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Description of the night sky
Night is the most mysterious period of time. The world of people falls asleep and darkness comes to replace it - the time of dreams, dreams, hopes. And it is at this time that millions of stars flash in the sky.
Have you ever noticed such a sky? How majestic and unshakable it is. This is the whole Universe that exists next to us. And for a moment it seems that our world is so tiny, petty. And man is a small part of all this.
Often you sit on the veranda in the evening, look at the sky, and there... Thousands, no, even millions of heavenly bodies. With the advent of the month, the white glow only flares up, forming beautiful patterns. Someone will see the image of a person, someone will see a funny animal, and someone will see scattered golden beads. It was as if some wizard had lost his magic bag.
The starry sky always gave peace and balance. It was the harbinger of a new day. They used the constellations to navigate their way and learned to predict the future. The appearance of the starry sky changes depending on the time of year: some constellations appear, others disappear. Therefore, this miracle has attracted the attention of people since ancient times.
Mazhorova Anastasia
I really like looking at the starry sky.
In the summer, in a village where there are no multi-storey buildings, I go out into the street at night, sit near the house and look at the sky.
The starry sky sometimes looks deep, bottomless, and sometimes it seems that you can stretch out your hand and reach the stars.
At first, looking at the starry sky, you become a little scared, you even feel dizzy, it seems that if you don’t stay on your feet, you can fall into the heavenly abyss. But then you realize that the sky is like a fluffy, soft blanket, it caresses and warms. And involuntarily, looking at the stars, you want to smile.
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Municipal educational institution
"Average comprehensive school No. 27"
g.o. Saransk
City literary and creative competition
"Russia is a space power"
dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the space flight
first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin
Composition
starry sky
Completed by: 4th grade student A
Municipal educational institution "School No. 27"
Mazhorova Anastasia
Checked by: primary school teacher
Terletskaya N.V.
2011
starry sky
I really like looking at the starry sky.
In the summer, in a village where there are no multi-storey buildings, I go out into the street at night, sit near the house and look at the sky.
The starry sky sometimes looks deep, bottomless, and sometimes it seems that you can stretch out your hand and reach the stars.
At first, looking at the starry sky, you become a little scared, you even feel dizzy, it seems that if you don’t stay on your feet, you can fall into the heavenly abyss. But then you realize that the sky is like a fluffy, soft blanket, it caresses and warms. And involuntarily, looking at the stars, you want to smile.
My favorite time to look at the starry sky is in July and August. It is at this time that many stars fall from the sky. It is believed that if you manage to make a wish before the shooting star goes out, it will definitely come true.
Whether this is so, I don’t know. I've never been able to make a wish while a star is falling. After all, they fall so quickly, in a matter of seconds. They flash like a spark, sweep across the sky, leaving behind a luminous trail, and disappear.
When I was very little, I felt very sorry for the little stars that were falling. I sadly told my mother: “There is one less star in the sky. What if people lived on it too?”
And I was also very interested in: “Where do the stars fall? Can they be found on earth?” To which my mother replied: “No, they burn up in the atmosphere and do not have time to reach the surface of the earth.”
Now, having grown older, I myself can learn everything about the stars from books.
Now I know for sure that a falling star is not a lost planet, but meteorites and meteorites, solid cosmic particles and stones that, moving towards the Earth, enter its atmosphere and burn, causing a glow.
Some are very large meteorites, nevertheless, are able to reach the surface of the Earth. Entire expeditions are often sent to search for them.
Scientists, by studying the composition of meteorites, learn what the planets of the solar system were formed from, and what the Sun was like billions of years ago.
TV programs often talk about such a phenomenon as “star rain,” when thousands of meteors fall from the sky at the same time. I have never seen “star rain” myself, only in TV reports from the “News” program. But I really want to watch this phenomenon myself! It must be very beautiful! A real fireworks from the stars!
I really hope that someday I will be able to see in the night sky how the great amount meteors...
And maybe one day I will even be able to find a piece of a meteorite that fell from the sky...
