1. General concept
You move on to learning one of the most important grammar topics - passive voice : which in English is called the Passive Voice. This pledge makes it possible to form sentences in which the object of the action is the subject. Let us explain this with an example from the Russian language:
The accountant made an estimate (valid, pledge).
The estimate was drawn up by an accountant (mortgage).
2) Formation of the passive voice, Passive Voice (indefinite tenses, passive voice)
Consider the way in which the passive voice is formed in all the versions you are familiar with. Take the verb to do.
You can see how all the tenses of the passive verb are formed: they consist of the auxiliary verb to to be in the corresponding (present, past or future) tense and participle of a semantic verb.
Remember from the previous lesson that participle II often corresponds to the Russian passive participle. Compare the following sentences
Some more examples:
Interrogative the form of verbs in the passive voice is formed according to the principle already familiar to us: the first (auxiliary) verb is placed before the subject:
Negative the form is formed using negation, which is placed after the first verb:
Here is the complete conjugation table of the verb in the specified tenses. to invite invite
Rewrite these tables and the pivot table in your notebook.
3) The meaning and use of the passive voice
Let's clarify the difference between Active Voice and Passive Voice. Compare offers:
In the sentences of the first column, the subject plays an active role, in the sentences of the second column - a passive (passive) one. In the first column, the subject denotes actor; in the second, it denotes the object of the action. The speaker sometimes needs to emphasize the object of the action. This need is most often caused by the fact that the actor is unknown, difficult to define, or seems to the speaker less important than the object of the action.
In Russian, we can emphasize the object of action in different ways:
1) Passive design:
The letter has been written. The letter was written. The letter will be written.
2) With a verb on -sya:
Plan was drawn up three weeks. There will be build House.
3) Uncertain personal turnover:
Plan made up three weeks.
4) Due to the inherent flexibility of the Russian language, we can put the addition in the first place in the sentence:
My wife was preparing dinner.
In this sentence, the verb is in the active voice, but we mentioned the first object of action (lunch). This cannot be done in English. You already know (see lesson 3) that in English there is a strict word order (subject - predicate - object), and changing the order of words leads to distortion of thought. For example, sentences Ivanov translated this text and This text was translated by Ivanov have the same basic meaning. But in Ivanov's sentence translated the we cannot simply rearrange the words, since we will get nonsense: The translated Ivanov "The text was translated by Ivanov." To emphasize the object of the action, we must make it a subject and put the verb in a passive voice: The was translated Ivanov Text translated by Ivanov.
The passive voice is very common in English, especially in scientific and technical literature... Hence the urgent need to master it well.
4) Translation of the passive voice into Russian
In translation, do not seek to convey verbs in Passive Voice with necessarily passive constructions. Let's take an example like this:
In three versions of the translation you see: 1) a passive construction; 2) the verb na -sya; 3) indefinite personal turnover ( built without specifying who built).
It is often impossible to translate with a passive construction at all. For example: Not is seen. He is often seen here. cars made. These cars are made here. You can't say " he see" or " cars are made". Take advantage of the variety of possibilities presented by the Russian language.
Read and translate:
The was made. A was bought. was said. questions asked. The changed. The sides the connected a. Is English? was dressed? examples given? Were maps used a years?
5) Passive infinitive
The infinitive (see lesson 5.) also has a passive voice, formed with the help of the verb to and participle II of the semantic verb. Compare the infinitives of both verbs.
We remind you that after the verbs, the infinitive is used without to.
Read and translate:
The written. The. cannot. English spoken. vegetables grown. lines.
2. Group of indefinite times ()
You have completed the study of all group tenses (indefinite) in both active and Passive voices. Consider the table.
Group times table
| Active Voice | ||||
| Infinitive to ask | ||||
| Time | Affirmative form | Translation | Interrogative form | negative form |
| I'm asking | ? | |||
| asked | I asked (asked) | Did? | did | |
| shall | I will ask (I will ask) | Shall? | shall | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Infinitive to asked to be asked | ||||
| am asked | I am asked | Am asked? | am asked | |
| was asked | I was asked (asked) | Was asked? | was asked | |
| shall | I will be asked (will be asked) | Shall asked? | shall asked | |
The tenses of this group express actions taking place in the present, past or future tense, without indicating their duration or completeness. Group tenses are the most common tenses for an English verb.
There are stylistic and semantic differences between the synonymous constructions of the active and passive voice.
