"Anna Karenina" - a novel with a modern theme, the main theme of which is Anna's betrayal marital fidelity, because of which she is rejected by society and ends her life extremely tragically. In parallel with her own destiny, we observe her destructive relationship with Vronsky and the love story of Levin and Kitty, based on unselfishness.

The plot takes place in the 70s of the 19th century in Russia, and, despite the fact that the characters of the novel live in the same place, their destinies do not depend on each other.

One of the main issues raised in the novel is the acceptable and unacceptable behavior of men and women in society, which is why the novel is often compared to Flaubert's Madame Bovary. Both novels touch on the same themes, and one of them is the unfortunate fate of a woman who has found happiness, but is condemned by society.

Tolstoy, like Flaubert, uses a narrator in the novel who knows everything, comments on events and is an intermediary between characters and readers.

The novel consists of several storylines, where each family plays an important role for the whole plot. Among other things, Tolstoy touches on topics conventionally divided into happiness-sadness, wealth-poverty.

The themes mentioned above are most relevant to the two characters most opposed to each other in the novel. Anna symbolizes high society and wealth, while Levin is modest and strives for a peaceful family life.

In addition to the parallelism of the storylines, the structure of the novel can also be represented as a ring. First of all, this is reflected in the relationships and constant contradictions of the characters (Levin, who is in love with Kitty, who loves Vronsky, who, in turn, likes Anna).

The novel ends with the same question as at the beginning - the theme of adultery. Despite the fact that there is a plot in Anna Karenina, the question remains open.

At the end of the novel, the differences between Anna and Levin become less and less, and the disinterested and pure love Levina and Kitty (unlike Anna and Vronsky) face difficulties. The end of the novel touches on the actual theme of the existence of a happy family.

“Anna Karenina” is a very controversial novel, as it speaks of hypocrisy and a society that is biased and condemns any betrayal in marriage, even if the marriage exists only formally, and there has been nothing between the spouses for a long time.

Genre: novel

Time: 70s 19th century

Location of events: Russia

Anna Karenina retelling

The novel begins with Anna's arrival at the house of her brother, Stiva Oblonsky. Steve's wife - Kitty's sister, Dolly, finds out about her husband's infidelity, and the family collapses. Stiva is waiting for Anna's arrival as his salvation. Anna convinces Dolly to forgive her husband.

Anna high status in society. She is charming, sociable, loved by everyone. She loves her nephews and son very much and skillfully resolves conflicts that arise.

Levin is a poor landowner who is in love with the wealthy Princess Kitty, who, in turn, hopes for an engagement with Count Vronsky. Disappointed by her refusal, he travels to Moscow to devote himself to his work.

Vronsky meets Kitty, but, to her dismay, he is not at all interested in marriage. At the ball, he fell in love with Anna, which drove Kitty to despair. The doctors suggested that Kitty's parents take her abroad, and they set off on a journey.

In Germany, Kitty recovered, forgot about Vronsky and found new friends. Upon her return, she accepts Levin's second proposal and they marry. Despite Levin's jealousy and insecurity, they are happily married. Kitty takes very compassionate care of Levin's dying brother Nikolai.

In the future, Kitty has a son, which makes her even happier, while Levin tries to find himself even after the wedding. He finds salvation in religion, but deep down he feels that only Kitty can support him.

The relationship between Anna and Vronsky is completely opposite. Anna is married to Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin, who holds a high position in the ministry. Her relationship with her husband is completely insensitive, as Anna is suppressed by his rationality and coldness.

After Vronsky's declaration of love, Anna tries to hide and leave, but Vronsky follows her, and they meet almost daily. According to rumors, Anna's husband also finds out about this. He asks Anna to keep her relationship a secret in order to avoid a public scandal, but she does not listen to him at all.

Soon Anna becomes pregnant from Vronsky and tells him this news before the races. The shock of the news leads to an accident. Seeing this, Anna is no longer able to restrain her feelings.

On the way home, Anna openly confesses her infidelity to her husband, but he refuses to give her a divorce. He forbids Vronsky and Anna to meet in their house. Months of suffering pass while Vronsky persuades Anna to leave her husband. After the birth of a girl, she begs her husband for forgiveness. He again accepts her and the newborn daughter. This news shocks Vronsky so much that he tries to shoot himself.

In the end, Anna nevertheless decides to leave with Vronsky. She takes her daughter, but her husband forbids her to take her beloved son with her. Vronsky and Anna leave for Italy and are happy for a while, but over time, Anna misses her son more and more, which forces her to return to Russia. Accompanied by Vronsky, she drives up to the house, where she learns that her son has been informed of her death.

In high society, Anna is no longer successful. Despite the fact that Vronsky has become more influential thanks to her, they go to his estate in the village.

Vronsky realizes that his daughter bears the surname Karenina, and again asks Anna to divorce her husband. He thinks more and more about his career and the life he sacrificed for Anna. She is increasingly jealous and yearns to regain her former life and status in society. Over time, she becomes even more hysterical and begins to take morphine. In a deep depression, she throws herself under a passing train. Vronsky, unable to remain in this society any longer and survive her death, voluntarily leaves for the front in Serbia.

In the novel, we see two completely different types of relationships. Kitty and Levin's love is built on trust, while Anna and Vronsky's tumultuous relationship is built on selfishness and a sense of ownership. Anna was rejected by society due to infidelity (at the time, infidelity was not considered a serious mistake, but nevertheless it was preferable to keep it secret). But Anna could not and did not want to pretend and hide her feelings for Vronsky, as a result of which pressure from society forced her to commit suicide.

Main characters: Anna Karenina, Vronsky, Levin, Kitty

Character Analysis

Anna Arkadievna Karenina is the main character of the novel. She is an intelligent, smart, beautiful woman who let her feelings take over the mind. Showing us her “weakness”, Tolstoy asks the question whether she is really to blame and whether it is fair to blame a person for his feelings.

At that moment, when Anna fell in love with Vronsky, she was well aware of her exclusion from high society and complete condemnation. No one would take into account whether she was happily married or not. However, in her opinion, nothing could compare with true love.

Despite the fact that society could not accept her feelings, she was not going to hide them or pretend to be faithful to her husband. This shows that she behaved more morally than other women, as she took full responsibility for her actions without false pretense in an attempt to maintain her status.

Tolstoy describes Anna as a person with strong character, which is very difficult to condemn because of its principles. She really stands out among the crowd of hypocritical people. The decision to leave her husband for the sake of Vronsky looks quite natural and humane. That is why Anna is perceived as a heroine, and not a moral criminal.

Over time, the situation changes, feelings are replaced by jealousy and doubts. Anna becomes more nervous and selfish, she is tormented by remorse. It can be concluded that her death was provoked by her own moral anguish, and not by pressure from society.

Levin- a landowner, described at the beginning as a person with a strong character like Anna, confident that the meaning of a person's life is his own happiness. He thinks so until he meets Kitty. After the wedding, he realizes that this is not always enough to make life meaningful.

His simplicity and slight conservatism bring Kitty security and peace, but there is no romantic passion in their feelings that Kitty once felt for Vronsky.

Vronsky- a young handsome officer who lives a carefree life before meeting Anna. According to the plot of the novel, he turns from an irresponsible person into someone who is able to do everything for the sake of his beloved and even takes responsibility for the child. But nothing lasts forever, and when he and Anna face difficulties, Vronsky, despite his love, begins to regret his lost career.

Despite the fact that there is no direct connection between Vronsky and Anna's suicide, it cannot be said that he had nothing to do with this tragedy. He did not keep his promise to Anna, and this happened as a result of the desire to be ordinary person. While Vronsky tried to be himself, Anna became more and more convinced that she had become a burden for him.

Kitty- a princess from Moscow, in love with Vronsky. Her father does not approve of her feelings, considering Levin a more suitable candidate. However, at first Kitty refuses Levin, waiting for an offer from Vronsky.

Rejected by Vronsky, Kitty regrets her refusal to Levin. After spending some time abroad, she becomes stronger mentally. Her marriage to Levin is strong and stable.

Kitty's chastity could not be compared with Anna, who charmed Vronsky. Kitty is destined to be faithful wife, while Anna strives to achieve something more in life.

Leo Tolstoy biography

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a Russian writer who was born in 1828. He is one of the great realist writers of his time. The son of a landowner, Tolstoy was orphaned at the age of 9 and was educated mainly by teachers from France and Germany.

At the age of 16, Tolstoy entered Kazan University, but quickly became disillusioned with his studies and was expelled. After a fruitless attempt to improve the life of the serfs on his estate, he travels to Moscow, where he enters high society.

In 1851 Tolstoy joined his brother's regiment in the Caucasus, where he first met the Cossacks. Further, he describes their life and way of life with sincere sympathy in the novel Cossacks, published in 1863. Also during his service, Tolstoy completes two autobiographical novels, which suddenly receive wide publicity and approval.

Back in St. Petersburg, Tolstoy promotes education for the peasants by opening a local elementary school.

In 1862 he marries Sofya Andreevna Bers from a Moscow secular family. Over the next 15 years, he had a large family with 19 children. At the same time he published two of his most famous novels, War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877).

In the impartial novel "Confession" Tolstoy describes his spiritual excitement and begins a long journey to moral and social peace. In his opinion, it lies in two principles of the Gospel: love for all people and resistance to the temptation of the devil. Living in autocratic Russia, Tolstoy fearlessly criticizes social inequality and the unquestioning authority of the state and church. His didactic essays, translated into many languages, won the hearts of people in many countries from all walks of life, many came to him in Russia seeking advice.