But I’m not the only one who likes to watch the stars. At all times, the sky has fascinated and attracted all humanity. Since ancient times, people have dreamed of conquering space and revealing all its secrets.
But the conquest of airspace was very long and difficult. Only the bravest and most desperate people dared to build aircrafts and lifted them into the air. At first it was Balloons, airships, airplanes, and in the twentieth century airplanes and spaceships appeared. The flights of the first testers were not always successful. There were many cases when brave souls died.
Nowadays, we are no longer surprised when we see a plane flying in the sky. And in the night sky you can often see a satellite flying by. Man has completely conquered near-Earth space.
This year marks fifty years since man first went to space trip.
The first cosmonaut to fly into space was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, he went into space on the Vostok spacecraft. His flight lasted only one hour and forty-eight minutes. During this time he flew around once Globe, and then safely ejected to Earth.
The second flight into space was made on August 6, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one by German Titov. His flight had already lasted more than 24 hours. German Titov also returned safely to Earth.
In June of one thousand nine hundred and sixty-three, the first female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova, flew into space.
For their flights into space, the first cosmonauts received many different awards. They became honorary citizens of many cities around the world, and the streets of these cities are named after them.
However, successful flights into space by the first cosmonauts do not mean at all that space travel is safe. Not once have human space flights ended tragically.
And these days, no one can guarantee the safe return of astronauts to Earth. There, far from Earth, various unforeseen situations can happen.
Not so long ago, in two thousand and three, an American spaceship, due to a malfunction in the system. All eight crew members were killed. Of course, scientists are doing everything possible to avoid such tragedies, but no one is immune from trouble.
It would seem that since space flights are so dangerous, maybe they should be stopped altogether, in order to avoid the loss of lives?
No! After all, astronauts do not fly into space for the sake of a walk or an exciting journey. They fly there to work. Cosmonauts monitor the state of the Earth's surface, the weather, and carry out various scientific experiments and research. In addition, astronauts often have to go out into outer space to work, which is very dangerous, because the phenomenon that we observe from Earth, such as the fall of meteors and meteorites, carries a serious danger there in space. Solid space particles in outer space fly at the speed of a bullet and can hit an astronaut and damage the spacesuit and even cause serious injuries.
That is why only the bravest ones go into space, with good health People. But even they have to go through serious preparation before flights.
Admiring starry sky, I often think that somewhere up there, high, high, people are working...
What would our life be like without space explorers?
After all, space is fraught with many secrets and mysteries that our brave astronauts have yet to reveal. And I admire their heroism, their courage, resilience and determination.
If you look up on a clear, cloudless night, you will see a magnificent picture of the starry sky. Thousands of flickering multi-colored lights form fancy shapes, captivating the eye. In ancient times, people believed that these were burning lanterns attached to the crystal vault of heaven. Today we all know that these are not lanterns, but stars. What are stars? Why are they shining and how far are they from us? How are stars born and how long do they live? This and much more is our story.
To understand what a star is, just look at our Sun. Yes, yes, our Sun is a star! But how can this be? - you ask. “After all, the Sun is big and hot, and the stars are so small and don’t provide any warmth at all.” The whole secret is in the distance. The sun is practically “nearby” - only about 150 million kilometers, and the stars are so far away that scientists do not even use the concept of “kilometers” to measure the distance to the stars. They came up with a special unit of measurement called the “light year.” We will tell you about the light year a little later, but for now...
Why are stars colored? Hot and cold stars
The stars we observe vary in both color and brightness. The brightness of a star depends both on its mass and on its distance. And the color of the glow depends on the temperature on its surface. The coolest stars are red. And the hottest ones have a bluish tint. White and blue stars- the hottest, their temperature is higher than the temperature of the Sun. Our star, the Sun, belongs to the class of yellow stars.
How many stars are there in the sky?
It is almost impossible to calculate even approximately the number of stars in the part of the Universe known to us. Scientists can only say that in our Galaxy, which is called " Milky Way", there may be about 150 billion stars. But there are other galaxies! But people know much more accurately the number of stars that can be seen from the surface of the Earth with the naked eye. There are about 4.5 thousand such stars.
