Main events of the 17th century. History of Russia XVII century

Dates on the history of Russia for the Unified State Exam with comments. 17th century

17th century

1598-1605 - reign of Boris Godunov.

1598 - campaigns against the Crimean Khanate, peace agreement

1600 - truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 20 years

1601-1603 - famine

1603-1604 - Cotton's rebellion.

1604 - invasion False Dmitry I in Russia.

1604 - death of Boris Godunov, overthrow and murder of his son Fyodor.

January 1605 - battle of Dobrynichami with the troops of False Dmitry 1, flight of False Dmitry 1 to Putivl

1605-1606 - reign of False Dmitry I.

1606 - election Zemsky Sobor Vasily Shuisky as Tsar.

1606-1610 - reign of Vasily Shuisky.

1606-1607 - uprising of I. Bolotnikov.

1608-1610 - Tushino camp False Dmitry II.

1609 - the Russian government appealed to Sweden with a request for help. Refusal of the terms of the Tyavzit Peace.

1609- The beginning of open Polish intervention. Beginning of the siege by the Poles Smolensk.

1610 - deposition of Vasily Shuisky. Transfer of power into hands "Seven Boyars". Invitation to the Russian royal throne of the Polish prince Vladislav.

June 24, 1610 - defeat of Shuisky’s troops near the village Klushino near Mozhaisk by Polish troops.

1611 - first militia led by I. Zarutsky, Prince D. T. Trubetskoy, P. Lyapunov.

1611- capture Smolensk Poles.

1611- capture Novgorod Swedes

1611-1612 - the second militia led by D. Pozharsky and K. Minin. Beginning to form in Nizhny Novgorod. Creation "Council of all the earth- the provisional government. Head - D. Trubetskoy. Liberation of Moscow.

Consequences of troubled times: dynastic crisis, collapse political structure society, economic devastation, territorial losses.

The tasks facing the government: restore autocracy and the state, overcome discord in society, eliminate devastation, and return lost lands.

Directions of change: strengthening absolute monarchy, suppression of the Cossack movement, creation of large industry, development of internal trade, creation of a regular army, gaining access to the seas, expanding ties with other states.

1613-1645 - reign of Mikhail Fedorovich.

1617 - Stolbovo Peace Treaty with Sweden. Transition of Ivangorod, Yama, Koporye to Sweden. Russia's loss of access to the Baltic Sea.

1618 - Deulino truce with Poland. Loss of Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands by Russia.

1632-1634 - Smolensk War with Poland.

1631-1634 - creation "regiments of foreign order."

1634 - Polyanovsky world. Vladislav's refusal to claim the Russian throne.

1637-1642 - capture of Azov by the Don Cossacks (“Azov seat”).

1642-1651 - campaigns E. Khabarova V. Poyarkova for Amur

1645 - Increasing the period for searching fugitive peasants to 10 years.

1645-1676 - reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

1646- creation Middle Duma

1648-1654 - liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

1648 -Salt riot

1649 - Zborovsky world between the Cossacks and Poland.

1649- -Acceptance Cathedral Code- the main body of laws of Russia It is final issued serfdom , strengthened the rights of the nobility and brought the estates and estates closer in status. The abolition of school years and the introduction of an indefinite search for runaway peasants.

1651 - Belotserkovsky world between the Cossacks and Poland.

1653 - acceptance Trade regulations.

1653 - decision of the Zemsky Sobor to accept Ukraine into Russia.

1653 - Church reform of Patriarch Nikon. The split of the Russian Church and the emergence of numerous Old Believer movements.

1654 - Pereyaslav Rada. The decision to transfer Ukraine (Little Russia) under Moscow patronage.

1658- creation Order of secret affairs

1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war.

1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war.

1661 - Peace of Kardis with Sweden.

1662 - “Copper riot” in Moscow.

1666 - Vasily Usa's campaign against Moscow.

1666-1669 - the work of Patriarch Nikon.

1667-1669 - campaign “for the zipuns” of the Don Cossacks led by S. Razin.

1667 - Truce of Andrusovo with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Annexation of Left Bank Ukraine and Smolensk to Russia.

1667 - acceptance New Trade Charter which was protectionist in nature.

1668-1676 - Solovetsky uprising.

1670-1671 - Cossack-peasant uprising of Stepan Razin.

1676-1682 - reign of Fyodor Alekseevich.

