Page 2 of 3
Part two
PEASANT WOMAN
Prologue
“Not everything between men
look for happy
Let's touch the women!” -
Our wanderers decided
And they began to question the women.
... They said how they cut it off:
“We don’t have such
And there is in the village of Klin:
Holmogory cow
Not a woman! wiser
And more ironically - there is no woman.
Ask Korchagina
Matryona Timofeevna,
She is the Governor...
Wanderers go and admire the bread, flax:
All garden vegetables
Ripe: children rush
Some with turnips, some with carrots,
sunflower peeling,
And the women are pulling beets,
Such a good beet!
Just like red boots
They lie on the strip.
Wanderers came across the estate. The gentlemen live abroad, the clerk is dying, and the yard roam like restless, looking for what they can steal: They caught all the crucians in the pond.
- The paths are so dirty,
What a shame! with stone girls
Broken noses!
Missing fruits and berries
Lost swan geese
Have a lackey in the goiter!
Wanderers went from the manor to the village. The strangers sighed lightly:
Them after the yard aching
seemed beautiful
Healthy, singing
A crowd of reapers and reapers,
They met with Matryona Timofeevna, for whose sake they had come a long way.
Matrena Timofeevna
stubborn woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy
She has a white shirt on
Yes, the sundress is short,
Yes, a sickle over the shoulder.
“What do you guys need?”
Wanderers persuade a peasant woman to tell about her life. Matrena Timofeevna refuses:
“Our ears are already shedding,
Hands are missing, dear"
- And what are we, godfather?
Come on sickles! All seven
How will we become tomorrow - by evening
We will harvest all your rye!
Then she agreed:
“I won’t hide anything!”
While Matryona Timofeevna was in charge of the household, the peasants sat down near the self-assembled tablecloth.
The stars have set
Through the dark blue sky
The month has become high,
When the hostess came
And became our wanderers
“Open your whole soul...”
Chapter I
BEFORE MARRIAGE
I was lucky in the girls:
We had a good
Non-drinking family.
Parents did not live their daughter, but not for long. At the age of five, they began to accustom them to cattle, and from the age of seven she herself went after the cow, brought lunch to her father in the field, grazed ducklings, went for mushrooms and berries, ted the hay ... There was enough work. She was a master of singing and dancing. Filipp Korchagin, a “Petersburg worker”, a stove-maker, got married.
Grieved, wept bitterly,
And the girl did the work:
On the betrothed sideways
Looked at.
Pretty-ruddy, broad-powerful,
Rus hair, quiet conversation -
Fell on the heart of Philip!
Matrena Timofeevna sings an old song, recalls her wedding.
Chapter II
SONGS
The wanderers sing along to Matryona Timofeevna.
The family was big
Grumpy... I sniffed
From girlish holi to hell!
The husband went to work, and she ordered her sister-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law to endure. The husband returned and Matryona cheered up.
Philip on the Annunciation
He left, but on Kazanskaya
I gave birth to a son.
What a handsome son! And then the master's manager tortured me with his courtship. Matryona rushed to Grandfather Savely.
- What to do! Teach!
Of all her husband's relatives, one grandfather felt sorry for her.
- Well, something! special speech
It's a sin to keep silent about grandfather.
Lucky was also...
Chapter III
SAVELIY, THE BOGATYR SVYATORUSSKY
Saveliy, Holy Russian hero.
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially as in the forest,
Bending down, he left.
At first, she was afraid of him that if he straightened up, he would break through the ceiling with his head. But he could not straighten up; he was said to be a hundred years old. Grandfather lived in a special room
Didn't like family...
He didn’t let anyone in, and the family called him “branded, convict”. To which the grandfather cheerfully replied:
“Branded, but not a slave!”
Grandfather often played evil tricks on relatives. In summer, he hunted mushrooms and berries, birds and small animals in the forest, and in winter he talked to himself on the stove. Once Matrena Timofeevna asked why he was called a branded convict? “I was a convict,” he replied.
For the fact that the German Vogel, the offender of the peasant, was buried alive in the ground. He said that they lived freely among dense forests. Only the bears bothered them, but they coped with the bears. He, having lifted a bear on a horn, tore his back. In her youth, she was sick, and in old age she bent, that she could not unbend. The landowner called them to his city and forced them to pay dues. Under the rods, the peasants agreed to pay something. Every year the master called them that, tore mercilessly with rods, but had little. When the old landowner was killed near Varna, his heir sent a German steward to the peasants. The German was quiet at first. If you can’t pay, don’t pay, but work, for example, dig a swamp with a ditch, cut a clearing. The German brought his family, and ruined the peasants to the bone. For eighteen years they endured the steward. The German built a factory and ordered to dig a well. He came to dinner to scold the peasants, and they pushed him into a dug well and buried him. For this, Saveliy went to hard labor, fled; he was returned and beaten mercilessly. I was in hard labor for twenty years and twenty years in a settlement, I saved up money there. Returned home. When there was money, his relatives loved, and now they spit in the eyes.