How are stars born?
If the stars light up, does that mean someone needs it? In the endless outer space There are always molecules of the simplest substance in the Universe - hydrogen. Somewhere there is less hydrogen, somewhere more. Under the influence of mutual attractive forces, hydrogen molecules are attracted to each other. These attraction processes can last for a very long time - millions and even billions of years. But sooner or later, the hydrogen molecules are attracted so close to each other that a gas cloud forms. With further attraction, the temperature in the center of such a cloud begins to rise. Another millions of years will pass, and the temperature in the gas cloud may rise so much that the thermonuclear fusion reaction will begin - hydrogen will begin to turn into helium and appear in the sky new star. Any star is a hot ball of gas.
The lifespan of stars varies significantly. Scientists have found that the greater the mass of a newborn star, the shorter its lifespan. The lifespan of a star can range from hundreds of millions of years to billions of years.
Light year
A light year is the distance covered in a year by a beam of light traveling at a speed of 300 thousand kilometers per second. And there are 31,536,000 seconds in a year! So, from the closest star to us, called Proxima Centauri, a beam of light travels for more than four years (4.22 light years)! This star is 270 thousand times farther from us than the Sun. And the rest of the stars are much further away - tens, hundreds, thousands and even millions of light years from us. This is why stars appear so small to us. And even in the most powerful telescope, unlike planets, they are always visible as dots.
What is a "constellation"?
Since ancient times, people have looked at the stars and seen in the bizarre figures that form groups of bright stars, images of animals and mythical heroes. Such figures in the sky began to be called constellations. And, although in the sky the stars included by people in this or that constellation are visually close to each other, in outer space these stars can be located at a considerable distance from each other. The most famous constellations are Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. The fact is that the constellation Ursa Minor includes the Polar Star, which is pointed to by North Pole our planet Earth. And knowing how to find the North Star in the sky, any traveler and navigator will be able to determine where north is and navigate the area.
Supernovae
Some stars, at the end of their lives, suddenly begin to glow thousands and millions of times brighter than usual, and eject huge masses of matter into the surrounding space. It is commonly said that a supernova explosion occurs. The glow of the supernova gradually fades and eventually only a luminous cloud remains in the place of such a star. A similar supernova explosion was observed by ancient astronomers in the Near and Far East July 4, 1054. The decay of this supernova lasted 21 months. Now in the place of this star there is the Crab Nebula, known to many astronomy lovers.
The birth, life and decay of stars is studied by the science of astronomy. Love astronomy, study it - and your life will be filled with new meaning!
Have you ever wondered how many stars there are in the sky? Or maybe they wanted to count them? The starry sky is big secret, which has long attracted adults and children with its unusual bright lights and interesting phenomena. But it turns out that the way we see it is just a beautiful wrapper, but in fact there is a whole star world with your stories, adventures and others interesting events. Which ones exactly? Our fairy tale about the Bear and the North Star will tell about this. So make yourself comfortable.
An unusual star world or a fairy tale about the North Star and its friends
Since ancient times, the sky has been home to many small bright stars, which are perhaps the most beautiful creatures in the whole world. Their shining clothes are a real opportunity for pride, because they even attract people - strange creatures living on one of the planets. Why strange? Yes, because the stars could not understand their way of life: they were always in a hurry somewhere, not even knowing the way, exposing themselves to the danger of getting lost, rarely thinking about what the world really is like and what their purpose is. Worries, worries and worries. This is how their life passed on one of the most picturesque planets in the Universe.
It was completely incomprehensible to the small bright stars how they could live like this, because, unlike people, they were never in a hurry, lived measuredly and constantly thought about the lofty things - the meaning of life, heavenly harmony and incredible beauty Universe. Most of all they were interested and fascinated by the unusual laws that governed their world, which was called Cosmos. Comets, meteorites and entire systems of planets rushed through it at incredible speed, and their routes were so precise and harmonious that they did not collide with each other. This was the essence of celestial harmony - a very well-thought-out system of rules and laws that all celestial bodies strictly adhered to.