"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" is a novel that can be called autobiographical, as it is based on the childhood of ...

Romance novels most correspond to the very name of this genre and have always been read with enthusiasm. "Manon Lescaut" by the abbot (!) Prevost, "Dangerous Liaisons" by Choderlos de Laclos, "Red and Black" by Stendhal, "Madame Bovary" by Flaubert, "The Noble Nest" by Turgenev, which even gave the incomparably more expressive "La Traviata" "Lady with camellias" by Dumas son - and still the most read books, they are endlessly published, translated, plays, operas, films are born on their basis. And the most famous love story was written by the great Russian writer, who had a reputation as a severe moralist and even a merciless judge of earthly, carnal love. However, no moralizing, thoroughly tendentious Kreutzer Sonata, created in his declining years by a nobleman, landowner and officer who had a stormy youth, will cross out and cancel Anna Karenina in world literature.

novel by Leo Tolstoy "Anna Karenina"(1873-1877) is usually called a family novel, but this is primarily a love story, which is confirmed by its numerous dramatizations for the theater and film adaptations here and in the West. full of life the young beauty Anna and the limited class and spiritually limited aristocrat Vronsky, the awkward honest eccentric Levin (yes, this noble Russian surname must be pronounced and written with “e”) and the truthful, longing for happiness in love and family Kitty, kind, unhappy in love, but happy in family worries and children, Dolly, the frivolous, irresponsible, but charming cheerful Steve Oblonsky, and even the lean high-ranking bureaucrat Karenin, this “man in a case” who is afraid of real life - they all love, and everyone understands love in their own way.

This great, most human, very personal feeling richly, strikingly changes and reveals their characters. People in love become better, their rich soul opens up, its complex whimsical dialectic, often unexpected for them. Life itself becomes different, it is renewed, reveals its mobile complexity, acquires a special meaning, Tolstoy's heroes suddenly understand that there is destiny, its incomprehensible driving force. Moreover, for the author of this classic love novel, it is important to show the feeling of each character in continuous movement, in a complex interweaving of changing states, meetings, separations, hopes, illusions, disappointments, mistakes, precisely found gestures. Describing their changing state of mind and thoughts, Tolstoy gives not only the supporting, main events and details, but also the smallest characteristic details that connect them, creating the illusion of the reader's presence.

Another insightful critic D.I. Pisarev noted that Tolstoy’s plot primarily serves an all-penetrating psychological analysis, “the dialectic of the soul”: “Details and particulars concentrate all artistic interest here ... There is no development of characters, no action, but only an image of some moments of inner life souls, there is analysis. Criticism belongs to the exact and penetrating characterization of Tolstoy's "dialectics of the soul": "No one extends analysis further than him, no one looks so deeply into a person's soul, no one with such stubborn attention, with such inexorable consistency, disassembles the most secret motives, the most fleeting and, according to apparently random movements of the soul. How a thought develops and gradually forms in a person’s mind, what modifications it goes through, how a feeling boils in the chest, how imagination plays, drawing a person from the world of reality into a world of fantasy, how, in the midst of dreams, reality roughly and materially reminds of itself and what first impression this rough clash between two heterogeneous worlds makes on a person - these are the motives that Tolstoy develops with special love and with brilliant success ... Everywhere we meet either a subtle analysis of the mutual relations between the actors, or an abstract psychological treatise that preserves in its abstraction, fresh, full vitality, or, finally, tracing the most mysterious, obscure movements of the soul, which have not reached consciousness, are not completely understandable even for the person who experiences them himself, and meanwhile receive their expression in the word and do not lose their mystery ". The critic never finished reading War and Peace, did not live to see the appearance of Anna Karenina, but he understood and described the phenomenon itself well.

Of course, Pisarev's view of Tolstoy's "dialectics of the soul" is a view from the outside, belonging to young man other beliefs and psychology. But this is precisely what gives him certain advantages, the freedom of analysis and judgment, which we are sometimes deprived of today. The critic astutely notes that the prose writer, as it were, imposes his refined psychologism on the reader, turns it into a method of reading his works, that is, he forces the sensitive reader to peer into the complex movements of fluid human soul and think about your world of feelings: “When reading Tolstoy, you need to look in particular, dwell on individual details, check these details with your own experienced feelings and impressions, you need to think about it, and only then can reading this can enrich the stock of thoughts, inform the reader of knowledge of human nature and deliver him, thus, full, fruitful aesthetic pleasure.

Tolstoy shows the love relationships of his characters not as external events of the novel plot, but as their internal states, realized by them and the reader gradually, step by step, revealed through unexpected characteristic details. This is the famous "dialectics of the soul", the finest lace psychological analysis, showing in truthful features and details the birth, development and true meaning of feelings, followed by thoughts and actions. Thanks to this, the artistic time of the novel and the time of the reader coincide.

To do this, Tolstoy uses an innovative method of depicting the stream of consciousness of the characters (the famous scene of the stream of feverish consciousness of Anna going to the station to commit suicide) and slowing down their movements (Kitty Levin's vision at the skating rink). Kitty, waiting (in vain) for Vronsky's recognition at the ball, lives in a dreamy ecstasy of her impending happiness as in a dream: "The whole ball until the last quadrille was for Kitty a magical dream of joyful colors, sounds and movements." And Anna's appearance in the salon of Princess Betsy Tverskaya to Vronsky in love is like a scene from a movie, although the movie has not yet appeared.

Already in the famous scene of Anna's return from Moscow on the train, we see how her awakening feeling of love for Vronsky, "a magical state of tension," slowly embraces her. And these feelings become alive, fluid, moving, Anna suddenly feels joy, her nerves tense up: “She felt that her eyes were opening more and more, that her fingers and toes were moving unequally, that something was pressing her breath in her chest, and that all the images and sounds in this wavering twilight amaze her with extraordinary brightness. A snow storm is raging around the stopped train, and this is a storm of passions: "And she opened the door."

Anna suddenly realizes that this casual conversation on the train "broke her terribly" with an unfamiliar young handsome man whom she, a secular married lady, in his mind condescendingly calls "officer-boy." And Vronsky, who respectfully but insistently spoke to her about love, felt the same: “He felt that all his hitherto loose, scattered forces were gathered into one and with terrible energy were directed towards one blissful goal.” Both of them, changing, go towards their growing feeling, their happy and tragic romance, although they are afraid of its imperious power and vaguely feel a sign of trouble, impending danger. In the growing melody of their stormy passion, a note of death immediately appears. The death of a worker at the station unexpectedly brings them closer and at the same time becomes a bad omen, Anna hears and remembers someone's words about an easy, instant death under the wheels of the train.

This is how it all starts, everything is predetermined. And it's not easy, it's constantly changing. Kitty and Anna understand Vronsky's late, unexpected and strange arrival at the Oblonskys in different ways. It seems to a naive girl in love that the future groom came there for her sake. However, he came for Anna, so he made her understand the strength of his feelings and the desire to achieve her reciprocal love. She understands this, but "a strange feeling of pleasure and, at the same time, fear of something suddenly stirred in her heart." Love is omnipotent and dangerous, it transforms these very different people and their destinies, fills their lives with new meaning, makes them better, creates, destroys and preserves their families, makes them take a fresh look at long-term friends and relatives (Anna, leaving the train together with Vronsky, suddenly sees the very large ears of her husband, whom he is already looking at from the side, as if he were a stranger). The Oblonskys, Vronskys, Karenins, and Levins understand and express the "family thought" that drives Tolstoy's novel in different ways.

But all of them, in the interweaving of different, but such ordinary destinies, are expressed by one or another philosophical thoughts and the moral principles of Tolstoy, and the writer saw love as a category of morality, and not social (he branded the hypocritical morality of high society in the novel as false, cruel and pharisaic), but religious, although he knew that this eternal “category” arose long before any society and every religion and morality. For Tolstoy, it is primarily a moral category. And such a formulation of the question in the novel was inevitably followed by criticism of the official Orthodox Church, characteristic of the late Tolstoy, contemporary art and philosophy (armchair thinker Koznyshev, who has features of V.S. Solovyov and B.N. Chicherin), new music.

Affected here and the famous " women's issue”, head, abstract ideas of the intelligentsia (the Slavic question turned into another fashion), political and economic decline and the degeneration of the nobility, the ruin and auction sale of estates, shows the general crisis of the Russian family in high society, the nobility and the intelligentsia, as already mentioned in War and Peace. But in Anna Karenina the author speaks much less of himself; there are no longer the famous philosophical and historical digressions.

In Tolstoy, all images reveal him moral position. At the beginning of the novel, the faded, exhausted, suffering Dolly speaks of the happiness and health of the young beauty Anna almost with envy, but this “almost” testifies to her true feminine understanding of the falsity and falsity of the Karenin marriage and a vague doubt about the cloudlessness of this ostentatious happiness. And the charming and intelligent egoist Steve Oblonsky thought about everything and forgot only one thing that he wanted to forget: the offended crying pregnant wife, who in the next room rushes about in doubts and is waiting for his explanation and repentance for another frivolous betrayal. From such precise psychological details, a moral assessment of the characters and their thoughts and actions is born.