From the point of view of the stylistic construction of the passive voice, it is opposed to the construction of the active voice as bookish - neutral. For example, passive constructions with verbs imperfect type: "Watch repair is carried out by warranty workshops"; "The goods are sold by the seller"; "Disinfection is carried out by a sanitary and epidemiological station", etc. are widely used in various instructions, job descriptions, memos and other official texts, as they have a pronounced bookish character.
V oral speech, as well as in a relaxed, informal style of presentation, they correspond to the construction of an actual pledge: "Repairs are made by warranty workshops", "Goods are released by the seller"; "Disinfection is carried out by a sanitary and epidemiological station."
Constructions with the passive verb are often used in written texts, for example, in a newspaper: "Recently we said that not all films should be called fiction, better - play. But where is the game? . 1989.5 Sept.); “The candidacy of S. Gusev for the post of first deputy chairman of the country's Supreme Court was discussed. personal gain, speculators, etc. " (Izv. 1989. Oct. 8).
The constructions of the passive voice with short passive participles formed from the perfect verbs have the same bookish character: "Nazarenko's pictures suggest that every centimeter of space is saturated with faces" (Yun. 1989, No. 9. P. 63); "Death has drawn a line under what is written, sung, played by Vysotsky" (Moscow Ave 1989, July 27). These constructions are used in fiction and scientific literature, in social and political literature and in journalism.
The main semantic difference between the active and passive voice lies in the indicated opposition of the idea of activity of action (in the active voice) and passivity (in the passive voice). In addition, in the passive voice, the action is already represented as a property that is inherent in the logical object: "The house will be abandoned by the owners"; "Cereals were harvested by farmers on a tight schedule." Some features in the use of the passive voice are associated with this.
There are often cases when the passive voice is represented not by three-term, but by two-term constructions, where the word in the instrumental case indicating a logical subject is absent.
1) Such constructions, for example, are very common in newspaper headlines (most often for informative texts): "Explanations are given" (Pr. 1989. June 23); "The strike is over" (Pr. 1989, July 27); “Appeal Rejected” (Ave 1989. July 27); "The opposition candidate has not been nominated" (Izv. 1989, September 1); "The seventh president has been appointed" (ibid.), Etc. Here, the core of information is concentrated in the verbal word, and the word that names the subject of the action is omitted, since the information contained in it is insignificant.
2) The word in the instrumental case, indicating a logical subject, is also omitted when the context or situation clearly shows who (or what) is the producer of the action. For example; "More than ten tons of meat are sold at the state price in two dozen shops in Ryazan every day" (Pr. 1989, July 11); "Last year, in addition to the plan, livestock breeders gave 119 thousand tons of milk and 13 (19?) Thousand tons of meat ... Production is increasing even more actively these days" (ibid.); "Let us recall once again that the story" Donna Anna "was written in 1969-1971, and note how much Tendryakov's thought was ahead of its time" (N. Ivanova). In such cases, the use of a word indicating a semantic subject is unjustified; it makes the presentation heavier and cumbersome.
3) The two-term construction of the passive voice is also used when an indefinitely personal or generalized personal sentence corresponds to it in the active voice. "Tendryakov's new prose is ideological. But not in the primitive sense in which this epithet has been applied (and implanted) for decades" (N. Ivanova). "... The feeling of class hostility and, moreover, hatred of the intelligentsia was also formed by such films as" Chapaev ", where the psychic attack of the whites is commented as follows:" They are walking beautifully ... the intelligentsia! "(Ibid.). correlative sentences with an active voice ("... The epithet was used and imposed ...", "the psychic attack was commented on ..."), the verb form contains both an indication of an action and an indication of an indefinite or generalized subject of this action.
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.
The interrogative form is formed by transferring the (first) auxiliary verb to the place before the subject, for example:
When was the work done?
Has the work been done?
The negative form is formed using the negation not, which is placed after the first auxiliary verb, for example:
The work was not done last week.
The work will not done tomorrow.
Let's compare the active voice with the passive voice:
Active Voice
Tom delivers the mail. Tom delivers mail.
Tom delivered the mail. Tom delivered mail.
Tom will deliver the mail. Tom will deliver the mail.
Passive voice
The mail is delivered by Tom. The mail is delivered by Tom.
The mail was delivered by Tom. The mail was delivered by Tom.
The mail will be delivered by Tom. The mail will be delivered by Tom.
