Summary of the chapter Zaytsevo. Life after a pardon. Seeing off to the army

Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow . A.

The narration opens with a letter to his friend Alexei Mikhailovich Kutuzov, in which Radishchev explains his feelings that made him write this book. This is a kind of blessing for work.

Taking a road trip, our traveler goes to the commissioner for horses, but they don't give horses, they say no, although there are up to twenty nags in the stable. Twenty kopecks had an effect “on the drivers”. Behind the commissar's back, they harnessed a troika, and the traveler went on. The cabman pulls a mournful song, and the traveler reflects on the character of the Russian man. If a Russian wants to dispel melancholy, he goes to a tavern; what is not for him, gets into a fight. The traveler asks God why he turned his back on people?

Discourse on a disgusting road that cannot be overcome even in summer rains... In the station hut, the traveler meets a loser-writer - a nobleman who wants to foist on him his literary work "on the loss of privileges by the nobles." The traveler gives him copper pennies, and offers to give the "labor" to the peddlers for weight, so that they use paper for "wrapping", since it is not suitable for anything else.

A traveler sees a peasant plowing on a holiday and asks if he is a schismatic. An Orthodox peasant, but he is forced to work on Sunday, because he goes to corvee six days a week. The peasant says that he has three sons and three daughters, the eldest is only ten years old. To keep the family from starving, he has to work at night. He works hard for himself, but somehow for the master. In the family he is one worker, and the master has many of them. The peasant envies the quitrent and state peasants, it is easier for them to live, then he harnesses the horses so that they can rest, and he himself works without rest. The traveler mentally curses all the landlord-exploiters and himself for offending his Petrushka when he was drunk.

The traveler meets with a friend from the university Chelishchev, who told about his adventure in the raging Baltic, where he almost died, because the official refused to send help, saying: "That is not my position." Now Chelishchev is leaving the city - the "host of lions" so as not to see these villains.

Spasskaya field

The traveler got caught in the rain and asked to dry in the hut. There he hears her husband's story about an official who loves “oysters” (oysters). For the fulfillment of his whim - the delivery of oysters - he gives ranks, awards from the state treasury. The rain is over. The traveler continued on his way with a begging companion. A fellow traveler tells his story, how he was a merchant, trusting dishonest people, was put on trial, his wife died in childbirth, which began due to worries a month earlier. A friend helped this unfortunate man to escape. The traveler wants to help the fugitive, in a dream he imagines himself as an omnipotent ruler, whom everyone admires. This dream reveals to him the stranger Straight Eye, she removes the thorn from his eyes, preventing him from seeing the truth. The author declares that the tsar was known among the people as "a deceiver, a hypocrite, a pernicious comedian." Radishchev shows the discrepancy between Catherine's words and deeds; The empire's ostentatious splendor, lush, ornate façade conceals horrific images of oppression. Pryamovzor addresses the king with words of contempt and anger: "Know that you are ... the first robber, the foremost traitor of the common silence, the fierce enemy, directing his anger to the inside of the weak." Radishchev shows that there are no good kings, they pour out their favors only on the unworthy.

Podberezie

The traveler meets with a young man who goes to St. Petersburg to study with his uncle. Here are the arguments of a young man about the absence of an education system, which is fatal for the country. He hopes that the descendants will be happier in this regard, because will be able to learn.

Novgorod

The traveler admires the city, recalling its heroic past and how Ivan the Terrible set out to destroy the Novgorod Republic. The author is outraged: what right did the tsar have to “seize Novgorod”?

The traveler then goes to his friend, Karp Dementich, who married his son. Everyone is sitting at the table together (host, young people, guest). The traveler paints portraits of the owners. And the merchant talks about his business. As “it was launched all over the world”, now the son trades.

Bronnitsy

The traveler goes to the sacred hill and hears the formidable voice of the Almighty: "Why would you want to know the secret?" "What are you looking for a foolish child?" Where there was once a "great city" the traveler sees only poor shacks.

The traveler meets his friend Krestyankin, who once served, and then retired. Krestyankin, a very conscientious and warm-hearted man, was the chairman of the criminal chamber, but left his post, seeing the futility of his efforts. Krestyankin tells about a certain nobleman who began his career as a court stoker, tells about the atrocities of this shameless man. The peasants could not stand the humiliation of the landowner's family and killed everyone. Krestyankin acquitted the "guilty" brought by the landowner to the point of murder. No matter how Krestyankin fought for a just solution to this case, nothing came of it. They were executed. And he retired, so as not to be an accomplice in this atrocity. The traveler receives a letter, which tells about a strange wedding between “a 78-year-old fellow and a 62-year-old young woman,” a certain widow who is engaged in pimping, and in her old age decided to marry the baron. He marries money, and she wants to be called "Your Highness" in her old age. The author says that without the Burynd people the light would not have stood for three days, he is outraged by the absurdity of what is happening.

Seeing the parting of his father and his sons going to the service, the traveler recalls that ninety-eight out of a hundred serving noblemen “become rakes”. He grieves that he will soon have to part with his eldest son. The author's reasoning leads him to the conclusion: “Tell me the truth, child-loving father, tell me, a true citizen! Wouldn't you like to strangle your son rather than let him go to the service? Because in the service, everyone cares about their pocket, and not about the welfare of their homeland. " The landowner, calling the traveler to witness how hard it is for him to part with his sons, tells them that they do not owe him anything, but must work for the good of the fatherland, for this he raised and lived them, taught them sciences and made them think. He admonishes his sons not to stray from the true path, not to lose a pure and high soul.

Yazhelbitsy

Driving past the cemetery, the traveler sees a heartbreaking scene when the father, throwing himself on the coffin of his son, does not allow him to be buried, crying that they do not bury him with his son in order to end his torment. For he is guilty that the son was born weak and sick, and as long as he lived, he suffered so much. The traveler mentally speculates that he, too, probably transmitted diseases with the vices of youth to his sons.

This ancient town is known for the affectionate disposition of unmarried women. The traveler says that everyone knows "Valdai bagels and shameless girls." Then he tells the legend about a sinful monk who drowned in a storm in a lake, swimming across to his beloved.

The traveler sees many smart women and girls. He admires their healthy appearance, reproaching the noblewomen for disfiguring their figures, pulling themselves into corsets, and then dying of childbirth, because for years they spoiled their bodies for the sake of fashion. The traveler talks to Annushka, who at first behaves harshly, and then, having talked, told that her father had died, she lived with her mother and sister, and wanted to get married. But they ask for one hundred rubles for the groom. Vanyukha wants to go to St. Petersburg to work. But the traveler says: "Do not let him go there, there he will learn to drink, weaned himself from peasant labor." He wants to give money, but the family does not take it. He is amazed at their generosity.

Future project

Written on behalf of another traveler, even more progressive in his views than Radishchev. Our traveler finds the papers left by his brother. Reading them, he finds, similar to his thoughts, reasoning about the perniciousness of slavery, the malice of the landowners, the lack of education.

Vyshny Drag

The traveler admires the locks and man-made canals. He talks about a landowner who treated peasants like slaves. They worked for him all day, and he gave them only meager food. The peasants did not have their own allotments and cattle. And this "barbarian" flourished. The author calls on the peasants to destroy the estate and tools of this non-human, who treats them like oxen.

Dropping (again written from someone else's notes)

Project of the future

The author says that the kings imagined themselves to be gods, surrounded themselves with a hundred servants and imagined that they were useful to the fatherland. But the author is sure that this order should be changed. The future belongs to education. Only then will there be justice when people become equal.

The traveler meets with a man who wants to open a free printing house. What follows is a discussion of the perniciousness of censorship. “What harm would it be if the books were printed without the stigma of a policeman?” The author claims that the benefits of this are obvious: "The rulers are not free to excommunicate the people from the truth." The author in “A Brief Narrative of the Origin of Censorship” says that censorship and the Inquisition have the same roots. And tells the story of typography and censorship in the west. And in Russia ... in Russia what happened to the censorship, he promises to tell "another time."

