets Isa and Idris, blessings upon them; The prophets Ibrahim, blessings be upon him, were saved from the fire of the pagans, Musa, blessing upon him, and his followers - from persecution, and Pharaoh drowned; Yunus, blessing be upon him, came out of the belly of the fish; Ayub was healed from his illnesses, blessings were given to him; met with his son Yakub, blessings be upon him; Suleiman, blessings be upon him, became king; Yusuf, blessings be upon him, was released from prison.
Prayer recited on the day of Ashura:
First, read the following prayer 70 times:
حَسْبُنَا الله وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيلُ نِعْمَ الْمَوْلىَ وَنِعْمَ الْنَّصِـيرٌ
“Hasbunallahu wa ni'mal vakilu ni'mal mavlya wa ni'ma nnasiru ” (70 times).
Then read this prayer 7 times:
بِسْـمِ اللهِ الرَّحْـمَنِ الرَّحِـيمِ
حَسْبُنَا الله وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيلُ نِعْمَ الْمَوْلىَ وَنِعْمَ النَّصِيرٌ
سُبْحَانَ اللهِ مِلْءَ الْـمِيزَانِ وَمُنْتَهىَ الْعِلْمِ وَمَبْلَغَ الرِّضَى وَزِنَةَ الْعَرْشِ لاَ مَلْجَاءَ وَلاَ مَنْجَأَ مِنَ اللهِ إِلاَ إِلَيْهِ سُبْحَانَ الله عَدَدَ الشَّفْعِ وَالْوَتْرِ وَعَدَدَ كَلِمَـاتِ اللهِ التَّامـَّاتِ كُـلِّهَا، أَسْئَلُكَ (نَسْئَلُكَ) السَّلاَمَةَ بِرَحْمَتِكَ يـآ اَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ وَلاَ حَوْلَ وَلاَ قُوَّةَ إِلاَّ باِللهِ العَليِّ الْعَظِيمِ وَهُوَ حَسْبِى (حَسْبُنَا) وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيلُ نِعْمَ الْمَوْلىَ وَنِعْمَ النَّصِـيرُ وَصَلَّى الله عَلىَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ خَيْرِ خَلْقِهِ وَعَلىَ آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِينَ
Bismillahi rrahmani rrahim.
Hasbunallahu va ni'mal vakilyu ni'mal mavlya va ni'ma nnasyru.
Subhanallahi milal misani wa muntahal ilmi wa mablaga riza wa zinatal 'arshi la maljaa wala manjaa minallahi illya ilyayhi subhanallahi adada shshafi wal watri wa 'adada kalimati llahi tammati kulliha asaluka (nasaluka) ssalyamata birahmatika ya arham and rrahimina. Valya havla wala quvvata illya billahil aliyil ‘azimi wa huwa hasbi (hasbuna) wa ni’mal vakilyu ni’mal mavlya wa ni’ma nnasyru wa salla Allahu ‘ala sayyidina Muhammadin khairi halkihi wa ‘ala alighi wa sahbihi ajma’ina.
Translation:
In the name of Allah, Most Merciful to everyone in this world and the next - only to those who believe!
Allah is sufficient for us, He is the best to rely on, the best Lord, and the best to grant victory (help).
Subhanallah (exalted is Allah from all that is not due to Him!) until the Scales are filled, and according to the amount of His knowledge, until it reaches His satisfaction, and how much the Arsh weighs. We have no one to resort to, no one to turn to, except to Him. Subhanallah (exalted is Allah from all that is not due to Him!) by the number of even and odd numbers, and by the number of perfect words of Allah. I (we) ask (ask) You for salvation according to Your Mercy, O Most Merciful of the merciful! There is no power to give up bad and no power to do good (ibadat) except from Allah Almighty and Great. He is sufficient for me (us), He is the best to rely on, the best Lord, and the best to give victory (help).
The blessings of Allah be upon our master Muhammad, the best of creation, his family (community) and all his companions!
The number of months with Allah is twelve. It has been so in God's Book since the day He created the heavens and the earth. Four of them are reserved months.
These four months, according to reliable hadiths, are Zulkada, Zulhija, Muharram and Rajab. All Koran scholars adhere to this opinion, since the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) during his last hajj said:
The year consists of twelve months, four of which are reserved. Three of them - Zulkada, Zuhlhija and Muharram - follow each other, and the fourth is Rajab.