As in Russian, a noun that plays the role of an object in a sentence of an active voice becomes usually a subject in a sentence of a passive voice. If the producer of the action is indicated in passive phrases, then in Russian it is indicated by the instrumental case, and in English it is preceded by the preposition by. The use of time in the English passive voice does not fundamentally differ from its use in the active voice. When translating the passive voice into Russian, the following options are possible:
1. Short form of passive participles
I am invited to a party.
I'm invited to a party.
2. Verbs ending in -sia-
All observations were made by a team of famous scientists.
All observations were carried out by a group of famous scientists.
3. Uncertain personal sentences (this method of translation is applicable only if the producer of the action is not mentioned in the English passive voice).
We were asked to come as early as possible.
We were asked to come as early as possible.
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Active and passive voice: characteristic features
The theory concerning such an important topic of the English language as the active and passive voice, which, by the way, are called a little differently in Russian - the real and passive voice - is a rather difficult theoretical question, especially for those who are just starting to study, absolutely. as well as for those who know him mediocre.
First of all, I propose to define the grammatical term pledge itself. This concept includes a special form of the verb, showing whether the subject performs a certain action independently (acts as a subject), or is the object of the action being rendered.
The active and passive voice in English is quite common, so you cannot focus on any one, saying that you can easily do without the second.
The basic rule is as follows:
If the subject in the sentence is the subject of the action, then the predicate verb is used in the asset.
For example, My ex-boyfriend wrote me this strange note. My ex-boyfriend wrote me this strange note.
If the subject in the sentence is the object of action, then the predicate verb will be used in the passive.
For example, This strange note was written by my ex-boyfriend. This weird note was written by an ex-boyfriend of mine.
Active and passive voice have different ways education, or more precisely, the passive voice is built from the corresponding temporal form of the real according to the following formula: the verb be (in the corresponding tense) + Form III verb (past participle).
In practice, it will look like this:
Group of simple English tenses Simple (passive voice):
- Present Simple: A little noisy boy is examined by doctor. A little noisy boy is examined by a doctor (meaning regularly).
- Past Simple: Yesterday a little noisy boy was examined by doctor. Yesterday a noisy little boy was seen by a doctor.
- Future Simple: Tomorrow a little noisy boy’ll be examined by doctor. Tomorrow the doctor will see a little noisy boy.
- Present Continuous: A little noisy boy is being examined by doctor. Little noisy boy in this moment examined by a doctor.
- Past Continuous: A little noisy boy was being examined by doctor from 6 to 7 yesterday. Yesterday a little noisy boy was examined by a doctor from 6 to 7 o'clock.
- Present Perfect: A little noisy boy has been examined by doctor already. The little noisy boy has already been examined by the doctor.
- Past Perfect: A little noisy boy had been examined by doctor by 12 o'clock yesterday By 12 o'clock yesterday, a little noisy boy was examined by a doctor.
- Future Perfect: A little noisy boy will have been examined by doctor by 12 o clock tomorrow Tomorrow by 12 o'clock the doctor will examine the noisy little boy.
- I read twenty pages yesterday.
- I read twenty pages yesterday.
- Twenty pages were read by me yesterday.
- I read twenty pages yesterday.
- They usually sing such songs in class. (Active Voice)
- They usually sing these songs in class.
- Such songs are usually sang by them in class. (Passive Voice)
- These songs are usually sung by them in class.
- Has the manager checked up your report? (Active Voice)
- Did the manager check your report?
- Has your report been checked up by the manager? (Passive Voice)
- Has your report been checked by a manager?
Group of long English tenses Continuous (passive voice):
The group of perfect English times Perfect (passive voice):
As you may have already noticed the obvious fact that a group of very long times Perfect continuous, as well as the future. long time Future continuous in the passive (passive) voice are not used.
Those. we made sure that the passive and active voice have different amount temporary forms, and if there are 12 of them for an asset, then it is permissible to use four less in liabilities, only 8.
The passive voice is used when the attention of the interlocutors is focused on the face or object to which the action is directed. As a rule, the subject of this action, if indicated, is quite rare.
Our institute was founded 150 years ago. Our institute was founded 150 years ago.
In this sentence, an institution is an object of action, which is expressed by a predicate (it was founded); and it is about him and in question rather than the identity of the founder.
If necessary, the subject of the action can be conveyed by expressing it by complementing it using the preposition by (has no translation, but converts the next word into the instrumental case) or with (translated from English means "with", "with", "when used") ...