From the very beginning, in Anna Karenina we see two paths, two love stories with very different outcomes. The novel initially contrasts two men, two rivals, seeking the love of the sweet and inexperienced Princess Kitty Shcherbatskaya: the shy and clumsy provincial landowner Konstantin Levin (his main idea is: “I, most importantly, need to feel that I am not to blame”) and self-confident Petersburg aristocrat, guardsman and rich man Count Alexei Vronsky. Then two pairs of main characters are formed - Anna and Vronsky, Levin and Kitty, and around them, their very different loves and destinies, Tolstoy's moral novel about love is built.

Levin, who lost his parents early, wants family happiness, peace of mind, love, children, but considers himself unworthy of a girl and idealizes her too much. He is clumsy, sometimes tactless, always hesitates, and suddenly leaves in doubt for two months to his village. Hence his untimely (in his absence he appeared and achieved a lot in his courtship, his decisive, experienced in love affairs rival Vronsky) and therefore an unsuccessful proposal, which, nevertheless, forced Kitty to think and understand her true attitude towards this mature man who was shy before her. She feels happiness and delight, suddenly, like a woman, she pities him to tears, even in her girlish eclipse she sees how strong the moral feeling is in the honest and straightforward Levin, respect for another person, for a woman, the desire to work together to achieve the meaning of good, and on this building a real family.

The Shcherbatskys are a friendly, albeit a little careless, Moscow family, and in this they resemble the Rostovs from War and Peace. And in the immediate cheerful Kitty there is a lot from Natasha Rostova, she, as it were, repeats her famous simultaneous love for the brilliant clever prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the stupid handsome Anatole Kuragin (from their different features the image of Vronsky was formed) and the feeling for the awkward truth-seeker Count Pierre Bezukhov (his heir in novel - Levin).

A purely Tolstoyan detail is important: the enthusiastic Levin adores precisely this big family, her kind, sincere atmosphere, in love with all the charming sisters, in this sweet female kingdom. And the desire to find happiness and love in the family unites Levin and Kitty, they feel their spiritual kinship here (for the husband and wife should be made of the same dough, as it is rightly said in another famous love story - "Gone with the Wind" by American Margaret Mitchell) and after painful for both break and Kitty's illness slowly go towards each other. Tolstoy shows here how difficult the work of love is and how shaky, full of unexpected obstacles and changing all accidents, a person’s movement towards family happiness. Levin fights for his happiness, and after all the doubts and disappointments, he finds it in his marriage to Kitty, who has learned the harsh lessons of life: “I fought with myself and I see that without this there is no life. And you have to decide ... ”And then this is repeated in the famous scene of Kitty’s birth, and in his struggle with the wind, when his wife and little son found themselves in the forest in a thunderstorm and storm.

Vronsky, on the other hand, is self-confident (“He looked at people as if they were things”) and is ambitious at heart, does not feel the need for family life, does not love and does not respect his mother, is busy only with the affairs of the regiment, a society of cheerful rake-friends and accessible women, military career, thoroughbred horses; according to the free to immorality rules of his single high-society circle and the guards environment, it is quite possible to captivate a girl from a good family and not marry her. His cheerful officer cynicism makes the naive Kitty unhappy, she follows the foolish advice of a vain mother and the deceptive voice of girlish vanity (Vronsky is one of the best suitors in Russia) and makes a mistake, which life then corrects for a long and difficult time. The scene of the ball, beginning with the happiness and triumph of Kitty's "pink" (meaning the color of her tulle dress), and ending with the complete "demonic" triumph of Anna, who put on a magnificent black dress: "There was something terrible and cruel in her charms." But not only Vronsky's sudden betrayal strikes Kitty, she is "crushed" (Tolstoy's exact expression) by despair and remorse, by one thought: "Yesterday she refused the man whom she may have loved, and she refused because she believed in another." She is taken away to be treated for a non-existent disease in European waters she does not need (compare this with the illness and treatment of Natasha Rostova). Sister Dolly helps her cope with mental anguish by “morally rolling up her sleeves” (a wonderful expression of the moralist Tolstoy).

But here, in the emotional insensitivity, pride and narrow-mindedness of the aristocrat Vronsky, lies the future tragedy of the "illegal" love of Anna Karenina, a young beautiful woman, full of life, thirst for love and family happiness, which she was deprived of in giving falsehood (this was noticed by sensitive Dolly ), an unequal marriage with an elderly, mentally lean state "man in a case". Her new chosen one, also Alexei, turns out to be the same formalist; for a carefree life, it is enough to observe the unwritten simple rules regimental life and the very hypocritical and unburdening laws of high society, he cannot understand the complex throwing and tragedy of Anna, her constant reproaches and tears only irritate him, seem to be an ordinary female technique, an encroachment on his male independence.

Vronsky shoots himself not out of love, but out of pride, from a feeling of wounded pride when her husband, a cowardly civilian, despised by him, suddenly becomes higher and better than him. His best friend, captain Yashvin, a gambler and a reveler "with immoral rules" and a strong character, is too reminiscent of the guards mischievous and duelist Dolokhov from War and Peace. About some moral quest, family, romantic love, there is no question of moving together towards enlightening truth, Tolstoy emphasizes the carnal, physical beginning in Vronsky, showing him energetically washing his red healthy neck. His phrase about Vronsky's love for Anna and his horses is important: "These two passions did not interfere with one another." Sometimes it seems that Vronsky survived the fall at the races and the death of his beloved mare Frou-Frou more hard than Anna's suicide, in which he was also guilty. He always forgot what he wanted to forget - little Seryozha, suffering from ambiguity and separation from the mother of Anna's son.

Vronsky nobly ruins his court and military career for the sake of Anna and leaves his beloved regiment, but cannot understand her, morally support her in her suffering, continuous doubts, longing for her son Seryozha, who remained with her father (we note a characteristic Tolstoy psychological detail: his little daughter from Vronsky Anna does not love, transferring her constant dissatisfaction with her insensitive father to her); this handsome and rich, but not very smart guards officer has access only to the sensual side of love and its high moral meaning is closed. There is wealth, some kind of theatrical demonstration of happiness, complete material contentment, Vronsky’s palaces and rich estates, the ostentatious construction of luxurious and unnecessary (Levin speaks of this quite in the spirit of Tolstoy) hospitals and schools, but there is no family, home, harmony, mutual respect and trust, because it is not observed moral law and the meaning of goodness that unites people, the spiritual meaning of love, is not understood. "Happy" Anna constantly takes morphine before going to bed, her persistent, almost hysterical love and unreasonable jealousy burden Vronsky, who is accustomed to the complete freedom of a rich and noble bachelor.

This love remains sensual, unfamiliar, unspiritual for Anna, and it is no coincidence that she is the sister of a not very moral, looking for entertainment outside the family of Stiva Oblonsky and is offended by her comparison with her brother. V.V. Nabokov noted: "The union of Anna and Vronsky is based only on physical love and is therefore doomed." That is why Tolstoy considers this love "illegal" and condemns it, but these important reasons for the author's condemnation are different than those of the hypocritical secular society.

There is a supreme court of conscience and morality. Happiness without a family and a joint path to goodness is impossible. Despair is growing. Anna, at the most fatal moment of their lives, is left alone and goes towards death, she is possessed by the "spirit of evil and deceit." And yet, love kindled in her soul a “feeling of revival” (that is, a woman, as it were, slowly came to life in a fascinating “romance” after a lifeless marriage with a man-machine and many years of lies in the family) and constituted “the whole interest of her life.” Vronsky, at their meeting in the salon of Betsy Tverskaya, was struck by Anna's "new, spiritual beauty", she beamed with a "smile of happiness." And it is very difficult for Tolstoy to condemn this love, the brilliant depiction of which made his novel famous. But still, he compares Anna's passion with "the terrible brilliance of a fire in the middle of a dark night." Chekhov was surprised at Tolstoy’s artistic courage: “Just think, it’s him, he wrote that Anna herself felt, saw her eyes sparkle in the dark! .. Seriously, I’m afraid of him.” This love fire of passions destroys and incinerates everything and leads the heroine of the novel to inevitable moral and physical death.

There is also Tolstoy’s favorite idea of ​​“simplification” in Anna Karenina, which arose back in The Cossacks and War and Peace, when the rich man Pierre Bezukhov, tired of lies and complex moral quests, was “eternally confused” (K.N. Leontiev), this prototype of Levin, falls into French captivity and meets with the "round" people's sage Platon Karataev. Remarkable are the pictures of a snow storm, awakening nature in spring, agricultural labor and hunting, revealing the state of mind of a person and his connection with living life, where hunting dogs also think. However, the writer understands that true simplification will not come to the cultured gentleman Levin with one mowing together with the peasants, abstaining from lies and harmful noble habits and following simple folk customs and healthy but primitive manners. The landowner Tolstoy looks with hope at the peasantry connected with nature and soil, where healthy labor and family relations still live, creates a wonderful image of the song of cheerful women as clouds approaching Levin, but does not idealize the common people (see his drama "The Power of Darkness"), sees all his "birthmarks", illiteracy, cunning, drunkenness, severe hostility, Oblomovism.

