Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 26, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - one of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, physiologist, psychologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; Laureate of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "For his work on the physiology of digestion."
Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on paternal and maternal lines were ministers of the church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).
... Of all the forms of target reflex detection in human activity the purest, typical and therefore especially convenient for analysis and together the most widespread is the collector's passion - the desire to assemble parts or units of a large whole or a modest collection, which usually remains unattainable.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich
After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In his last year of seminary, he read a small book "Reflexes of the Brain" by Professor IM Sechenov, which turned his whole life upside down.
In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarians were limited in the choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission he transferred to the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University (specialized in animal physiology under I.F. Tsion and F.V. Ovsyannikov) ...
Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, was involved in a lot of nervous regulation. Sechenov, due to intrigues, had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university.
Ilya Faddeevich Zion took over his department at the Medical-Surgical Academy, and Pavlov took over from Zion a virtuoso operative technique. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) gastrointestinal tract.
It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice poured out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I.P. Pavlov sutured the skin and mucous membranes, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs that there was no erosion, and he could get a clean digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which he did on hundreds of experimental animals.
Conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of excretion reflexes gastric juice... For 10 years, Pavlov, in essence, re-created the modern physiology of digestion.
Learn the basics of science before trying to climb its heights. Never take on the next one without mastering the previous one. Never try to cover up the shortcomings of your knowledge, even with the most daring guesses and hypotheses. No matter how amused your gaze with its overflows this soap bubble- it will inevitably burst, and you will have nothing but embarrassment.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich
In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a presentation at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936), physiologist, author of the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.
In 1860-1869. Pavlov studied at the Ryazan Theological School, then at the seminary.
Impressed by IM Sechenov's book "Reflexes of the Brain", he obtained permission from his father to take exams at St. Petersburg University, and in 1870 he entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
In 1875 Pavlov was awarded a gold medal for his work "On the nerves in charge of work in the pancreas."
Having received a candidate's degree natural sciences, entered the third year of the Medical and Surgical Academy and graduated with honors. In 1883 he defended his thesis "Centrifugal nerves of the heart" (one of the nerve branches going to the heart, now reinforcing Pavlov's nerve).
Becoming a professor in 1888, Pavlov got his own laboratory. This allowed him to engage in research on the nervous regulation of the secretion of gastric juice without hindrance. In 1891 Pavlov became the head of the physiological department at the new Institute of Experimental Medicine.
In 1895 he made a report on the activity of the dog's salivary glands. The Lectures on the Functioning of the Major Digestive Glands were soon translated into German, French and English and and published in Europe. The work brought Pavlov great fame.
For the first time, the concept " conditioned reflex»The scientist introduced in a report at the Congress of Naturalists and Physicians of the Nordic Countries in Helsingfors (now Helsinki) in 1901. In 1904, Pavlov received Nobel Prize.
In 1907 Ivan Petrovich became an academician. He began to investigate the role of various parts of the brain in conditioned reflex activity. In 1910 his work "Natural Science and the Brain" was published.
The revolutionary upheavals of 1917 Pavlov went through very hard. In the ensuing devastation, his strength was spent on preserving the work of his whole life. In 1920, the physiologist sent a letter to the Council of People's Commissars "On the free abandonment of Russia due to the impossibility of scientific work and rejection of produced in the country social experiment". The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution signed by V.I. Lenin - “in shortest time to create the most favorable conditions for ensuring the scientific work of Academician Pavlov and his staff. "
In 1923, after the publication of his famous work "Twenty Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity (Behavior) of Animals", Pavlov undertook a long trip abroad. He visited scientific centers England, France and the USA.
In 1925, the Physiological Laboratory founded by him in the village of Koltushi at the Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was transformed into the Institute of Physiology. Pavlov remained its director until the end of his life.
In the winter of 1936, returning from Koltushi, the scientist fell ill with bronchial inflammation.
He died on February 27 in Leningrad.
(1904) in physiology and medicine, the author of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Born September 26 (14), 1849 in Ryazan. Was the eldest son in a large family parish priest, who considered it his duty to give children a good education... In 1860 Pavlov was admitted immediately to the second class of the Ryazan Theological School. After graduation in 1864 he entered the theological seminary. Six years later, under the influence of the ideas of the Russian revolutionary democrats, especially the works of Pisarev, and the monograph of Sechenov Reflexes of the brain left his studies at the seminary and entered the university. Due to the then existing restrictions on the choice of the faculty for seminarians, Pavlov in 1870 entered the law faculty, then transferred to the natural department of the physics and mathematics faculty.