They were invited by my best friend. They were invited by my best friend.
As I said above, the active and passive voice in English is used equally often. Although if we draw a parallel with Russian, then we can say with confidence that the passive voice is used much less often in our native language.
In this article, I have tried to summarize one of the most difficult topics. And finally, I would like to give advice to all beginners to learn a foreign language. Remember, the active and passive voice are concepts that require not only a complete comprehension of what has been learned, but also a long and painstaking improvement in practice.
Active and Passive Voice in English
In this lesson we will deal with a very complex grammatical topic - Active and Passive Voice in English. Simply put, the pledge is an indicator of whether the subject is performing or the action is being performed on it.
In English, there are two forms of voice: the Active Voice and the Passive Voice.
V active voice a verb denotes an action that is performed by a subject:
In the passive voice, the verb denotes an action that is performed on the subject:
Compare the following examples:
If you got to the topic of collateral in English, then so far, you have already managed to learn the tense forms of the verb in Active Voice. You already know that there are 12 main active tenses in English. Each tense is formed in its own way, with the help of endings and auxiliary verbs. What does the system of tenses look like in the passive voice?
Formation of the times of the Passive Pledge
The passive voice also has a time system. But unlike the active voice, there are only 8 temporary forms in it. All times of the Perfect Continuous group, as well as Future time Continuous is not used in Passive Voice.
To form the tenses of the passive voice, we need the auxiliary verb to be, which must have the corresponding form of the active voice, and the Past Participle of the semantic verb. You already know that the past participle is formed using the -ed ending for regular verbs, or you use the III form of irregular verbs from the table, which you need to know by heart.
The scheme of formation of the passive voice for all times is as follows: How are temporary forms of passive voice formed?
Below are examples of conjugation tables for the passive verbs to promote and to choose (affirmative).
Simple Tenses in the Passive Voice -
Simple passive tenses
Continuous Tenses in the Passive Voice -
Long times passive
Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice -
Perfect tenses in the passive voice
What verbs form Passive Voice forms?
All verbs in English have Active Voice forms. Not all verbs can form Passive Voice forms, mostly only transitive verbs(Transitive Verbs).
Transitive verbs express an action directed at an object, and take a direct, indirect or prepositional object.
Examples of active and passive transitive verbs:
- My parents told me many interesting facts about our family’s past. (verb to tell in Active Voice; indirect object - me, direct - facts)
- I was told many interesting facts about our family’s past by my parents. (the verb to tell in Passive Voice; the subject in sentence 2 corresponds to the indirect object in sentence 1 (I - me)
- Many interesting facts about our family’s past were told to me by my parents. (the verb to tell in Passive Voice; the subject in sentence 3 corresponds to direct addition in sentence 1 (facts - facts)
Type 2 sentences in Passive Voice use the following verbs: to allow - allow, to ask - ask, to award - assign, to forbid - forbid, to forgive - forgive, to give - give, to offer - offer, to pay - pay, to present - give, to show - show, to teach - to teach, to tell - to speak.
- My big brother was given many presents for his birthday - My older brother was given many gifts for his birthday
- They were asked some questions at the enter-exams - They were asked a couple of questions at the entrance exams
- We will be taught Spanish next year - We will be taught Spanish next year
- I was shown the way by a small girl.
- We were told many interesting stories - We were told many interesting stories (vaguely personal proposal)
- We were told many stories by our teacher - Our teacher told us many stories (personal sentence with a verb in Active Voice)
- People speak much about that film - People speak much about that film (Active Voice)
- That film is much spoken about - Passive Voice
- Olga liked to wear very short dresses, and she was often made fun of by her classmates - Olga liked to wear very short dresses, which is why her classmates often laughed at her
- He is waited for - They are waiting for him
- He is waited for by his friends - Friends are waiting for him
- Tennis is played all over the world - Tennis is played all over the world
- The wounded were flown to hospital - The wounded were sent to the hospital by plane
- I am told you’re a bad player - I was told that you’re a bad player
- Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14 - Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14
- A new building is being built in my street - A new building is being built on my street
- Many flowers were planted by our children last spring - Our children grew many flowers last spring
- The sky wasn’t covered with dark clouds - The sky was not covered with dark clouds
- The radio was invented by Popov In 1895 - Popov invented radio in 1895
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In Russian, sentences of type 2 are not used in Passive Voice. Instead, vague personal sentences or personal sentences with a verb in Active Voice are used. Compare:
If a verb in Active Voice accepts a prepositional object, then the prepositional object can act as a subject in a sentence with a verb in Passive Voice (moreover, the preposition is placed after the verb). Compare:
In Russian, sentences of this type are not found. Instead, they use indefinite personal sentences or personal sentences with a verb in Active Voice:
Using Passive Voice Forms
Sentences with a predicate in the form of Passive Voice are used in English in cases where the main interest is the object being acted upon (the object of the action), and not the one performing the action (the subject of the action), as in sentences with the verb in the form of Active Voice.