The traveler sees a round dance of young women and girls. And then there is a description of the shameful public sale of peasants. A 75-year-old man is waiting to whom he will be given. His 80-year-old wife was the breadwinner for the mother of a young master who mercilessly sold his peasants. There is also a 40-year-old woman, the nurse of the master himself, and the whole peasant family, including the baby, going under the hammer. It is terrible for the traveler to see this barbarism.

The traveler listens to the discourse of the tavern interlocutor "at lunchtime" about the poetry of Lomonosov, Sumarokov and Trediakovsky. The interlocutor reads excerpts from the ode "Freedom" by Radishchev, allegedly written by him, which he is taking to St. Petersburg to publish. The traveler liked the poem, but he did not have time to tell the author about it, because he hastily left.

Here the traveler sees a recruitment, hears the cries and cries of peasants, learns about the many violations and injustices that are happening in this case. The traveler listens to the story of the courtyard Vanka, who was brought up and taught together with a young master, called Vanyusha, was sent abroad not as a slave, but as a comrade. But the old master favored him, and the young man hated and envied his successes. The old man died. The young owner got married, and his wife hated Ivan, humiliated him in every possible way, and then decided to marry the dishonored courtyard girl. Ivan called the landowner "an inhuman woman", then he was sent to the soldier. Ivan is glad of such a fate. Then the traveler saw three peasants whom the landowner sold as recruits, since he needed a new carriage. The author is amazed at the iniquity that is happening around.

A bright and entertaining work by A. Radishchev tells about the unfair attitude towards the main class of the Russian Empire - the class of peasants. Being a convinced patriot of his country, A. Radishchev is shocked to the depths of his soul by how the peasants live, the stratum of the population that feeds the entire country and at the expense of whose labor all other classes live. A. Radishchev is convinced that the unwillingness to open one's eyes and understand all the injustice of the class structure of the country is the root of all troubles and misfortunes.

The work teaches that sometimes the habitual way of life, which seems correct and fair only because it lasts for many years, can be monstrously unfair, and not thinking about it means tacitly agreeing with injustice.

Read the summary Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow Radishchev

The classic is written in the form of travel notes. The author, narrating and discussing what the traveler sees and feels during the trip, expresses his worries about the fate of the country, indignation at the monstrous indifference, negligence, and sometimes even cruelty towards serfs. All this is allowed, with all this they tacitly agree, and in some cases they justify and even approve.

In the work, the author talks about the reverse side of the life of Russian society, about generally accepted values, about the morals reigning in it. It should be remembered that many of the problems described by A. Radishchev are relevant to this day.

The main character of the book is a middle-aged man, a nobleman, a person who is not at all poor. He goes to Moscow in his carriage. What he sees along the way makes him think deeply about life and is told by him in the first person.

Chapter 1. Sofia

This part describes how the caretakers work at stations where travelers change horses. The employee, not wanting to disturb himself at night, insists that all the horses are busy.

The main character, making sure that the stable is full of horses, goes to the coachmen, who, for a small gift, graciously agree to work and provide him with a carriage and horses, and the traveler leaves, experiencing ambiguous and mixed feelings.

Chapter 2. Tosna

This part presents a story about various noble families. The author expresses the idea of ​​how stupid and ridiculous it is to boast of your breed, which did not go as a reward for any merits or feats, but just like that, by birthright from ancestors.

Chapter 3. Lyubani

In this part, the traveler communicates with the man. Tired and worn out from the road and bumps, the hero decides to walk. He meets a man in the field. A man is plowing a field in the sun. The day described is Sunday, the day on which it is a sin to work.

A peasant is forced to work, despite the fact that he himself considers it a sin, in order to feed his children, because the rest of the time he works for his master, who does not even care about the hardships of the life of his serfs.

Hearing this the main character feels a burning shame not only for all the nobles, but also for himself. After deeply thinking about his behavior, he admits that sometimes it is also unfair.

Chapter 4. Miraculous

This part tells how a traveler meets his friend, and he tells how he endured a very unpleasant sea voyage. The ship nearly sank. On the shore, no one could do anything, because the boss was asleep, and all the employees were afraid to wake him up.

Finally, the ship's helmsman was still able to find those who wanted to help them. When the travelers got ashore and demanded the chief to answer, he brazenly said that he was not obliged to do anything.

Chapter 5. Spasskaya Polesie

The author sleeps at the staging post. A juror and his wife are nearby. The judge tells her about how the governor, whose favorite dish is oysters, sends his employees for oysters under the pretext of business trips.

In the morning, the spouses ask the protagonist to take them into their carriage and tell how the official lost everything he had in life, thanks to the negligence of officials. Being a decent person, he was forced to leave home and flee police harassment.

The traveler is rocked on the road, he sleeps, he dreams that he has become a powerful man. In a dream, it seems to him that everything is arranged as it should in his country. But suddenly a healer named Truth comes to him and gives him the opportunity to realize the fruits of his reign.

He suddenly realizes that his courtiers were misleading him that everything in the country is in complete disarray. The main character wakes up in fear.

Chapter 6. Underbirch

In this part, the main character speaks to a man who recently graduated from seminary. He is disappointed with education. received in theological seminary and wants to acquire true, not false knowledge in St. Petersburg.

A young seminarian tells that in seminaries all lessons are taught in Latin, no one understands anything, and the knowledge they give is stupid and useless.

The young man forgot his papers. It talks about Martinism and Freemasonry. The traveler understands that the seminarian never received any knowledge about spirituality and was carried away by mysticism. The main character himself rejects the strange opinions of the Freemasons.

Chapter 7. Novgorod

In this chapter, A. Radishchev gives an insight into history. Once the principality of Novgorod was very famous and influential. Everyone strove for justice.

But after Ivan the Terrible subdued Novgorod, everything fell into decay. The traveler thinks about whether Ivan the Terrible could have done this from the point of view of morality, asking himself the question whether everything can be decided from a position of strength.

Relying on historical documents A. Radishchev, through the lips of his protagonist, tells about the democratic principles of government in this city, and, in principle, about the morals and orders in it.

According to the works of literary scholars, A. Radishchev did not quite correctly imagine the historical picture of the city, which means that he somewhat idealized it. In reality, of course, Novgorod was ruled at that time strongest of the world this, those in whose hands the power is concentrated. According to the researchers, democracy as such was absent in this city.

This section outlines the image of the swindler Karp Dementievich. He deceives people, but at the same time he is considered a respected person. This is a merchant who takes advances for goods without giving anything in return. Robbing people, he does not consider himself to be guilty of anything at all.

Karp Dementievich cleverly evades the law, because he guessed to transfer all his property to his wife.

A. Radishchev in this chapter points out that such adventures are taking place throughout the country, since the judicial and legislative systems are very imperfect and require significant reform, which is especially important in the sphere of trade.

Chapter 8. Bronnitsy

This part describes how the traveler goes to the dais, where a temple of worship of pagan gods was previously located. The main character indulges in deep thoughts about God, about life itself, about the place of man in it.

According to the character, a person himself must manage his life and do everything to make it full and happy.

The role of God is to give a person a merciful soul and consciousness, and only a person himself must achieve happiness and prosperity.

Chapter 9. Zaitsevo

The section of the work tells how the main character met his friend by the name of Krestyankin, who worked as a chief in the court.

One day Krestyankin happened to work on a case involving the murder of a cruel landowner who mistreated his peasants. He beat them, forced them to work too much and starve, and also subjected them to inhuman suffering.

In the end, people who were driven to white heat killed both the master and his children. Krestyankin sympathized with them with all his heart and considered them innocent, but his colleagues insisted that the criminals should be condemned so that others would be discouraged.

Not wanting to be one of the defendants in the wrongful court, Krestyankin parted with the service. At the end of the conversation, the official disappears, and the author is handed a message from St. Petersburg.

In a letter, a friend of the protagonist talks about the wedding of two elderly libertines. The woman is sixty-two years old and the man seventy-eight years old. The bride was once the mistress of a brothel, became rich, also doing dirty work.

As for her fiancé, Baron Duryndin, he decided to marry her for the sake of her wealth. And the lady herself got married because she was afraid to be left alone.