This does not mean that other months do not have sacred status. For example, Ramadan, which is not included in these four months, is the most holy month per year. These four months are distinguished by the fact that their holiness was recognized even by the Meccan pagans.
By nature, each of the twelve months is equal to the other, none of them has some kind of innate holiness that distinguishes it from the others. Sacred status is given only by Allah, who chooses certain periods of time to send down His blessings.
The sanctity of these four months has been recognized since the time of the prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him). Since the Meccan pagans revered Ibrahim (peace be upon him), they observed the reserved status of these months and, despite frequent civil strife, believed that it was impossible to fight during these months.
In the religious code that was given by Allah to the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the sacred status of these months was also recognized, as evidenced by the Koran.
In addition, the month of Muharram also has some other features:
1. Fasting in Muharram
Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
After Ramadan, the best month to fast is Muharram.
Although fasting in this month is not obligatory, but voluntary, it is rewarded with a generous reward from Allah. The above hadith shows that fasting in a given month brings the greatest reward compared to other voluntary posts.
However, the hadith does not say that the promised reward for fasting in Muharram can be obtained only if you fast for the entire month. Every day of fasting this month brings a reward. Therefore, you need to make the most of this opportunity.
2. Day of Ashura
Although the entire Muharram is sacred, the 10th day of a given month- the most sacred of all his days. This day is called Ashura. Mr. Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) told how the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), when moving to Medina, saw that the Medina Jews were fasting on the 10th of Muharram. The Jews said that on this day Musa (Moses, peace be upon him) and his followers miraculously crossed the Red Sea, and Pharaoh was drowned in its waters. Hearing this from the Jews, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
– We are more connected with Musa than you.
After this, he ordered Muslims to fast on the day of Ashura. (Abu Dawud. Sunan)
In a number authentic hadiths It is reported that at first fasting on the day of Ashura was obligatory for Muslims. But later the Ramadan fast became mandatory, and the fast on the day of Ashura became voluntary. Lady Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) said:
When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) moved to Medina, he himself fasted on the day of Ashura and ordered people to fast on this day. But when the fast of Ramadan became obligatory, the obligation of fasting became limited to Ramadan, and the obligatory fasting of the day of Ashura was abolished. Whoever wants to, fasts on this day, and whoever doesn’t want to, does not fast on this day. (Abu Dawud. Sunan)
However, the Prophet himself (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) fasted on the day of Ashura even after Ramadan fasting became obligatory. Abdullah ibn Musa (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) preferred fasting on the day of Ashura to fasting on other days and preferred fasting of Ramadan to fasting on the day of Ashura. (Bukhari. Sahih; Muslim Sahih)
That is, fasting on the day of Ashura is the sunnah of the prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and for its observance there is a considerable reward.
According to one hadith, it is better that fasting on the day of Ashura is complemented by fasting on the previous or following day. That is, you need to fast for two days:
- either the 9th and 10th Muharram,
– either on the 10th and 11th of Muharram.
The reason for this, as the prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, is that the Jews fasted only on the day of Ashura, and the prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) wanted to separate the Muslim way of fasting from the Jewish one. Therefore, he advised Muslims to add another day of fasting to the fast on the day of Ashura.
Some hadiths point to another feature of the day of Ashura. According to these hadiths, on this day you should be more generous to your family, providing them with more food than on other days. These hadiths, according to the principles of hadith studies, do not differ high degree reliability, but some theologians - such as Bayhaki and Ibn Hibban - considered them trustworthy.
The above information about the day of Ashura is based on reliable sources. Now let's move on to consider misconceptions.
3. Misconceptions and baseless customs
There are various beliefs about the day of Ashura. Not based on reliable Islamic sources, they have nevertheless settled in the minds of some ignorant people. Among such beliefs there are, for example, the following:
– on this day the prophet Adam (peace be upon him) was created;
– on this day the prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) was born;
- on this day Allah accepted the repentance of Adam (peace be upon him);
– on this day the resurrection of people will take place;
– whoever bathes on the day of Ashura will never get sick.
These and other similar inventions are not based on anything. The hadiths referred to in this case do not deserve any credibility.