Chapter IV
DEMUSHKA
It is described how the tree burned, and with it the chicks in the nest. Birds yae was to save the chicks. When she arrived, everything had already burned down. One sobbed little bird,
Yes, the dead did not call
Until the white morning! ..
Matrena Timofeevna says that she carried her son to work, but her mother-in-law scolded her and ordered to leave her with his grandfather. While working in the field, she heard groans and saw her grandfather crawling:
Oh, poor young woman!
The daughter-in-law is the last in the house,
Last slave!
Endure the great storm
Take extra beatings
And from the eye of the unreasonable
Don't let the baby go!
The old man fell asleep in the sun
Feed the pigs Demidushka
Stupid grandfather!
My mother almost died of grief. Then the judges arrived and began to interrogate the attesting witnesses and Matryona, whether she was in connection with Savely:
I answered in a whisper:
- It's a shame, sir, joke!
I am an honest wife to my husband,
And old man Savely
One hundred years... Tea, you know.
They accused Matryona of having killed her son in collusion with the old man, and Matryona only asked that her son's body not be opened! Led without reproach
Honest burial
betray the child!
Going into the upper room, she saw her son Savely at the tomb, reciting prayers, and drove him away, calling him a murderer. He also loved the baby. Grandfather reassured her that no matter how long a peasant lives, he suffers, and Demush her - in paradise.
“...Easy for him, light for him...”
Chapter V
THE WOLF
Twenty years have passed since then. For a long time, the inconsolable mother suffered. Grandfather went to repentance in the monastery. Time passed, every year children were born, and three years later a new misfortune crept up - her parents died. Grandfather returned all white from repentance, and soon he died.
As ordered - performed:
Buried next to Demo...
He lived one hundred and seven years.
Her son Fedot was eight years old, they gave him as a shepherd. The shepherd left, and the she-wolf dragged the sheep away, Fedot first took the sheep from the weakened she-wolf, and then he saw that the sheep had already died, threw it again to the she-wolf. He came to the village and told everything himself. For this, they wanted to flog Fedot, but his mother did not give it back. Instead of a young son, they flogged her. After seeing off her son with the herd, Matryona cries, calls out to her dead parents, but she has no intercessors.
Chapter VI
HARD YEAR
There was hunger. The mother-in-law told the neighbors that she, Matryona, was to blame for everything. put on a clean shirt for Christmas.
For a husband, for an intercessor,
I got off cheap;
And one woman
Not for the same
Killed to death with stakes.
Don't mess with the hungry!
A little coped with lack of bread, recruitment came. But Matryona Timofeevna was not very afraid, a recruit had already been taken from the family. She was sitting at home, because. was pregnant and nursing last days. An upset father-in-law came and said that Philip was being recruited. Matrena Timofeevna realized that if her husband was taken as a soldier, she and her children would disappear. I got up from the stove and went into the night.
Chapter VII
GOVERNOR
On a frosty night, Matryona Timofeevna prays and goes to the city. Arriving at the governor's house, she asks the porter when she can come. The porter promises to help her. Learning that the governor's wife was coming, Matrena Timofeevna threw herself at her feet and told her misfortune.
I didn't know what I was doing
(Yes, apparently, I thought
Mistress! ..) How will I rush
At her feet: “Stand up!
Deception, not godly
Provider and parent
They take from children!”
The peasant woman lost consciousness, and when she woke up, she saw herself in rich chambers, next to the “pissed off child”.
Thank you Governor
Elena Alexandrovna,
I am so grateful to her
Like a mother!
She baptized the boy
And name: Liodorushka
Chose the baby...
Everything was found out, the husband was returned.
Chapter VIII
WOMAN'S PARABLE
What next,
Glorified by the lucky one
Nicknamed the governor
Matryona since then.
Now she rules the house, raises children: she has five sons, one has already been recruited ... And then the peasant woman added: - And what you started
It's not a matter - between women
Happy looking!
- What else do you want?
Isn't it right to tell you
That we burned twice
That god anthrax
Visited us three times?
Horse pushes
We carried; I took a walk
Like a gelding in a harrow!..
My feet are not trampled,
Not tied with ropes
Not pierced with needles...
What else do you want?
For a mother that has been scolded,
Like a trampled snake,
The blood of the firstborn is gone,
And you - for happiness stuck your head!
It's a shame, well done!
Don't touch women
Here is God! pass with nothing
To the grave!
One pilgrim-wanderer said:
“The keys to female happiness,
From our free will
abandoned, lost
God himself!”
