Liechtenstein
Principality of Liechtenstein
Date of creation of an independent state: 1719 g.
Square: 157 sq. km
Administrative divisions: 2 districts: Oberland-Upper Lands and Unterland-Lower Lands, 11 communes
Capital: Vaduz
Official language: Deutsch
Currency unit: Swiss frank
Population: 35 thousand (2007)
Population density per sq. km: 222.9 people
Share of urban population: 88 %
Ethnic composition of the population: Austrians and German-Swiss, immigrants from other European countries (mainly Austrians, Swiss, Germans and Italians)
Religion: dominated by Catholic Christianity
Basis of the economy: ultra-precise mechanical engineering and instrument making
Employment: in industry - 55.5%; in the service sector - 42.8%; in agriculture - 1.7%
GDP: 2.8 billion USD (2007)
GDP per capita: OK. 80 thousand USD
Form of government: unitarianism
Form of government: a constitutional monarchy
Legislature: unicameral parliament
Head of State: prince
Head of the government: Prime Minister
Party structures: multiparty
Fundamentals of government
Date of formation dwarf state considered 1719, when the lands (County Vaduz and the possession of Schellenberg), formerly part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, were acquired by the Austrian prince Johann-Adam von Lichtenstein and united into a principality. Some historians call 1806 the date of gaining independence - the year of the creation of the Rhine Union (lasted until 1813), which united sixteen independent states of West and South Germany, which emerged from the disintegrated Holy Roman Empire, under the auspices of France (the corresponding treaty was signed on July 12, 1806 .). In 1921 Liechtenstein, while maintaining its state independence, actually passed under the protectorate of Switzerland, the connection with which was strengthened by joining the Swiss customs, monetary and postal union in 1924.
The Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein was adopted by parliament on August 24, 1921, entered into force on October 5, 1921. It contains twelve chapters and one hundred and fifteen articles. Amendments to the Constitution are adopted by the parliament, then they are submitted to the prince for approval (with the exception of the question of the abolition of the monarchy). Certain issues may be submitted to a referendum. The most significant revision of the Constitution took place in March 2003, when a new version of the Basic Law was approved at a referendum.
According to latest version Constitution, all power in the country belongs to the prince (head of state) and the people. Significant powers are assigned to the prince (in particular, without his consent, not a single decision of parliament can acquire the force of law, in addition, in extraordinary circumstances, the prince can issue decrees that have the force of law without the consent of parliament; the prince also has the right to dissolve parliament on his own initiative), but at the same time the citizens of Liechtenstein can pass a vote of no confidence in the prince.
Starting in 1938, the principality was governed by the namesake of the famous Austrian emperor who lived in the 19th century, Franz Joseph (Joseph) II, who transferred the official residence of the court from Vienna to Vaduz. Until now, August 15, the birthday of modern-day Franz Joseph, is celebrated in Liechtenstein as National holiday... On November 13, 1989, the throne passed to the eldest son of the prince, Hans-Adam II (born in 1945). The full title of head of state is Hans-Adam II von Lichtenstein, Count of Troppau and Jagendorf, Count of Rietberg, Ostfriesland and Vaduz, ruler of Künringe, Schellenberg, Feldsberg, Kromau and Ostrau. On August 15, 2004, Hans-Adam II officially handed over the reins to his now eldest son, Prince Alois (born in 1966), who, although acting as head of state, cannot be crowned while his father is alive.
The highest legislative body is the unicameral parliament (Landtag), which includes twenty-five deputies. Fifteen of them are elected by direct secret ballot from the Upper Lands and ten from the Lower. Parliamentary mandates are valid for four years. The Landtag has three standing commissions - control, financial and foreign policy. The competence of the Landtag, in addition to adopting laws, includes the approval of the state budget, the establishment of the amount of taxes (one of the lowest in Europe), the ratification of international treaties, the approval of the composition of the government and control over its activities.
Government (body executive power) consists of five people: the chairman, who is also the Minister of Finance and Construction; Deputy Chairman (also known as the Minister of Economy, Justice and Sports); Minister of Foreign Affairs (aka Minister of Culture and Minister of Family and Women's Affairs); the Minister of the Interior (aka the Minister of Health, Transport and Communication); and the Minister of Education (aka the Minister of Social Welfare, Environment, Land Use, Agriculture and Forestry). Candidates for the post of head of government and ministers are nominated, as mentioned above, by the Landtag, but the right to appoint to the post is assigned to the prince. On the initiative of the Landtag, the prince can terminate the powers of any member of the government. The change in the composition of the government takes place after the parliamentary elections.
The judiciary in the country is independent of parliament and the monarch. The bulk of court cases go through the District Court in Vaduz. The functions of the court of appeal are entrusted to High Court. The last resort is Supreme Court.
Constitutional control is exercised Supreme State Tribunal, which also acts as a disciplinary court against members of the government.
Administrative justice is carried out Administrative Court, which can admit complaints against decisions of the executive branch.
Judges are appointed by the prince on the proposal of the Landtag.
Leading political parties
The main role in the life of the country is played by the existing ones since the late 1920s. Progressive Civil Party(GWP; formerly - Progressive burgher party) and party Patriotic union(OS; formerly - Union of the Fatherland). Both the one and the other express the interests of big business, but if the PPP almost unconditionally supports all the initiatives of the prince, including those related to the introduction of amendments to the Constitution (which happened in 2003, when the powers of the head of state were significantly expanded), then the OS, on the contrary, it subjects them to sharp criticism, that is, it is actually in opposition. Nevertheless, the government of 2005 is formed on the basis of a coalition of the two parties, which are officially opposed by the Greens.
Prince
Since August 2004 - Prince Alois, with Hans-Adam II as regent
Prime Minister
Since 2001 - Otmar Hasler (PGP)
State structure
Legal system
Literature
State in Central Europe, located between Switzerland and Austria.
Territory - 160 sq. km. The capital is Vaduz.
Population - 31 thousand people. (1998).
The official language is German.
Religion - Catholicism (87% of the population).
The principality was founded in 1719, when the fiefs of Vaduz and Schellenberg were united under the control of the Liechtenstein family. In 1923 Liechtenstein signed a customs union treaty with Switzerland. The latter represents the diplomatic and consular interests of the principality abroad.
State structure
Liechtenstein is a unitary state. Administratively, it consists of two historically formed parts: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein) and Unterland (Lower Liechtenstein). It is divided into 11 communities.
The Constitution of 1921 is in force. According to the form of government, Liechtenstein is a hereditary parliamentary monarchy. Political regime democratic. Liechtenstein was the last European country to grant voting rights to women (in 1986).
Legislative power belongs to the Landtag (unicameral parliament), which consists of 25 deputies, elected by direct secret ballot through a proportional representation system (15 from Oberland and 10 from Unterland) for a period of 4 years.
The head of state is the Prince, who represents Liechtenstein in relations with other states. He opens and closes the Landtag and has the right to dissolve it on his own initiative. None of the decisions of the parliament can pass the force of law without the consent of the head of state, at the same time, the Prince himself, in emergency circumstances, can issue decrees with the force of law without the consent of the parliament and the Prime Minister. In addition, the Prince has unlimited rights on issues of pardon, has the right to suspend criminal prosecution, assigns titles, ranks, elevates to a noble rank and gives state awards Liechtenstein.
The executive power is vested in a coalition government of 5 people: the Prime Minister, who also has the functions of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Justice and Finance, his deputy and three so-called government advisers. Three members of the Government, including its head, represent the parliamentary majority, two - the opposition. Members of the Government are appointed by the Prince at the suggestion of the Landtag for a 4-year term. In case of loss of confidence, the Landtag asks the Prince to recall one or another member of the Government.
Legal system
Liechtenstein's legal system is part of the Romano-Germanic family and was influenced by Austrian and Swiss law. The Civil, Penal and Criminal Procedure Codes follow Austrian patterns, while commercial law is based on Swiss law (Liechtenstein is an internal economic zone of Switzerland).