Some consider it sunnah to prepare a special dish on the day of Ashura. This ritual is also in no way based on reliable Islamic sources.
There are people who associate the sacredness of the day of Ashura with the death of Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him), the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), during a battle with Syrian army. Of course, the death of Mr. Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) is one of the most tragic episodes in our history. But the sacred status of Ashura is in no way connected with it, since this status was established during the life of the prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), long before the birth of Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him). Therefore, the day of Ashura was not received high status because of the death of Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him), but on the contrary: it is the dignity of Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) that his martyrdom occurred on the day of Ashura.
Another misconception is that Muharram is a bad or unlucky month because Mr. Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) was killed during it. Because of this belief, people do not get married in the month of Muharram. But this is only a groundless idea, contrary to the clear teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah. Such superstitions were categorically rejected by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). If death outstanding person on a specific day would make that day unlucky for all subsequent years, it would be difficult to find a day in the year that is not unlucky, because every day is associated with the death of one or another outstanding personality. The Qur'an and Sunnah have freed us from such superstitions.
4. Wailing and sobbing
Another false practice associated with this month is the rituals of lamentation and weeping in memory of martyrdom Mr. Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him). As we have already said, what happened in Karbala is one of the most tragic episodes of our history, but the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) forbade mourning rituals after the death of anyone. In pre-Koranic times, pagans mourned the dead with loud sobs, tearing their clothes and striking their cheeks and chests. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) forbade all this and ordered Muslims to be patient and say:
- Inna lillahi wa inna ilyayhi raji-un. (“We belong to Allah and to Him we will ultimately return”)
There are a number of reliable hadiths on this subject. Here we will limit ourselves to presenting one of them:
The one who hits himself on the cheeks with his palms, tears his clothes and says what they said in pagan times is not among us! (Bukhari. Sahih)
All authoritative jurists are unanimous that sobs of this kind are absolutely unacceptable. Moreover, Mr. Hussein himself (may Allah be pleased with him) shortly before his death told his beloved sister Zeinab (may Allah be pleased with her) not to mourn his death In a similar way:
Sister, I conjure you, in the event of my death, do not tear your clothes, do not scratch your face, do not curse anyone because of me and do not beg for your death. (Ibn Asir. Full story. – Volume 4, page 24)
From the instructions of Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) it follows that any kind of lamentation is condemned even by the blessed person in whose honor these ceremonies are held. Every Muslim should shun these actions and remain faithful to the teachings of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his beloved grandson Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him).
Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani
In the name of Allah, the Gracious and Merciful!
All praise belongs to Allah, Who has no partner, to Whom we call and Whom we ask for help! Peace and blessings to the Messenger of Allah - Muhammad - the best of creations, the favorite of Allah and His prophet!
Apart from the obligatory fasting in the month of Ramadan, there are many other days when fasting is highly desirable for a Muslim. One of the months in which the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, indicated the desirability of fasting is the month of Muharram, which begins the new year of the Islamic calendar.
Allah Almighty said:
إن عدة الشهور عند الله اثنا عشر شهراً في كتاب الله يوم خلق السموات والأرض منها أربعةٌ حرم ذلك الدين القيم فلا تظلموا فيهن أنفسكم
Meaning: “Verily, the number of months with Allah is twelve. This was written in the Scriptures on the day when Allah created the heavens and the earth. Four months of them are forbidden. This is the right religion, and therefore do not do injustice to yourself in them" (Sura “Repentance”, verse 36).
According to the words of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, Muharram is one of the forbidden months of Allah.
It was narrated from Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
«عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ الزَّمَانُ قَدْ اسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالأَرْضَ السَّنَةُ اثْنَا عَشَرَ شَهْرًا مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ ثَلاثَةٌ مُتَوَالِيَاتٌ ذُو الْقَعْدَةِ وَذُو الْحِجَّةِ وَالْمُحَرَّمُ وَرَجَبُ مُضَرَ الَّذِي بَيْنَ جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَانَ
« Time took its form on the day Allah created the heavens and the Earth. The year consists of twelve months, four of which are sacred. Three of them are in a row: Dhu-l-Qa'da, Dhu-l-Hijjah, Muharram, and Rajab Mudara is between the months of Jumada (as-saniya) and Sha'ban
Also, the authentic Sunnah indicates that Muharram is the most best month for fasting after Ramadan.
From Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, it was reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَفْضَلُ الصِّيَامِ بَعْدَ رَمَضَانَ شَهْرُ اللَّهِ الْمُحَرَّمُ وأفضل الصلاة
بعد الفريضة صلاة الليل » رواه مسلم
« The best time for fasting after the month of Ramadan is the month of Allah Muharram, and best prayer after obligatory - night prayer"(Hadith reported by Muslim).
Some scholars have considered that it is advisable to fast for the entire month of Muharram, but it is not established that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ever fasted for the entire month. , as scholars say, indicates the general desirability of fasting in the month of Muharram, but not fasting for the entire month.
It is reported that Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, said:
ما رأيت رسول الله استكمل صيام شهر قط إلا رمضان، وما رأيته في شهر أكثر صياماً منه في شعبان» متفق عليه»
« I have never seen the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, fast for the entire month, except for Ramadan. I also did not see him fasting in other months than in the month of Sha'ban"(Hadith reported by Al-Bukhari and Muslim).
This hadith indicates that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, did not fast in any entire month except Ramadan. Therefore, the above hadith does not indicate the advisability of fasting Muharram in its entirety.
Also, one of the distinctive advantages of the month of Muharram is the day of ‘Ashura, which falls on the tenth day. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, especially marked this day with fasting. Fasting on this day was associated with the fact that Allah saved the prophet Musa, peace be upon him, and his people from Pharaoh. Thus, fasting meant gratitude to Allah for the salvation of the Prophet Musa, peace be upon him, and his people.
It is reported that Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
عن ابن عباس رضي الله تعالى عنهما قال: «قدم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم المدينة فرأى اليهود تصوم يوم عاشوراء فقال: ما هذا؟ قالوا: هذا يوم صالح هذا يوم نجى الله بني إسرائيل من عدوهم فصامه موسى، قال: فأنا أحق بموسى منكم فصامه صلى الله عليه وسلم وأمر بصيامه
« When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) arrived in Medina, he saw that the Jews were fasting on the day of ‘Ashura. He asked them: “What is this day on which we fast?” They replied: “This is a great day, the day on which Allah saved the children of Israel from their enemy, and Musa fasted on this day.” Then the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: “I have more rights to Musa than you.” He fasted on this day and commanded others to fast"(Hadith reported by Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Daud, An-Nasai).
To distinguish yourself from the Jews, it is advisable to fast not only on the day of ‘Ashura, but also the day before or after it.
It is reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
لئن بقيت إلى قابل لأصومن التاسع» رواه مسلم»
« If I survive until next year, I will certainly fast on the ninth day"(Hadith reported by Muslim).
Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah, may Allah have mercy on him, said (in Maju' al-Fatawa) that he wanted to do this in order to distinguish himself from the Jews.
Scientists have said that fasting on the 9th, 10th and 11th days of the month of Muharram is most preferable. This is followed by preference by fasting on days 9 and 10. And to fulfill the sunnah, it will be enough to fast only on the tenth day - the day of Ashura.
Fasting on the day of ‘Ashura is very desirable, firstly, because the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, fasted on this day, and secondly, because sincere fasting on this day washes away the sins committed in the previous year.
From Abu Qatada, may Allah be pleased with him, it was reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:
فعَنْ أَبِي قَتَادَةَ رضي الله عنه ، قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم: «صِيَامُ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ أَحْتَسِبُ عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ السَّنَةَ الَّتِي قَبْلَهُ». صحيح مسلم
« I hope that by fasting on the day of 'Ashura, Allah will forgive the sins committed in the previous year"(Hadith reported by Muslim).
It is also reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, commanded to announce to people:
«عن سلمة بن الأكوع رضي اللَّه عنه ، أن رسول اللَّه صلى الله عليه وسلم أمر رجلاً من أسلم: «أن أذِّن في الناس: من كان أكل فليصم بقية يومه، ومن لم يكن أكل فليصم، فإن اليوم عاشوراء
« The one who has eaten, let him fast for the rest of the day, and the one who has not eaten, let him also fast. Indeed, today is the day of ‘Ashura"(Hadith reported by Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Ad-Darimi).