Chapter 10. Sacrum

This part describes the scene where the grown sons leave Father's house, and parents tell them wise words of farewell, telling them how to live among people. When young people leave their parents, the traveler himself is deeply moved.

He thinks about how happy parents are with kind children. The character talks a lot about relationships in good families.

Chapter 11. Yazhelbitsy

This part tells how the father participated in the funeral of his son. The section tells the story of the father's despair. The father blamed himself for the death of his beloved child.

The man's fault was that the boy was ill with early childhood, since in his youth his father took medicine for bad diseases. These medicines were based on mercury, which has a detrimental effect on the health of unborn children.

The traveler himself, with a sense of guilt and shame, recalled how in his youth he suffered a venereal disease, and now his harmful passions can also affect his offspring.

Deep in thought, the main character reflects on the perniciousness of debauchery and how people should eradicate vice from their lives.

Chapter 12. Valdai

This part tells the story of the city of Valdai, which has a very bad reputation. Since there are a lot of priestesses of love in this city, many gentlemen stop there passing through to spend time in baths with prostitutes.

Chapter 13. Edrovo

During the trip, the traveler saw several peasant women. On the way, he reflects on the fact that the village women are much nicer in appearance than the ladies in the city. The main character thinks about how little ladies paint lush dresses and expensive corsets in comparison with sundresses.

The chapter describes a conversation between a traveler and a peasant woman named Anna. Anna says that she and her fiancé cannot get married, because they do not have one hundred rubles for the ransom. Wanting to contribute to the happiness of young people, the main character wants to give one hundred rubles, but Anna and her mother refuse.

Despite their poverty, peasant women are ashamed to accept money from the master, because accepting such a gift means that the master is paying off the girl for his love affairs. Since the peasant women do not wish for themselves shame, they do not take money.

After talking with peasant women, the traveler thinks about the problem for a long time unequal marriages and the reasons that push people to give to marry very young and immature people. He reflects on how the rich marry girls who have not grown at all, which, according to the author, is unforgivable.

Chapter 14. Hotilov

This part is devoted to reflections on the abolition of serfdom. The traveler saw a bundle on the road. He unfolds the papers of a certain person unknown to the protagonist. There, thoughts are given about the abolition of serfdom. The author of the project says that slavery is a social misfortune, a legalized crime, and like any evil it must be eradicated.

Further, it turns out that these are the papers of one of the friends of the main character, because, in addition to the project on the abolition of serfdom, he forgot other documents. The traveler takes all the papers and reads them on the way.

Chapter 15. High Drag

When a traveler passes this city, he sees a thriving estate, fat fields and great amount goods. He reflects on the fact that all this was achieved in a criminal way, since it was earned at the cost of the distorted lives of the peasants, due to their hard work, health and lives.

The traveler recalls a nobleman he knew who, wanting to get more profit from his estate, forced his serfs to work without rest and holidays. He took away their livestock, land and even food. The estate really became very rich, but the peasants themselves were destitute.

The main character himself feels a sense of shame for such owners, believes that they need to be put in their place, and does not understand how others have the conscience to praise them for their enterprise and intelligence.

Chapter 16. Dropping

This chapter provides reflections on luxuries and customs at court. Continuing to read the papers of his friend, the protagonist stumbles upon a reform project on court positions. The main idea outlined in the document is that the head of state should differ not due to the splendor of the court and trinkets, but due to the wisdom of the government. This chapter touches upon the name of Catherine II, who loved luxury.

Chapter 17. Torzhok

This part of the book tells about the problems of censorship and the need to abolish it. A traveler meets a man heading to St. Petersburg. He is very eager to achieve the abolition of censorship in the city of Torzhok, seeking the right to print whatever books he wants.

This person believes that the readers themselves are censors of books, and the censorship service violates the democratic principles of society. As you know, in the 18th century the Russian state had very strict censorship, and printing was very tightly controlled.

According to A. Radishchev, censorship was introduced by the church, and its first servants were clerics.

Chapter 18. Copper

This section describes how serfs are served. During the trip, a traveler reads about how serfs are lowered along with all their belongings for the debts of their bar. Children are separated from their parents, but no one cares about this, because serfs are a commodity.

Chapter 19. Tver

When a traveler visits Tver, he communicates with the poet and discusses with him the problems of literature in Russia. The poet reads his work to him.

Chapter 20. Gorodnya

At this point, the main character sees how a serf guy goes to the army, forced to leave his mother alone.

Serfs are also sold there so that the landowner can buy horses and a fashionable carriage.

Chapter 21. Zavidovo

The protagonist becomes a witness of how big officials are served at stops and at what speed horses are served for them.

The traveler expresses his thoughts that not all great ranks are worth the respect and reverence that they require for themselves.

Chapter 22. Wedge

In this part, the traveler saw a beggar. He refuses the ruble given to him and asks for something warm from clothes. The main character gives him a handkerchief, and later learns that the beggar died in this shawl, and he was buried in it.

Chapter 23. Pawns

This part conveys the character's conversation with a peasant woman who talks about injustice and poverty. The traveler thinks for a long time about why the peasants, who produce everything that the whole country eats, themselves are forced to live in constant hunger.

Chapter 24. Black Mud

In this part, the main character talks about forced weddings, from which no one is happy or joyful.

Chapter 25

A. Radishchev's work is one of the most progressive works not only of the past, but also of the present.

Picture or drawing Radishchev - Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow

Other retellings for the reader's diary

• Summary of Turgenev Ermolai and the miller's wife

  At the beginning of the work, I will give you a description of Yermolai, he was 45 years old, was tall, thin, with a funny long nose and unruly hair. He wore a yellow caftan and blue trousers all the time. He had an old weapon and a dog called Valetka

Among the companions of the hero on the way from St. Petersburg to Moscow there are:

1. officials;
2. peasants;
3. merchants;
4. old friends and friends.

Departure

The hero, on whose behalf the story is being told, goes to Moscow from St. Petersburg. He sits in the wagon, but, unfortunately, falls asleep in it and wakes up only at the Sofia station - the post office.

Since he got here in the middle of the night, it was not easy to get horses and continue the trip. The postmaster refused to carry out the assignments, so they had to bribe the drivers with vodka.

Tosna

The journey to Moscow from St. Petersburg used to be pleasant to the hero. But soon the blurred road turned into a sticky goo. It became unbearable to ride on it, so the hero decided to take a break in Tosna.

In the post office, he meets the archival registrar. He became famous for composing genealogies for every taste, which the nobles were happy to acquire. This stupid man is doing, in the hero's opinion, a very stupid thing.

Meeting with a peasant

The narrator decides to continue his journey on foot. On the way to Lyuban, he passes the fields, where he sees a peasant plowing the land. The hero suspects the man of schismaticism, because it is a sin to work on Sunday.

But in fact, it turns out that the peasant is forced to work in the field on a single day off in order to feed his family. After all, the other six days a week, he works for the landowner. This story made the hero think about the landlord's inhumanity and his attitude towards the servants.

Meeting with friend Ch.

In Chudovo, the hero meets with his friend Ch. Toth tells why he had to leave Petersburg. While resting in Peterhof, Ch. And his friends decided on a dangerous trip by water to Kronstadt and Sestroretsk.

Everything started well, but soon the travelers were overtaken by a storm. Their boat fell into a narrow passage between the rocks, got stuck there and began to sink. One of the rowers managed to swim to the shore. There he rushed for help to local chief, but he was asleep, and the guy did not wake him up.

Finally, the remaining victims of the shipwreck made it to land. Ch. Went with a complaint to the chief, to which he received an answer, as if he should not save the drowning.

Offended, Ch. Realized that in such an insensitive city he had nothing else to do and left it. The hero tried to disbelieve Ch. In his hasty conclusions, but he did not listen and quickly left.

Spasskaya field

Bad weather prevents the hero from continuing his journey. He has to stop at the station to dry off and sleep. Here he hears an interesting conversation between husband and wife about a high-ranking official who is very fond of oysters.

The love for these seafood was so great that he even sent his subordinates on hikes for oysters. Upon their return, they received a promotion and various honors.