The most important commercial laws include: The Sole Proprietorship and Companies Act 1926; Trust Companies Act 1928; The Trademark Law of 1929; Swiss Patent Law, introduced by Federal Act 1954; Banking Law 1960; Commercial Act 1969; Private International Law Act 1996
Liechtenstein is a tax haven. Due to the low tax on capital invested and the absence of income tax, it was chosen as the place of registration for over 40 thousand foreign companies. The country does not have specific legislation governing foreign investment.
Labor law enshrines the right to organize, bargain collectively and strike.
Until the end of the 1980s. in Liechtenstein, the Austrian Penal Code of 1852 was applied. The current Criminal Code was adopted by the Liechtenstein Parliament on June 24, 1987, entered into force on January 1, 1989. It abolished the death penalty for all crimes. The last death penalty took place in 1785.
The judicial system. Control bodies
The Liechtenstein Constitution establishes an independent judiciary. Court system general jurisdiction has three levels. The Regional Court (Landgericht) in Vaduz is the first court, the High Court (Obergericht) is the court of appeal, and the Supreme Court (Oberste Gerichtshof) is the last instance. Professional judges are appointed by the Prince on the advice of the Landtag.
Administrative justice is exercised by the Administrative Court, which hears complaints against decisions of the Government.
The functions of constitutional review are performed by the Supreme State Tribunal, which protects the rights granted by the Constitution, resolves disputes over jurisdiction between courts and administrative authorities, and also acts as a disciplinary court against members of the Government. In addition, the Supreme Tribunal is competent to consider questions about the constitutionality of laws and the legality of decrees issued by the Government. The members of the Superior Tribunal are elected by the Landtag; election of the chairman is subject to the approval of the Prince.
Literature
Schönle H. Liechtenstein // International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law. Vol. 1. 1972. P. L41-45.
Liechtenstein, Prince F̈urstentum Liechtenstein - go-sous-dar-in Central Euro-pe.
General information
Ras-in-lo-same-but in Al-pah, on the border-ni-tse between Shve-ts-ri-ei and Av-st-ri-ei (general pro-ty-wives- borders 76 km). Liechtenstein is pulled from the north to the south along the right bank of the Rhine river for 28 km, the maximum distance from west to east is me -more than 10 km. One of the smallest go-s-darties in the world. The area is 160 km2. Population 35 thousand people (2010). One hundred-person-tsa - Wha-duts. The official language is non-Metz. A de-tender one-ni-tsa - a seamstress-king's franc. Liechtenstein consists of two historical regions: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein, center - Vaduz) and Un-ter-land (Lower Liechtenstein, center - the city of Shel-len-berg). In the administrative relation, it is divided into 11 communities (kom-mun): Bal-tsers, Eschen, Gam-prin, Mau-ren, Plan-ken, Rug-gell, Shan , Shel-len-berg, Tri-zen, Tri-zen-berg and Va-duts.
Liechtenstein is a member of the UN (1990), the Council of Europe (1978), the OSCE (1975), the European Association of Free Trade (1991), the WTO (1995).
Political system
Liechtenstein is a unitary state. Form-ma right-le-niya - constitutional mon-nar-chiya. Con-sti-tu-tion received in 1921. On re-fe-re-do-me on 03/16/2003, ut-ver-zhde-on her new re-dac-tion, uk-re-p-lyayu-shi-lo - another prince and there are two sous-ve-re-new, on which there is state power.
The head of state is the Grand Duke op-re-de-la-e-e-e-l-ti-ku and represents Liechtenstein in the external fantasies. Not a single solution of par-la-ment-ta (land-ta-ga) can-res-ti si-lu za-ko-na without his consent. The great prince, in case of extra-tea-making matters, can, without consent, par-la-men-that from-give-the-orders, I have- shi-lu for-co-na and dey-st-vuyu-shi up to 6 months. He has the right, on his own initia-ti-ve, to let the par-la-ment, he has the right-in-mi-lo-va-nia, when-os-ta-nov-le- of the corner-of-no-go-next-to-va-nia, attribution of ti-tu-lov and titles, including dvu-ryansky. From-da-vaye-th-e-r-th-th prince-zem dek-re-you and the decree-a-well-yes-yes-in the con-tra-sig-na-tion of the head of the right-v- tel-st-va, and all the most important inter-w-du-folk agreements are in the agreement of the land-ta-ga.
The highest organ of con-no-dative power is one-but-pa-lat-ny land-tag. Co-one hundred-it from 25 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-paradise-by direct secret go-lo-so-va-ni-em on the system-te-me pro-por-tio -nal-no-go pre-sta-vi-tel-st-va (15 de-pu-ta-tov from Ober-lan-da, 10 - from Un-ter-lan-da) for 4 th-yes. Land-tag de-ra-ba-you-va-et and accepts-for-con-us, ut-ver-waits-for the state-budget-zhet, us-ta-nav-li-va-et on-lo-gi and gatherings, ra-ti-fi-tsi-ru-et me-w-du-folk do-go-thie-ry, in agreement with Pra-vya -the prince-zem for-mi-ru-et pra-vi-tel-st-in and exercise-st-in-la-et control over his activity.
The highest organ-gan of executive power is the sovereign (pre-se-da-tel - a member of the party rakh in the land-tag). Members of the right-wing-tel-st-va na-zn-cha-yut-Xia Grand-prince-land on behalf of the land-ta-ga. In the case of ut-ra-you do-ve-riya, the decision to stop the end is full-of-my-chle-on the right-of-way va pri-ni-ma-et-sya in co-op-co-va-nia between the Great prince and the land-ta-gom.
In Liechtenstein, there is a lot of political systems. Leading political parties - Patriotic Union, Pro-Graduate Civil Party, Free Sleep.
Nature
B ́ most of the territory-ri-to-ry of the country za-ni-ma-yut go-ry - from-ro-gi ridge-ta Re-ti-kon (Re-ti-skie Al-py) height up to 2599 m (go-ra Gra-ush-piz - the highest point of the country), divided by three large-sized between-mountains to-do-na- mi. At the edge of the pas de de - up to the top of the current of the Rhine River (altitude 400-500 m). In the tek-to-nical relation, the territory-ri-to-riya ras-po-lo-ze-na in the region of the co-member of the warehouse-cha-to-po blood-mountainous co-weapons of the Western and Eastern Alps of the Kai-no-Zoi-ross-rat. On za-pas-de you-de-la-yut Gel-vet-zone-nu (slo-same-on me-zo-zois-ski-mi iz-vest-nya-ka-mi and mer-ge- la-mi) and Gel-vet-sko-Pennin-zone (flysch). The eastern part of the slo-same-na me-zo-zoi-ski-mi iz-west-nya-ka-mi, do-lo-mi-ta-mi, hyp-som, dog-cha-ni-ka-mi, clay-ni-st-mi shale-ts-mi Av-st-ro-al-piy-zone. In the seam zo-no - dog-cha-ni-ki, clay-noy shale, brec-chia. There is a place-ro-f-de-nia of construction iz-vest-nyakov, clay, gypsum.