1677-1681 - Russia's war with Turkey and Crimean Khanate . Bakhchisaray peace: 20-year truce with Turkey, Turkey recognized the entry of Ukraine into Russia.

Time of Troubles. The 17th century brought numerous trials to Russia and its statehood. After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, the weak and sickly Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598) became his heir and tsar.

A struggle for power within the country began. This situation caused not only internal contradictions, but also intensified attempts external forces to eliminate the state independence of Russia. For almost the entire century, she had to fight off the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and raids Crimean Tatars– vassals Ottoman Empire, resist catholic church, who sought to turn Russia away from Orthodoxy.

At the beginning of the 17th century. Russia went through a period called the Time of Troubles. XVII century marked the beginning of the peasant wars; This century saw the revolts of cities, the famous case of Patriarch Nikon and the schism of the Orthodox Church. Therefore, this century V.O. Klyuchevsky called it rebellious.

The Time of Troubles covers 1598-1613. Over the years, the Tsar's brother-in-law Boris Godunov (1598-1605), Fyodor Godunov (from April to June 1605), False Dmitry I (June 1605 - May 1606), Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), False Dmitry II ( 1607-1610), Seven Boyars (1610-1613).

Boris Godunov won the difficult struggle for the throne between representatives of the highest nobility and was the first Russian Tsar to receive the throne not by inheritance, but by election at the Zemsky Sobor. During his short reign, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy, deciding for 20 years controversial issues with Poland and Sweden; encouraged economic and cultural ties with Western Europe.

Under him, Russia advanced into Siberia, finally defeating Kuchum. In 1601-1603 Russia was hit by a “great famine” caused by crop failures. Godunov took certain measures to organize public works, allowed slaves to leave their masters, and distributed bread from state storage facilities to the hungry.

However, the situation could not be improved. The relationship between the authorities and the peasants was aggravated by the annulment in 1603 of the law on the temporary restoration of St. George's Day, which meant the strengthening of serfdom. The discontent of the masses resulted in an uprising of serfs, which was led by Cotton Crookedfoot. Many historians consider this uprising to be the beginning of the Peasant War.

The highest stage of the Peasant War early XVII V. (1606-1607) there was an uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov, in which slaves, peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks, as well as the nobles who joined them, took part. The war engulfed the South-West and South of Russia (about 70 cities), the Lower and Middle Volga regions. The rebels defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky (the new Russian Tsar) near Kromy, Yelets, on the Ugra and Lopasnya rivers, etc.

In October-December 1606, the rebels besieged Moscow, but due to disagreements and betrayal of the nobles, they were defeated and retreated to Kaluga, and then to Tula. In the summer and autumn of 1607, together with the detachments of the slave Ilya Gorchakov (Ileika Muromets, ?–ca. 1608), the rebels fought near Tula. The siege of Tula lasted four months, after which the city was surrendered and the uprising was suppressed. Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned.

At such a critical moment, an attempt was made at Polish intervention. The ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Catholic Church intended to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence. In a hidden form, the intervention was expressed in support of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II.

Open intervention under the leadership of Sigismund III began under Vasily Shuisky, when in September 1609 Smolensk was besieged and in 1610 a campaign against Moscow and its capture took place. By this time, Vasily Shuisky was overthrown by the nobles from the throne, and an interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars.

The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and was inclined to call the young Polish king Vladislav, a Catholic, to the Russian throne, which was a direct betrayal national interests Russia. In addition, in the summer of 1610 it began Swedish intervention with the aim of separating Pskov, Novgorod, the northwestern and northern Russian regions from Russia.

• End of the intervention. The fight for Smolensk
• The Council Code of 1649 and the strengthening of autocracy
• Foreign policy
• Domestic political situation
• Economy of Russia in the 17th century.

Considering the 17th century, events and changes of rulers, historians characterize this period as a “rebellious century,” a century when an “unborn sovereign” could ascend to the royal throne. It was in this century that the dynasty began last emperor Russia, family. The Russian economy still rests on agriculture, new territories are being developed in the Volga region, Siberia and on the southern borders. The first manufacture is born.

Trade in a landlocked country is developing poorly. Changes are taking place in cultural life - the spread of secular knowledge; in painting, architecture and sculpture there is a distance from the canons of the church. The church itself is weakened and is being subordinated to the state. Speaking about the 17th century, the events of the internal and external activities of the state, we should turn to several early period– the death and rise to the reign of Boris Godunov.