In their free time from thinking, the stars rejoiced in their outfits, sang star songs and even did a star dance. True, it was very different from what people understood by dance. The reason for this is simple - the stars were forbidden to move from place to place, so their movements were extremely limited. The little beauties were surprised by this, but they never became indignant or protested, realizing that this was one of the rules of heavenly harmony. In general, the habit of being indignant is also inherent only in people. 
Once, during such entertainment, the North Star, the brightest star in the sky, began to talk about people:
- Look, they got lost again.
- Who? - asked one of her friends.
- Yes, sailors! We swam in the wrong direction. Well, how can you go on the road without understanding the cardinal directions at all?
“Indeed,” another heavenly beauty picked up her conversation, “the Chumaks are lost.” They will have to look for salt for a long time, if they find it at all.
“And if they find it, they’ll get lost again on the way home,” Polar Star laughed loudly and suddenly fell silent. She felt it was wrong to laugh at people who lived so far below. Good for them, the stars. From above you can really see everything perfectly. But is it really as easy to live without pointers?
The North Star was not only the brightest, but also very kind and smart. So she instantly came up with interesting idea:
- What if we become signposts for people? We will show them the way. We still can’t move away from each other, so it will be easy for people to remember our individual groups and navigate in space. And for a better understanding, we will now quickly draw a map of the starry sky.
— Great idea! — one of her closest neighbors supported Polar Star. “And I also suggest that we come up with names for our groups.” For example, Mizar, Mirak and their friends look very much like a bear to me. Why don't they call it that?
- Hmm, you look like a little bear to me! - Mizar laughed. 
- Ursa Major and Ursa Minor! - Polar Star summed up, - in my opinion, it sounds great. The Tale of the North Star and Ursa Minor - good name for a new interesting story.
- Polar Star, maybe you’ll fantasize about your adventures later, but now let’s finish what we started? - Mizar interrupted her thoughts.
- Yes, sure! We need to draw a map to help people.
This is how individual constellations were formed in the starry sky, and for a long time people have become accustomed to finding their way around them. Therefore, if you don’t know something, don’t forget to raise your head to the sky from time to time. Little bright beauties are always ready to help. 
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Pleshakov developed good idea- create an atlas for children that will make it easy to identify stars and constellations. Our teachers picked up this idea and created their own atlas-identifier, which is even more informative and visual.
What are constellations?
If you look up into the sky on a clear night, you can see many sparkling lights of different sizes, like a scattering of diamonds, decorating the sky. These lights are called stars. Some of them seem to be collected in clusters and, upon prolonged examination, they can be divided into certain groups. Man called such groups “constellations.” Some of them may resemble the shape of a ladle or the intricate outlines of animals, however, in many respects this is just a figment of the imagination.
For many centuries, astronomers tried to study such clusters of stars and gave them mystical properties. People tried to systematize them and find general pattern, and that’s how the constellations appeared. For a long time, constellations were carefully studied, some were divided into smaller ones, and they ceased to exist, and some, after clarification, were simply adjusted. For example, the constellation Argo was divided into smaller constellations: Compass, Carina, Parus, Poop.
The history of the origin of the names of the constellations is also very interesting. To make it easier to memorize, they were given names united by one element or literary work. For example, it was noticed that during periods of heavy rain, the Sun rises from the direction of certain constellations, which were given the following names: Capricorn, Whale, Aquarius, and the constellation Pisces.
In order to bring all constellations to a certain classification, in 1930, at a meeting of the International Astronomical Union, a decision was made to officially register 88 constellations. According to the decision taken constellations do not consist of groups of stars, but are sections of the starry sky.
What are the constellations?
Constellations vary in the number and brightness of the stars that make up them. The 30 most noticeable groups of stars are identified. The largest constellation in terms of area is considered Big Dipper. It consists of 7 bright and 118 stars visible to the naked eye.
The smallest constellation, located in the southern hemisphere, is called the Southern Cross and is impossible to see with the naked eye. It consists of 5 bright and 25 less visible stars.