Kli-mate moderate, softened-tea-fe-na-mi. The most com-fort-mi-climatic conditions from-li-cha-e-sy to-li-na Rein, average temperatures of yang-va-rya 0 ° C, July 18 ° C. In the mountains, the average temperatures of the yang-vary are from -10 to -6 ° C, in July 12-14 ° C. The average number of precipitates in the region of Rey is 700-800 mm, in mountains - up to 1200-1900 mm. Rus-lo Ray-na mes-ta-mi og-ra-j-de-no dam-ba-mi for the protection-you-do-li-us from for-to-p-le-nia in time in-lo-in-diy, along its significant part, there is a pro-lo-wives in-to-from-water channel. Do-li-na Rei-na almost whole-li-com wasted-she-na and za-nya-that agricultural lands; so-kept-niv-shie-sya studies of the natural bo-lot-noy and lu-go-hoo ras-ti-tel-ness ras-in-lo-women-us in the pre-de -lah oh-ra-nyae-myh ter-ri-to-ri. In the mountains, at an altitude of 800-1800 m, there are pro-from-ra-are-forest-sa: in the lower part of the belt-sa - shi-ro-ko-li-st-ven-nye (oak, beech, etc.), in the upper - conifers (mostly spruce). In general, the forest occupies about 35% of the country's area. Above ras-pro-countries-not-us sub-al-pi-skie and al-pi-skie lu-ga. The territory of Liechtenstein from-whether-cha-is-sya high level of bio-logical variety, in the composition of flora 1600 species of higher races, including 48 species of Orkhid. About 24% of the known species of higher plants are included in the national Red Book. In the composition of the fauna, there are 55 species of mle-co-pi-melting (ser-na, ko-su-la, blah-deer, ka-men-naya ku-ni -tsa, ot-ra, etc.), of which 17 species of ru-ko-wing, about 140 species of nests of nests of birds (grouse-chik, gray ku-ro- pat-ka, pe-re-sang, wood-snake, jay-ka, vy-hir, thrushes, etc.), 7 types of pre-closings and 10 types of earth but-water-ny. There are 24 species of fish in the rivers. Created about 10 oh-ra-nyaye-natural territories. Ter-ri-to-riya re-zer-va-ta Rug-gel-ler-Rit in the do-li-not Rey-na from-not-se-na to the water-but-b-lot-pits between-zh-du-national knowledge.
Population
About 67% of the population are indigenous dashing ten-steins (2008); pro-zhi-va-yut also ger-ma-no-seamstress-tsars (10.8%), av-st-riys (5.7%), germans (3.5% ), Italians (3.3%), immigrants from the countries of the former South Slavia (3.3%), Turks (2.6%). 4.8% of the permanent residents of Liechtenstein have citizenship in other countries.
In terms of the number of inhabitants, Liechtenstein in Ev-ro-pe pre-re-goes only Mo-na-ko, San-Ma-ri-no and Va-ti can. In the 19th - 1st half of the 20th century, not looking at a significant natural increase, the increase in seeding increased very slowly: dashing -ten-steins-tsy tra-di-tsi-on-but you-go-zha-whether in the contiguity of Av-st-ryu and Switzerland. For the 2nd half of the XX - beginning of the XXI century, the population of Liechtenstein has grown 3 times: with the preservation of the natural -growth in this period-od im-mi-gra-tion is significant-but-pre-you-s-la emig-ra-tion. The main stream of im-mi-grants to Liechtenstein came from Austria and Switzerland, as well as from Italy, Is-pa-nii (mainly in the 1960s-1970s years) and Turkey (in the 1990s - early 2000s). At the end of the 2000s, so-to-nya-yut-sya us-toi-chi-in-li-tel-tel-sal-to external migrations (4.66 per 1000 inhabitants, 2009) and, unlike other countries of Western Europe, a positive natural increase in the population. Ro-w-dae-most 9.86 per 1000 inhabitants, mortality 7.42 per 1000 inhabitants (2009). Po-ka-tel fer-til-no-sti 1.52 re-ben-ka for 1 woman-schi-well; infant mortality 4.25 per 1000 livestock-ro-w-days (2009).
Acute demo-graphic problem-ble-ma - aging of the season (average age 41 years, 2009). In the age structure of the population, the share of children (up to 15 years old) is 16.6%; that 69.4%, persons 65 years of age and older 13.9%. On average, there are 94 men per 100 women. Average life expectancy may be 80.1 years old (women 83.5 years old - one of the best -te-lei in Ev-ro-pe, husband-chi-ny 76.6 go-yes).
The average population density is about 219 people / km2 (2010). Most of the population is so-sred-to-to-che-na in the northern and western pre-mountainous regions, along the Rhine. In Liechtenstein there are no large settlements; the largest cities (thousand people, 2010): Shan (5.8), Vadutz (5.1), Tri-zen (4.7), Balzers (4 , 5), Eschen (4,2).
There are about 31 thousand people in eco-no-mi-ke (2007, of which about 14 thousand people come to Liechtenstein for work from Av-st -ria and Switzerland, as well as from Germany and Italy), including in the sphere of services - about 55%, industry and construction ve - 43%, in agriculture, forestry and fishing - less than 2% (2007). The official level of unemployment is 1.5% (2007, one of the lowest in Euro-ro-pe).
Religion
About 88% of Liechtenstein's population is Christian (2000, rewritten), including 78.4% are ka-to-li-ki, 8.3% - pre-sta-vi-te-li pro-tes-tant de-no-mi-nations, 1.1% - right-to-glorious; 4.8% - mu-sul-ma-not-sun-ni-you, 0.5% - at-the-women of other conferences. About 7% of the population do not belong to any religious group.
Dey-st-vu-et 1 arch-epi-scopia of the Roman-ka-to-lichnoy church, the most glorious parishes go to law dictations of the Kon-stan-ti-no-Polish right-of-glorious church and the Serbian right-of-glorious church. Is-lam is-in-ve-du-are mainly exits from Turkey and from the Bal-kan-sko-go-to-island-ro-va.
Is-t-r-th-sky sketch
According to ar-cheo-logical data, the territory of modern Liechtenstein. was-la-se-le-na in the 5th millennium BC e. (ras-cop-ki at the foot of the Gu-ten-berg and Esh-ner-berg mountains). This place in antiquity na-se-la-li ple-me-na re-tov are the ancestors of re-to-ro-man-ts, who in the XV BC ... e. were-for-how-va-us rim-la-na-mi and entered the province of Reziya created by them. In the 1st century A.D. e. through Liechtenstein, the Roman road passed, co-uniting Italy and the right bank of the Rein, which is the way of its eco- nominal and tor-th-th-th-th development. The Christianity of Liechtenstein began in the 4th century. In this period, in the north of Liechtenstein, the Romans began to build a builder in a row of crosses, including the cross of Shan ( ruins have been preserved), for the removal of the German tribes. In the 5th century, the territory of Liechtenstein for-se-li-ale-man-ny. In the VIII century, she became a part of the Frank-go-go-su-dar-st-va (for the first time in Frankish do-ku-men-takh in 842), in the 10th - mid-12th century in the region of the Lower Re-tion na-ho-di-las under the rule of the counts of Bre- Gen-tsa, after 1152 went to the counts from the clan of Mont-for, which soon-re-de-lil-Xia on 2 lines - Mont-for and Ver -den-berg. In the re-zul-ta-te one of the following de-nes of their possessions arose-nik-lo count-st-in Va-duts (1342). In 1379, the im-pe-ra-tor of the Holy Roman im-peria Vats-lav IV pre-dos-ta-Vil gra-fam Ver-den-berg the right of the highest su-deb- noisy power in their possessions, since 1396 the count-in Va-duts na-ho-di-moos in the direct to-moat. The family of counts Ver-den-berg pre-sek-sya in 1416, Va-dutz passed under the rule of the ba-ro-nov Bran-dis, who came to soy-di-ni-li to the no-mu northern part of the former ude-la Shel-len-berg. Liechtenstein suffered greatly during the wars of the Habs-Burghs and the Swiss Congress paradise Tsiu-rikh-sky-on 1444-1446, etc.). In the re-zul-ta-te of the Swabian war of 1499 (see the Swabian wars), he became a border-ter-ri-to-ri-she between St. -shennaya Roman im-per-ri-she and Switzerland-ri-she. In 1510 baron Bran-dis sold Vadutz and Shel-len-berg to Count Sulz. After this, the process of merging two possessions began, which were placed over time under the jurisdiction of a single su-deb- noah pa-la-you. Gra-phy Sulz, I will-chi-ka-li-ka-mi, vos-pre-f-st-in-va-li pro-ve-de-niyu in their own-de-ni-yah Re -formations. In 1613, Va-duts and Shel-len-berg were again sold and passed under the authority of the counts Ho-enems. Is-py-you-ma-te-ri-al-nye for-work-not-nia after the Thirty-year-old war of 1618-1648, Count Ho-enems would -or you-well-de-us sell a part of their possessions. In 1699, the princes von und zu Lih-ten-stein ku-pi-li Shel-len-berg, and in 1712 - the count-st-in Vaduts. Since 1719, both territories have entered the principality of Liechtenstein, created by them, in a neo-mediocre state of affairs from St. -shennaya Roman im-peria. The princes of Liechtenstein, who have right-vowed their own possessions from Vienna, have pro-ve-whether in the principality re-form-we in du-he ab-so-lyu-tiz-ma that came-to-flick-that between-w-du ni and co-words of Liechtenstein. Com-pro-miss was reached by 1733, but the right-va land-ta-ga was well-og-ra-ni-chen-mi.