There are other hadiths that indicate the desirability of fasting during the month of Muharram in general and the day of Ashura in particular. They all say that a Muslim should not leave these days without worshiping Allah, expressed in fasting. This is a great mercy of Allah for us, which can become the reason for the forgiveness of our sins and salvation on the Day of Judgment, so we should try not to miss this opportunity. May Allah help us!
All praise belongs to Allah, peace and blessings be upon him!
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
Advantages and rules month of Allah - Muharram.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, blessings and greetings to the most venerable of prophets and messengers - our Prophet Muhammad, his family and companions. And to all who followed them in goodness until the Day of Judgment.
And then...
Truly, the mercy of Allah Almighty for His servants is that He replaces one season of goodness and mercy with another in order to fully reward His servants and increase His mercy to them. The season of the great Hajj has just ended, as it is already followed by the holy month, the month of Allah - Muharram. You should know its advantages and rules.
Exalting the month of Allah - Muharram.
Allah Almighty said: “Truly, the number of months with Allah is twelve in the Tablet of Allah from the day He created the Heavens and the Earth. Of these, four are forbidden, and this is the true faith, and do not harm yourself during these months...” Surah "At-Tauba" - "Repentance", verse 36. From Abu Bakrat (may Allah be pleased with him) it is reported that the Prophet (may Allah be pleased with him) said in his sermon during the Hajj: “Time moves according to its order from the day Allah created the Heavens and the Earth. There are twelve months in a year, of which four are forbidden, three in a row: Zulqa, Zulhija and Muharram, Rajab Mudar between Jumada and Shaban.”
Al-Qurtubi said: “Allah the Almighty, exalting the forbidden months, specifically named them and forbade sinning during these months, although sinning is always prohibited, as Allah Almighty said: “... you cannot have intimacy, you cannot sin and you cannot argue during the Hajj.”. Surah Al-Bakara - "The Cow", 197 verses. Based on this, most mufassirs say: "... and do not harm yourself during these months..." that is: "in the four forbidden months." Hammad bin Salam reported from Ali bin Zayd, from Yusuf bin Mahran that Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) said: “...do not harm yourself during these months...”, that is, all twelve months.”
The dignity of the month of Allah is Muharram.
Ibn Rajab said: “There are different opinions among scientists about which of the forbidden months is better? Al-Hasan and others said: "The best of them is the forbidden month of Allah, Muharram." This is the preferred opinion of some later scholars. Wahb bin Jarir reported from Qurra bin Khalid that Al-Hasan said: “Verily, Allah begins the year with a forbidden month and ends it with a forbidden month. There is no month in the year more majestic before Allah after Ramadan than Muharram, and it is called the “deaf” month of Allah because of the degree of its forbiddenness.” An-Nasai quotes Abu Dharra (may Allah be pleased with him): “I asked the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): “Which night is the best and which month is the best?” He replied: "The best night- middle of the night, and best month- the month of Allah, which you call Muharram." These words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) mean: the best month after Ramadan.” One of the evidence indicating the dignity of Muharram is cited by Muslim from Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) hadith of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “The best fast after the fast of Ramadan is the fast of the month of Allah, Muharram, and the best prayer after the prescribed one is prayer at night.”. Ibn Qasim said: "The best month for additional worship after the month of Ramadan is the month of Allah, Muharram. Because additional worship on some days better days Muharram, for example, the day of Araf and the tenth day of the month of Zulhija. The best prayer after the prescribed one is the additional night prayer.”
An-Nawawi said: “If they ask: “The hadith says that the best fast after the fast of Ramadan is the fast of Muharram. Then why is most of the additional fasting in Shaban and not in Muharram? Answer: “Perhaps he learned about the merits of Muharram at the end of his life, without having time to fast in this month, or he had other reasons why he could not fast much in this month, for example: travel, illness or something other."
Ibn Rajab said: “The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) called Muharram the month of Allah and this indicates the honorable status and dignity of this month, for Allah Almighty calls His own and connects with His name only the most worthy of His creations. Just as He called His servants Muhammad, Ibrahim, Ishaq, Yaqub and other prophets, or like His House, His camel. If Allah Almighty has distinguished this month among other months, it should be distinguished by the worship that belongs only to Allah Almighty - fasting."