At that time, among the professors of the university were outstanding scientists - D.I. Mendeleev, A.M. Butlerov, F.V. Ovsyannikov, I.F. Tsion. In the third year of the university, not without the influence of Zion, Pavlov decides to specialize in the field physiology.
In 1875 Pavlov graduated from the university with a PhD in natural sciences. Zion invited him to become his assistant at the Department of Physiology of the Medico-Surgical Academy (since 1881 - the Military Medical Academy, VMA). He convinced the assistant to get more and medical education). In the same year, Pavlov entered the Moscow Art Academy for the third year and received a diploma in medicine in 1879.
After Zion left the academy, Pavlov resigned from the post of assistant at the Department of Physiology, offered to him by the new head of the Department, I.R. Tarkhanov. He decided to stay at the Moscow Art Academy only as a student. Later he became an assistant to Professor K.N.Ustimovich at the Department of Physiology of the Veterinary Department of the Medical-Surgical Academy, where he did a number of works on the physiology of blood circulation.
In 1878, the famous Russian clinician Botkin invited Pavlov to work at his clinic (here he worked until 1890, conducting research on the centrifugal nerves of the heart and working on his doctoral dissertation, since 1886 - the head of the clinic).
In the late 70s, he met his future wife, S.V. Karchevskaya. The wedding took place in May 1881, in 1884 the couple left for Germany, where Pavlov trained in the laboratories of the leading physiologists of that time R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
In 1890 he was elected professor and head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the Department of Physiology, which he headed until 1924. Since 1890 Pavlov has also been in charge of the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.
From 1925 until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1904, he was the first Russian scientist to be awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in the physiology of digestion.
Pavlov was elected a member and honorary member of many foreign academies, universities, and societies. In 1935 at the 15th International Congress of Physiologists for many years of scientific work he was recognized as the elder of physiologists of the world.
Everything scientific creativity scientist united general principle, which at the time was called nervousism - the idea of a leading role nervous system in the regulation of the activity of organs and systems of the body.
Scientific method.
Before Pavlov, research was carried out using the so-called. "Acute experience", the essence of which was that the organ of interest to the scientist was exposed with the help of cuts on the body of an anesthetized or immobilized animal. The method was unsuitable for studying the normal course of life processes, since it disrupted the natural connection between organs and body systems. Pavlov was the first physiologist to use the "chronic method", in which the experiment is carried out on a practically healthy animal, which made it possible to study physiological processes in an undistorted form.
Research on the physiology of blood circulation.
One of the first scientific research Pavlova was devoted to the study of the role of the nervous system in the regulation of blood circulation. The scientist found that the transection of the vagus nerves that innervate internal organs, leads to profound impairment of the body's ability to regulate blood pressure levels. As a result, it was concluded that significant pressure fluctuations are captured by sensitive nerve endings in vasculature that send impulses signaling changes to the corresponding center of the brain. These impulses generate reflexes aimed at changing the work of the heart and the state of the vascular bed, and blood pressure quickly returns to the most favorable level.
Pavlov's doctoral dissertation was devoted to the study of the centrifugal nerves of the heart. The scientist proved the presence of "triple nervous control" on the heart: functional nerves, causing or interrupting the activity of the organ; vascular nerves, regulating the delivery of chemical material to the organ; and trophic nerves, determining the exact size of the final utilization of this material by each organ and thereby regulating the vitality of the tissue. The scientist assumed the same triple control in other organs.
Studies in the physiology of digestion.
The "chronic experiment" method allowed Pavlov to discover many laws of the functioning of the digestive glands and the digestion process in general. Before Pavlov, there were only some very vague and fragmentary ideas about this, and the physiology of digestion was one of the most backward sections of physiology.
Pavlov's first studies in this area were devoted to the study of the work salivary glands... The scientist established a relationship between the composition and the amount of saliva secreted and the nature of the irritant, which allowed him to conclude that the specific excitability of different receptors in the oral cavity by each of the irritating agents is specific.
Studies concerning the physiology of the stomach are the most significant achievements of Pavlov in explaining the processes of digestion. The scientist proved the presence of nervous regulation of the activity of the gastric glands.