In 1799 Liechtenstein was ok-ku-pi-ro-van Fran-tsi-ei. In the same go-do, the voy-ska passed through A. V. Su-vo-ro-va, returning from the Italian-yan-go -yes 1799. In 1806, Liechtenstein entered the Rhine Union as a separate principality (medi-ti-zation was not under-ver-gal-Xia). According to the re-zul-ta-tam of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, it became a part of the Herman's soybean for 1815-1866. The eco-nomic iso-li-ro-van-ness of Liechtenstein pre-five-st-in-va-la-development ma-nu-fak-tur-no-go (and after that and fab- rich-no-go) production, in fact, the only one-st-ven-noy from-rass-up eco-no-mi-ki os-ta-va-los agriculture, the main -shi-com ag-rar-noy products yav-la-els small cross-st-yang-ho-zyay-st-in.
In 1805, in Liechtenstein, de-but-obligatory school education was introduced. The main requirements presented in the pet-ti-qi-yakh of the inhabitants of Liechtenstein to the prince in 1848 are the introduction of the constitution and free-choice you-bo-dov land-ta-ha, you-work-bot-ka-da-st-ra and civil co-dek-sa, as well as from-me-on of feudal wines. Revolutionary activity in Liechtenstein in the years 1848-1849 was extremely low, which, according to the name of the authorities, kept the thread unchanging ab-so-lu-ti-st-skuyu system-te-mu. In 1852, Liechtenstein became a friend of a thief with the Austrian im-pe-ri-she, who was able to develop trade-gov-li and tech-style industry in the principality (in 1876-1918 Liechtenstein made up, together with the Austrian region, Fo-rarl-berg, a single ta-mo-woman ok-circle). Under Prince Io-gan-not II (1858-1929), a number of re-forms were introduced in the country, whether you-go-to-go ga-zeta, in 1861 the lane was opened - new bank. In 1862, he received a con-sti-tu-tion. After the rac-pa-da of the German Union for 1815-1866, the Liechtenstein army according to fi-nan-so-about-ra-same-no-yam in 1868 up-section-not-on. In the second half of the 19th century, the economic and financial situation of the principality was complex, the only lu the industry was tech-style production, many inhabitants of Liechtenstein were-whether you-well-de-us emig-ri-ro-vat or go to the se-zone work-you in the vicinity of the country.
During the 1st world war of the country so-h-nya-la neut-tra-li-tet. In 1918, in Liechtenstein, the first political parties emerged: Christ-an-sko-so-tsi-al-naya people's party (su-sh-st-vo- wa-la until 1936), as well as the Lih-ten-steinsky People's Party (LPP; in 1936, pe-re-name-no-va-na in the Domestic Union, OS) and Pro -gres-siv-naya civil party (PGP). Since 1922, two successions in-by-re-men-but-head-la-li-v-tel-st-in Liechtenstein (OS in 1922-1928, 1970-1974, 1978-2001 and from 2009; PGP in 1928-1970, 1974-1978, 2001-2009). In the years 1918-1921, the development of a new Kon-sti-tu-tion, who entered-pi-la into the Si-Lu in 1921 in 1938, 1939, 1965, 1990 and 2003). In 1919, Liechtenstein raced to-go-thief with Av-st-ri-she and in the following years entered into a number of agreements with Switzerland ri-she and her separate kan-to-na-mi, the most important of which became Do-go-thief about that-mo-woman, va-lut-n, and almost vom soyu-ze (1923), still being-lyayu-sya os-but-in-la-gayu-do-ku-men-tom, on ko-to-rum bas-zi-ru - there is a partner in Liechtenstein and Switzerland. From that time on, the seamstress-tsar-franc became the seamstress of Liechtenstein (Liechtenstein os-ta-vil for itself the right-in-che-kan-ki golden you), and the representative of the Liechtenstein institutes outside the border on the cha-lo is carried out by the Swiss-ri -ey (in 2009, Liechtenstein has its own di-plo-matic representative offices in Ber-le-no, Ber-no, Bruce-se-le, Wa-shing then-no, Ve-no, New York at the UN and in Zhe-no-ve at the European Department of the UN, as well as in Stras-boo-re at the Co-ve- those Europe).
In 1927, great damage to the eco-no-mi-ke of the country was carried out on the Rey-not. In 1928, the Ban-kov scandal broke out, in re-zul-ta-te ko-to-ro-go over the principality na-vis-la ug-ro-za fi-nan- co-howl ka-ta-st-ro-phy. After an-slu-sa Av-st-rie in 1938, Prince Franz Io-sif II (1938-1989) was the first of the rulers of Liechtenstein to grow up in the principality and Lala his re-zi-den-tsi-her za-mok Va-duts. In 1939, in Liechtenstein, there was a pre-se-che-na to-torture on-chi-st-sko-go-cha, under-go-to-flan-no-go German movement -em in Liechtenstein, and in the land-ta-ge vve-de-na pro-port-tsio-nal-naya system-te-ma of the pre-sta-vi-tel-st-va Ober-lan-da (Upper niy Liechtenstein, center - the city of Vaduts) and Un-ter-lan-da (Lower Liechtenstein, center - the city of Shellen-berg). During the 2nd world war, Liechtenstein, maintaining a close alliance with Switzerland, kept a neu-tra-li tet.
After 1945, the rapid economic development of Liechtenstein began. By the beginning of the 2000s, according to the level of development of industry and the sphere of services, in part in the fi-n-so-so-so-so-re, Liechtenstein came out to one of the leading places among the developed countries Za-pa-da. Blah-go-da-ry one with the Swiss-ts-ri-she-ban-kov-skaya, va-lut-noy and that-mo-feminine system-te-me, blah-go-pri-yat -no-moo-lo-go-in-mo and re-gi-st-rational mode, as well as oh-ra-nyae-my for-con-con-fi-den-chi -al-no-sti of commercial and banking information, Liechtenstein turned into a large financial center and one of the most significant offshore zones of Euro-ro-py. Since the beginning of the 1990s, Liechtenstein has taken a course towards active participation in the development of the integration process in Euro-pe and gradually rapprochement same with the EU, in 1995 entered the European economic space.
In 1984, Liechtenstein followed in the footsteps of the European countries of pre-dos-ta-vil from-bi-racial rights to women. In 1989, Prince Hans Adam II entered the pre-table of Liechtenstein. At the re-fe-rend-do-me of 2003, the city of Liechtenstein pro-go-lo-so-va-whether for the introduction of the correct-wok to the Constitution , which somewhat expanded the rights of the Great Prince. 08/15/2004 Hans Adam II ofi-tsi-al-no-re-gave the day-to-day leadership state affairs to his eldest son-well - to the next prince Aloi-su (born in 1968). At the elections of 2009, in-and-out, I took hold of the OS, which won ab-so-lute most of the places in the land-ta-ge, the post of pre- the mier-min-no-st-ra got the leader of this party K. Chyu-cher.