Very interesting is the constant hopeless struggle of the strong owner Levin with the negligent peasants, who stubbornly refuse to work diligently and correctly and do everything as it is easy and convenient for them. Here Tolstoy, for his part, shows Oblomovism as a phenomenon of real life and a feature of the Russian national character. And the tough, merciless merchant-kulak Ryabinin in achieving his material benefit, who fraudulently bought the forest that belonged to his wife from the careless spender Stiva Oblonsky (Ostrovsky’s favorite “cross-cutting” theme), the author of Anna Karenina showed all the real power of the “dark kingdom”, involuntarily making one doubt the existence of the kingdom of light. It is no coincidence that Levin, a nobleman and landowner who graduated from the university, renounces his naive dreams of becoming simpler, working with peasants in the field and marrying a peasant woman, and finds his happiness in a well-maintained noble nest with a sweet and educated Princess Kitty Shcherbatskaya, who raises a whole revolt against secular pretense on foreign waters. and religious hypocrisy and says to the cunning, lean hypocrite Varenka: “I can’t live otherwise than according to my heart, but you live by the rules.” Also important is Levin’s stern reply to his brother-professor, an armchair thinker-scholastic, who is similar to Varenka (whom he almost married) with his purely bookish mentality and “lack of life force”, who abstractly understands the word “people”: “I myself am a people and do not feel this." And we see that this love story is also social.

In the novel, Anna suffers and dies from a growing sense of guilt and impasse in life because her “illegal” love for Vronsky is sinful. But who, what kind of judgment can pass on her, her sincere feeling, such a cruel sentence? Here the stern moralist Tolstoy is not far from high society, for he judges love and a woman for whom this feeling is the main meaning of life. Anna can be insincere (then she squints), angry, and even boldly plays with her sinful beauty and feminine strength, frankly luring the married Levin in order to somehow avenge Kitty for her former affair with Vronsky. Tolstoy sees her very feminine trait: Anna hates her husband “for the terrible guilt that she was guilty of before him,” and at the same time wants him to stay with her next to her lover. The wise, tolerant Chekhov later repeated the love situation of "Anna Karenina" in the story "Duel" and said something else: normal woman she cannot suffer from sincere strong love in any way and, moreover, does not consider her and herself sinful, she suffers because of her false position in the family and society and insensitivity, disrespect for her beloved man. Family happiness is based on mutual understanding, respect, a sense of responsibility, moreover, it cannot completely fill the life of a man, and a woman too.

The novel "Anna Karenina" continued many important thoughts and themes of "War and Peace", it is also a panoramic book about Russian society in the new post-reform era, about the general crisis of all values ​​that engulfed all its classes and estates - from the government, the St. Petersburg high society, Moscow and the provincial nobility to the common people, the peasants. Goncharov wrote about the author of "Anna Karenina": "He throws - like a bird net, huge frame on the crowd of people, from the top layer to the bottom, and nothing that falls into this frame escapes his gaze, analysis and brush ... Life - as it is - is written by the author with merciless fidelity, with its light and shadows, with bright and colorless sides. But everywhere here the foundation is the family that binds her love. Tolstoy again shows this growing social and ideological disunity at all levels of the changed Russian society, moral and economic trouble through the “family thought”, starting his novel with the famous phrase: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way” .

Philosophical, moral quests characterize Konstantin Levin as an autobiographical image, but his purely Tolstoyan idea of ​​simplification and the search for patriarchal integrity and truth in family happiness and peasant labor shows that the author of the novel was deeply disappointed in all the moral and cultural values ​​of the noble society and the dogmas and principles of the official Orthodox Church. Both the satirical scene of the noble elections, and the soulless deceit and hypocrisy of the rotten "high society", and the noble club as a crowd of idle talkers, and the mockery of the intelligentsia's head passion for the fashionable "Slavic question" and spiritualism show Tolstoy's disbelief in the old forms, forces and ideas of the outgoing noble Russia.

However, real life, the tragedy itself and the death of Anna, placed in a false position by a deceitful and unjust society, suddenly reveal to all these mistaken, imperfect, sinful people themselves and the people around them with their equally legitimate feelings and interests, the highest moral goal glimmering in the “beautiful far away”. their common being, "the law of goodness". Even the thoroughly formal, mentally lean, fearful “state man” (his wife correctly calls him a machine) Alexei Aleksandrovich Karenin suddenly becomes just a living person, forgives his guilty wife in a Christian way, touchingly takes care of her little “illegitimate” daughter. The ever-decreasing family, exhausted by household chores and betrayals of her husband Dolly and the pretty varmint Stiva Oblonsky, is preserved, Levin, who always doubts everything, finally finds his simple and difficult family happiness and peace of mind. “In the very center of this petty and impudent life, the great eternal truth of life appeared, and at once illuminated everything ... Everyone forgave and justified each other. Class and exclusivity suddenly disappeared and became unthinkable, and these people from a piece of paper became like real people! ”Dostoevsky rightly said.

He also pointed out that the author of Anna Karenina was able to solve his great philosophical and artistic task using the unique method of “dialectics of the soul”, showed a “fluid”, continuously changing person in the eternal contradictory movement of his thoughts and feelings, skillfully used the “energy of delusion” rushing about personality: “In the view ... of the author on the guilt and criminality of people, it is clearly seen that no anthill, no triumph of the “fourth estate”, no elimination of poverty, no organization of labor will save humanity from abnormality, and consequently, from guilt and crime. This is expressed in the enormous psychological development of the human soul, with terrible depth and strength, with hitherto unprecedented realism in our artistic representation.

And this unfading artistry of Tolstoy's novel is quite historical, because since the time of "War and Peace" Russian society has, as it were, "crystallized", significantly changed and grown. The people themselves accelerated and became more complex, their feelings and thoughts, their exchange, and the great national goal that united them into the people in 1812 disappeared, and the whole society quickly went along diverging paths. This is the reason for all the turmoil, struggle and unbelief, delusions and hesitations that drive Tolstoy's novel and its characters who doubt, suffer and seek new truth.

Tolstoy's characters are born from a continuous change psychological states, in their collisions with other people and reality, they are driven by a discovery that is unexpected even for the person himself, a sudden awareness of the true external and internal causes of one or another of his thoughts and actions. The people in Anna Karenina live in different, simple and complex forms lies, evil and self-deception, but stubbornly strive for a common ideal of good and truth. Suddenly the real truth is revealed to them. From this interweaving of the streams of personal consciousnesses, the general strong movement of Tolstoy's psychological prose, its unique artistry, is born.

The novel "Anna Karenina" became the line beyond which began a long-prepared and approaching spiritual turning point in the worldview, and, therefore, in the life and work of Leo Tolstoy. After all, the whole novel, especially its finale, is filled with disturbing thoughts about faith and unbelief and doubts about religion and personal immortality not only of Levin, but also of the author. He himself called it a “spiritual upheaval”, Lenin, out of habit, a crisis (as if it were about the economy), but in any case it is clear that noble culture and even Pushkin did not become the basis of life, thought for the author of Anna Karenina and creativity, burdened him.

Hence all the disputes and quarrels of the stern Tolstoy with the “Russian European” Turgenev and the “pure” poet Fet, his ideological confrontation with the European cultured and thinking Dostoevsky, the inevitable disagreements with the bourgeois educator Chernyshevsky, and the now unresolved conflict with the official Orthodox Church. He stubbornly wanted a simpler and healthier, in his opinion, morality and culture, general spiritual unity and tranquility in work and faith, recognition by all of the laws of goodness as “duties of practical ethics” (K.N. Leontiev), he himself tried to create them in the form new churchless religion - "Tolstoyism", looked back hopefully at the common people, the peasantry, began to write directive treatises with the characteristic title "So what should we do?" (1882-1886), remade the Gospel (!?), etc. Tolstoy wanted to be a teacher of life. But his artistic genius was much richer and more vital than this dogmatic moralistic teaching, which became another sect for many semi-literate Russian people.

The love novel "Anna Karenina", showing at all levels the disunity and moral decline of Tolstoy's modern society, religion, culture, church and noble state, is full of life, strength, faith and hope, understanding of the inconsistency and resilience of a person, the statement in the book is much more than ruthless criticism. And even Tolstoy’s stern opponent Konstantin Leontiev, who seriously wanted the author’s exile in Solovki, said of his brilliant novel: “In Anna Karenina, both suicides, both Vronsky’s and Anna’s, drown in such an abundance of health, strength, bodily beauty, brilliance, peace and hilarity that they cannot offend too deeply the heart and taste of the normal reader."

This book lives, captivates the feelings and thoughts of the reader, because its theme is eternal and revealed by the great Russian artist and thinker who knew what love is.

Ginzburg L.Ya. About psychological prose. L., 1977.
Leontiev K.N. About the novels L.N. Tolstoy. Analysis, style and trend. Critical study. M., 1911.
Nabokov V.V. Lectures on Russian literature. Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Gorky, Tolstoy, Turgenev. M., 2001.
Sakharov V.I. Russian prose of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Problems of history and poetics. M., 2002.
Sakharov V.I. Russian literature of the XI-XIX centuries. 9-10 grades. M., 2006.
Skaftymov A.P. Moral quests of Russian writers. M., 1972.

© Vsevolod Sakharov . All rights reserved.

“Oh hedgehog send them perfect love ...”

To understand what a painful path led Levin and Kitty to the wedding, you need to read the entire work of Leo Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" and, probably, more than once. But we present for your attention the joyful and desired outcome of the unrest and wanderings of the two loving hearts. Wedding.

The author calls the bride and groom not newlyweds, not newlyweds, but “new brides”. They are excited and full of awe.
Today this scene would be called a wedding, but then this ceremony was equated with a wedding, because there were no state bodies for recording civil status (that is, registry offices). Information about the creation of a new family was entered in church books.
Everything in the temple, I think, is filled with spirituality, humility, bright thought. This must also penetrate into the hearts of the people. However, wedding ladies are still worried about hats, men - ten rubles difference between unburned and burnt. That is, everyone is in the wedding, despite the emotions, feelings, experiences in a rather everyday, everyday mood. What can not be said about the bride and groom. Of course, one can imagine: what they are thinking about there - in front of the altar, but it is impossible to guess exactly.
Confusion, fear of doing something wrong, the most tender happiness... Only newlyweds know this for real!