In the morning, a passenger joins the hero and tells his story. He turned out to be susceptible to bureaucratic deception. As a result of this, the hero's fellow traveler lost all his money and position in society, his family. Only friends remained, who, saving him from prison, put him in a wagon and sent him to all four directions.

The hero is very moved by this story. He decides that only an impartial person could help his fellow traveler. Supreme Court... The hero falls asleep, where he sees himself as such a supreme judge, praised by society. But he suddenly regains his sight, and it turns out that the people in his state are unhappy, and the government is dishonorable.

Conversation with a seminarian

In Podberezye, the hero meets a young man who has just graduated from a theological seminary. He complains to the hero about the education he received: it is unsuitable for life, knowledge has not increased. And where do they come from if subjects are taught only in Latin. The seminarist cherishes the hope of obtaining a good education In Petersburg.

This meeting makes the hero think about science and Martinism.

Novgorod

Arriving in Novgorod, the narrator reflects on his story. He recalls that initially a system of popular government was established here. The city itself and the entire Novgorod principality flourished.

But Ivan the Terrible came and with his aggressive actions, in fact, ruined him. The hero wonders if the king had the right to do so. And are rights necessary if there is power and strength?

For dinner, the hero goes to his friend Karp Dementievich. This respected citizen used to be a merchant. He was engaged in scams: he took money, but did not give the goods to the buyer. I was also able to avoid justice through dishonest means. The hero understands that there are a lot of such cases throughout Russia.

Thoughts of god

In Bronnitsy, the narrator makes another stop. He goes to the place where the pagan temple used to stand. Here he is visited by thoughts about God and about life.

Meeting with Mr. Krestyankin

At the Zaitsovo station, the hero meets his old friend. Mr. Krestyankin previously served in the criminal chamber. He talks about a case with a cruel landowner. His son dishonored a peasant woman.

The girl's groom, in a fit of rage, beat the abuser to death with other peasants. By court order, Krestyankin was forced to either sentence everyone to death penalty, or resign. He chose the latter. After his story, Krestyankin says goodbye to the hero.

Scene of father's farewell to children

At the station of Kresttsy, the narrator sees a man saying goodbye to his leaving sons. Kind, touching and correct words make the hero think about the topic of parental love and family relationships.

Funeral scene

In Yazhelbitsy, the hero drives past the cemetery where the funeral takes place. The father buries his son, sobbing, blames himself for his death, says that he created the child sick. The hero is frightened by such words.

He reflects on his life, fears for the health of his future children, because in his youth he was treated for sexually transmitted diseases... The reasoning leads the hero into the area of ​​debauchery legalized by the state (the creation of brothels).

Valdai

Valdai is famous for the abundance of loving shameless women. Here the hero recalls the legend of a loving monk who swam across Valdai Lake to meet his beloved. One of these swims ended in tragedy - the monk died in a storm.

Peasant Anyuta

Amazingly attracts the hero with the generosity of its inhabitants. A young peasant woman, Anyuta, lives here. She is getting married, but the young have no money for a living yet. The hero offers his material assistance, but Anyuta's fiancé refuses, stating that he will be able to raise a new farm with his own hands.

Discourse on serfdom

At the Hotilov station, the hero finds a parcel. After reading it, he begins to think about serfdom, calling it evil and atrocity. The hero continues to talk about the hard lot of peasants in Vyshny Volochek and Vydropusk.

On the abolition of censorship

The hero meets in Torzhok with a man seeking to achieve the abolition of censorship. For this, he went to St. Petersburg. This person believes that the people, not the state, should monitor the quality and content of books.

Bargaining

In Copper, the hero gets to the auction. Selling out peasants-indebtedness, dividing families and creating a real tragedy among the people.

In Tver, the hero meets a young poet, there is a conversation about freedom.

Seeing off to the army

In the village of Gorodnya, the hero sees how an old woman-mother escorts her only son-breadwinner to the army. There is crying all over the village, where there are many wives, brides, and mothers. But not for all recruits, the army is hard labor. Some seek to free themselves from domestic pressures.

Peasant hut

The Narrator stops at the Pawns. Here he is faced with the hard life of serfs who cannot even afford to buy sugar, so they are forced to eat only bread. The hero is sincerely amazed at this state of affairs. He accuses the landlord and the whole world of cruelty.

Article about Lomonosov

Final chapter. The hero admires Lomonosov, speaks of his importance in the history of Russian literature and literature.

Finally, the narrator says goodbye to the readers. He drives up to Moscow.

