Home Grape Where are the parts of the world located on the map. Let's navigate by compass. Magnetic and geographic azimuth

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Where are the parts of the world located on the map. Let's navigate by compass. Magnetic and geographic azimuth

Instructions

If you get lost during daylight hours and you have a watch on your hand, then you can easily determine the sides. The main thing is that the day is sunny enough. To begin, place the watch horizontally: it will be most convenient to place it on the palm of your hand. Then turn the clock so that hour hand pointed straight at the sun. Now mentally divide in half the angle formed between the hour hand and 12 o'clock (for winter time) or hour (for). The drawn imaginary bisector will indicate the direction to the south. For example, if you are lost around four o'clock in the afternoon, the line pointing south will pass through the number 2 on your watch face.

If you get lost around noon (about 13:00 summer time), then determining the location of the cardinal points will be even easier. To do this, stand with your back to the sun and spread your arms to the sides. South will be behind you, north will be in front (where the shadow falls), your left hand will point to the west, and your right hand will point to.

The cardinal directions can also be determined by the movement of the sun. Early in the morning - at 7 o'clock - it appears in the east. By 10 am the sun is in the southeast. At one o'clock in the afternoon (and in winter - at noon) it is in the south. At four o'clock in the sun you can determine the direction to the southwest, and at seven in the evening the star will be in the west. However, in winter time When the sun rises later and sets earlier, determining east and west by its movement can be quite problematic.

If you need to determine the cardinal directions at night, then in this case, minimal knowledge of astronomy will be useful to you. If the night sky is clear enough and the stars are clearly visible, you will be able to determine the location of north. To do this, you will need to find the North Star and mentally draw a plumb line from it down to the ground. The resulting point will show you the direction to the north. If you have difficulty finding the North Star, first find the constellation Ursa Major. Notice the stars forming a bucket. More precisely, two of them, which are located on the opposite side of the handle of this bucket. Now mentally measure the distance between these two stars and move it up from the bucket five times, continuing the line formed by these stars. So you will find the last star in the handle of the bucket Ursa Minor- Polar. However, this method will only work in the Northern Hemisphere.

If the moon is visible in the sky, then its location in the sky will help you find the cardinal directions. First, determine the phase of the moon: first quarter (waxing crescent with horns pointing to the left), second quarter (full moon), or third quarter (aging crescent that looks like the letter "c"). If the moon is in the first quarter, then at 7 pm it will be in the south, and at 1 am - in the west. Full moon at 7 pm it will appear in the east, at 1 am - in the south, and at 7 am - in the west. The waning moon will point you to the east at 1 am, and to the south at 7 am.

Origin of the names of the cardinal directions East And west practically does not cause disagreement among researchers. Both words are associated with the movement of the Sun across the sky; Let's look at their etymology in more detail.

East

This word came into the Old Russian language from Old Church Slavonic; at that time it had the form vstok. IN Old Slavonic language appeared as a calque (literal translation) of Greek anatolē‘sunrise’, ‘place of sunrise’ (cf. anatēllo‘I rise, I rise’). To translate the prefix ana-, denoting upward movement, the prefix was used all- (all-) with the same meaning. Greek tolē conveyed by word current, formed from the verb mother-in-law(1 l. unit. h. flow) ‘to flow’. One of the meanings of this verb in Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian is ‘to move, to go’. In other words, the original meaning of the word East- ‘sunrise’, i.e. the place where the sun rose, “rose” into the sky.

Old Church Slavonicism vstok underwent Russification: as a result of the fall of the reduced vowel [ъ] in the first syllable disappeared. The resulting option east didn't hit literary language, but was preserved in northern dialects in the meaning of ‘east’, ‘east wind’. In some dialects this word has also lost its initial consonant, acquiring the form drain.

M. V. Lomonosov sometimes used in his works a word familiar to him from childhood east. Thus, he describes the sunrise in “Ode... for the Capture of Khotin” (1739) in the lines:

Already the golden finger of the morning star
The curtain of light opened with the stars;
From East gallops for a hundred miles,
The horse's nostrils let out sparks.
Phoebus's face shines on that.

Although originally a noun East included a prefix and a root, over time it underwent de-etymologization - it lost its semantic connection with the verb flow. As a result, the base of the word became non-derivative, and in modern Russian it consists of the root East-.

West

This word probably appeared in the pre-Slavic era. IN Old Russian language its main meanings are ‘sunset’, ‘place of sunset’. Noun west was formed from the verb get stuck‘sink’, ‘set in’, ‘roll over the horizon’, and he, in turn, comes from the verb fall(fall).

Apparently, the original meaning of the word west- ‘falling somewhere, lowering, lying down’ (later it was replaced by the synonym sinking). From here the meaning of ‘sunset’, ‘place of sunset’ later developed. The meaning 'cardinal direction' is even more recent; however, it is already recorded in the earliest monuments of Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic writing.