Thanks to the improvement of the operation to create an isolated ventricle, it was possible to distinguish two phases of gastric juice secretion: neuro-reflex and humoral-clinical. The result of the scientist's research in the field of digestion physiology was his work called Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands, published in 1897. This work was translated into German, French and English for several years and brought Pavlov worldwide fame.
Research on the physiology of higher nervous activity.
Pavlov turned to the study of the physiology of higher nervous activity, trying to explain the phenomenon of mental salivation. The study of this phenomenon led him to the concept of a conditioned reflex. A conditioned reflex, unlike an unconditioned one, is not congenital, but is acquired as a result of the accumulation of an individual life experience and is an adaptive response of the body to the conditions of life. Pavlov called the process of formation of conditioned reflexes higher nervous activity and considered this concept to be equivalent to the term "mental activity".
The scientist identified four types of higher nervous activity in humans, which are based on ideas about the relationship between the processes of excitation and inhibition. Thus, he brought the physiological foundation under the teachings of Hippocrates about temperaments.
Pavlov also developed the doctrine of signaling systems. According to Pavlov, a specific feature of a person is the presence in him, in addition to the first signaling system, in common with animals (various sensory stimuli coming from outside world), as well as the second signaling system - speech and writing.
The main purpose scientific activities Pavlova was the study of the human psyche using objective experimental methods.
Pavlov formulated ideas about the analytic-synthetic activity of the brain and created a doctrine about analyzers, about the localization of functions in the cerebral cortex and about the consistency in the work of the cerebral hemispheres.
Editions: Pavlov I.P. Complete collection essays, 2nd ed., T. 1–6, M., 1951–1952; Selected Works, M., 1951.
Artem Movsesyan
Outstanding Russian physiologist, discoverer of the conditioned reflex. The first Russian scientist to be awarded the Nobel Prize (1904). Corresponding Member (1901), Academician (1907) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925).
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the family of Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), the priest of the St.
In 1860-1864, I.P. Pavlov studied at the Ryazan Theological School, in 1864-1870 - at the Ryazan Theological Seminary. In 1870 he moved to and until 1875 studied at St. Petersburg University (first at the Faculty of Law, then at the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty). Graduated from the University with a PhD in Natural Sciences.
After graduating from the university in 1875, I.P. Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (since 1881 - the Military Medical Academy), which he graduated in 1879 with a gold medal and began working in the physiological laboratory of the S.P. Botkin, conducting research on the physiology of blood circulation.
In 1883, IP Pavlov defended his doctoral dissertation "On the centrifugal nerves of the heart." In 1884-1886, the scientist took him on an overseas business trip to improve knowledge in Breslau (now Wroclaw in Poland) and Leipzig (Germany), where he trained in the laboratories of the leading German physiologists of that time R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
In 1890, I.P. Pavlov was elected professor and head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the Department of Physiology, which he headed until 1924. Simultaneously (since 1890) I.P. Pavlov headed the physiological laboratory at the then organized Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine.
In 1901, I.P. Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907, a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
In 1904, IP Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for many years of research on the mechanisms of digestion.
From 1925 until the end of his life, I.P. Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
IP Pavlov was elected a member and honorary member of many foreign academies, universities, and societies. In 1935 at the XV International Congress of Physiologists for many years of scientific work he was awarded the honorary title of "Elders of the Physiologists of the World" (neither before nor after IP Pavlov, not a single scientist was awarded such an honor).
I.P. Pavlov died on February 27, 1936. He was buried at the Literatorskie Mostki of the Volkovskoye cemetery.
In the course of his research activities, I.P. Pavlov introduced a chronic experiment into practice, which makes it possible to study activities practically healthy body... With the help of the method of conditioned reflexes he developed, he was able to establish that the basis mental activity are the physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. IP Pavlov's research in the field of physiology of higher nervous activity had a great influence on the development of physiology, medicine, psychology and pedagogy.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; laureate of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "for his work on the physiology of digestion." He divided the entire set of reflexes into two groups: conditioned and unconditioned.
Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on the paternal and maternal lines were clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church... Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890). [* 1]
After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In his last year of seminary, he read a small book "Reflexes of the Brain" by Professor IM Sechenov, which turned his whole life upside down. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarians were limited in the choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission he transferred to the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University (specialized in animal physiology under I.F. Tsion and F.V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, was involved in a lot of nervous regulation. Sechenov, due to intrigues, had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. Ilya Faddeevich Zion took over his department at the Medical-Surgical Academy, and Pavlov took over from Zion a virtuoso operative technique. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice poured out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I.P. Pavlov so sewed the skin and mucous membranes, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs that there were no erosion, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which was done by him on hundreds of experimental animals. Conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes of gastric juice secretion. For 10 years, Pavlov, in essence, re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I.P. Pavlov was the first to formulate the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not quite well translated into English as unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) have become the main concepts of the science of behavior, see also classical conditioning.