In sentences with Passive Voice, the object of the action is the subject, and the subject of the action is either expressed by the prepositional object with prepositions by / with, or is not mentioned at all.
Examples of sentences with a verb in Passive Voice, in which the subject of the action is not mentioned:
As you probably already noticed, sentences of this type are translated into Russian by indefinitely personal sentences, or less often, sentences with a verb in a passive voice.
Examples of sentences with a verb in Passive Voice, in which the subject of the action is expressed by a prepositional object with prepositions by / with:
The times in the passive voice have the same meanings as the corresponding times in the active voice. The passive voice in English is used much more often than in Russian, where the same meaning is conveyed by vaguely personal, impersonal or personal sentences with a verb in an active voice.
No matter how difficult the topic "Active and Passive Pledge in English" may seem to you, you simply have to master it, because the passive voice is very often used in both English speaking and writing.
Watch the following video tutorials on the topic: "Active and Passive Voice in English"
DEPOSIT IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
PLEDGE- a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of an action to the subject and object of this action. The active voice shows that the subject denotes an object or person (group of persons) who perform an action directed at another object or person: Commission considers projects; A lamp illuminates the room.
The passive voice shows that the subject denotes an object or person exposed to action by another person or object: Projects are considered by the commission; The room is lit by a lamp.
Not all verbs have the passive voice, but only those that denote the action performed by the subject and directed to the object. The overwhelming majority of such verbs are transitive verbs: to consider, illuminate, build, read, to sign and under. Verbs denoting an action not directed at an object do not come into opposition in terms of the voice. These include intransitive verbs: go, watch, fight, live, turn white, to be sad and similar, impersonal: to get light, to vomit etc., verbs with the meaning subjective feeling: seem, fancy, dream, like and some others.
The passive form is derived from the transitive verbs nes. view by attaching a formant to them - Xia: build - build, subscribe - subscribe, make up - make up etc. Such forms are used, as a rule, in the 3rd person unit. and pl. numbers: The protocol is signed by the secretary; Lists are drawn up by the board of the cooperative... From the transitive verbs of owls. species, such forms are not formed; you can't say: * Protocol signed by the secretary; *The lists were compiled by the board of the cooperative... Transitive verbs in owls. the form that has the meaning of the active voice corresponds to the short passive participles formed from these verbs: signed (Protocol signed by the secretary), compiled (Lists compiled by the board of the cooperative).
In addition to verb forms with the formant - Xia and short passive participles, the meaning of passiveness is expressed by full passive participles - present ( considered, illuminated, readable and etc.) and the past tense ( reviewed, lit, read) - as well as short passive participles of the present tense (in modern language rarely used: consider, illuminate, read). In addition, the meaning of passivity can be expressed by the full participles of the present and past tense, formed using the suffixes of the active voice and the postfix - Xia: —ug (-yusch), —asch (-box), —lice (-NS): readable (readable), under construction (under construction) and under. Wed : lecture course, read by the professor - a course of lectures, given by the professor - a course of lectures, read by professor - course of lectures, read by professor.
Communion on - idy, —fledged, expressing the meaning of passivity, can be formed not only from transitive verbs, but also from some verbs that subordinate to themselves the addition expressed by a noun in the form of not accusative, but other cases. Wed : The driver drives the car. - A car, driver-driven. ; Director leads the team. - Director-led team.
The meaning of passivity is most clearly expressed when there is a noun in the sentence in the form of the instrumental case, which has the meaning of the subject of the action; the subject of the action is usually denoted animate noun, less often - inanimate: The statement is compiled by an accountant; The book is read by all students; The room is lit by a lamp.
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Active and passive voice in English
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We have not passed that subtle line between childhood and adulthood until we move from the passive voice to the active voice - that is, until we have stopped saying “It got lost,” and say, “I lost it.”