Elena Kaluzina

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

Anna Karenina

* PART FIVE *

III

A crowd of people, especially women, surrounded the lighted for the wedding
church. Those who did not have time to penetrate into the middle crowded around the windows,
pushing and arguing and peering through the bars.
More than twenty carriages were already placed by the gendarmes along the street.
A police officer, ignoring the frost, stood at the entrance, shining in his uniform.
More carriages drove up incessantly, and then ladies in flowers with raised
trains, then the men, taking off their caps or black hats, entered the church. AT
both chandeliers and all the candles near the local images were already lit in the church itself.
Golden radiance on the red background of the iconostasis, and gilded carvings of icons, and
silver chandeliers and candlesticks, and floor slabs, and rugs, and banners above
by the kliros, and the steps of the pulpit, and the old blackened books, and the cassocks, and
surplices - everything was flooded with light. On the right side warm church, in the crowd
tailcoats and white ties, uniforms and damasks, velvet, satin, hair, flowers,
bare shoulders and arms and high gloves, there was a restrained and animated conversation,
reverberating strangely in the high dome. Every time there was a beep
the door being opened, the conversation in the crowd subsided, and everyone looked around, expecting to see
incoming bride and groom. But the door had already been opened more than ten times, and
each time it was either a late guest or a guest joining the
mug of the invited, to the right, or a spectator who deceived or propitiated
police officer, joining a strange crowd, to the left. Both relatives and
outsiders have already gone through all phases of waiting.
At first they thought that the bride and groom would arrive right away, not
attributing no significance to this delay. Then more and more often
look at the door, talking about whether something happened.
Later this lateness became embarrassing, and relatives and guests tried to make
the appearance that they do not think about the groom and are busy with their conversation.
The protodeacon, as if recalling the value of his time, impatiently
coughed, making the glass in the windows tremble. On the kliros were heard
samples of voices, the blowing of the nose of bored choristers. Priest incessantly
sent first the deacon, then the deacon to find out if the groom had arrived, and himself, in a lilac
cassock and an embroidered belt, more and more often went out to the side doors, waiting for the groom.
Finally, one of the ladies, looking at her watch, said: "However, this is strange!" - and
all the guests became uneasy and began to loudly express their surprise and
displeasure. One of the best men went to find out what had happened. Kitty in it
time, quite ready for a long time, in a white dress, a long veil and a wreath
orange flowers, with a planted mother and sister Lvova stood in the hall
Shcherbatsky house and looked out the window, waiting in vain for more than half an hour for news
from his best man about the groom's arrival at the church.
Meanwhile, Levin, in trousers, but without a waistcoat and tailcoat, was walking back and
forward through your number, continually leaning out the door and looking
the corridor. But in the corridor it was not visible who he expected, and he, with despair
returning and waving his arms, he treated Stepan, who was quietly smoking
Arkadyich.
“Has there ever been a man in such a terrible foolish position!” -
he said.
"Yes, it's stupid," Stepan Arkadyevitch confirmed, smiling softly. - But
calm down, they'll bring it now.
No, how! said Levin with restrained fury. - And these stupid
open vests! Impossible! - he said, looking at the crumpled in front of his
shirts. “And how things have already been taken to the railroad!” he cried with
despair.
“Then put on mine.
- And it should have been so long ago.
- It's not good to be funny... Wait! is formed.
The point was that when Levin demanded to get dressed, Kuzma, the old
servant Levin, brought a tailcoat, waistcoat and everything that was needed.
"And the shirt!" exclaimed Levin.
"Your shirt is on," Kuzma replied with a calm smile.
Kuzma did not think of leaving clean shirts, and, having received orders, all
to put them down and take them to the Shcherbatskys, from whom they were leaving that same evening
young, he did just that, packing everything except the tailcoat pair. Shirt worn with
morning, was crumpled and impossible with the open fashion of vests. Send to
Shcherbatsky was far away. They sent me to buy a shirt. The footman has returned: everything is locked -
Sunday. They sent to Stepan Arkadyevitch, brought a shirt; She was
impossibly wide and short. Finally, they sent to the Shcherbatskys to unpack things.
The groom was expected in the church, and he, like a beast locked in a cage, walked around the room,
looking out into the corridor and remembering with horror and despair what he had said to Kitty
And what can she think now.
Finally, the guilty Kuzma, forcibly catching his breath, flew into the room with
shirt.
- Just stopped. They’ve already been raised on a cart, ”said Kuzma.
Three minutes later, without looking at his watch so as not to irritate his wounds, Levin
ran down the corridor.
"That won't help you," Stepan Arkadyevitch said with a smile, unhurriedly
rushing after him. - Formed, formed ... - I tell you.