I rode after my friend so quickly that I overtook him at the post office. I tried to persuade him to return to Petersburg, tried to prove to him that small and private disturbances in the society of communication would not destroy him, like a pellet falling into the sea, cannot disturb the surface of the water. But he told me flatly: - Whenever I, a small pellet, went to the bottom, then, of course, there would be no storm in the Gulf of Finland, but I would go to live with the seals. - And, with an air of indignation saying goodbye to me, lay down in his wagon and drove off hastily. The horses were already harnessed; I have already raised my leg to get into the wagon; when suddenly it began to rain. - The trouble is not big, - I thought: - I will close the price and be dry. - But as soon as this thought flew in my brain, it was as if they had dipped me into a hole. The sky, without asking me, opened a cloud, and the rain poured down in a bucket. You can't relieve yourself with the weather; according to the proverb: you drive more quietly, you will be far away - I got out of the wagon and ran into the first hut. The owner was already going to bed, and it was dark in the hut. But even in the dark I begged permission to dry myself. He took off his wet dress and put what was drier under his head and soon fell asleep on the bench. But my bed was not fluffy, she did not allow me to bask for a long time. When I woke up, I heard a whisper. I could discern two voices that spoke to each other: - Well, husband, tell me, - said a woman's voice. - Listen, wife. Once upon a time ... - And it really looks like a fairy tale; but how to believe a fairy tale? - said the wife in an undertone, yawning from sleep; - will I believe that there were Polkan, Bova or Nightingale the robber. - Who is pushing you in the neck, believe it if you want. But it is true that in the old days bodily forces were respected and that those who were strong used them for evil. Here's Polkan. And about Nightingale the robber, my mother, read the interpreters of Russian antiquities. They will tell you that he was called the Nightingale for his own eloquence. Do not interrupt my speech. So, there lived a sovereign governor somewhere. In his youth, he dragged himself through foreign lands, learned to eat ousters and was a great hunter before them. While his money was not enough, he refrained from his hunting, ate ten, and then when he was in Petersburg. As soon as he got into the ranks, the number of oters on his table began to increase. And when he got to the governors and when he had a lot of his own money, a lot of government money at his disposal, then he became to the Ostres like a belly woman. He sleeps and sees to eat oysters. As their time comes, there is no rest for anyone. All subordinates become martyrs. But by all means, there will be some ousters. - He sends an order to the board that a courier be immediately dressed up, which he has to send to Petersburg with important reports. Everyone knows that the courier will jump for the oysters, but wherever you go, give out the runs. There are many holes for government money. The messenger, equipped with a road, girders, is completely ready, in a jacket and chikchers appeared before his Excellency. “- Hurry, my friend,” the man humiliated with orders broadcasts to him, “hurry, take this package, give it to Bolshaya Morskaya. “- Who will you order? “- Read the address.“- His ... his ... “- This is not how you read it. “- To my sovereign ... “- You're lying ... to Mr. Korzinkin, a respectable shopkeeper, in St. Petersburg in Bolshaya Morskaya. “- I know, your Excellency. “- Go, my friend, and as soon as you receive it, return hastily and do not hesitate; I will thank you more than one thing. " - And well, well, well, well, well, well; all three, right up to Peter, to Korzinkin right in the yard. "- Welcome. Where is his Excellency an entertainer, from thousands of miles away sends for what rubbish. Only the gentleman. Glad to serve him. Here are the ousters, now only from the stock exchange. Say, no less than one hundred and fifty barrels, you can't give up, the roads themselves came. Yes, we will reckon with his grace. " - The barrel was loaded into the wagon; turning the shafts, the courier gallops again; I only managed to go into a tavern and drink two hooks of a booze. - Tign-ting ... As soon as at the city gates they heard the ringing of the mail bell, the guard officer runs to the governor (either way, where everything is in order) and reports to him that the wagon is visible in the distance and the bell is heard ringing. Before he could pronounce it, the courier was at the door. “- I brought it, your Excellency. "- Very handy; (turning to those who are coming :) really, a worthy person, serviceable and not a drunkard. How many years, twice a year, travels to St. Petersburg; but to Moscow how many times, I cannot remember. Secretary, write the submission. For his numerous works in the parcels and for the most accurate corrections thereof, I deign him to be promoted. " - In the account book of the treasurer it is written: at the suggestion of his Excellency, it was given to the courier N.N., sent to S.-P. with the most necessary reports, running money in both ways for three horses from an extraordinary amount ... The Treasury book went for revision, but it does not smell of usters. - At the suggestion of Mr. General, etc. ordered: to be sergeant N. N. ensign. “Here, wife,” a man’s voice said, “how they get promoted to ranks, and what have come to me, that I serve blamelessly, I’m not leaning forward.” By decrees, it was ordered to reward for respectable service. But the king favors, but the huntsman does not. So that's our Mr. Treasurer; already another time, on his submission, I was sent to the criminal chamber. Whenever I was at the same time with him, it would not be life, but Shrovetide. - And ... well, Klementich, grind trifles. Do you know why he doesn't love you? for the fact that you take exchange from everyone, but you do not share with him. - Quiet, Kuzminichna, quieter; unequally who will overhear. - Both voices fell silent, and I fell asleep again. In the morning I learned that the jury and his wife had spent the night in the same hut, who had gone to Novgorod before daylight. While the horses were being harnessed in my cart, another wagon arrived, harnessed in three. A man came out, wrapped in a large yapancha, and a hat with loose brims, put on deeply, prevented me from seeing his face. He demanded horses without a road trip; and as many carriages surrounded him and bargained with him, he, without waiting for the end of their bargaining, said to one of them impatiently: - Harness it as soon as possible, I'll give you four kopecks per mile. The driver ran after the horses. Others, seeing that there was nothing to negotiate about, all departed from him. I was no further than five fathoms from him. He came up to me and did not take off his hat, said: - Dear sir, supply the unfortunate man with anything. - This surprised me excessively, and I could not bear not to tell him that I am surprised at his request for help, when he did not want to bargain about runs and gave twice against others. “I see,” he said to me, “that nothing has happened to you in your life. - I really liked such a firm answer, and I, without hesitation, took out of my wallet ... “Don't judge me,” he said, “I can’t serve you anymore, but if we get to the place, then maybe I’ll do something more.” “My intention with this was to make him sincere; I was not mistaken. “I see,” he said to me, “that you still have sensitivity, that the circulation of light and the pursuit of your own benefit did not close its entrance to your heart. Let me sit on your cart, and order your servant to sit on mine. Meanwhile, our horses were harnessed, I fulfilled his wish - and we go. - Ah, my sir, I cannot imagine that I am unhappy. Not more than a week ago I was cheerful, in pleasure, did not feel a lack, was loved, or so it seemed; for every day my house was full of people who had already deserved tokens of honor; my table was always like a magnificent kind of celebration. But if vanity only had satisfaction, the soul also enjoyed true bliss. Through many at first fruitless efforts, enterprises and failures, I finally got the wife I wanted. Our mutual ardor, delighting both feelings and soul, presented everything to us in a clear way. We were not ripe for a cloudy day. We reached the top of our bliss. My wife was pregnant, and the hour of her permission was approaching. All this bliss, fate determined, but collapses in an instant. “I had dinner, and many so-called friends gathered to feed their idle hunger on my account. One of who were here, who inwardly did not love me, began to speak to the one sitting next to him, although in an undertone, but rather loudly so that what was said to my wife and many others could be heard. "- Don't you know that our master's case in the criminal chamber has already been decided." “It will seem strange to you,” my companion said, addressing his word to me, “so that a person who does not serve and in the situation I have described could subject himself to a criminal trial. And I thought so for a long time, and even then, when my case, having passed the lower courts, reached the highest. This is what it consisted of: I was enrolled in the merchant class; Letting my capital into circulation, I became a participant in a private buyout. My groundlessness was the reason that I entrusted a deceitful person, who, having personally been caught in a crime, was rejected from ransom, and, according to the testimony of his books, apparently became a big fan of him. He disappeared, I remained in the faces, and it is supposed to collect from me. I, having made as many adjustments as I could, found that I either would not have been at all, or would have been very small, and for this I asked that they make a calculation with me, for I was under the guarantee. But instead of doing the satisfaction due to my request, I was ordered to recover the arrears from me. The first injustice. But something else was added to this. While I had become a bail out of the ransom, there was no property for me, but, as usual, the ban on my property was sent to the civil chamber. It's a strange thing to prohibit the sale of something that does not exist on the estate! After that I bought a house and others made acquisitions. At the same time, chance allowed me to move from a merchant rank to a noble rank, receiving the rank. Observing my benefit, I found an opportunity to sell a house on favorable conditions by making a deed of sale in the very same chamber where the ban existed. This has been made a crime for me; for there were people whose pleasure was darkened by the bliss of my life. The solicitor of state affairs denounced me that, avoiding paying the state arrears, I sold the house, deceived the civil chamber, calling myself the title in which I was, and not the one in which I was when I bought the house. In vain I said that the prohibition cannot exist on what is not in the estate, in vain I said that at least one should first sell the remaining estate and save the arrears by this sale, and then take other means; that I did not conceal my title, for I had already bought a house in the noble one. All this was rejected, the sale to the house was destroyed, I was condemned for my false act to deprive me of my ranks, and now they demand, - said the narrator, - the owner of the local in court in order to put him in custody until the end of the case. - This last narrating, the narrator raised his voice. - My wife, as soon as she heard this, embraced me, cried out: "No, my friend, and I am with you." Couldn't say more. Her limbs grew weaker, and she fell senseless into my arms. I, having lifted her from the chair, carried her into the bedroom and do not know how the dinner ended. - After coming to herself after a while, she felt torment, close birth proclaiming the fruit of our fervor. But no matter how cruel they were, the imagination that I would be under guard worried her so much that she only kept saying: I will go with you too. This unfortunate adventure hastened the birth of a baby for a whole month, and all the methods of the grandmother and the doctor, who were called upon to help, were in vain and could not prevent my wife from giving birth in a day. The movements of her soul not only did not calm down with the birth of the