Another reason is also given why this month is called the month of Allah. This indicates that Allah Almighty himself declared it forbidden, and no one has the right to change it, as the Arabs did before Islam. They declared it to be lawful, and they declared Safar to be forbidden instead.
There is a day in this month on which it happened greatest event, the victory of good over evil, the victory of truth over lies. On this great day, Allah Almighty saved Musa (peace be upon him) and his people, drowned the pharaoh and his army. Therefore, this day has great dignity and great extent since ancient times.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) said that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) arrived in Medina and saw that the Jews were fasting on the day of Ashura, and addressed them: "What is this day on which you fast?"They have replyed: “This is a great day on which Allah saved Musa and his people, drowned Pharaoh and his people. Musa fasted this day as a sign of gratitude to Allah, and we also fast on this day.”The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "We are more worthy of this and closer to Musa than you." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) himself fasted and ordered others to fast on this day. Reported by Al-Bukhari and Muslim, Ahmad cites this hadith from Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him), adding: "On this day the ark stopped at Al-Judi, and Nuh fasted on this day in gratitude to Allah."
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “I did not see that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sought to fast and put the fast of other days above this day - the day of Ashura and this month, that is, over the month of Ramadan.” Reported by Al-Bukhari and Muslim.
Ibn Rajab said: “It follows from this that the day of Ashura is the best day for fasting after Ramadan, but Ibn Abbas gives only his opinion, without refuting the opinions of others. Muslim cites a hadith from Abu Qatada that the fast of Ashura is the atonement of one year, and the fast of the day of Arafah is expiation of two years and it becomes clear that the fast of the day of Arafah is better than the fast of the day of Ashura. It is said that the wisdom of this is that the day of Ashura is the day of Musa (peace be upon him), and the day of Arafah is the day of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and therefore he is better."
Ar-Rabi bint Muawwiz bin Afra said: “The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sent a message on the morning of Ashura to the Ansar villages around Medina: “Whoever intends to fast, let him fast, and whoever has eaten, let him not eat for the rest of the day.” After that, we fasted ourselves. and taught our young children to fast. We went to the mosque and made toys for them from dyed wool. If one of them cried, wanting to eat, then we gave him this toy until it was time to break the fast.". Reported by Al-Bukhari and Muslim.
Virtues of the Day of Ashura.
The day of Ashura has great dignity and degree since ancient times. For this reason, Musa (peace be upon him) fasted on this day, as well as all the possessors of the Book, and even the Quraish fasted on this day before Islam.
Several hadiths are given about the virtues of the day of Ashura and the virtues of fasting on the day of Ashura.
It is reported in the Sahih collection of Muslim from Abu Qatada that one person asked the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura and he replied: “Indeed, I hope in Allah that this fast will atone for the sins of last year.”. Muslim 1976. It is a great mercy of Allah for us that by fasting for one day, the sins of an entire year will be forgiven.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “I did not see that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sought to fast and put the fast of other days above this day - the day of Ashura and this month - above the month of Ramadan.” Al-Bukhari 1867.
How should one fast on the day of Ashura?
1. Fast on the ninth and tenth days of Muharram. This fast is considered the best according to the hadith of Muslim, quoted from Abu Qatada, which says that one person asked the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura and he replied: In a hadith reported by Muslim from Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him), the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “If I live until next year, verily, I will fast for the ninth and tenth days.”
Imam An-Nawawi cites several scholarly opinions on the wisdom of fasting the ninth day:
1) one should not be like the Jews, who fast only on the tenth day;
2) it is impossible to fast only on Friday; it is prescribed to fast one more day with Friday (also with the day of Ashura);
3) do not forget about the danger that the month may not be complete (29 days or 30 days), and then the ninth day may actually turn out to be the tenth.
2. Fasting on the tenth and eleventh days. According to the hadith of Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them), the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “Do not be like the Jews, fast one day before or one day after.” Reported by Ahmad and Ibn Khuzaimah.
3. Fasting on the ninth, tenth and eleventh days. According to the hadith of Ibn Abbas: "Fast one day before and one day after."
4. Fasting only on the tenth day according to the hadith of Muslim, quoted from Abu Qatada about one person who asked the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura and he replied: “Indeed, I hope in Allah that this fast will atone for the sins of last year.”
Damir-hazrat Nafikov