IV

We've arrived! - Here he is! - Which the? - You're younger, right? - and she,
mother, neither alive nor dead! - they started talking in the crowd when Levin, having met
bride at the entrance, together with her entered the church.
Stepan Arkadyevitch told his wife the reason for the delay, and the guests, smiling,
whispered among themselves. Levin noticed nothing and no one; he is not
lowering his eyes, looked at his bride.
Everyone said that she had become very ugly during these last days and was under
the crown is far from being as good as usual; but Levin did not find it. He
looked at her high hair with a long white veil and white flowers,
a high-standing ruffled collar, especially virginally closing from the sides
and opening it in front long neck, and amazing thin waist, and to him
it seemed that she was better than ever - not because these flowers,
this veil, this dress ordered from Paris added something to her
beauty, but because, in spite of this prepared splendor of attire,
the expression of her sweet face, her look, her lips were still the same special
an expression of innocent truth.
“I already thought you wanted to run,” she said and smiled at him.
“It’s so stupid what happened to me, I’m ashamed to say!” he said,
blushing, and had to turn to Sergei Ivanovich, who had come up.
- Your shirt story is good! - said Sergei Ivanovich, shaking
head and smiling.
"Yes, yes," answered Levin, not understanding what they were talking about.
"Well, Kostya, now we must decide," said Stepan Arkadyevitch,
pretending to be frightened is an important question. You are now in a position
appreciate its importance. They ask me: should the burnt candles be lit, or
unfired? The difference is ten roubles,” he added, gathering his lips into
smile. - I decided, but I'm afraid that you will not agree.
Levin understood that it was a joke, but he could not smile.
- So how? unfired or burnt? here is the question.
- Yes Yes! unfired.
- Well, I'm very happy. The question is settled!” said Stepan Arkadyevitch, smiling. -
However, how stupid people are in this position, - he said to Chirikov, when Levin,
looking at him in bewilderment, he moved towards the bride.
“Look, Kitty, stand on the carpet first,” said Countess Nordston,
coming up. - You are good! she turned to Levin.
- What, not scary? said Marya Dmitrievna, the old aunt.
- Aren't you fresh? You are pale. Wait, bend down! - said Kitty's sister,
Lvov, and, rounding her full, beautiful hands, corrected her with a smile
flowers on the head.
Dolly came up, wanted to say something, but could not pronounce it, she began to cry
and laughed unnaturally.
Kitty looked at everyone with the same absent eyes as Levin. On the
all the speeches addressed to her she could only answer with a smile of happiness, which
now it was so natural to her.
Meanwhile the clergymen had put on their clothes, and the priest and the deacon went out to
lectern, standing in the porch of the church. The priest turned to Levin, something
having said. Levin did not listen to what the priest said.
"Take the bride by the hand and lead her in," said the best man to Levin.
For a long time Levin could not understand what was required of him. Took a long time to fix it
and they already wanted to quit - because he took everything with the wrong hand or the wrong
hand, - when he finally realized that it was necessary right hand without changing
position, take her by the right hand. When he finally took the bride for
hand, as it should have been, the priest went a few steps ahead of them and
stopped at the lectern. A crowd of relatives and friends, buzzing with talk and rustling
trains, moved behind them. Someone, bending down, straightened the bride's train. AT
the church became so quiet that drops of wax could be heard falling.
An old priest, in a kamilavka, with gray strands shining with silver
hair, sorted into two sides behind the ears, protruding small senile
hands from under a heavy silver robe with a gold cross on the back, fingered
something at the lectern.
Stepan Arkadyevitch approached him cautiously, whispered something, and, winking
Levin, went back again.
The priest lit two flower-decorated candles, holding them sideways in his left
hand, so that the wax dripped from them slowly, and turned to face the bride.
The priest was the same one who confessed Levin. He looked tired
and with a sad look at the bride and groom, he sighed and, pulling out from under the robe
right hand, blessed the groom with it, and in the same way, but with a touch of careful
tenderness, put folded fingers on Kitty's bowed head. Then he submitted
them candles and, taking a censer, slowly moved away from them.
"Is that really true?" thought Levin, and looked round at the bride. To him
somewhat above her profile could be seen, and from the slightly perceptible movement of her lips and
eyelashes he knew she felt his gaze. She didn't look back, but
her high ruffled collar moved as it rose toward her pink
little ear. He saw that the breath stopped in her chest and trembled
a small hand in a high glove holding a candle.
All the fuss of shirts, being late, talking with friends, relatives, their
displeasure, his ridiculous situation - everything suddenly disappeared, and he felt
happy and scared.
A handsome tall protodeacon in a silver surplice, with standing
sides with combed curled curls, smartly stepped forward and, habitually
lifting the orarion on two fingers with a gesture, he stopped in front of the priest.
"Bla-go-word-vi, vla-dyko!" - slowly one by one, oscillating waves
air, solemn sounds were heard.
"Blessed be our God always, now and ever, and forever and ever," - humbly
and the old priest answered in a melodious voice, continuing to sort through something on the lectern.
And, filling the whole church from windows to vaults, he rose slender and wide,
intensified, stopped for a moment and quietly froze the full chord of the invisible
clear.
They prayed, as always, for heavenly peace and salvation, for a synod, for
sovereign; prayed for the now engaged servant of God Constantine and
Catherine.
"Oh hedgehog send them perfect love, more peaceful and help, Lord
let us pray," the whole church seemed to breathe in the voice of the protodeacon.
Levin listened to the words, and they amazed him. "How did they know that
help, exactly help? he thought, remembering all his recent fears and doubts.
opinion. - What do I know? What can I do in this terrible business, he thought, without
help? I need help right now."
When the deacon had finished the litany, the priest addressed the betrothed
book:
- "Eternal God, gathered in unity at a distance," he read to the meek
in a melodious voice, - and the union of love that they put indestructible; blessed
Isaac and Rebekah, heirs of your promise, I showed: bless yourself and
this servant of yours, Constantine, Catherine, instructing me in every good deed.
Like a merciful and philanthropic God, thou art, and we send glory to you, father, and
son, and the holy spirit, now and forever and forever and ever." - "A-amen" - again
an invisible choir poured into the air.
"Distant, gathering in union and positive union of love," - as
profound these words, and how corresponding to what you feel in this
minute! thought Levin. Does she feel the same as me?
And looking back, he met her gaze.
And from the expression of this look, he concluded that she understood the same thing as
he. But it wasn't true; she almost did not understand the words of the service and did not even
listened to them during the engagement. She could not listen and understand them: so
strong was that one feeling that filled her soul and more and more
intensified. The feeling was the joy of the complete accomplishment of what was already
a month and a half passed in her soul, and that in the course of all these six
for weeks pleased and tormented her. In her soul that day, as she in her
brown dress in the hall of the Arbat house, she approached him silently and gave herself
him, - in her soul on that day and hour a complete break was made with all the former
life, and a completely different, new, completely unknown to her
life, in fact, continued the old one. Those six weeks were
the most blissful and most painful time for her. Her whole life, everything
desires, hopes were focused on this one thing that was still incomprehensible to her
a person with whom she was connected by something even more incomprehensible than himself
a person, now a drawing together, now a repulsive feeling, and at the same time she
continued to live in the conditions of the former life. Living the old life, she was terrified
on himself, on his complete irresistible indifference to everything that has passed:
to things, to habits, to people who loved and love her, to
mother's indifference to the sweet, most of all beloved gentle
father. Now she was horrified by this indifference, now she rejoiced at what had brought her
to this indifference. She could neither think nor wish for anything outside of life with
by this person; but this new life did not yet exist, and she could not even
present it clearly. There was one expectation - fear and joy of the new and
unknown. And now, just about waiting, and uncertainty, and remorse for
renunciation of the former life - everything will end, and a new one will begin. This is not new
might not be scary in its obscurity; but scary or not scary -
it had already taken place six weeks ago in her soul; now only
that which had long been done in her soul was sanctified.
Turning back to the lectern, the priest with difficulty caught the small ring
Kitty demanded Levin's hand and put it on the first knuckle of his finger.
"The servant of God Konstantin is betrothed to the servant of God Catherine." And wearing a big
a ring on Kitty's pink, small finger, pitiful in its weakness, the priest
said the same.
Several times the betrothed wanted to guess what to do, and each
once they made a mistake, and the priest corrected them in a whisper. Finally done what needs to be done
was, crossing them with rings, he again handed Kitty a big one, and Levin
small; again they got confused and twice passed the ring from hand to hand,
and yet it didn't work out as expected.
Dolly, Chirikov, and Stepan Arkadyevitch stepped forward to correct them.
There was confusion, whispers and smiles, but solemnly tender
the expression on the faces of the betrothed did not change; on the contrary, tangling their hands, they
looked more seriously and solemnly than before, and the smile with which Stepan
Arkadyevitch whispered that now everyone should put on their ring, involuntarily froze at
him on the lips. He felt that any smile would offend them.
“You created the male and the female from the beginning,” read the priest
after the change of rings, - a wife is combined from you to your husband, to help and in
perception of the human race. Ubo himself, Lord our God, send the truth to
your inheritance and your promise, on your servants our fathers, in every kind and
generation, your chosen ones: look at your servant Constantine and at your servant
Catherine and confirm their betrothal in faith, and unanimity, and truth, and
love..."
Levin felt more and more that all his thoughts about marriage, his
dreams of how he would arrange his life - that it was all childish and that
it is something that he did not understand until now and now understands even less,
though it is done upon him; rose higher and higher in his chest
shudders, and unruly tears came into his eyes.

V

The whole of Moscow was in the church, relatives and friends. And during the ceremony
betrothal, in the brilliant illumination of the church, in the circle of dressed-up women, girls
and men in white ties, tailcoats and uniforms, the decently quiet
conversation, which was predominantly started by men, while women were
absorbed in observing all the details of the
sacred rites.
In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters: Dolly and the eldest,
the calm beauty of Lvov, who came from abroad.
- What is this Marie in purple, like black, for a wedding? - said
Korsunskaya.
- With her light of face, there is only one salvation ... - answered Drubetskaya. - I
I wonder why they made a wedding in the evening. This is a merchant...
- More beautiful. I also got married in the evening, - answered Korsunskaya and
sighed, remembering how sweet she was that day, how funny it was
her husband is in love and how everything is different now.
- They say that whoever is the best man more than ten times does not marry; I
wanted to be the tenth in order to insure himself, but the place was occupied, - he said
Count Sinyavin to the pretty Princess Charskaya, who had plans for him.
Charskaya answered him only with a smile. She looked at Kitty, thinking about
how and when she will stand with Count Sinyavin in Kitty's position, and how she
then remind him of his current joke.
Shcherbatsky told the old lady-in-waiting Nikolaeva what he intended to wear
a crown for Kitty's chignon to make her happy.
“You shouldn’t have put on a chignon,” answered Nikolaeva, who had long decided
that if the old widower whom she caught marries her, then the wedding
will be the simplest. - I don't like this fast.
Sergei Ivanovich was talking to Darya Dmitrievna, jokingly assuring her that
the custom of leaving after the wedding is spreading because newlyweds are always
is somewhat sensible.
- Your brother can be proud. She is amazingly cute. I think you're jealous?
"I've already experienced it, Darya Dmitrievna," he answered, and his face
suddenly took on a sad and serious expression.
Stepan Arkadyevitch was telling his sister-in-law his pun about divorce.
“We must fix the wreath,” she answered, not listening to him.
“What a pity that she has become so ugly,” said Countess Nordston Lvova.
“Still, he’s not worth her finger. Isn’t it?
- No, I really like him. Not because he is a future beaufrere,
answered Lvov. - And how well he keeps himself! And it's so hard to keep
behave well in this position - do not be ridiculous. And he is not funny, not pulled,
he is visibly touched.
- You seem to be waiting for this?
- Nearly. She always loved him.
- Well, let's see which of them will be on the carpet first. I advised
Kitty.
“It doesn’t matter,” answered Lvova, “we are all obedient wives, this is in our
breed.
- And I purposely became the first with Vasily. And you, Dolly?
Dolly stood beside them, heard them, but did not answer. She was
touched. Tears stood in her eyes, and she could not say anything,
without bursting into tears. She rejoiced at Kitty and Levin; thinking back to your
wedding, she looked at the radiant Stepan Arkadyevitch, forgot everything
present and remembered only her first innocent love. She did not remember
one herself, but all the women close and familiar to her; she remembered them at that time
the only solemn time for them, when they, like Kitty, stood
under the crown with love, hope and fear in the heart, renouncing the past and
entering into a mysterious future. Among these all the brides who came
her memory, she remembered her dear Anna, details about the alleged
divorce which she had recently heard. And she also, pure, stood in
orange flowers and veil. Now what?
“Awfully strange,” she said.
Not only sisters, friends and relatives followed all the details
sacraments; extraneous women, spectators, with excitement,
breathtaking, watched, afraid to miss every movement, expression
the faces of the bride and groom did not answer with annoyance and often did not hear speeches
indifferent men who made jocular or extraneous remarks.
- Why are you crying so much? Or reluctantly goes?
- Why involuntarily for such a young man? Prince, right?
- And this is a sister in white satin? Well, listen to the deacon bark: "Yes
afraid of her husband."
- Miraculous?
- Synodal.
- I asked the footman. He says that now he is taking him to his patrimony. rich
passion, they say. Then they issued it.
- No, they're a good couple.
- But you argued, Marya Vlasyevna, that carnalinas are worn on departure.
Look at the one in the plus, messenger, they say with what selection ... So, and
again that way.
- What a sweet bride, like a lamb removed! And no matter how you say
pity our sister. So it was said in the crowd of spectators who managed to slip into
church doors.