baby, but, having intensified much, made her a fever. - Why should I spread the story? My wife died on the third day after giving birth. Seeing her suffering, you can believe that I did not leave her for a minute. I completely forgot my business and condemnation in grief. The day before the death of my dear, the unripe fruit of our fervor also died. His mother's illness occupied me completely, and this loss was not great for me then. “Imagine, imagine,” said my narrator, taking his hair with both hands, “imagine my position when I saw that my beloved was leaving me forever. - Forever and ever! He cried in a wild voice. - But why am I running? Let them put me in a dungeon; I am already insensitive; let them torture me, let them take my life. O barbarians, tigers, fierce snakes, gnaw this heart, let your languid poison into it. - Excuse my frenzy, I think that I will soon lose my mind. As soon as I imagine that minute when my dear parted with me, I forget everything, and the light in my eyes dims. But I will finish my story. In a bit of cruel despair, I lay over the lifeless body of my beloved, one of my sincere friends, running to me: “- They came to take you into custody, the team is in the yard. Run away, the wagon at the back gate is ready, go to Moscow or wherever you want and live there, until your fate can be alleviated. " - I did not listen to his speeches, but he, exerting himself over me and taking me with the help of his people, carried me out and put me in the wagon; but remembering that I needed money, he gave me a wallet containing only fifty rubles. He himself went to my office to find money there and bring it out for me; but, having already found an officer in my bedroom, he only managed to send him to tell me to go. I don’t remember how they drove me to the first station. The servant of my friend, having told everything that had happened, said goodbye to me, and now I am on my way, according to the proverb - aimlessly. The story of my companion touched me indescribably. Could it be possible, I said to myself, that only a mild-hearted government, which is what we have today, a little bit of cruelty could be produced? Is it possible that there were such mad judges that in order to saturate the treasury (you can really call that any wrong taking of an estate to satisfy a state requirement) they took away property, honor, life from people? I wondered how this incident could reach the ears of the supreme power. For he rightly thought that in an autocratic government she alone could be impartial in relation to others. “But can I not take it upon myself to protect him? I will write a complaint to the higher government. I will summarize the whole incident and present the injustice of those who judged and the innocence of the sufferer. “But they won't accept complaints from me. They will ask what right I have; will demand a letter of faith from me. - What right do I have? - Suffering humanity. A man deprived of property, honor, deprived of half of his life, in unauthorized exile, in order to avoid reproachful imprisonment. And for this you need a believing letter? From whom? Is it really not enough that my fellow citizen suffers? - Yes, and there is no need. He is a man: here is my right, here is a letter of faith. - O God-man! Why did you write your law for the barbarians? They, being baptized in your name, bloody offer sacrifices to malice. Why were you kind to them? Instead of promising a future execution, he would have aggravated the present execution and, igniting their conscience as the evil deed, would not give them rest day and night, until all evil was obliterated by their suffering, he had done it. Such reflections only tired my body so that I fell asleep very soundly and did not wake up for a long time. The indignant juices of thought rushed, I was asleep, to my head and, disturbing the delicate composition of my brain, aroused the imagination in it. Countless pictures appeared to me in my dreams, but disappeared like light vapors in the air. Finally, as it happens, some brain fiber, touched by vapors rising strongly from the internal vessels of the body, trembled longer than others for some time, and this is what I dreamed. It seemed to me that I was a tsar, shah, khan, king, bey, nabab, sultan, or some of these names, something sitting in power on the throne. The place of my seating was of pure gold and stones, cunningly crafted with precious stones of different colors, shone radiantly. Nothing could compare with the brilliance of my clothes. My head was adorned with a laurel crown. Signs lay around me, expressing my authority. Here the sword lay on a pillar, carved of silver, on which were depicted sea and land battles, the capture of cities and so on; everywhere my name was visible above, worn by the Genius of glory, soaring above all these feats. Here my scepter was seen, reclining on sheaves, in abundant classes of heavy weights, carved from pure gold and completely imitating nature. On a firm yoke, the announced scales glittered. In one of the bowls lay a book with the inscription The law of mercy; in another book with the inscription The law of conscience. The state, cut out of a single stone, was supported by a heap of infants, from white marble excised. My crown was exalted above all, and reclined on the shoulders of a mighty giant, but his resurrection was supported by truth. A huge serpent, from light steel forged, lay around the entire seat at its foot and, holding the end of its tail in its throat, depicted eternity. But not a single lifeless image proclaimed my power and majesty. With timid obsequiousness and my eyes catching, there were state officials around my throne. At some distance from my throne, an innumerable multitude of people crowded, whose different clothes, facial features, posture, appearance and camp proclaimed the difference of their tribe. Their quivering silence assured me that they were all subject to my will. On either side, in a somewhat elevated place, stood a great crowd of women in the most charming and splendid garments. Their eyes expressed pleasure in looking at me, and their desires strove to prevent mine if they were to be reborn. The deepest silence in this assembly was present; it seemed that everyone was in anticipation of some important incident, on which the peace and bliss of the whole society depended. Turning into myself and feeling a deep-rooted boredom in my soul, from the soon saturating uniformity that occurs, I gave my debt to nature and, mouth gaping to ears, yawned as best I could. Everyone heeded the feeling of my soul. Suddenly confusion spread its gloomy veil over the lines of gaiety, the smile flew away from the lips of tenderness and the shine of joy with the cheeks of pleasure. Distorted glances and glances were an unintentional invasion of horror and impending troubles. Sighs were heard, piercing the forerunners of sorrow; and the groaning, delayed by the presence of fear, was already beginning to be heard. Despair and mortal tremors were already walking fast in the hearts of all, the death itself was more painful. Touched to the insides of my heart with a bit of a sad spectacle, the muscles of the throat insensitively tightened to my ears and, stretching their lips, made a contortion in my features, like a smile, behind which I chuckled very loudly. Just as a ray of midday sun penetrates into a gloomy atmosphere, heavy with a thick fog, moisture condensed in vapors flies from its vital hotness and, divided in its composition, partly, calming down, swiftly ascends into the immeasurable space of ether and part, retaining only the weight of the earthly particles, falls swiftly from below, the darkness that was present everywhere in the nonexistence of the ball of light disappears all of a sudden and, hastily folded its imperceptible veil, flies away on the wings of instantaneousness, leaving no sign of the persons of the whole congregation settled; joy penetrated the hearts of all fleetingly, and there was no oblique displeasure left anywhere. Everyone began to exclaim: - Long live our great sovereign, long live forever. - Like the quiet midday wind, shaking the foliage of the trees and the voluptuous making noise in the oak forest, such joyful whispering was heard throughout the assembly. Another said in an undertone: - He pacified external and internal enemies, expanded the boundaries of the fatherland, conquered thousands of different peoples to his state. Another exclaimed: - He enriched the state, expanded the internal and foreign trade, he loves science and arts, encourages agriculture and handicrafts. The women spoke with tenderness: - He did not allow thousands of useful fellow citizens to perish, delivering them to the breast of their fatal death. Someone proclaimed with an important air: “He multiplied state revenues, eased the people from taxes, and provided them with reliable food. Youth, stretching out their hands to heaven with delight, reclo: - He is merciful, truthful, his law is equal for all, he considers himself his first servant. He is a wise lawgiver, a truthful judge, a zealous executor, he is greater than all kings, he gives freedom to everyone. Such words, striking the tympanum of my ear, rang out loudly in my soul. These praises were portrayed as true in my mind, for they were accompanied by outward features of sincerity. As such, accepting them, my soul rose above the ordinary sight of the circle; in its essence it expanded and, all embracing, touched the degrees of divine wisdom. But nothing compares to the pleasure of self-approval in giving out my orders. I commanded the first commander to go with a large army to conquer the land, whole heavenly belt separated from me. - Sovereign, - he answered me, - the glory of your name will conquer the peoples who inhabit this land. Fear will precede your weapons, and I will return to pay tribute to mighty kings. To the founder of the sailing I of the rivers: - May my ships scatter over all seas, may unknown peoples see them; May my flag be known in the North, East, South and West. - I will, sir. - And flew to the execution, like the wind, certain to inflate the sails of the ship. - To erect to the further limits of my region, - I am the keeper of the laws, - this is my birthday, may it be marked in the annals forever by ubiquitous absolution. Let the dungeons be opened, let the criminals go out and let them return to their homes, as if lost from the true path. - Your mercy, sir! there is an image of a generous being. I run to proclaim joy to the grieving fathers after their children, to their spouses after their wives. - Yes, there will be erected, - rivers I to the first architect, - the most magnificent buildings for the shelter of mousse, and adorned with various imitations of nature; and may they be inviolable, like the inhabitants of heaven, for them they are prepared. - O wise one, - he answered me, - when the dictates of your voice the elements obeyed and, combining their strengths, established vast cities in the deserts and in the wilds, surpassing the magnificence of the most glorious in antiquity; coliko this work will be of little importance for the zealous executors of your orders. You are rivers, and the rough structures of supplies are already listening to your voice. - Let the hand of generosity be opened now, - I rivers, - let the remnants of excess be poured out on the weak, let unnecessary treasures return to their source. - O all-generous master, given to us by the Almighty, the father of his children, the beggar's enrichment, may your will be done. At every utterance of mine, all those present exclaimed joyfully, and the splashing of hands not only accompanied my word, but even warned the thought. One of the entire congregation, the wife, leaning firmly on the pillar, let out sighs of sorrow and showed an air of contempt and indignation. Her features were stern and her dress was simple. Her head was covered with a hat, while all the others stood naked with their heads. - Who is this? - I asked near the one standing me. - This is a wanderer, unknown to us, she calls herself Straight-eye and an eye doctor. But there is a most dangerous magician, carry poison and poison, rejoices in sorrow and contrition; always frowning, despises and reviles everyone; does not even spare your sacred head in his abuse. - Why is this villain tolerant in my area? But about her tomorrow. This day is a day of mercy and joy. Come, my co-workers in bearing the