Lesser Horse is the smallest constellation in the northern hemisphere and consists of 10 faint stars that can be seen with the naked eye.
The most beautiful and brightest constellation is Orion. It consists of 120 stars visible to the naked eye, and 7 of them are very bright.
All constellations are conventionally divided into those located in the southern or northern hemisphere. Those who live in the southern hemisphere of the Earth cannot see star clusters located in the northern hemisphere and vice versa. Of the 88 constellations, 48 are in the southern hemisphere, and 31 are in the northern hemisphere. The remaining 9 groups of stars are located in both hemispheres. The Northern Hemisphere is easily identified by the North Star, which always shines very brightly in the sky. She is the extreme star on the handle of the Ursa Minor dipper.
Due to the fact that the Earth rotates around the Sun, which prevents some constellations from being seen, the seasons change and the position of this star in the sky changes. For example, in winter the location of our planet in its circumsolar orbit is opposite to that in summer. Therefore, at each time of the year you can only see certain constellations. For example, in summer period In the night sky you can see a triangle formed by the stars Altair, Vega and Deneb. IN winter time There is an opportunity to admire the infinitely beautiful constellation Orion. That’s why they sometimes say: autumn constellations, winter, summer or spring constellations.
Constellations are best seen in summer time and it is advisable to observe them in open space, outside the city. Some stars can be seen with the naked eye, while others may require a telescope. The constellations Great and Ursa Minor, as well as Cassiopeia. In autumn and winter, the constellations Taurus and Orion are clearly visible.
Bright constellations that are visible in Russia
The most beautiful constellations of the northern hemisphere visible in Russia include: Orion, Ursa Major, Taurus, Canis Major, Canis Minor.
If you look closely at their location and give free rein to your imagination, you can see a hunting scene, which, like an ancient fresco, has been depicted in the sky for more than two thousand years. The brave hunter Orion is always depicted surrounded by animals. Taurus runs to his right, and the hunter swings his club at him. At Orion's feet are the faithful Canis Major and Canis Minor.
Constellation Orion
This is the largest and most colorful constellation. It is clearly visible in autumn and winter. Orion can be seen over the entire territory of Russia. The arrangement of its stars resembles the outline of a person.
The history of the formation of this constellation originates from ancient Greek myths. According to them, Orion was a brave and strong hunter, the son of Poseidon and the nymph Emvriala. He often hunted with Artemis, but one day, for defeating her during a hunt, he was struck by the goddess’s arrow and died. After death, he was turned into a constellation.
Orion's brightest star is Rigel. She is 25 thousand times brighter than the sun and 33 times its size. This star has a bluish-white glow and is considered supergiant. However, despite such impressive dimensions, it is significantly smaller than Betelgeuse.
Betelgeuse adorns Orion's right shoulder. It is 450 times larger than the diameter of the Sun, and if we put it in the place of our star, then this star will take the place of four planets before Mars. Betelgeuse shines 14,000 times brighter than the Sun.
The constellation Orion also includes nebulae and asterisms.
Constellation Taurus
Another large and unimaginably beautiful constellation of the northern hemisphere is Taurus. It is located northwest of Orion and is located between the constellations Aries and Gemini. Not far from Taurus there are such constellations as: Auriga, Cetus, Perseus, Eridanus.
This constellation in mid-latitudes can be observed throughout almost the entire year, with the exception of the second half of spring and early summer.
The history of the constellation dates back to ancient myths. They talk about Zeus turning into a calf in order to kidnap the goddess Europa and bring her to the island of Crete. This constellation was first described by Eudoxus, a mathematician who lived long before our era.
The brightest star not only of this constellation, but also of the other 12 groups of stars is Aldebaran. It is located on the head of Taurus and was previously called the “eye”. Aldebaran is 38 times the diameter of the Sun and 150 times brighter. This star is located 62 light years away from us.
The second brightest star in the constellation is Nat or El-Nat (the horns of the bull). It is located near Auriga. It is 700 times brighter than the Sun and 4.5 times larger.