VI

When the ceremony of betrothal was over, the clergyman spread before the lectern
in the middle of the church, a piece of pink silk fabric, the choir sang skillful and complex
a psalm in which the bass and tenor called to each other, and the priest,
Turning around, he pointed out to the betrothed at the spread pink piece of cloth. No matter how
both often and a lot listened to the sign that whoever steps on the carpet first, he
will be the head of the family, neither Levin nor Kitty could remember this when
they took those few steps. They did not hear loud remarks and disputes
that, according to some, he became before, according to others, both
together.
After the usual questions about their desire to marry, and whether they promised
they to others, and their strange-sounding answers began a new
service. Kitty listened to the words of the prayer, wanting to understand their meaning, but she could not.
The feeling of triumph and bright joy as the rite is performed more and more
more overwhelmed her soul and deprived her of the possibility of attention.
They prayed "for the hedgehog to yield to chastity and the fruit of the womb for the benefit, about the hedgehog
rejoice in them by seeing their sons and daughters." It was mentioned that God
created a woman from Adam's rib, and "for this reason a man will leave his father and mother and
cling to a woman, they shall be two in one flesh," and that "this is a great mystery";
asked God to give them fertility and blessings, like Isaac and Rebekah,
Joseph, Moses, and Zipporah, and that their sons may see their sons. "All this was
beautiful, thought Kitty, listening to these words, all this cannot be
otherwise," and a smile of joy, communicated involuntarily to all who looked at her,
shone on her radiant face.
- Put it on completely! - advice was heard when the priest put on them
crowns, and Shcherbatsky, trembling in his three-button glove, held high
crown above her head.
- Put it on! - she whispered smiling.
Levin looked round at her and was struck by the joyful radiance which
was on her face; and this feeling involuntarily communicated itself to him. He became the same
like her, light and fun.
They had fun listening to the reading of the apostolic epistle and the roar of the voice
protodeacon at the last verse, awaited with such impatience by an outsider
the public. It was fun to drink warm red wine with water from a flat bowl, and
it became even more cheerful when the priest, throwing back the robe and taking both of their hands in his,
led them around the lectern with the gusts of the bass, which brought out "Isaiah rejoice".
Shcherbatsky and Chirikov, who supported the crowns, getting tangled in the bride's train, also
smiling and rejoicing at something, then lagged behind, then stumbled upon those being married at
priest stops. The spark of joy that ignited in Kitty seemed to
communicated to everyone in the church. It seemed to Levin that both the priest and
the deacon, like him, wanted to smile.
Having removed the crowns from their heads, the priest read the last prayer and congratulated
young. Levin glanced at Kitty, and he had never before seen her like that.
She was charming with that new radiance of happiness that was on her face.
Levin wanted to say something to her, but he didn't know if it was over.
The priest brought him out of the difficulty. He smiled with his kind mouth and quietly
said:
“Kiss your wife, and you kiss your husband,” and he took the candles from their hands.
Levin kissed her smiling lips cautiously, gave her his hand, and,
feeling a new, strange closeness, he left the church. He didn't believe he couldn't
believe it was true. Only when their surprised and timid met
looks, he believed it, because he felt that they were already one.
After dinner that night, the young people left for the village.

Year of writing:

1877

Reading time:

Description of the work:

One of the most famous works Leo Tolstoy is a novel by Anna Karenina, which Tolstoy wrote in 1877. Very briefly, the novel Anna Karenina tells about the sad love of Anna Karenina and officer Vronsky against the backdrop of a happy relationship between Konstantin Levin and Kitty Shcherbatskaya.

The work is filled with philosophical reflections and conclusions, and is also replete with descriptions of the life of ordinary peasants.

We bring to your attention a summary of the novel Anna Karenina.

In the Moscow house of the Oblonskys, where "everything was mixed up" at the end of the winter of 1873, they were waiting for the owner's sister, Anna Arkadyevna Karenina. The reason for the family discord was that Prince Stepan Arkadyevich Oblonsky was caught by his wife in treason with a governess. Thirty-four-year-old Stiva Oblonsky sincerely regrets his wife Dolly, but, being a truthful person, does not assure himself that he repents of his deed. Cheerful, kind and carefree Stiva has long been no longer in love with his wife, the mother of five living and two dead children, and has long been unfaithful to her.

Stiva is completely indifferent to the work he does, serving as a boss in one of the Moscow presences, and this allows him to never get carried away, not make mistakes and perfectly fulfill his duties. Friendly, condescending human shortcomings, the charming Steve enjoys the location of the people of his circle, subordinates, bosses and, in general, everyone with whom his life brings him. Debts and family troubles upset him, but they cannot spoil his mood enough to make him refuse to dine in a good restaurant. He is having lunch with Konstantin Dmitrievich Levin, who has arrived from the village, his peer and a friend of his youth.

Levin came to propose to the eighteen-year-old Princess Kitty Shcherbatskaya, Oblonsky's sister-in-law, with whom he had long been in love. Levin is sure that such a girl, who is above all earthly things, like Kitty, cannot love him, an ordinary landowner, without special, as he believes, talents. In addition, Oblonsky informs him that, apparently, he has a rival - a brilliant representative of the St. Petersburg "golden youth", Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky.

Kitty knows about Levin's love and feels at ease and free with him; with Vronsky, however, she experiences an incomprehensible awkwardness. But it's hard for her to understand own feelings She doesn't know who to give preference to. Kitty does not suspect that Vronsky does not at all intend to marry her, and her dreams of a happy future with him make her refuse Levin. Meeting his mother, who has arrived from St. Petersburg, Vronsky sees Anna Arkadyevna Karenina at the station. He immediately notices the special expressiveness of Anna’s whole appearance: “It was as if an excess of something so overwhelmed her being that, against her will, it was expressed either in the brilliance of her eyes, or in a smile.” The meeting is overshadowed by a sad circumstance: the death of a station watchman under the wheels of a train, which Anna considers a bad omen.

Anna manages to persuade Dolly to forgive her husband; a fragile peace is established in the Oblonskys' house, and Anna goes to the ball together with the Oblonskys and the Shcherbatskys. At the ball, Kitty admires Anna's naturalness and grace, admires that special, poetic inner world that appears in her every movement. Kitty expects a lot from this ball: she is sure that during the mazurka Vronsky will explain himself to her. Unexpectedly, she notices how Vronsky is talking with Anna: in each of their glances, an irresistible attraction to each other is felt, each word decides their fate. Kitty leaves in despair. Anna Karenina returns home to Petersburg; Vronsky follows her.

Blaming himself alone for the failure of the matchmaking, Levin returns to the village. Before leaving, he meets with his older brother Nikolai, who lives in cheap rooms with a woman he took from a brothel. Levin loves his brother, despite his irrepressible nature, which brings a lot of trouble to himself and those around him. Seriously ill, lonely, drinking, Nikolai Levin is passionate about communist idea and the organization of some locksmith artel; this saves him from self-contempt. A meeting with his brother exacerbates the shame and dissatisfaction with himself, which Konstantin Dmitrievich experiences after the matchmaking. He calms down only in his family estate Pokrovsky, deciding to work even harder and not allow himself luxury - which, however, had not been in his life before.

The usual life in St. Petersburg, to which Anna returns, causes her disappointment. She had never been in love with her husband, who was much older than her, and had only respect for him. Now his company becomes painful for her, she notices the slightest of his shortcomings: too big ears, the habit of cracking his fingers. Nor does her love for her eight-year-old son Seryozha save her. Anna is trying to regain her peace of mind, but she fails - mainly because Alexei Vronsky is trying to get her location in every possible way. Vronsky is in love with Anna, and his love is intensified because an affair with a lady of high society makes his position even more brilliant. Despite the fact that all of it inner life filled with passion for Anna, outwardly Vronsky leads the usual, cheerful and pleasant life of a guards officer: with the Opera, the French theater, balls, horse races and other pleasures. But their relationship with Anna is too different in the eyes of others from easy secular flirting; strong passion causes general condemnation. Alexey Aleksandrovich Karenin notices the attitude of the world to his wife's romance with Count Vronsky and expresses his displeasure to Anna. Being a high-ranking official, “Aleksey Alexandrovich lived and worked all his life in the spheres of service, dealing with reflections of life. And every time he encountered life itself, he pulled away from it.” Now he feels himself in the position of a man standing above the abyss.

Karenin's attempts to stop his wife's irresistible desire for Vronsky, Anna's attempts to restrain herself, are unsuccessful. A year after the first meeting, she becomes Vronsky's mistress - realizing that now they are connected forever, like criminals. Vronsky is burdened by the uncertainty of relations, persuades Anna to leave her husband and join her life with him. But Anna cannot decide on a break with Karenin, and even the fact that she is expecting a child from Vronsky does not give her determination.

During the races, which are attended by all the high society, Vronsky falls from his horse Frou-Frou. Not knowing how serious the fall is, Anna expresses her despair so openly that Karenin is forced to immediately take her away. She announces to her husband about her infidelity, about disgust for him. This news produces on Alexei Alexandrovich the impression of a diseased tooth pulled out: he finally gets rid of the suffering of jealousy and leaves for Petersburg, leaving his wife at the dacha awaiting his decision. But after going through everything possible options future - a duel with Vronsky, a divorce - Karenin decides to leave everything unchanged, punishing and humiliating Anna with the requirement to observe the false appearance of family life under the threat of separation from her son. Having made this decision, Alexey Alexandrovich finds enough calmness to give himself over to reflections on the affairs of the service with his characteristic stubborn ambition. The decision of her husband causes Anna to burst into hatred for him. She considers him a soulless machine, not thinking that she has a soul and the need for love. Anna realizes that she is driven into a corner, because she is unable to exchange her current position for the position of a mistress who left her husband and son and deserves universal contempt.