heavy burden of government, accept a reward worthy of your labors and deeds. Then, having risen from my place, I put various marks of honor on those who were coming; those who were absent were not forgotten, but those who went to meet my words with a pleasant look, had a great share in my benefits. Therefore, I continued my word: - Let's go, pillars of my power, the pillars of my power, let's go enjoy ourselves at work. It is worthy that the laborer taste the fruit of his labors. Worthy of the tsar to taste the joy, he pours out many to everyone. Show us the way to the feast you have prepared, - I am the river to the founder of the merriments. - We will follow you. - Wait, - the wanderer from her place was broadcasting to me, - wait and come to me. I am a doctor sent to you and others like you, so I will cleanse your sight. What a thorn! She said with an exclamation. Some invisible force forced me to walk in front of her, although all those around me prevented me from doing that, even making me violent. “There is a thorn in both eyes,” said the wanderer, “and you judged everything so decisively. Then she touched both my eyes and removed a thick captivity from them, like a horny solution. “You see,” she said to me, “that you were blind and absolutely blind. I am the Truth. The Almighty, moved to pity by the groaning of the people subject to you, sent me down from heavenly circles, and I will sweep away the darkness that prevents the penetration of your gaze. I have done this. All things will appear today in their natural form to your gaze. You will penetrate into the insides of hearts. The serpent hidden in the bends of the soul will no longer hide from you. You will get to know your faithful subjects, who, far from you, do not love you, but love their fatherland; who are always ready for your defeat if it takes revenge on the enslavement of man. But they will not disturb the civil peace prematurely and without benefit. Call them as your friends. Eliminate this proud rabble, which is coming to you and covering the shame of the soul with its gilded clothes. They are your true villains, darkening your eyes and forbidding me to enter your palaces. Once I appear to the kings during the entire period of their reign, that they may know me in my true form; but I never leave mortal dwellings. My stay is not in the royal palaces. The guards, who sowed them around and vigilantly day and night, forbid me to enter them. If, when I penetrate this united crowd, then, raising the scourge of persecution, all those around you are trying to drive me out of your dwelling; bdi ubo, but the packs will not move away from you. Then words of caress, poisonous vapors dying, your thorns will revive, and the bark, impenetrable with light, will cover your eyes. Then your blindness will be especially true; barely one step will your gaze reach. Everything will appear to you in a cheerful form. Your ears will not be indignant with groaning, but your hearing will be delighted with sweet humming every hour. Sacrificial incense will use flattery on an open soul. Smoothness will always be subject to your touch. The wholesome roughness in you of the nerves of touch will never tear apart. Tremble now for such a state. A cloud will rise over your head, and arrows of punishing thunder will be ready to defeat you. But I, I tell you, will live within your possession. Whenever you see me, when, besieged by the machinations of caress, your soul craves my gaze, call me from your distance; where my firm voice will be heard, there you will find me. Do not be afraid of the voice of my Nicole. If a husband arises from among the people, who condemns your deeds, know that he is your sincere friend. Alien to the hope of wages, alien to slavish trepidation, he will announce me to you with a firm voice. Be careful and do not dare to execute him, like a common troublemaker. Call him, treat him like a wanderer. For everyone who censures the king for his autocracy is a stranger of the earth, where everything trembles before him. Treat him, I say, almost to him, so that when he returns, he may speak more and more unworthily. But such hard hearts are rare; hardly one in the whole century will appear on the secular lists. And so that your vigilance is not lulled by its power, I will give you this ring, may it tell you your untruth when you dare to it. For know that you are the first in society, you can be a murderer, the first robber, the first traitor, the first violator of the general silence, the fierce enemy, directing his anger to the inside of the weak. You will be guilty if a mother mourns for her son, who was killed in the battlefield, and a wife for her husband; for the danger of captivity can scarcely justify the murder called war. You will be guilty if the cornfield is empty, if the farmer's chicks lose their lives at the mother's breast, skinny without healthy food. But now turn your gaze to yourself and to those who stand before you, gaze at the fulfillment of your commands, and if your soul does not shudder with horror at such a gaze, then I will leave you, and your palace will be blotted out forever in my memory. The expression of the wanderer's face seemed to be a cheerful and material radiant brilliance. The glance at her infused my joy into my soul. I no longer felt in her the swell of vanity and the inflated arrogance. I felt the silence in her; the excitement of curiosity and the overwhelming desire for power did not concern her. My clothes, so shiny, seemed to be stained with blood and soaked in tears. On my fingers I saw the remains of a human brain; my feet were in mud. Those around me were the meaner. Their whole insides seemed black and burned by the dull fire of insatiability. They threw distorted gazes at me and at each other, in which predation, envy, deceit and hatred prevailed. My commander, sent to conquer, was drowning in luxury and gaiety. There was no subordination in the troops; my warriors were considered worse than cattle. They were not concerned about their health or food; their life was counted for nothing; they were deprived of the established payment, which was used for decoration they did not need. More than half of the new warriors died from the negligence of their superiors or unnecessary and timeless severity. The treasury, assigned to the maintenance of the all-militia, was in the hands of the founder of the merrymaking. Signs of military dignity were not for bravery, but for vile servility. I matured before me a single military leader, famous for his words, whom I honored with excellent signs of my favor; I am now mature, it is clear that all his excellent merit consisted only in the fact that he was an aid in saturating the voluptuousness of his boss; and there was not even a chance for him to show courage, for he did not see the enemy from afar. From such and such warriors, I expected myself new crowns. I turned my gaze away from the thousand calamities that presented themselves to my eyes. My ships, assigned to pass further seas, I saw sailing at the mouth of the refuge. The chief, who flew to fulfill my orders on the wings of the wind, stretched out his limbs on a soft bed, was intoxicated by him and love in the arms of the hired stimulant of his voluptuousness. On the drawing made by his command of a sailing perfect in dreaming, new islands were already visible in all parts of the world, their climate abounding in their characteristic fruits. Vast lands and numerous peoples emerged from the brush of these new travelers. Already with the brilliance of the night lamps, a majestic description of this journey and the acquisitions made in a flourishing and magnificent syllable was inscribed. Already the golden dski were preparing for clothes so important essay... Oh Cook! Why have you spent your life in labor and hardship? Why did he die in a deplorable way? If I sat on these ships, then, having begun the journey in joy and ending it in joy, I would have made just as many discoveries, sitting in one place (and in my state), but would have become glorified; for you would be honored to be your sovereign. My feat, of which my soul was most proud of my blindness, the absolution of the execution and the forgiveness of the criminals were barely visible in the vastness of civil deeds. My command was either completely violated, turning in the wrong direction, or did not have the desired effect due to its perverse interpretation and slow execution. My mercy was made a trade, and the hammer of pity and magnanimity was knocked on the one who gave more. Instead of being branded as merciful among my people through the absolution of guilt, I was known as a deceiver, a hypocrite and a pernicious comedian. - Maintain your mercy, - broadcast thousands of voices, - do not proclaim it to us with a magnificent word, if you do not want to fulfill it. Do not sympathize with resentment, mockery, with the heaviness of its sensation. We slept and were at peace, you disturbed our sleep, we did not want to watch, for there was nothing over. In the building of cities, I saw one waste of the state treasury, often washed by the blood and tears of my subjects. In the erection of magnificent buildings, a misunderstanding of true art was often added to waste. I have matured the disposition of their internal and external without the slightest taste. These species belonged to the age of the Goths and Vandals. In the dwelling prepared for the mousse, I did not mature the salutary streams of Castalia and Ipocrene; the barely creepy art dared to raise its gaze above the area outlined by custom. The architects, bent over the drawing of the building, were not thinking about the beauty of it, but how they would acquire it for themselves. I abhorred my magnificent vanity and turned my eyes away. But most of all, my soul was hurt by the outpouring of my bounty. I dreamed in my blinding that the unnecessary public treasury for state needs could not be better used as to help a beggar, to dress the naked, to feed the hungry, or to support the perishing by a contrary incident, or to pay a bribe not rejoicing about the acquisition of dignity and merit. But how sad it was to see that my bounties were poured out on the rich, on the flatterer, on the treacherous friend, on the sometimes secret murderer, on the traitor and violator of public trust, on the one who caught my addiction, on condescending to my weaknesses, on the wife, who boasts of her shamelessness. Barely, barely reached the feeble sources of my bounty of shy dignity and bashful merit. Tears flowed from my eyes and hid from me only the disastrous notions of my reckless generosity. Now I clearly saw that the badges of honor I gave out always fell into the lot of the unworthy. Inexperienced dignity, struck by the first brilliance of these imaginary bliss, entered into one way with the courtesy and meanness of spirit, to gain the honors, the longed-for dream of mortals; but, dragging out his feet indirectly, always at the first degrees was exhausted and contentment was condemned by his own approval, in the assurance that worldly honors are ashes and smoke. Seeing in everything a bit of vicissitudes, from my weakness and the cunning of my ministers, which arose, seeing that my tenderness turned to my wife, seeking in my love the satisfaction of her vanity and her appearance only for my delight, arranging when her heart felt disgust for me, - I bellowed with the fury of anger. - Unworthy criminals, villains! broadcast, why have you used your Lord's power of attorney for evil? present yourself now before your judge. Rise in the fossil of your wickedness. How can you justify your deeds? What do you say in your apology? Behold, he, I will call him from the hut of humiliation. Come, - I told the elder, whom I contemplated in the red of my vast area, hidden under a hut overgrown with moss. - come lighten my burden; come and return peace to a languishing heart and an agitated mind. Having pronounced this, I turned my gaze to my dignity, I knew the vastness of my duty, I knew where my right and power flowed from. I trembled in my bowels, I was afraid of my service. My blood went into violent excitement, and I awoke. Not yet recovering, I grabbed my finger, but the ring of thorns was not on it. Oh, if only it were on the little finger of kings! Ruler of the world, if, reading my dream, you smile with mockery or frown your brow, know that the wanderer I have seen has flown away from you and abhors your palaces.