Sydney J. Harris
We have not crossed that fine line between childhood and mature age until we went from passive to active voice, namely, we stopped saying "It is lost" instead of "I lost it."
English verbs have such a grammatical category as the voice ( voice). It shows whether the subject itself is performing the action or whether it is the object of the action. It is for this purpose that all verbs of the English language are used either in the active or active voice ( active voice), or in the passive or passive voice ( passive voice). If the subject performs the action itself, then we use the verb in the active voice. For example:
They often join me at the meetings. “They often go to meetings with me.
Our relatives presented us with a bouquet of flowers. - Our relatives gave us a bouquet of flowers.
Passive voice in English
A familiar situation: for a long time you promise yourself to take up the study of the topic "Passive Voice in English". The school stock of knowledge is probably forgotten, and the articles that you searched so diligently on the Internet are written more for philologists and sophisticated connoisseurs. English grammar... Quite expected questions arise: “Maybe I can do without using this intricate voice? Can I communicate without using it? "
In theory, you can. A native speaker will be able to understand the general meaning of your statement, but your phrases will not sound completely natural and logical. Sometimes, instead of one laconic phrase (in the passive), you have to explain the situation with the help of a whole group of sentences in the active voice. Therefore, let's finally deal with this mysterious passive voice, so that in the future you can easily use it both in oral and written speech.
The passive (or passive) voice in English is used in cases where the fact of the action is much more important than the performer.
The towels were not used yesterday. - No towels used yesterday = No towels were used yesterday.
In this sentence, the subject denotes an object (towels) that is subject to action by some person (the performer is not specifically known to us), but does nothing himself. The fact that towels were not used is more important to the speaker than who did not use them.
Remember, if the action is carried out with the help of any object, tool, material, then the preposition is used with.
The streets are covered with snow. - The streets are covered with snow.
If the performer of the action is a person or a group of people, we will put the preposition by.
He was asked about the accident by the police yesterday. “The police asked him about the accident yesterday.
Passive voice formation at different times
As a child, many of us loved to assemble a construction set. We can easily master the rules for using the passive voice in English if we present our proposal in the form of various constructor blocks. We need 2 elements:
It is(verb to be) made(the form irregular verb from the third column) of glass. - It made from glass.
They were(verb to be) not invited (regular verb with the ending -ed). - They are not were invited.
We will consider the most commonly used forms of liability with examples from your favorite English cartoons.
Present Simple Passive Voice (statement of fact or usual, constant, regular action)
Tangled- "Rapunzel: Tangled"
In one of the episodes of this Disney cartoon, the main character Rapunzel shares the secret of her golden hair with her new friend and travel companion Flynn Ryder. The touch of the magic hair of a young princess heals all diseases and restores youth.
Once it ’S cut, it turns brown and loses its power. - As soon as their cut off, they turn brown and lose their strength.
Past Simple Passive Voice (completed action in the past)
Frozen- "Cold heart"
Let's remember the adorable and naive princess Anna, who met Hans at a reception on the day of her sister Elsa's coronation. Thirteenth prince South Islands offered her his hand and heart, and the girl agreed. In this episode, the young beauty tells the chosen one about the white strand of hair in her hairstyle. The girl does not know that this is the result of her older sister's magic.
I was born with it, although I dreamt I was kissed by a troll. - I was born with her, although I imagined that so me kissed troll.
Future Simple Passive Voice (action that will take place in the future)
Moana- "Moana"
It is impossible to ignore such a colorful cartoon about the islands of the Pacific Ocean. At the very beginning of this story, the grandmother of the protagonist Moana tells the children of the tribe living on an exotic island the legend of the heart of the goddess Te Fiti. When it is found, the old balance and order will be restored in nature.
But one day the heart will be found by someone who would journey beyond our reef. - But one day the one who swims beyond our reef, will find heart.
Present Perfect Passive Voice (the action happened recently, its result is important)
The boss baby- "Boss Baby"
If you have already watched this cartoon, then you certainly have not forgotten how the main character Tim Templeton decides, together with his unusual younger brother, to act against the director of the corporation PuppyCo... In the course of their joint adventures, Tim becomes attached to a phenomenal baby, and in one of the episodes he tickles him during a funny photo shoot.
What? You ’Ve never been tickled? - What? You will never tickled?