The etymology of the names of the two remaining cardinal directions is more complicated. Regarding the origin of words north And south Linguists have several different hypotheses.

North

The explanation accepted by most etymologists is: the word north(Old Russian north) goes back to common Slavic *severъ, and it - to the Proto-Indo-European basis *k̑ēṷero-, *k̑ōṷero-. The words of modern European languages, also derived from this stem, carry the meaning of bad weather, strong wind and rain. For example: Lithuanian šiaurė‘polar region, north’, šiaurùs‘cold, piercing (wind)’, Latin caurus‘northeast wind’ (and the word severus‘severe, strict’ is consonant with Russian north just by coincidence), Gothic skūra windis‘hurricane, whirlwind’, Old High German and Old English scūr‘rain, bad weather’, etc.

There is also a less common hypothesis that north goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root *seu-'left'. In other words, north is the side along left hand, if you stand facing east. The East acts here as a “reference point”, because for many ancient peoples it was the main, sacred side of the world - after all, it is from there that the sun begins its daily path across the sky.

Another hypothesis connects the word north with Proto-Indo-European roots *sṷer-‘dark, black’. The fact is that the culture of many peoples of Eurasia associates the cardinal directions with color symbols. Often the south is associated with the color red and the north with black.

South

And again we have Old Church Slavonicism; its Russian version was the noun yy.

When asked about the etymology of the word south there is no clear answer. Most researchers agree that it comes from a Proto-Indo-European root *aug-‘to shine, shine’. Thus, the name of this side of the world reflects the natural features of the southern lands: warm or hot weather, many sunny days. From the same ancient root comes, for example, the Greek word augē‘sunlight’, ‘dawn’, ‘radiance, shine’; Albanian agume'morning', agoj‘dawn’, etc.

On common Slavic soil, an ancient root *aug- presumably changed as follows: *aug- > *oug- >*ug-. There, in the Proto-Slavic language, an inserted consonant [j] developed before the initial vowel, and the “ancestor” of the current word south acquired the form * jugъ. It is interesting that later in the East Slavic dialects the opposite process took place: the sound [j] at the beginning of the word was lost, and in Old Russian this side of the world began to be called ugh. Thanks to the same phonetic phenomenon - the loss of [j] before the initial [y] - the appearance of Old Russian words was formed taking away(young man), share(yudol), as well as words still existing in the Russian language morning, ear, dinner and etc.

According to another hypothesis, south goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root *ioṷ-‘stir, knead, knead’. In this case, the original meaning of the word is ‘soft’ (i.e. warm; characteristic of the south wind), and etymologically related words other languages are Old Indian yáuti‘mix’, Latvian jàut‘to stir, knead (dough)’, Lithuanian jaukùs‘soft, warm, pleasant’. Within the framework of this hypothesis, the initial sound [j] in the word south is considered not as prosthetic (inserted), but as naturally developed from the initial non-syllabic vowel [i].

Synonyms of names south And north in the Russian language back in the 19th century there were words noon And midnight respectively. Their use to designate cardinal directions is associated with the position of the sun in the sky: at noon the luminary is located high in the south, and at midnight it is hidden behind northern part horizon. From here midnight (midnight) lands in literary texts these are lands lying in the north, and midday edges- those located in the south.

Literature:

Ambrosiani P. Names of the countries of the world in Slavic languages: north and south // Jako blagopesnivaja ptica. – Stockholm, 2006.

Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. – T. 1, 2. – M., 1999.

Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. – T. 3, 4. – M., 1987.

Etymological dictionary Slavic languages: Proto-Slavic lexical fund. – Vol. 8. – M., 1981.

Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. - T. 2. - Issue. 6. - M., 1975.

Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language / Comp. A.K. Shaposhnikov. – T. 2. – M., 2010.

Sreznevsky I. I. Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language according to written monuments. – St. Petersburg, 1912.

Instructions

To determine the location of the cardinal directions on an electronic device, try rotating it. If the map does not rotate, but is fixed in one position, you can safely conclude that north, south is below, east is on the right, and on the left. If necessary, determine the secondary cardinal directions: northeast in the upper right corner of the screen, southeast in the right, northwest in the upper left and southwest in the lower left corner, respectively.

If electronic card rotates (for example, on navigators the map moves in accordance with movement), carefully inspect the screen. In one of the corners, for example, in the upper right (as in the example), there will be an indication of the direction of the cardinal points in the form of a long two-color rhombus. Remember, north is always red. Accordingly, find the other cardinal directions; to do this, rotate the map so that the north is on top. In this case, the south will be below, the east will be on the right, and the west will be on the left.