In the chapter "Sophia" the traveler reflects on the peculiarities of the Russian national character: "A barge hawk, going to a tavern with his head hanging and returning stained with blood from slaps in the face, can decide a lot, hitherto conjectural in the history of Russia."

"Lyubani": the author describes his meeting with a peasant who plows a cornfield on a holiday. He works as a corvee six days a week. To the author's question, when does he manage to get bread to feed a large family, he replies: “Not only holidays, and our night. Do not be lazy, our brother, he will not die of hunger. You see, one horse is resting, and when this one gets tired, take on the other; it’s a good thing. ” The traveler is shocked by the knowledge of the peasant. He ends his reflections with the words: "Fear, cruel landowner, on the foreheads of each of your peasants I see your condemnation."

At the Chudovo station, the hero meets a friend who tells him a story that happened to him. Having set out on a small ship on a journey by sea, he and his companions got into a storm. The ship got stuck one and a half kilometers from the shore between two stones and did not move. Twelve people barely had time to pump out the water. One brave man, risking his life, managed to get to the coast, ran to the nearest village and came to the chief, asking for help. The chief was asleep, but the sergeant did not dare to wake him up and pushed the man out the door. He turned to ordinary fishermen who rescued the rest. Returning to the village, the narrator went to the chief. He thought he would punish his sergeant after learning that he had not been awakened when twelve men were in danger. But the boss only replied: "That is not my job." Then the narrator turned to the higher authorities, and "someone" answered him: "But in his position he was not ordered to save you." “Now I will say goodbye to the city forever,” the narrator exclaims. - I will not drive Nicola into this dwelling of tigers. Their only joy is to gnaw each other; their joy is to torment the weak to the point of exhaustion and to subservience to the authorities. "

In Spasskaya Polesti, the hero falls into the rain and is forced to spend the night and a hut. There he hears a whisper: the husband and wife, who also spent the night on the way to Novgorod, are talking. The husband tells his wife a story worthy of the pen of Saltykov-Shchedrin. We see Radishchev from a new side: before us is a sharp satirist who tells how the governor spends state money on his own whims (he is very fond of "oysters", that is, oysters), and couriers and officers receive money and ranks for doing are these whims.

Reflecting on the former greatness of Novgorod (chapter “Novgorod”), the author writes with bitter irony about the right of peoples: “When enmities arise between them, when hatred or selfishness directs them against each other, their judge is the sword. Whoever falls dead or is disarmed is guilty; obeys unquestioningly this decision, and there is no appeal. - That is why Novgorod belonged to Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. That is why he ruined it and appropriated its smoking remains ”.

Anticipating Tolstoy's thought, Radishchev says that during a war "great violence is covered by the right of war" ("Zaitsovo"); reflects on the greed of the authorities, on the powerlessness of the peasants, touches upon economic problems, issues of upbringing and the relationship between husband and wife - both in a peasant and in a noble family.

In the chapter "Edrovo" the traveler meets the girl Anyuta, talks to her. He admires not only her beauty, but the nobility in the way of her thoughts. Anyuta is going to get married, and the hero from the bottom of his heart offers her mother one hundred rubles as a dowry for her daughter. The mother refuses, although this is a lot of money for the peasant family. Anyuta's chastity and innocence enthrall the hero, and he thinks about her for a long time.

In the same chapter, he tells an episode of the Pugachev uprising. It was forbidden to even mention the name of Pugachev, but Radishchev boldly talks about the arbitrariness of the landowner and the reprisals against him by the peasants, who were later condemned, and sums up his thoughts: "But the peasant is dead in law ..."

The chapters "Khotilov" and "Vydropusk" bear the subtitle "Project in the future". This is the most important document of public thought - the first Russian utopia. How can a state become when, “enjoying inner silence, having no external enemies,” society will be brought “to the highest bliss of civilian life”? The only guardian of society will be the law: "Under its sovereign cover, our hearts are free," - Radishchev wants to believe in this.

What do you need for this? The author answers us in the chapter "Torzhok". Start civil society- freedom, and the first element of freedom is "free printing", when censorship is not at the printing press "a nanny of reason, wit, imagination, everything great and elegant." But "the liberty of the thoughts of the government is terrible for you."

The traveler, whom the traveler meets, gives a notebook to read with an essay, the title of which is "A Brief Narrative of the Origin of the Censorship." The notebook contains the history of the struggle between power and social thought from the time of Socrates to the last European events.

In the chapter "Mednoe" there is a tragic scene of the sale of a family of peasant peasants at an auction. Who has the power to establish freedom for the peasants in Russia? “But the freedom of the villagers will offend, as they say, the right to property. And all those who could fight freedom, all great fathers, and freedom should not be expected from their advice, but from the very severity of enslavement. "

In Tver, the traveler meets a poet who reflects on the importance of poetry in society and reads him the ode "Liberty". How is liberty to be understood? "Liberty should be called that all the same obey the laws." The ode was written by Radishchev himself and had a huge impact on Pushkin. Pushkin confessed this in the draft edition of Monument: "In the wake of Radishchev, I praised freedom ...".

Now we are amazed by phrases that sound like prophecies: "I wished that the farmer was not a captive in his field ..."; “The next 8 stanzas contain prophecies about the future lot of the fatherland, which will be divided into parts, and the sooner the larger it is. But the time has not come yet. When it comes, then

The rivets of the heavy night will rise.

At its last gasp, the resilient power will put the guard to its word and gather all its strength in order to spread the emerging liberty with the last stroke ... (...) But humanity will roar in chains and, guided by the hope of freedom and indestructible natural law, will move. .. "

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On this page material on topics:

• Lyubani chapter analysis
• chapter copper summary
• analysis of the head of edrov
• Lyuban text analysis
• analysis of the spasskaya field