There is a strong belief that over the years Civil War and war communism, Pavlov, enduring poverty, lack of funding for scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build such an institute at the request of Pavlov. wants to. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.
This was denied by the historian V.D.Esakov, who found and published Pavlov's correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He is extremely negative about the development of the situation in new Russia and asks to release him and his employees abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.
Then the corresponding decree of the Soviet government followed, and an institute was built for Pavlov in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.
Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. Pneumonia or poison is indicated as the cause of death.
Life stages
In 1875, Pavlov entered the third year of the Medico-Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, VMA), at the same time (1876-1878) worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; at the end of the Military Medical Academy (1879) he was left as the head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S.P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and before marriage did not pay to everyday problems no attention. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married a Rostov woman Seraphim Vasilyevna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg at the end of the 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, due to Jewish origin Seraphim Vasilievna, secondly, by that time they had already picked up a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, went to get married with Serafima in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The money for their wedding was given by the relatives of the wife. For the next ten years, the Pavlovs lived very cramped. Younger brother Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a state-owned apartment, let the newlyweds come to his place.
Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after the wedding and, together with his wife and son in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has survived to the present day. A commemorative plaque is installed on the facade.
1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral dissertation "On the centrifugal nerves of the heart."
1884-1886 - was sent to improve knowledge abroad in Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - the head of the department of physiology, which he headed until 1924. At the same time (since 1890) Pavlov - the head of the physiological laboratory at the then organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for his many years of research on the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned honorary title"The elders of the physiologists of the world." Neither before nor after him has any biologist received such an honor.
1936 - February 27 Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried at Literatorskie Mostki at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Cotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)
Collecting
IP Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov's story that happened on March 31, 1928:
My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Collecting stamps and paintings was next. And finally all the passion passed to science ... And now I cannot indifferently walk past a plant or butterfly, especially those I know very well, so as not to hold it in my hands, not to look at it from all sides, not to stroke it, not to admire it. And all this gives me a pleasant impression.
In the mid-1890s, in his dining room, you could see several shelves hung on the wall with samples of butterflies he caught. Coming to Ryazan to visit his father, he devoted a lot of time to hunting insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
A butterfly from Madagascar, presented for his birthday, he placed at the center of his collection. Not content with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself raised butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of boys.
If Pavlov began collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; Once, even in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that his stamp collection did not have enough Siamese stamps and a few days later the collection of I.P. Pavlov was already decorated with a series of stamps from the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all the acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.
Collecting books was peculiar: on the birthday of each of the six family members, a collection of the works of a writer was bought as a gift.
The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko; once the artist was struck by the boy's face and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second painting, painted by N.N.Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyagi with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov developed a great interest in painting. However, the collection long time has not been replenished; only in the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they had, did Pavlov put together an excellent collection. It included paintings by I.E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M.V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov met in 1931, the collection of Pavlov's paintings included Lebedev, Makovsky, Berggolts, Sergeev. Currently, part of the collection is presented in the Pavlov Museum-Apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilievsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the painting with thoughts and designs that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would have invested in it, and not about what he himself actually saw.
I.P. Pavlov awards
The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of the best students of Ivan Petrovich, his associate and associate.
In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the scientist of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov, which is awarded for the totality of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works previously awarded a state prize, as well as personal state prizes, are not accepted for the I.P. Pavlov gold medal. That is, the work performed must be truly new and outstanding. For the first time this award was awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of the legacy of I.P. Pavlov.
In 1974, a commemorative medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.
There is a medal of I.P. Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.
In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I.P. Pavlov Russian academy natural sciences instituted a silver medal named after IP Pavlov "For the development of medicine and health care."
In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlov Readings were held in Leningrad.
The genius naturalist was in his 87th year when his life was interrupted. The death of Pavlov came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with ebullient energy, worked unremittingly, made plans with enthusiasm further work II, of course, thought least of all about death ...
In a letter to I.M.Maysky (USSR ambassador to England) in October 1935, a few months after falling ill with influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
"Damn flu! Has knocked down my confidence to live to be a hundred years old. There is still a tail from it, although I still do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my studies."