Within the constellation there are two incredibly beautiful open clusters of stars, the Hyades and the Pleiades.
The age of the Hyades is 650 million years. They can be easily found in the starry sky thanks to Aldebaran, which is clearly visible among them. They include about 200 stars.
The Pleiades got its name from its nine parts. Seven of them are named after the seven sisters Ancient Greece(Pleiades), and two more - in honor of their parents. The Pleiades are very visible in winter. They include about 1000 stellar bodies.
An equally interesting formation in the constellation Taurus is the Crab Nebula. It was formed after a supernova explosion in 1054 and was discovered in 1731. The distance of the nebula from the Earth is 6500 light years, and its diameter is about 11 light years. years.
This constellation belongs to the Orion family and borders the constellations Orion, Unicorn, Canis Minor, and Hare.
The constellation Canis Major was first discovered by Ptolemy in the second century.
There is a myth according to which the Great Dog used to be Lelap. It was a very fast dog that could catch up with any prey. One day he chased a fox, which was not inferior to him in speed. The outcome of the race was a foregone conclusion, and Zeus turned both animals to stone. He placed the dog in heaven.
Constellation Big Dog very visible in winter. The brightest star not only of this, but also of all other constellations is Sirius. It has a bluish luster and is located quite close to Earth, at a distance of 8.6 light years. According to the brightness in our solar system it is surpassed by Jupiter, Venus, and the Moon. Light from Sirius takes 9 years to reach Earth and is 24 times stronger than the sun. This star has a satellite called "Puppy".
The formation of such a concept as “Holidays” is associated with Sirius. The fact is that this star appeared in the sky during the summer heat. Since Sirius is translated from Greek as “canis,” the Greeks began to call this period vacation.
Constellation Canis Minor
Canis Minor borders on such constellations as: Unicorn, Hydra, Cancer, Gemini. This constellation represents an animal that, together with Big Dog follows the hunter Orion.
The history of the formation of this constellation, if we rely on myths, is very interesting. According to them, Canis Minor is Mera, the dog of Icaria. This man was taught how to make wine by Dionysus and the drink turned out to be very strong. One day his guests decided that Ikaria had decided to poison them and killed him. The mayor was very sad for his owner and soon died. Zeus placed it in the form of a constellation in the starry sky.
This constellation is best observed in January and February.
The most bright stars of this constellation are Porcyon and Gomeisa. Porcyon is located 11.4 light years from Earth. It is somewhat brighter and hotter than the Sun, but physically differs little from it.
Gomeiza is visible to the naked eye and glows with a blue-white light.
Constellation Ursa Major
Ursa Major, shaped like a ladle, is one of the three largest constellations. It is mentioned in the writings of Homer and in the Bible. This constellation is very well studied and has great importance in many religions.
It borders with such constellations as: Waterfall, Leo, Canes Venatici, Dragon, Lynx.
According to ancient Greek myths, Ursa Major is associated with Callisto, a beautiful nymph and lover of Zeus. His wife Hera turned Callisto into a bear as punishment. One day, this bear came across Hera and her son, Arcas, with Zeus in the forest. To avoid tragedy, Zeus turned his son and nymph into constellations.
The big ladle is formed by seven stars. The most striking of them are three: Dubhe, Alkaid, Aliot.
Dubhe is a red giant and points to the North Star. It is located 120 light years from Earth.
Alkaid, the constellation's third brightest star, expresses the end of the tail Ursa Major. It is located 100 light years away from Earth.
Alioth is the brightest star in the constellation. She represents the tail. Because of its brightness, it is used in navigation. Alioth shines 108 times brighter than the Sun.
These constellations are the brightest and most beautiful in the northern hemisphere. They can be perfectly seen with the naked eye in autumn or frosty weather. winter night. The legends of their formation allow your imagination to run wild and imagine how the mighty hunter Orion, together with his faithful dogs runs after the prey, and Taurus and Ursa Major watch him carefully.
Russia is located in the northern hemisphere, and in this part of the sky we are able to see only a few of all the constellations existing in the sky. Depending on the time of year, only their position in the sky changes.