In order to determine paper map, turn it so that the inscriptions can be read. At the same time, make sure that the inscriptions go from west to east, and the top of the letters and numbers is at the top. Now you can safely say that north is at the top, south is at the bottom, west is on the left, and east is on the right.

Another way to determine cardinal directions on a paper map: look around the entire perimeter of the map and find a four-pointed star somewhere in the corner. Each side has a letter: C or N (north), Yu or S (south), Z or W (west), B or E (east). Determine the cardinal direction according to these directions.

When it comes to an old handwritten map, keep in mind that cartographers used to point south. To determine the cardinal directions using such a map, you need to find the star designation indicating English letters S, N, W, E, which corresponds to the first letters of the names of the cardinal directions in English language- South (south), North (north), West (west), East (east). If there are no marks, find the described area of land on a modern map and check the direction of the cardinal directions.

, West East).

The directions north and south are determined by the Earth's poles, and east and west (related to the rotation of the planet around its axis) by the visible rising and setting of celestial bodies. Since ancient times, man has determined the approximate south direction- according to the position of the sun at the zenith, eastern - according to the place of its sunrise, and western - according to the place of sunset; the northern direction (in the Northern Hemisphere) was determined by the North Star. On modern geographical maps the north side is usually at the top: in this case, the south is at the bottom, the west is on the left, and the east is on the right. On ancient, and sometimes modern maps, could be located at the top of the south or east. On star maps east and west change places [ ] : the card “appears” to be not located under, A above observer.

When orienting a person in space, the principle is also used four sides: “in front”, “behind”, “left”, “right”. In this case, the directions are not fixed and are chosen relative to the person himself.

The principle of fourfoldness is reflected in folklore, customs, and religious rituals of many peoples, including Slavic ones:

“go to all four directions”;
Trypillian four-part altars were precisely oriented with their four crosses to the cardinal points, even if this direction diverged from the orientation of the walls of the house, etc.

In addition to dividing the circle into four directions - north, south, west, east - as orientation problems developed, additional divisions with intermediate directions were introduced: northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast; There are now eight directions in total. Later, the following intermediate divisions were introduced: north-northwest, west-northwest, etc., bringing the number of directions to 16. After another division into intermediate directions, this process was completed with the introduction of 32 directions.

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Subtitles

Colors symbolizing cardinal directions

Traditional coloring south pole The magnet and magnetic needle of the compass are red, and the north compass is blue. Red is traditionally associated with warmth, and blue with cold. In the Assyrian calendar, the north was called the Black Country, the south was the Red Country, the east was the Green Country, and the west was the White Country. City gates in ancient China were painted accordingly.

Symbol

4 is often used to indicate cardinal directions. letters: N, S, E, W, (which corresponds to the first letters of the names of the cardinal directions in English - North, South, East, West), or S, Yu, V, Z (which corresponds to the first letters of the names of the cardinal directions in Russian - North South East West.

In addition, in the history of Russian maritime navigation long time were also most often used and are still used today, German names cardinal directions - Nord, Suid, Ost, West (Nord, Zuid, Ost, West).

This is most likely explained by the fact that in the era of Peter the Great - beginning of XVIII centuries when the birth took place navy Russian Empire, many terms in the Russian language came, as is known, from the Dutch language, and there the cardinal directions have the following names, which are largely consonant with their related German ones: N -noord (north), O - oost (ost), Z - zuid (south) , W - west (west)

And west and east - by the rotation of the planet around its axis.

On modern geographical maps, the north side is always at the top, in this case the south is at the bottom, the west is on the left, and the east is on the right.

Since ancient times, people have determined the approximate southern direction by the position of the sun at its zenith, the eastern direction by the place of sunrise, and the western direction by the place of sunset.

The principle of four sides was an important milestone in man's knowledge of the world around him.

Ancient maps, unlike modern ones, were oriented to the south.

When orienting a person in space, the principle of four sides is also used: “in front”, “behind”, “left”, “right”. In this case, the directions are not fixed and are chosen relative to the person himself.

The principle of fourfoldness is reflected in folklore, customs, and religious rituals of many peoples, including Slavic ones:

“go to all four directions”;
Trypillian four-part altars were precisely oriented with their four crosses to the cardinal points, even if this direction diverged from the orientation of the walls of the house, etc.

Colors symbolizing cardinal directions

The traditional painting of the south end of the magnetic compass needle with red and the north end with black colors is an echo of ancient times. In the Assyrian calendar, the north was called the Black Country, the south was the Red Country, the east was the Green Country, and the west was the White Country. City gates in ancient China were painted accordingly.

Symbol

To designate the cardinal directions, 4 Latin letters are often used: N, S, E, W, which corresponds to the first letters of the names of the cardinal directions in English - North (north), South (south), East (east), West (west).