Boris Godunov

Boris Fedorovich Godunov, after the death of his father in 1569, was raised by his uncle, the landowner Dmitry Godunov. He served as an oprichnik for Grigory (Malyuta) Skuratov, who headed the “oprichnina investigation” under Ivan IV, and was married to his daughter. Having become a boyar in the fall of 1580, Boris Fedorovich and his relatives, gaining influence, acquired a significant position among the nobility of Moscow. Intelligent, careful, able to choose the right moment for action, Godunov had necessary qualities policy.

Boris Fedorovich, in last years reign of Ivan the Terrible, was close to the tsar and influenced his court. After the death of Ivan IV, Fedor, his son, was crowned on the throne. The king, suffering from dementia, needed an adviser, a country to govern. A guardian council was drawn up from among the boyars, and Godunov was included among these boyars. Thanks to his skillful actions, the council collapsed, Boris Godunov's opponents were subjected to various repressions. Actual power in the state passed to Boris Fedorovich.

In 1581, under strange circumstances (from a knife wound), the young Tsarevich Dmitry died, in 1589, Fyodor Ioannovich died. Amid the crowd's cries of “Boris for the Tsar,” Godunov was crowned the Tsar. This is how the Rurik dynasty ended. Strengthening state foundations was the core of Boris Fedorovich’s policy, which he pursued within the country. The introduction of the patriarchate in 1859 strengthened the position of the tsar. Thanks to the consistent line, domestic politics royal power, was productive.

On the outskirts of Rus', fortifications and fortresses are appearing, urban construction is underway, and “Yuriev Day” is being restored. Boris Fedorovich was the first to invite people to work foreign specialists and send noble offspring abroad to study. In order to unite society, he stopped repressions against the boyars. He began to develop the Volga region. Godunov's foreign policy characterizes him as a skilled diplomat. He was able to conclude a successful peace treaty with Sweden, returning the captured Russian lands. The lean years of 1601–1603 and the onset of famine caused massive discontent among the population and led to a riot led by Cotton in 1603—the first mass uprising of the “rabble,” which was soon suppressed.

False Dmitry I

The year 1603 was marked not only by the rebellious performance of Cotton. This year, “Tsarevich Dmitry” appears - the fugitive monk Otrepiev, known as. Wanting to get Western Russian lands, the Polish king and Grand Duke Lithuanian Sigismund III decides to use the impostor for his own purposes. The king gives the money necessary for the army and allows the nobility to participate in the campaign. The impostor promises to marry the daughter of the Sambir elder Mniszek - Marina, give the western territories to the Poles and contribute to the introduction of Catholicism in Rus'.

In the summer of 1604, a four-thousand-strong combined detachment, led by False Dmitry I, landed near the Dnieper. The detachment is replenished with villagers and townspeople, False Dmitry advances to Moscow. In May 1605, fate presented a gift to the impostor - Tsar Boris Fedorovich suddenly died. Part of the government troops went over to his side and in June 1605, False Dmitry I occupied the capital, where he was crowned on the throne. By making concessions to the nobility, the impostor increases the search period for fugitive peasants, but the “Yuriev Day” promised to the people was not returned. He quickly emptied the state treasury, giving gifts to the gentry, however, he was in no hurry to spread Catholicism. The dissatisfied mood of the Moscow nobility and among the common people intensified after his wedding to M. Mnishek. On May 17, 1606, in Moscow, under the leadership of the Shuisky boyars, an uprising began - and False Dmitry I was killed.

Vasily Shuisky

In 1606, the Zemsky Sobor elected Vasily Shuisky, who had previously distinguished himself in battles and campaigns, as king. During his reign, an uprising broke out under the leadership of a Polish mercenary with the goal of elevating Tsar Dmitry to the throne. In October 1606, rebel troops even besieged Moscow. The uprising itself was suppressed in October 1607, Bolotnikov was executed. In the same year, False Dmitry II appears with Marina Mnishek as his wife. The impostor's attempt to ascend the throne failed - he was killed in 1610. Dissatisfied with Shuisky's rule, the nobles, led by Procopius Lyapunov, overthrow him and in July 1610 hand him over to King Sigismund. Subsequently, Shuisky was tonsured a monk.