The remaining uncertainty of relations is also painful for Vronsky, who in the depths of his soul loves order and has an unshakable set of rules of conduct. For the first time in his life, he does not know how to behave further, how to bring his love for Anna into line with the rules of life. In the event of a connection with her, he will be forced to retire, and this is also not easy for him: Vronsky loves regimental life, enjoys the respect of his comrades; besides, he is ambitious.

The life of three people is entangled in a web of lies. Anna's pity for her husband alternates with disgust; she cannot but meet with Vronsky, as Alexey Alexandrovitch demands. Finally, childbirth occurs, during which Anna almost dies. Lying in childbed fever, she asks for forgiveness from Alexei Alexandrovich, and at her bedside he feels pity for his wife, tender compassion and spiritual joy. Vronsky, whom Anna unconsciously rejects, experiences burning shame and humiliation. He tries to shoot himself, but is rescued.

Anna does not die, and when the softening of her soul caused by the proximity of death passes, she again begins to be burdened by her husband. Neither his decency and generosity, nor touching concern for a newborn girl does not relieve her of irritation; she hates Karenin even for his virtues. A month after her recovery, Anna goes abroad with retired Vronsky and her daughter.

Living in the countryside, Levin takes care of the estate, reads, writes a book about agriculture and undertakes various economic reorganizations that do not find approval among the peasants. The village for Levin is "a place of life, that is, joys, suffering, work." The peasants respect him, forty miles away they go to him for advice - and they strive to deceive him for their own benefit. There is no deliberateness in Levin's attitude towards the people: he considers himself a part of the people, all his interests are connected with the peasants. He admires the strength, meekness, justice of the peasants and is irritated by their carelessness, slovenliness, drunkenness, and lies. In disputes with his half-brother Sergei Ivanovich Koznyshev, who came to visit, Levin proves that zemstvo activities do not benefit the peasants, because they are not based either on knowledge of their true needs, or on the personal interest of the landowners.

Levin feels his merging with nature; he even hears the growth of spring grass. In the summer, he mows with the peasants, feeling the joy of simple labor. Despite all this, he considers his life idle and dreams of changing it to a working, clean and common life. Subtle changes are constantly taking place in his soul, and Levin listens to them. At one time it seems to him that he has found peace and forgotten his dreams of family happiness. But this illusion crumbles to dust when he learns about Kitty's serious illness, and then sees her herself, going to her sister in the village. The feeling that seemed dead again takes possession of his heart, and only in love does he see an opportunity to unravel the great mystery of life.

In Moscow, at a dinner at the Oblonskys, Levin meets Kitty and realizes that she loves him. In a state of high spirits, he proposes to Kitty and receives consent. Immediately after the wedding, the young people leave for the village.

Vronsky and Anna are traveling through Italy. At first, Anna feels happy and full of the joy of life. Even the consciousness of being separated from her son had lost its good name and became the cause of her husband's misfortune, does not overshadow her happiness. Vronsky is lovingly respectful towards her, he does everything to ensure that she is not burdened by her position. But he himself, despite his love for Anna, feels longing and grabs at everything that can give his life significance. He begins painting, but having enough taste, he knows his mediocrity and soon becomes disillusioned with this occupation.

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Anna clearly feels her rejection: they do not want to accept her, acquaintances avoid meeting her. Insults from the world poison Vronsky's life, but, busy with her experiences, Anna does not want to notice this. On Seryozha's birthday, she secretly goes to him and, finally seeing her son, feeling his love for herself, she realizes that she cannot be happy apart from him. In despair, in irritation, she reproaches Vronsky for falling out of love with her; it costs him great efforts to calm her down, after which they leave for the village.

The first time of married life turns out to be difficult for Kitty and Levin: they hardly get used to each other, charms are replaced by disappointments, quarrels - reconciliations. Family life it seems to Levin like a boat: it is pleasant to look at sliding on the water, but it is very difficult to rule. Unexpectedly, Levin receives news that brother Nikolai is dying in the provincial town. He immediately goes to him; despite his protests, Kitty decides to go with him. Seeing his brother, experiencing tormenting pity for him, Levin still cannot rid himself of the fear and disgust that the nearness of death arouses in him. He is shocked that Kitty is not at all afraid of the dying man and knows how to behave with him. Levin feels that only the love of his wife saves him in these days from horror and himself.

During Kitty's pregnancy, about which Levin learns on the day of his brother's death, the family continues to live in Pokrovsky, where relatives and friends come for the summer. Levin cherishes the spiritual closeness that he has established with his wife, and is tormented by jealousy, fearing to lose this closeness.

Dolly Oblonskaya, visiting her sister, decides to visit Anna Karenina, who lives with Vronsky on his estate, not far from Pokrovsky. Dolly is struck by the changes that have taken place in Karenina, she feels the falsity of her current way of life, especially noticeable in comparison with her former liveliness and naturalness. Anna entertains guests, tries to take care of her daughter, reading, setting up a village hospital. But her main concern is to replace Vronsky with herself for everything that he left for her sake. Their relationship is becoming more and more tense, Anna is jealous of everything that he is fond of, even of the Zemstvo activities, which Vronsky is engaged in mainly in order not to lose his independence. In the fall, they move to Moscow, waiting for Karenin's decision on a divorce. But, offended in his best feelings, rejected by his wife, finding himself alone, Alexei Alexandrovich falls under the influence of the well-known spiritualist, Princess Myagkaya, who persuades him, for religious reasons, not to give the criminal wife a divorce.

In the relationship between Vronsky and Anna there is neither complete discord nor agreement. Anna accuses Vronsky of all the hardships of her position; attacks of desperate jealousy are instantly replaced by tenderness; quarrels break out every now and then. In Anna's dreams, the same nightmare is repeated: some peasant leans over her, mutters meaningless French words and does something terrible to her. After a particularly difficult quarrel, Vronsky, contrary to Anna's wishes, goes to visit his mother. In complete dismay, Anna sees her relationship with him as if by a bright light. She understands that her love is becoming more and more passionate and selfish, and Vronsky, without losing his love for her, is still weary of her and tries not to be dishonorable towards her. Trying to achieve his repentance, she follows him to the station, where she suddenly remembers the man crushed by the train on the day of their first meeting - and immediately understands what she needs to do. Anna throws herself under the train; her last vision is of a mumbling peasant. After that, “the candle, under which she read a book full of anxieties, deceptions, grief and evil, flared up with a brighter light than ever, illuminated for her everything that had previously been in darkness, crackled, began to fade and went out forever.”

Life becomes hateful for Vronsky; he is tormented by an unnecessary, but indelible remorse. He leaves as a volunteer for the war with the Turks in Serbia; Karenin takes his daughter to her.

After Kitty's birth, which became a deep spiritual shock for Levin, the family returns to the village. Levin is in painful disagreement with himself - because after the death of his brother and the birth of his son he cannot resolve for himself the most important questions: the meaning of life, the meaning of death. He feels that he is close to suicide, and is afraid to walk around with a gun so as not to shoot himself. But at the same time, Levin notices: when he does not ask himself why he lives, he feels in his soul the presence of an infallible judge, and his life becomes firm and definite. Finally, he understands that the knowledge of the laws of good, given personally to him, Levin, in the Gospel Revelation, cannot be grasped by reason and expressed in words. Now he feels himself able to put an undeniable sense of goodness into every minute of his life.

You have read the summary of Anna Karenina's novel. We invite you to visit the Summary section for other essays by popular writers.

Kitty Shcherbatskaya is a Moscow noblewoman, a princess of eighteen years old. She is a naive, sweet, kind, sincere, truthful and well-mannered girl.

Kitty is in love with a young officer, Alexei Vronsky, who gives the girl a reason to think that her feelings are mutual. At this time, Konstantin Levin, a thirty-year-old nobleman who has long been in love with Kitty, asks for her hand. The girl refuses, although she feels love for Levin, but it seems to her only friendly.

Vronsky soon leaves Moscow, carried away by Anna Karenina, completely forgetting about Kitty. Kitty takes this humiliation so hard that she even falls ill.

Relatives are seriously alarmed by her well-being. Catherine's suffering is caused by the realization that she refused to marry her loved one. Only now does she realize that she really loves Levin. As a result, Konstantin manages to forgive Catherine for the initial refusal.

Kitty and Levin are getting married. They leave for the village. Their family life begins with grinding, the newlyweds are only learning to understand and hear each other.

Ekaterina is a wonderful wife who supports her husband in everything. When Levin is about to go to her dying brother, she goes with him to help her husband in all his sorrows. And Levin really needed Kitty at this difficult time for him. She was able to alleviate the suffering of her brother Nikolai and support her husband in an irreparable loss.

After Nikolai's death, Kitty finds out about her pregnancy. And this good news saves Levin from his sad thoughts, and the obsessive question: "what is the meaning of being?" Already during her aunt's pregnancy, she accidentally meets Vronsky and makes sure that she has absolutely no feelings for this person.

Kitty has a very hard time giving birth, it lasts for a whole day. At some point, it even seems to her that she is dying. All the torments of Levin's wife drive him crazy, he does not know how to alleviate them and suffers from his impotence. But Catherine, despite her excruciating pain, finds the strength to calm and cheer her husband. Already after the birth of her son, we see that Kitty is not only a wonderful wife, but also a wonderful mother.

The prototype of Ekaterina Shcherbatskaya was the wife of Leo Tolstoy. And in her we see the ideal of a woman who will always support, understand and never betray. To create a happy family, love, harmony and mutual understanding are needed.

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