MedicInform.net ›History of Medicine› Biographies ›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
You have to live for 150 years
Pavlov was different good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that human body designed for very long life... "Do not upset your heart with grief, do not poison yourself with tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years old)," the academician said. He generally proposed to consider the death of a person under 150 years of age "violent."
However, he himself died at the age of 87, and a very mysterious death. Once he felt unwell, which he considered "influenza", and did not attach importance to the disease. However, yielding to the persuasions of his relatives, he nevertheless invited the doctor, and he gave him some kind of injection. After a while, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Doctor D. Pletnev, who was shot in 1941 for the "wrong" treatment of Gorky.
The NKVD poisoned him?
The unexpected death, albeit an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be "accelerated". Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the start of the "Great Purge". Even then, the famous "laboratory of poisons" was created by the former pharmacist Yagoda to eliminate political opponents.
In addition, everyone was well aware of Pavlov's public statements against Soviet power... They said that at that time he was almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do it openly, actively spoke out in defense of the innocent repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the courageous scientist: “After all, we can hurt him, Mr. Professor! "They promised. However, the Communists did not dare to arrest the world famous Nobel Prize laureate.
Outwardly, Pavlov's death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered Stalin's paranoia.
He was also quite strong and healthy, although he was old, but he died just as quickly after being visited by the "Kremlin" doctors. Physiological historian Yaroshevsky wrote:
"It is quite possible that the NKVD organs" eased "Pavlov's suffering."
Source (http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru ›zagadka-smerti-akademika-1293
Perhaps any Russian person is well aware of the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known for both his life and death. Many people know the story of his death - in last hours life, he called his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes taking place in a dying body. However, there is such a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.
Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist of St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of St. Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to become a laureate of this award.
His works on the physiology of the nervous system and the theory of "conditioned reflexes" became known throughout the world. Outwardly, he was severe - thick beard white, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was in his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life, he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.
Even after the Revolution died down, when life was rather difficult for him, like many members of the intelligentsia, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was searched several times, six gold medals were taken away, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in Russian bank... But it was not this that offended the scientist most of all, but Bukharin's insolent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: "Am I a robber?"
There were also moments when Pavlov almost died of hunger. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend a science fiction writer from England - H.G. Wells... And seeing the life of the academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the Nobel Prize-winning genius's study was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he and his students grew to keep from starving to death.
However, over time, the situation has changed. Lenin personally gave instructions according to which Pavlov began to receive an enhanced academic ration. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.
But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to go abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, USA.
Tainy.net ›24726-strannaya ... akademika-pavlova.html
The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of a Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV by his FULL NAME code.
Watch preliminary "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the tables of the FULL NAME code. \ If on your screen there is an offset of numbers and letters, adjust the scale of the image \.
16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I Ch
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24
10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I Ch P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3
PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH = 188 = 97-SICK + 91-FLU.
The reader can easily find numbers 97 and 91 in the upper table, if the code of the letter "E", equal to 6, is divided by 2.
6: 2 = 3.94 + 3 = 97 = SICK. 88 + 3 = 91 = FLU.
On the other hand, these numbers can be represented as:
188 = 91-DIE + 97-FROM FLU \ a \.
188 = 125-DIE FROM ... + 63-FLU \ a \.
188 = 86-DIES + 102-FROM ILLNESS.
We look at the columns in the top table:
63 = FLU
______________________
128 = DYING \ th \
64 = FLU
______________________
125 = DIE FROM ...
The final decryption of the FULL NAME code of academician I.P. PAVLOV removes all the veils from the mystery of his death:
188 = 125-SIMPLE + 63-FLU.
DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This is = 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 = 84.
84 = NOT HEALTHY \ e \ = END \ l life \.
188 = 84-UNHEALTHY + 104-GRIPPED.
188 = 119-UNHEALTH + 69-END.
270 = 104-GRIPPOVAL + 166-ENDED LIFE.
Full DATE OF DEATH code = 270-TWENTY SEVENTH FEBRUARY + 55- \ 19 + 36 \ - (YEAR OF DEATH CODE) = 325.
325 = 125-COLD + 200-DEATH FROM FLU.
Number code full YEARS LIFE = 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.
261 = END OF COLD.
189-EIGHTY W \ is \, Dying from the FLU - 1-A = 188- (FULL NAME code).
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