Modal verbs with Passive Voice (the function is determined by the modal verb)
Kung fu panda 3- "Kung Fu Panda 3"
The legendary adventures of Poe the panda continues in this cartoon. He faces an important battle with evil spirit Kai. Only real hero will be able to stop it and prevent trouble. Grand Master Shifu finds ancient scriptures and says the following phrase:
He can only be stopped by a true master of Chi. - His can stop only a true Qi master.
Other modal verbs can also be used in the passive voice: may, must, could, ought to, should... Here are examples of their use:
The lessons should be attended regularly. - Classes should visit regularly.
All the traffic rules must be obeyed. – Must follow all traffic rules.
As it turned out, even in cartoons one cannot do without passive voice. And we continue to collect our "constructor" and offer you a table with those temporary forms of the passive voice that we have not yet mentioned.
According to the currently most common theory collateral category associated with the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive.
Grammatical pledge category called the verb category, which expresses the relation of the action to the subject (the producer of the action) and the object of the action (the object over which the action is performed). For example:
The general abruptly stopped the car near his tent.(Cat.). The verb stopped has a form of voice that expresses the relation of the action (stopped) to the subject (general) and the object of the action (machine), covered by the action in full;
...A small cart, drawn by three exhausted horses, stopped in front of the porch(T.). The pledged form of the verb stopped denotes an action that is closed in the subject itself (cart), which does not go over to the object.
The difference between verb forms stopped and stopped in the above sentences there is collateral difference.
Basic pledges and their formation
Grammatical means expressions collateral values may be morphological and syntactic.
Morphological means in the formation of pledges are:
affix -sya, attached to the verb: to rejoice - to rejoice;
suffixes of real and passive participles (cf .: seer - seer and visible - seen).
Syntactic means collateral expressions are:
syntactic difference in the expression of the subject and the object of action (cf .: Waves erode the shore.- The shore is washed away by waves);
the presence of an object of action and its complete absence (cf. Rain increases crops. - The rain is starting);
the difference in the forms and meanings of verb-controlled nouns (cf .: The contract is concluded by the foreman. - The contract is concluded with the foreman).
Basic voice: active, medium-returnable, and passive.
Active voice have transitive verbs, denoting an action performed by the subject and actively directed at the object. The active voice has a syntactic characteristic: the subject of the action is the subject, and the object is the complement in accusative case without a preposition: Peace will win the war.
Average returnable deposit have verbs formed from transitive verbs (active voice) by means of the affix -sya. They express the action of the subject, not passing over to a direct object, but, as it were, returning to the subject itself, concentrated in it; Wed: return the book and return (by yourself), pay attention and concentrate(most).
Depending on the lexical meaning fundamentals and character syntactic links verbs of the medium-reflexive voice can express shades of meaning that in different ways characterize the relationship between the subject and the object of the action.
Reflexive proper verbs express an action, the subject and the direct object of which are one and the same person: [The daughters] will perfume so that the dolls will dress up(D. Bed.). The affix -sya in these verbs means "myself".
Reciprocal verbs denote the action of several persons, of which each person is simultaneously both the subject and object of the designated action. The affix -sya of such verbs means "each other": And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss(Cr.).
Reflexive verbs express internal state subject, closed in the subject itself, or a change in the state, position, movement of the subject. Such verbs allow the addition of the words "myself", "myself" - be upset, move(most); upset, moved(myself): Popadya Balda will not praise, the priest about Balda is only sad(NS.).
Indirect reflexive verbs denote an action performed by the subject in his own interests, for himself: He was a neat guy. All stocked up on the way back(NS.).
Objectless reflexive verbs denote an action outside the relationship to the object, closed in the subject as its constant property: The sun is already burning (N.); Mother darned a sheepskin coat, but it was torn and torn (Paust.).
Passive voice by meaning it corresponds to the active voice, but has its own morphological and syntactic characteristics. The passive voice is expressed by attaching the affix -sya to the verbs of the active voice (cf. Workers are building houses. - Homes are being built by workers). In addition, the meaning of the passive voice can be expressed in the forms of passive participles - full and short. For example: Mother is loved (beloved). The topic has been studied (studied). Construct matching - The factory fulfills the plan(valid construction) and The plan is executed by the factory(passive construction) shows that in a real construction (with a transitive verb) the subject of the action is expressed by the subject, and the object - by the addition in the accusative case, and in the passive (with a reflexive verb) the object becomes the subject, and the former subject is the object in the instrumental case.