Actively developing political, economic and cultural ties between the Russian Federation and Liechtenstein on 30.001.1994 under sa-no co-st-noe com-mu-ni-ke about us-ta-nov-le-nii of direct di-plo-ma-matic relations (in Switzerland one-time-men-but-a-la-is-Xia also scrapped in Liechtenstein). For the development of cultural ties with Russia, a lot was made by the baron E.A. von Falz-Fein, who lived in Liechtenstein, who -from the 1980s, he donated to the leading Russian mu-ze-yam and kartin-ny ha-le-re-yam a number of pro-from-ve-de-nii Russian hu -dozh-nikov, as well as valuable archival materials. In September 1996, in the course of the first official visit to Liechtenstein, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation E.M. march about about-me-not na-ho-div-she-go in Russia since the time of the 2nd world war of the ar-khi-va Prince-same go home Likh-ten-shtey-nov on ma-te-rya-ly ras-down-to-va-nia-standings gi-be-li Russian emperor Ni-ko-laya II and his family (so-called Ar-khiv So-ko-lo-va), as well as under-pi-sa-but together-st le-niya about co-work-no-thing-st-ve in the region of culture, ar-khi-vov and youth ob-men (factual about -men ar-khi-va-mi co-sto-yal-sya 30.07.1997 in the Po-sol-st-ve of the Russian Federation in Ber-no). In 2006, in the city of Vaduts, an honorary consul of the Russian Federation was opened (the former prime minister of the prince M. Byu -hel). In the same year in Mo-sk-ve, the personal archives of E.A. von Faltz-Fein were re-given to the RGIA.
Ho-zyay-st-in
In terms of the total volume of GDP (4.16 billion dollars in 2007, in terms of a couple of things in a way) Liechtenstein, from-but-smiling-Xia to small go-su-dar-st-you, za-ni-ma-et one of the following places in Euro-ro-pe, but by volume -moo GDP in terms of per-shu per-se-le-niya (122.1 thousand dollars) is the first place in the world.
A key role in eco-no-mi-ke is played by a foreign (mainly seamstress) ka-pi-tal. By the way about the same union of 1923, Liechtenstein is included in the internal economic zone of Switzerland. In the structure of GDP, the share of the sphere of services is 54%, industry and construction - 40%, agriculture, forestry ho-zyay-st-va and ry-bo-lov-st-va - 6% (2007).
Industry
Liechtenstein is fully supplied with electricity-energy -po-lo-females on the mountain-prongs of Rey-na - the rivers La-ve-na and Za-mi-na). In the ob-ra-ba-you-vayu-shi industry ha-rak-ter-na uz-ko-ot-ra-le-vaya special-cia-li-zation; most of the production (up to 97% and more) is exported. The main export industries are equipment-building (mainly from the production of high-precision measuring instruments ), release of va-ku-smart tech-ni-ki, micro-process-co-ditch and radio-electronic systems, equipment-do-va -niya for the needs of nuclear physics. Leading pre-events - machine-building plant of the company "OC Oer-li-kon Balzers AG" in Bal-tser-se (at-nad-le -lives to the Swiss ka-pi-ta-lu; super-deep-bo-co-va-ku-clever-naya tech-no-ka for the optical, micro-electronic industry, different -different electrical-technical products) and the plant of the exact machine-building of the company "Pr ̈azisions-Ap-pa-rate- bau Vaduz "(PAV) in Va-du-tse. The largest worker in the Liechtenstein industry is Hilti AG (1.9 thousand employees, sales value of 4.7 billion seamstresses) -Tsar-francov, 2007), about-from-about-dit fastener and small-gaba-rite construction equipment-add-on with av-to- nom-nym pi-ta-ni-em, electro-trope-nev-ma-tic and bu-ro-vu tech-ni-ku, optical and mechanical devices (head -new pre-arrival and headquarters-ti-ra - in Sha-ne). The company "Thys-sen Krupp Presta AG" (attached to the German concern "ThyssenKrupp AG") at the plant in Esch-do not you-start-up com -plug-tying knots and de-ta-li av-to-mo-bi-lei (incl. van-nye and strain-in-van-nye from de lia; firm "Hoval AG" (headquarters and plant - in Va-du-tse) - heating systems, boilers, ventilation and cold -deep mustache-ta-nov-ki; company "Neutrik AG" - radio-ap-pa-ra-tu-ru, industrial and everyday electrical-tech-nik, measuring and optical pri-bo-ry.
Development of the production of meat con-servs, milk products, wines. The company "Os-pelt-Gruppe" refers to the number of leading cor-po-ra-tions ta-mo-wen-no-soyu-for Switzerland -riy and Liechtenstein, special-ly-ziruyu-sy on pe-re-work-bot-ke mea-sa. Lich-ten-steins-sky company "Hilcona AG" (headquarters and pre-arrival - in the city of Shan, 1.1 thousand. ka-e meat con-ser-you and food-stuff-e-products-you deep-bo-oh-la-zh-de-nia (up to 70 thousand tons per year), mainly for export. Dey-st-woo-et a number of pre-pri-yats of the tech-style and de-re-in-about-ra-ba-you-vayu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-ya-yu-yu-yu-yu-yu-ya-yu-yu-yu-ya industry. In the Sha-not ras-in-lo-same-but-uni-cal-ny pre-arrival of the firm "Ivoclar Vivadent AG" (os-no-va-but in 1923) - the largest in the world of pro-of-in-di-tel and ex-por-teor of is-cous-st-ven-ny (including head-fo-ro-ov) teeth and dental pro te-zov (to po-lo-vina-mi-ro-in-th production and ex-port); this is the pre-arrival you-start-up-different-cosmetical products, the environment of the personal hy-gie-ny, and so -the same jewelery from de lia.
Agriculture
Pre-ob-la-da-yut small cross-st-yang-ho-zyay-st-va. The mains of agricultural production are you-so-co-in-ten-siv-nye life-here-but-water-st-in (3/4 of the volume of agricultural production production). The main branch is milk-water-water-st. Under the pas-st-bi-shcha, it is used-for-it-almost 1/2 of the land-str-da background of the country. Raz-vi-you also sv-no-water-st-in, bird-tse-water-st-in and ov-tse-water-st-in (on natural pas-st-bi-shchah) ... Growing-te-nie-water-st-in races-pro-stra-not-but pre-property in the Rhine-lower-men-ness (in general in Liechtenstein ob-ra-baty-va - there is a little more than 1/10 ground). From grains you-ra-shi-va-yut pshe-ni-tsu and ku-ku-ru-zu; great value has a capacity for kor-mo-va-ko-mo-va-kor-and-native cultures (mainly kart-fela), ta-ba ka. Vi-no-gra-dar-st-in and plo-do-water-st-in (especially ben-no ha-rak-ter-ny yab-lo-not-vie sa-dy on the bottom-men-no -sthe and in the pre-bitterness).
Services sector
Leading sector of the eco-no-mi-ki of Liechtenstein. The most development-vy-you-bans-sko-fi-nan-so-so-lo, offshore activities and foreign tourism. Ban-kov-sko-fi-nan-so-vy sector from-whether-cha-et-sya vy-so-coy ste-pe-new con-center-traction ka-pi-ta-la. The joint-stock companies of the 5 largest banks in Liechtenstein exceed 30 billion Swiss royal francs (2007). Three leading banks of the country - LGT Bank (formed by the network of financial institutions of the Liechtenstein Global Trust Group in many countries nah Ev-ro-py), Liech-tensteinische Landesbank (LLB, the old bank-sko-fi-nan-so-va cor-po-ra-tion of Liechtenstein, created in 1861 ) and Verwaltungs- und Privatbank (VP Bank, founded in 1956, since 2005 has a representative office in Mo-sk-ve). After the entry of Liechtenstein into the European economic space in Va-du-tse, Bal-tser-se, Sha-ne, Eshe-not open - there were fi-lia-ly of a number of large European banks.