"Seven Boyars" and the Polish intervention

The leadership of the state passes to a group of boyars (“seven boyars”), headed by Fyodor Mstislavsky. As a result of intrigues and disagreements over who should rule the state, a decision was made to “call to the throne” Prince Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund III. Being a Catholic, Vladislav did not intend to change his faith to Orthodox - as tradition required. Having agreed to come to the “bride” in Moscow, where he arrived with the army. It was possible to defend the independence of the country only with the help of the people. The first independent militia was assembled in Ryazan in the fall of 1611 by Prokopiy Lyapunov - but he was killed after entering into conflict with the Cossacks.

Second militia. Minin and Pozharsky

The second militia was assembled at the end of 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and with money collected by the merchant Kuzma Minin. The militia, commanded by Pozharsky, moved to Yaroslavl - where in the spring, in 1612, a new government was created. After staying in Yaroslavl for four months, determining tactics and recruiting people, the militia begins active operations. The fighting on the outskirts of Moscow, and in the city itself, continued throughout the summer and until October 26, 1612. The Poles fled.

Mikhail Romanov

At the Zemsky Sobor, which took place at the beginning of 1613 with the representation of broad sections of the population, under pressure from the Cossacks, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar. The Romanovs were related to Ivan IV through his first wife. Mikhail's father, Metropolitan Philaret, was captured by the Poles, and his mother took monastic vows. Upon the return of Father Mikhail from captivity in 1619, dual power began in the country - with the formal rule of Mikhail and practical guide country Filaret.

This situation continued until 1633 - until the death of Filaret. During Mikhail's reign, taxes were reduced, the activity of foreign entrepreneurs intensified, who were allowed to build factories, and the growth of the metallurgical and metalworking industry began. Foreign policy was balanced, with virtually no wars. Mikhail Romanov died in 1645.

Alexey Romanov

After the death of his father, his son, Alexei, ascends to the throne. And during his reign, Alexey Mikhailovich, nicknamed “The Quietest,” carried out a number of transformations and reforms, incl. church and city. In 1645, the Council Code was published. The Code consolidated the inviolability of the power of the monarch, finally formalized serfdom and strengthened the role of the nobles. Thanks to church reform, Alexei Mikhailovich was able to take control of the church. For this purpose, he legislated:

• the church is obliged to pay taxes to the treasury;
• the king was the judge of the church;
• deprived monasteries of the right to acquire land.

The rise of secular power over spiritual power was opposed by Patriarch Nikon, who also dealt with issues of church reformation - introducing foreign experience into Russian Orthodoxy. caused opposition from supporters of the old church traditions, headed by Archpriest Avaakum. And the church schism began. As a result:

• for opposition to strengthening the influence of the monarch, Patriarch Nikon was defrocked and imprisoned in a monastery prison;
• Archpriest Avaakum, for refusing to follow the official line of the church, was defrocked and cursed at the cathedral.

The city reform established:

• being recognized as free, the townspeople were assigned to their place of residence;
• peasants could now sell their goods only wholesale, and townspeople could conduct retail trade.

Period of Sophia's regency

In 1676, after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, his sick son Fyodor was crowned to the throne; power was practically in the hands of relatives on his mother’s side. After his death, in 1682, the actual management of the state passed to Princess Sophia - due to the minority of princes Ivan and Peter and lasted until 1689. Results of her reign:

liberation of the townspeople from mandatory attachment to the city;

unsuccessful Crimean campaigns allow us to conclude that it is necessary to find a direct access to the sea.

Results

The 17th century is a time of unrest and contradictions in history Russian state. With the dominant position of the feudal structure in the country's economy, the emergence of a capitalist economic system begins. Serfdom was being formalized, but given the general difficult situation of the people, it was he who could help the contender to the royal throne ascend, to ascend the throne.

How more people is able to respond to the historical and universal, the broader his nature, the richer his life and the more capable such a person is of progress and development.

F. M. Dostoevsky

Rebellious Age- this is the name of the 17th century in Russian history. Most often it is said that the name of the century is associated with big amount uprisings and riots at that time. But this is only one side of the coin. The other side lies in the rebellious reflection of the church and classes of society.