Thus, passive voice represents action as passively directed from object to subject... The most important grammatical indicator of the passive voice is instrumental case a noun with the meaning of a doer, a real subject of action. The absence of such an instrumental case brings the passive meaning of the verb closer to the mid-reflexive, especially when the subject is the name of the person (cf. Skiers go hiking; Letters are sent by mail; Parcels are sent by a forwarding agent).
Based on materials: Modern Russian: Textbook / Edited by N.S. Valgina. - M .: Logos, 2002.
Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M .: Rolf, 2002.
Verb voice category
A pledge is a verb category that represents the relationship of an action or state to its subject and object and expresses its meaning in the opposition of the forms of real and passive pledges. Forms of the active voice represent the action as coming from the subject, and constructions with verbs of the active voice are called active ( The commission evaluates the work; Teachers define the work plan). In an active construction, the position of the subject is occupied by the name of the acting subject, and the object is expressed by the form of V.p. Passive forms represent action as a passive feature of an object, and constructions with passive verbs are called passive ( Work estimated commission; Work plan defined teachers). In a passive construction, the subject denotes an object experiencing an impact, and the name of the acting subject is in the form T. p.
The means of expressing the collateral opposition largely depend on the type of the verb. In perfective verbs, the meaning of the passive voice is expressed by the forms of passive past participles ( surround — surrounded by, surrounded; build — built, built). In imperfective verbs, the meaning of the passive voice is expressed by the forms of passive participles or the present tense ( .be in love — love, favourite; keep — keep, stored), or the elapsed time ( read — chitan, read; write — pisan, written).
In transitive imperfective verbs, the meaning of the passive voice can also be expressed by the postfix - Xia: guide — head (Letter is sent to you), receive — turn out, break up — break.
The pledge category has different means of expression: in some cases it is expressed in different forms of one verb, i.e. inflectional means (participles), in others - different verbs, i.e. non-verbal means (transitive verbs with a postfix -sya passive voice).
Collateral category is closely related to transitivity / intransitivity of verbs. Transitional verbs are those that denote an action directed at an object and therefore are combined with nouns in the form of V.p .: And over the meadows the wind drives lead clouds(K. Paustovsky) or, in the presence of negation, R. p. ( don't read books, not see the river). In the Russian language there are also such transitive verbs that are combined with nouns in R.p. without negation: sketch out(papers), dial(flowers), to buy(products), wait(letters), etc.
Intransitive verbs denote an action not directed at an object, and cannot be combined with an object expressed by a noun in V.p. ( sad about the past, wander the world).
In some cases, transient / intransitivity is expressed formally - using suffixes -and- or -: depopulate(trans.) and depopulate(non-trans.), bleed(trans.) and bleed(non-transferable). Transition can be expressed using some prefixes: go(non-transferable) - get around anything (trans.), sleep(non-transferable) - oversleep anything (trans.), run away(non-transferable) - run across anything (trans.) and also with control: go away someone (kick out of work, dismiss). Intransitivity of verbs can be expressed formally. All verbs with a postfix -sya(both the passive and the real voice) are intransitive ( seem, argue, embrace, clean up, hit, going to).
All verbs of the Russian language can be characterized as verbs of the active or passive voice, however, not all verbs can be opposed by the voice. Some verbs have no collateral opposition. So, verbs with a postfix - Xia that do not have a passive voice are called returnable and refer to the active voice.
Reflexive verbs have the following meanings:
- 1) self-reflexive - the subject and the object of the action coincide ( to shave, wash up, comb your hair, tune, get excited);
- 2) general return - an action or state is closed in the subject itself ( be angry,be surprised, have fun, hurry);
- 3) objectless-returnable - an action or state is a property of the subject, manifests itself in his ability to perform an action or be influenced ( cow butts, dog bites, china beats);
- 4) reciprocal - a joint action performed by several subjects, and the actions of the subjects are directed at each other ( meet, put up, embrace, kiss, litigate, argue);
- 5) indirectly returnable - the action is performed by the subject for himself, in his interests ( clean up, stock up);
- 6) impersonal ( show red, to think).
Along with this, in the Russian language there are also such verbs with the postfix -sya, which express the meanings of only the passive voice: to seem, to like, to like, to dream, to dream ( AND fancies different passions for him. She could not everyone like. And dreams I have a wonderful dream).