Low tax on the place-place-place-ka-pi-tal and from-day-st-vie on-log-ga to profit, simplified process-du- ry of opening and regi-st-ration of pre-arrival, as well as an extensive network of banks-sko-credit-dit-uch-re-zh-de -nie have become important factors in attracting foreign companies and investments to Liechtenstein. In the country-not-for-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-but about 75 thousand hol-ding-go-vy and other foreign companies, leading businesses behind the pre-de la-mi Liechtenstein. Their activity provides almost 1/3 of the incomes of the state budget, as well as the source of com pa-nii are obliged to have local directors or members of co-vet).
Liechtenstein is the center of mountain-skiing sports and winter-not-from-dy-ha of society-ev-ro-pei-sko-meaning. Every year, the country is visited by up to 150 thousand foreign tourists. Liechtenstein ras-in-la-ha-et of the first-class river-rea-tsi-on-noy, tourist and guest in-fra-structure-swarm. Every year, but up to 10% of the budget of the principality gives the release of postal ma-rock, including a number of lek-ts-on-ones.
Transport
Ter-ri-to-riu of the country from za-pa-da to east-current pe-re-se-ka-et single-st-ven-naya iron-naya to-ro-ga [length-on in the pre-de lays of Liechtenstein 9.5 km; co-united-nya-et Feld-kirkh (Av-st-rya) and Buks (Switzerland-ria)]. The main type of trans-port is av-to-mo-bil-ny. The general pro-ty-wives-ness of the av-to-ro-gi is 380 km (2007; all the roads-gi have a solid covering). Inland waterways are used only for the local community of ka-te-ra-mi (28 km along the Rhine). Avia-pe-re-carriage-ki-sh-v-la-yut-sya between the national air-ro-port-ta-mi of Switzerland and Av-st-ry.
International trade
In terms of cost, the Lichtenstein export port, as a rule, is 2-2.5 times higher than the import port. In the structure of the ex-port-that pre-ob-la-da-et, the production of a narrow-specialized machine-shi-no-structure, one hundred-ma- to-logical materials, pharmaceutical and cosmic materials, certain types of fat-and-water products -ductions, kera-micheskie from-de-lia, as well as postal stamps. Im-port-ti-ru-yut-Xia in-t-tel-tel-goods, machines and equipment-do-va-tions, industrial raw materials, etc. Main The top partners of Liechtenstein are Switzerland (about 20% of the ex-port of Liechtenstein and more of the im-port), EU countries ( up to 45% of the ex-port of Liechtenstein, the main ones for-ku-pa-te-li are Germany, Austria and Italy) and the USA.
Military establishment
There are no regu-lar Armed Forces in Liechtenstein (the army was raced in 1868); by-li-tion (about 120 people). The answer for the defense of Liechtenstein is not Switzerland.
Health-in-protection-not-ni
In Liechtenstein, the stationary medical aid will be provided by 1 state hospital and the center of ma-terin-st-va; one hundred-ma-to-logical help of the cha-st-naya. Ga-ran-ti-ro-van-oe-for-medical help is carried out-st-in-la-th-Xia at the expense of go-su-dar-st-ven-nostr -ho-ho-ho fi-nan-si-ro-va-nia. The right-to-go-go-li-ro-va-tion of the system-te-we health-in-protection-not-nia: laws about health-in-protection-not-nii (1971), about fear of health (2000), about sports (2000). The Ministry of Health-in-protection-not-nia provides-pe-chi-va-e-o-ka-za-am-bu-la-tor-noy and sick-n-noy in-m-sh-i, fear-ho-va health-care (obligatory and good-for-good), le-car-st-ven-help, food safety duk-tov, sa-ni-tar-no-gi-gie-nichny control. The main reasons for death: ische-mi-che-sickness of the heart, tse-reb-ro-va-skul-lyar-nye for-bo-le-va-nia, sickness -not easy (2006).
Sport
Olimpiyskiy and sports-ny ko-mi-tete was created and recognized by the IOC in 1935. Since 1936 (Berlin) the sportsmen of Liechtenstein have been participating in all Olympic Games (except for the 1956 Games, Melbourne ; 1980, Mo-sk-va; 2008, Pekin) and in the Olimpii winter games (for the ex-key - 1952, Os-lo).
Em-ble-ma Olim-piy-sko-go and sports-tiv-no-go ko-mi-te-ta Likh-ten-shtey-na.
In 1976, in In-sb-ru-ke, the first in history, the olympic on-gra-do you-ig-ra-la mountain-ski-ni-tsa H. Ven- the goal, worthy of the bron-zo-me-da-li in the gi-gant-skom sl-lo-me. After 4 th-yes she is you-play-ra-la 2 gold-lo-ty me-da-li on the White olim-pia-de in Lake Play-si-de (1980) - in the sl -lo-me and gi-gant-skom sl-lo-me, and also became-la-se-re-rya-ny pri-zyu-rum in a fast-ro-st-ny slope. Us-pesh-but you-stu-fell and her brother - A. Ven-zal, who became ob-la-da-te-lem of one gray-rib-ryan (1980) and one armor -Zo-howl (1984) me-da-lei in gi-gant-skom sl-me. Among other prizes, White olim-pi-ad - ob-la-da-te-li bron-zo-vyh on-grad: among-di man-rank - mountain-no-ski-no -ki V. From-melt (In-sb-ruk, 1976), P. From-melt (Kal-ga-ri, 1988), among women - U. Kon-tsett (Sa-rae-vo , 1984). Gray-rib-ry-ry-ny winner with something-pio-na-ta-mi-ra (1999) in gigantic sl-lo M. Bu-hel vy-igral 4 sta-pa Cub- ka mi-ra (2003-08) in various mountain-ski-dis-tsi-p-li-nah.
Among other types of sports, that is the most-po-lar-but-stu-it-use: foot-ball, ve-lo-si-ped-ny, gim-na- sti-ka, judo, light-kaya at-le-ti-ka, shooting-ba, shah-ma-you. One of the old-rey-shih sporting or-ga-ni-zations - Lih-ten-steinsky foot-bol-yuz (1934) pro-dit Ku-bok Liechtenstein in foot-ball (since 1946), since 1974 it has been a member of FIFA and UEFA. Collecting ko-man-da of Liechtenstein in foot-bo-lu - a hundred-yang-ny participant-nik from-bo-och-s-st-ny-to-pio-na-tam Ev-ro-py and mi-ra. Foot-pain club "Va-duts" several. once you-st-fell in the highest li-ge of the Swiss foot-ball; welcome guests to the "Rhine-Park Sta-di-on" (over 6 thousand places), where the game and the collection of ko-man-da Likh-ten-stein ...
In 1918, the first ten-nis-club was created, in 1968 - the National Fe-de-ra-tion of ten-nis. Since 1996, the men's team of Liechtenstein's team-da in ten-ni-su perio-di-che-ski training vis-sa, feminine - in the ro-zy-gr-she Kub-ka Fe-de-ra-tion. Collecting kom-man-da of Liechtenstein in shah-ma-tam since 1988 (Sa-lo-ni-ki) takes part in the World-wide chess-mat-olim pia-dah.
Mass media
The first daily newspaper came out in 1862. The old-fashioned modern daily newspaper "Liech-ten-steiner Volksblatt", close to the Pro-gress-si-cist civil party, has been published in the city of Shang since 1878, since 2006 from the joint-stock company "Liechtensteiner Volks-blatt", circulation of about 9 thousand copies (2006). The largest daily newspaper, Liech-ten-steiner Vaterland, is official. the printed organ-g-nom of the party of the Patriotic Union (has been published in the city of Vaduts since 1913, over 18 thousand copies). Other printed publications: the hedgehog newspaper Neue Liechtensteiner Woche and the monthly il-lu-st-ri-ro-van magazine Exclu- siv "(since 1995, 30 thousand copies).