Causes

The reasons that made the Rebellious Age possible:

1. Increase in taxes. After the Time of Troubles, the state tried by all means to attract money to the treasury.
2. Strengthening serfdom and completing the process of enslaving the peasants.
3. Wars. At this time there were wars within the country (the Time of Troubles), as well as confrontation mainly with Poland and Sweden. The people are tired of wars, which, as we know, are draining society (demographically, financially).
4. Church schism. Almost everything in the church structure has changed, so it is natural ordinary people I didn't like it. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the authorities persecuted the Old Believers.

Popular uprisings

The 17th century is called the “Rebellious” largely because of the popular movements (riots and uprisings) that arose with great regularity and were distinguished by their scope. During the Rebellious Age there were 6 major uprisings (one is called peasant war) And great amount small uprisings that are impossible to even count. The main popular movements of the era are presented in the table below.

Table: Popular movements in the Rebellious, 17th century

Event and date	Regions covered	Consequences
Salt riot. 1648	Moscow, Voronezh, Kursk, Kozlov	The Council Code of 1649 was adopted. The rebels killed many boyars.
Urban uprisings of 1650	Novgorod and Pskov	The uprising was crushed tsarist army. Order has been restored.
Copper Riot. 1662	Moscow	The state stopped minting copper money.
The uprising of V. R. Usa. 1666	Don	Shooting of the rebels.
Razin's revolt. 1667 - 1671	Don, Volga region	The uprising was suppressed by the tsarist army. Razin was executed.
Solovetsky uprising. 1667-1671	Solovetsky Monastery	Exacerbation of contradictions between the church and Old Believers. Persecution of Old Believers.

Please note - to suppress most uprisings it was used regular army. And not small units, but the most combative ones. It is believed that if there are 2-3 major popular unrests per century, then there is a problem in the country. In the 17th century in Russia there was 6 major disturbances and more than a dozen small ones, and they all happened in a little more than 20 years(1648-1671), which indicates a critical point in people's patience, which was overcome at this time. Do not forget also that at the beginning of all these movements Russia had just overcome the Time of Troubles, which also overlapped the 17th century.

The popular uprisings of the 17th century clearly show that the country was in need of change. The old order had become obsolete, and something new was needed. As a result, at the beginning of the 18th century, the mood of Russian society and the desires of Peter I coincided - large-scale reforms began in Russia.

Uprisings map

Map popular uprisings in Russia in the 17th century.

International conflicts

One of the reasons for popular dissatisfaction with the authorities and the situation in the country was wars. Russia fought the following international wars in the 17th century:

1. Russo-Swedish War (1656-1661)
2. Russo-Turkish War (1677-1681)

Church in the 17th century

Separately, it should be noted that the Rebellious Age refers not only to popular uprisings, but also to church life. A serious crisis was also brewing there, the climax of which was the church schism. It is also called Nikon's reform.

In fairness, it should be noted that the need for church reforms in Russia in the 17th century was objectively ripe. But the methods for their implementation left much to be desired. In a certain sense, Nikon was very similar to Peter 1. Nikon remade Orthodox Church in the Greek way, and Peter remade Russia itself in the Dutch way. But the main thing that these people have in common is that they very easily broke with the past. And these breaks occurred with such an inflection that Russia took a very long time to come to its senses spiritually and physically after Nikon and after Peter 1.

The rebellious age almost completely changed the Russian church: customs, rituals, icons, books, and so on changed. Imagine how much this affected people. Even today, if the church decides to completely change its rituals, this will lead to popular unrest. In the 17th century, when people were more devout, this caused an inevitable and inevitable reaction from the population.

The most comprehensive reference table of key dates and events in the history of Russia 17th century. This table is convenient for schoolchildren and applicants to use for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the Unified State Exam in history.

	Main events of Russia 17th century
	Famine in Russia
	Revolt of peasants and serfs led by Khlopok
	Founding of Tomsk
	The entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Russian territory
	Reign of False Dmitry I
	Patriarchate of Ignatius
	Uprising in Moscow against the Poles. Murder of False Dmitry I
	Reign of Vasily IV Shuisky
	Peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov
	Patriarchate of Hermogenes
1606, Oct. – Dec.	Siege of Moscow by Bolotnikov's army. The defeat of Bolotnikov's troops in the Kolomenskoye area near Moscow
	"Code" of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky. Establishing a 15-year period for searching fugitive peasants
	Capture of Tula by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. Arrest of Bolotnikov (exiled to Kargopol, drowned)
	The beginning of the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow. Creation of the “Tushinsky camp”
	Siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish troops
	Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops
	Polish-Swedish invasion of Russia
	Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga
	Overthrow of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky
	Agreement between the “Tushins” and the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III on the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne
	The reign of the "Seven Boyars" led by Prince Mstislavsky
	Entry of Polish troops into Moscow
1611, Jan. – Mar.	Formation of the first militia against Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov
	Uprising in Moscow against Polish troops. Fire in Moscow
	Collapse of the first militia
1611, Sep. – Oct.	Formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod, led by Kuzma Minin and Prince D. M. Pozharsky
	Creation of the “Council of the Whole Earth” (Russian provisional government) in Yaroslavl
	The entry of the troops of the second militia into Moscow. Surrender of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin
	Patriarchate of Philaret
	Convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow
1613, 21 Feb.	Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne by the Zemsky Sobor
	Reign of Mikhail Fedorovich
1617, 27 Feb.	Stolbovsky " eternal peace» with Sweden
	Deulino truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Return of Mikhail Fedorovich's father, Filaret, from Polish captivity. His elevation to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow (until 1633)
	Founding of Krasnoyarsk
	Military reform. Formation of regular regiments and foreign regiments
	Russia's war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk
	Polyanovsky peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Refusal of King Vladislav IV's claims to the Russian throne
	Patriarchate of Joasaph I
	Introduction of new defensive structures - “zasechnye features” on the southern borders of Russia
	Founding of Simbirsk
	Patriarchate of Joseph
	Campaigns of V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov for the Amur
	Reign of Alexei Mikhailovich
	Founding of Okhotsk
	"Salt riot" in Moscow. Uprisings in Solvychegorsk, Veliky Ustyug, Solikamsk, Kozlov, Kursk, Voronezh, Tomsk, Surgut, etc.
	S. Dezhnev's hike. Opening of the strait between Asia and America
	Convening of the Zemsky Sobor. Start of work of the Statutory Commission of Prince N.I. Odoevsky
	Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new set of laws - the Council Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
	Uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod

	Events in the history of Russia 17th century
	The formation in Moscow of a circle of “zealots of piety” who advocated holding church reform
1652 – 1658, 1667	Patriarchate of Nikon.
	Establishment of a state monopoly on the trade in bread wine (vodka)
	The beginning of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon
	Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Annexation of Ukraine to Russia
	Russian-Polish War
	Russo-Swedish War
	Founding of Irkutsk
	Peace of Kardis with Sweden
	"Copper riot" in Moscow
	Uprisings in Siberia and Bashkiria
	Postal establishment in Russia
	Church Cathedral. Condemnation of Patriarch Nikon, deprivation of his patriarchal rank
	Patriarchate of Joseph II
	Andrusovo truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia
	Uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery (“Solovetsky Sitting”)
	Patriarchate of Pitirim
	Patriarchate of Joachim
	Russia's war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate
	Reign of Fyodor Alekseevich
	Introduction of house-to-house taxation (instead of taxation)
	Bakhchisarai truce with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate
	Abolition of localism (a system of feudal hierarchy that existed since the 15th century)
	Burning of leaders in Pustozersk church schism Avvakum, Epiphany, etc.
	The struggle for power of the boyar groups Naryshkins and Miloslavskys after the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Streltsy riot.
	Joint reign of the brothers Ivan V and Peter I
	The reign of Princess Sofia Alekseevna - regent for minor sovereigns
	Creation of “amusing troops” by Peter I
	"Eternal Peace" with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Foundation of the Hellenic-Greek (from 1701 Slavic-Greek-Latin) Academy in Moscow
	Crimean campaigns of Russian troops under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn
	Nerchinsk Treaty with China. Establishment of the Russian-Chinese border along the Argun and Gorbitsa rivers
	Patriarchate of Hadrian
	Sole reign of Peter I (after the death of Tsar Ivan V)
	"Great Embassy" of Peter I to Europe
	Riot of the Streltsy regiments. Mass executions of Streltsy
	Decree of Peter I on the prohibition of wearing a beard and the introduction of European clothing
	City government reform. Creation of the Mayor's Chamber
	Disbandment of the Streltsy army
	Introduction of a new chronology (Julian calendar)
	Treaty of Constantinople with Turkey
	Northern War between Russia and Sweden