Own radio broadcasting since 1995. First-in-first-chal-but-sh-st-in-la-els cha-st-noy radio-station-tsi-her "Radio L", which is paradise in January 2004 -ra-zo-va-na in the society-st-ven-but-right-in-th "Ra-dio Liechtenstein" Liechten-s-tei-nische Rundfunk ”(LRF, since 2003). Own tele-le-vi-de-nie since 1992. The only public TV channel of Liechtenstein is the state channel "Landeskanal" tion on the cable network, since 2008 also in the Internet. Since 1992, 11 TV channels have been broadcasting over cable networks, attached to separate communities in Liechtenstein. Since August 2008, the 1FLTV channel has been working. Since 1962, dey-st-woo-em of the government. Agent-st-in print-part and in-form-ma-tion.
Ar-hi-tek-tu-ra and iso-bra-zi-tel-ny is-kus-st-in
Ar-heo-logical findings of the zoo-morph-noy plastic on the territory of Liechtenstein ascend to the iron-no-th century. In the vicinity of the cities of Va-duts, Bal-tsers, Shan and Nendeln, there were remnants of the Roman fort shout. To the perio-do Middle-not-ve-ko-vya from-but-sit-Xia castles Gu-ten-berg in Bal-tser-se (upo-mi-na-em-Xia since 1263) and Va-du-tse (up-mi-na-et-sya since 1322, destroyed in 1499, re-sta-nav-li-val-sya in the 16th and 17th centuries, re-con- st-rui-rovan in 1905-1912), as well as ruins of Sha-lun castles near Va-du-ts, in Shel-len-ber-ge, Ben-der-ne and Eshe-ne; church in the city of Ben-dern (1280); ka-pel-ly St. Ma-mer-ta (IX-X centuries, tower - 1450; re-built in the 1640s) and St. Mary (upo-mi-na- since 1208, rebuilt in the 17th century) in Tri-ze-ne; St. Peter's Church (from the 5th-6th centuries; frescoes in the inter-e-re - the 16th century; re-con-st-ruk-tion - 1958-1963) in Sha-ne. In the 17th-19th centuries, numerous churches were built: Saints Se-ba-st-ya-na and Ro-ha (1639, re-built) in Nen del -not; St. Georgy (between 1650 and 1750, res-tav-ri-ro-va-na in 1980-1981) in Shel-len-ber-ge; St. Io-si-fa (the so-called church of Ven-zel; 1767-1769; re-re-staged in the 1940s, architect O. A. Lin-der, sculptor -tor I. Troy-er) with the house of the arrival of the priest (1768; we are not the building of mu-no-chi- pa-li-te-ta) in Tri-zen-ber-ge; St. Gal-la (1841-43; recon-st-rui-ro-va-na in 1992-1994; Ros-pi-si I. Hu-gen-tob-le-ra, sculptor E Ker-na) at the foot of St. Ma-mer-ta mountain in Tri-ze-ne; St. Lawrence (1893, architect H. von Neu-mann) in Sha-ne; St. Martin (1890s, ar-hi-tek-to-ry Bei ten-miller and Kleber; near her parish house - so-called Pfrund-ha -us, 1860) in Eshe-not. Civil construction-tel-in represented-le-no pa-myat-ni-ka-mi ar-hi-tek-tu-ry in Ben-der-no (house of pas-to-ra, 1539), Tri-zen-ber-ge (wood-nyush-nya, 1793; residential houses late XVIII century, etc.), administrative and industrial buildings of the XIX - 1st half of the XX century in Va-du-tse, Eshe-ne, Bal-tser-se and other cities. By the construction of the beginning of the XXI century in the forms of non-omo-der-niz-ma, the Museum of Arts of Liechtenstein is related (2000, architect G. De-ge-lo et al. ) and the building of par-la-ment (2005-2007, H. Gö-ritz; both in Va-du-tse).
In-te-res represents the development of the de-co-ra-tiv art on the basis of folk traditions, especially the armor zo-voe li-tyo and ke-ra-mi-ka (factory in Nen-del-ne, os-no-van-naya in 1836). In 1955, in Va-du-tse, a Lih-ten-stein society was created for blood-tel-st-va art and science, nye exhibitions-ki of artistic pro-from-ve-de-nii from the princely co-b-ra-tion.
Mu-zy-ka and te-atr
Zin-gsh-pi-li and opera-ret-you (since 1940), mu -zik-ly (since 1998), opera-ry (since 1999); or-ga-ni-za-ti-she speck-so-lei za-ni-ma-yut-Xia musical societies, in which they take part-st-woo-yut -yuz and Or-kestr du-ho-vyh in-st-ru-men-tov. Opera-ret-you are also staged in Bal-tser-se (since 1946). The only theater building in Liechtenstein - "Teatter am Kirch-plat" in Sha-ne (in the 1960s - ka-ba-re; re-con- st-rui-ro-va-but in 2004-2006). Liechtenstein Symphonic Orchestra (1988). Traditional fes-ti-wa-li ho-ro-vo-th singing (since 1879), fes-ti-wa-li modern music (since 1985) and dzha-za (since 2000 ). Re-gu-lyar holidays-ni-ki folk-lor-no-go is-kus-st-va.
Additional literature:
Feger G. Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Vaduz, 1947
Greene B. Liechtenstein, valley of peace. Vaduz, 1967
Raton P. Le Liechtenstein. Gen., 1967
Kranz W. La principauté de Liechtenstein, une documentation. , 1977
L'économie de la principauté de Liechtenstein. Vaduz, 1978
Liechtenstein. 1938-1978. Bilder und Dokumente. Vaduz, 1978
B.A. Pechnikov Liechtenstein is a principality on the Rhine. M., 1986
Frick E., Gassner S., Kaufmann B. Zeitgenössisches Kunstschaffen aus Liechtenstein. ... Vaduz, 1988
Waschkuhn A. Politisches System Liechtensteins. Kontinuität und Wandel. Vaduz, 1994
Wilhelm A. Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler im Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Lauterach, 1997
Loderer B. Architekturführer Liechtenstein. Vaduz, 2002
Flora des Fürstentums Liechtenstein in Bildern. Bern, 2003
Beattie D. Liechtenstein: a modern history. L .; N. Y., 2004
Herrmann C. Die Kunstdenkmäler des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. Bern, 2007
Merki C.M. Wirtschaftswunder Liechtenstein: die rasche Modernisierung einer kleinen Volkswirtschaft im 20. Jahrhundert. Vaduz; Z., 2007
Illustrations:
Principality of Liechtenstein.
From-ro-gi ridge-ta Re-ti-kon (Re-ti-skie Al-py).
Principality of Liechtenstein. Hilti AG plant in Sha-ne
Ivoclar Vivadent AG. Manufactured from Ivoclar Vivadent AG in Sha-ne.
Em-ble-ma Olim-piy-sko-go and sports-tiv-no-go ko-mi-te-ta Likh-ten-shtey-na.
BDT Archive. Three-zen-berg. Church of Saint Yosi-fa. 1767-1769.
Details Category: Western European countries Published on 03/14/2013 14:21 Views: 4745Liechtenstein is a very small state, its territory is only 160.4 sq. km. One could joke here, but let's refrain: this tiny state has managed to provide its citizens with the highest standard of living in Europe.
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein) borders with Switzerland and Austria. Liechtenstein is considered one of the recognized European centers ski tourism... For this, the country has created an excellent base in the Alpine mountains. Malbune... The slopes of the mountains are relatively gentle, this makes it possible to engage in various sports at the same time: skiing, mountaineering, walking and snowboarding. The Malbune Resort offers 20 trails for beginners and 4 trails for top-class skiers and snowboarders. Two first-class ski schools are available to assist aspiring skiers.
In addition to mountaineering, you can practice delta and paragliding in Liechtenstein. The country is also a center for winter recreation: there are many ski resorts and sledding trails.
State history
Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the border between the Holy Roman Empire and the Swiss cantons was established along the Rhine.
Dynasty of Liechtenstein, from which the Principality takes its name (and not vice versa) takes its name from the castle of Lichtenstein in Lower Austria, which they owned from 1140 to the 13th century and from 1807 to the present. Over the centuries, the dynasty acquired large tracts of land mainly in Moravia, Lower Austria and the Duchy of Styria, but all these vast and rich territories were part of the feudal estates of other, larger feudal lords, in particular, various branches of the Habsburg family, to whom many Liechtensteins were court advisers ... Thus, with no lands directly subordinate to the imperial throne, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet the basic requirement to receive the right to sit in the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire, although they were awarded the rank of principality at the end of the 17th century.
During Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) Liechtenstein was invaded by the troops of the Austrian Empire and Sweden. The Thirty Years War is the first military conflict in the history of Europe, affecting to one degree or another practically all European countries (including Russia). The war began as a religious clash between Protestants and Catholics in Germany, but then escalated into a struggle against the Habsburg hegemony in Europe. This is the last significant religious war in Europe, which spawned Westphalian system of international relations (the idea of a balance of power).
During the 17th century, the country was going through difficult times: an epidemic of plague was spread and Witch-hunt(persecution of people suspected of witchcraft), as a result of which more than 100 people were persecuted and executed.
On October 23, 1719, by decree of Emperor Charles IV, the principality of Schellenberg and the county of Vaduz were united into the principality of Liechtenstein, the first prince of which was Anton Florian von Liechtenstein. 
Liechtenstein became a sovereign state in 1806., as a result of the creation by Napoleon of the Rhine Union after the collapse of the Great Roman Empire.
Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely associated with Austria, but due to the economic damage suffered by Austria, it entered into a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Under the 1919 treaty, Switzerland assumed responsibility for representing Liechtenstein's interests at the diplomatic and consular level in those countries where it was not represented.
In 1938, Prince Franz Joseph II became the first prince of the state to have a permanent residence in Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein remained neutral during World War II.
After the war, Liechtenstein was in dire financial straits, so the dynasty often resorted to selling the family's artistic treasures (for example, the portrait of "Ginevra Benchi" by Leonardo da Vinci, which was acquired by the US National Gallery of Art in 1967). But then Liechtenstein gradually began to flourish after modernizing its economy, thanks to the attraction of many companies due to low tax rates. Liechtenstein became an increasingly important financial center in Europe.
Brief country information
Capital- Vaduz.
The largest city- Shan.
Official language- Deutsch
Form of government- hereditary constitutional monarchy.
Head of state- the prince.
Chief executive- Prime Minister.
Population- 36 476 people
State religion- Catholicism.
Currency- Swiss frank.
Climate- moderately continental, alpine.
Economy- a thriving industrial country with a developed financial services sector and high level life. Main branch of the economy- manufacturing industry: metalworking, precision instrument making, optics, production of vacuum technology, electronic systems, microprocessors. The industry is almost entirely export-oriented.
State symbols
Flag- originally consisted of two horizontally arranged stripes of yellow and red generic colors ruling dynasty... Since the 19th century, the national flag has become blue-red. The change is associated with the traditional colors of the clothes of the courtiers and servants of the princely court. The blue color symbolizes the blue of the sky over the country, red - bright sunsets sun in the mountains of Liechtenstein.
On the Olympic Games 1936 Liechtensteiners were saddened to see the national flag of Haiti identical with their flag. Therefore, in 1937, a princely crown was added to the flag of Liechtenstein at the flagpole - a symbol of princely power, the unity of the dynasty and the people, the design of which on the flag was changed twice: in 1957 and 1982.
In 1937, the head of the government of the principality, Joseph Hop, gave an official interpretation of the flag symbols: blue is the color of the shining sky, red is the color of embers in the fireplace, the golden color of the crown shows our people that the country and the princely family are united in heart and spirit.
Coat of arms- The large coat of arms of Liechtenstein is a split and dissected shield with an azure pressed concave edge and a shield in the center. The scarlet mantle lined with ermine fur and the prince's crown symbolize the monarchical political system and the power of the prince.
This small country is rich in artistic and cultural attractions.
Liechtenstein landmarks
Castle in Liechtenstein, the official residence of the prince, named after the city of Vaduz, on the hill above which it is located. Donjon The castle (main tower) dates back to the 12th century, and the buildings in its eastern part are considered the oldest. Donjon stands on a 12 by 13 meter foundation with 4 meters thick walls at the basement level. The construction of the chapel of the castle, dedicated to St. Anne, also traditionally dates back to the Middle Ages, although it has a late Gothic main altar. In 1499, during the Swabian War, the castle was destroyed by Swiss troops. During the reign of Count Caspar von Hohenems (1613-1640) it was expanded Western part castle.
The Liechtenstein family acquired the castle after the acquisition of the County of Vaduz in 1712. Since 1938, the castle acts as the main residence of the princely family and is closed to public access.
Liechtenstein State Museum (Vaduz)
The exposition of the museum is dedicated to the history, geography and biosphere of this state. In Vaduz, the museum complex includes two old buildings and a new building. The museum also owns a traditional wooden alpine house in the commune of Schellenberg.
The Liechtenstein State Museum also organizationally includes Liechtenstein Post Museum... The collection of the museum contains exhibits from the history of the principality and adjacent regions: archaeological finds the times of the Neolithic and Bronze Age, Roman rule in the alpine regions, the medieval history of the principality, etc., up to the New Age. The collection includes household items of peasant households, weapons, as well as works of art, orders and coins. After the opening of the new building in the museum and the expansion of its areas, the Liechtenstein State Museum also presents an exposition dedicated to natural world Liechtenstein, its flora and fauna.
Picture gallery in Vaduz
Among the exhibits are paintings by Botticelli, Bruegel, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Rubens.
Cathedral of Vaduz
Center of the Archdiocese of Vaduz. Originally a parish church, it received the status of a cathedral in 1997.
The cathedral was built in 1873 by Friedrich von Schmidt on the site of a medieval foundation. The cathedral is named after Florin of Remus, the patron saint of the Val Venosta valleys, who lived in the 9th century. The Archdiocese of Vaduz was proclaimed by Pope John Paul II in the apostolic constitution on December 2, 2002. Prior to this, the cathedral was part of the Liechtenstein deanery, which was part of the diocese, which was ruled from Switzerland.
The meeting building of the city and municipal council of the capital of Liechtenstein. The construction of the building was carried out in 1932-1933. It is stylized as an architectural monument of the Western European Middle Ages.
Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein
Museum located in the capital of Liechtenstein and dedicated to the history of mail and postage stamps of this principality. It was founded in 1930 with the aim of preserving documents on the history of local mail and philatelic material produced in Liechtenstein. The meeting was opened to the public in 1936.
Liechtenstein Museum of Art
State Museum of Contemporary Art in Vaduz. In 1967 Liechtenstein received ten paintings as a gift, which became the basis of the State Art Collection. The construction of the building, designed by Swiss architects, was completed in November 2000.
Gutenberg castle
The castle is located on a hill with a height of about 70 m. The approximate time construction of the castle -1100-1200 In 1314 it became the property of the Habsburgs. In the XV century. during the Old Zurich War, the castle was seriously damaged by fire. In 1795 the castle was again seriously damaged by fire. Restored in modern form was only by 1912.
Other country information
Very popular with tourists hiking on castles and chapels. In addition to winter sports, there are many interesting things in the country. The capital of the state Vaduz is a tourist destination.
It is interesting to visit the strains, cozy cafes where locals gather in the evening. The strains are like semi-closed clubs. It will be interesting to observe the local flavor, which combines the combination of an urban village and a picturesque rich village. Among scattered 2-3-storey cottages from white brick with peaked roofs, you will encounter fields of corn, flocks of sheep on the lawns and free roaming horses. Modernity is present here with the only 10-storey building, the tallest in the entire country.
It will be interesting to get to know a country where residents know each other by sight and immediately distinguish a foreigner, but they will definitely greet him. It will be unusual to go throughout the country at any time of the day and not be afraid of any insult or robbery.
Small towns will also be of interest to tourists: Balzers, Tresen, Schellenberg, Eschen, each with its own characteristics.