One day, seven men converge on the high road - recent serfs, and now temporarily liable "from adjacent villages - Zaplatova, Dyryavin, Razutov, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayka, too." Instead of going their own way, the peasants start a dispute about who lives happily and freely in Russia. Each of them judges in his own way who is the main lucky man in Russia: a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a noble boyar, a minister of sovereigns or a tsar.
During the argument, they do not notice that they gave a detour of thirty miles. Seeing that it is too late to return home, the men make a fire and continue the argument over vodka - which, of course, little by little turns into a fight. But even a fight does not help to resolve the issue that worries the men.
The solution is found unexpectedly: one of the men, Pahom, catches a warbler chick, and in order to free the chick, the warbler tells the men where they can find a self-assembled tablecloth. Now the peasants are provided with bread, vodka, cucumbers, kvass, tea - in a word, everything they need for a long journey. And besides, the self-assembled tablecloth will repair and wash their clothes! Having received all these benefits, the peasants give a vow to find out, "who lives happily, freely in Russia."
The first possible "lucky man" they met along the way is a priest. (It was not for the oncoming soldiers and beggars to ask about happiness!) But the priest's answer to the question of whether his life is sweet disappoints the peasants. They agree with the priest that happiness is in peace, wealth and honor. But the pop does not possess any of these benefits. In haymaking, in stubble, in a dead autumn night, in severe frost, he must go where there are sick, dying and being born. And every time his soul hurts at the sight of grave sobs and orphan sorrow - so that his hand does not rise to take copper nickels - a miserable reward for the demand. The landlords, who formerly lived in family estates and got married here, baptized children, buried the dead, are now scattered not only in Russia, but also in distant foreign lands; there is no hope for their reward. Well, about what honor the priest is, the peasants themselves know: it becomes embarrassing for them when the priest blames obscene songs and insults against priests.
Realizing that the Russian pop is not among the lucky ones, the peasants go to the festive fair in the trading village of Kuzminskoye to ask the people there about happiness. In a rich and dirty village there are two churches, a tightly boarded-up house with the inscription “school”, a paramedic's hut, and a dirty hotel. But most of all in the village of drinking establishments, in each of which they barely manage to cope with the thirsty. Old man Vavila cannot buy his granddaughter goat's shoes, because he drank himself to a penny. It’s good that Pavlusha Veretennikov, a lover of Russian songs, whom everyone calls “master” for some reason, buys a treasured gift for him.
Wandering peasants watch the farcical Petrushka, watch how the officers pick up book goods - but by no means Belinsky and Gogol, but portraits of fat generals unknown to anyone and works about “my lord stupid”. They also see how a busy trading day ends: rampant drunkenness, fights on the way home. However, the peasants are indignant at Pavlusha Veretennikov's attempt to measure the peasant by the master's measure. In their opinion, it is impossible for a sober person to live in Russia: he will not endure either overwork or peasant misfortune; without drinking, bloody rain would have poured out of the angry peasant soul. These words are confirmed by Yakim Nagoi from the village of Bosovo - one of those who "work to death, drink half to death." Yakim believes that only pigs walk the earth and do not see the sky for a century. During a fire, he himself did not save money accumulated over a lifetime, but useless and beloved pictures that hung in the hut; he is sure that with the cessation of drunkenness, great sadness will come to Russia.
Wandering peasants do not lose hope of finding people who live well in Russia. But even for the promise to give water to the lucky ones for free, they fail to find those. For the sake of a gratuitous drink, both an overworked worker, and a former courtyard stricken with paralysis, who for forty years licked the master's plates with the best French truffle, and even ragged beggars are ready to declare themselves lucky.
Finally, someone tells them the story of Ermil Girin, a steward in the estate of Prince Yurlov, who has earned universal respect for his justice and honesty. When Girin needed money to buy the mill, the peasants lent it to him without even asking for a receipt. But Yermil is now unhappy: after the peasant revolt, he is in jail.
About the misfortune that befell the nobles after peasant reform, tells the wandering peasants a ruddy sixty-year-old landowner Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev. He recalls how in the old days everything amused the master: villages, forests, fields, serf actors, musicians, hunters, who belonged undividedly to him. Obolt-Obolduev tells with emotion how on the twelfth holidays he invited his serfs to pray in the manor's house - despite the fact that after that they had to drive women from all over the estate to wash the floors.
And although the peasants themselves know that life in serf times was far from the idyll drawn by Obolduev, they nevertheless understand: the great chain of serfdom, having broken, hit both the master, who at once lost his usual way of life, and the peasant.
Desperate to find a happy man among the men, the wanderers decide to ask the women. The surrounding peasants recall that Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina lives in the village of Klin, whom everyone considers lucky. But Matrona herself thinks differently. In confirmation, she tells the wanderers the story of her life.
Before her marriage, Matryona lived in a non-drinking and prosperous peasant family. She married Philip Korchagin, a stove-maker from a foreign village. But the only happy night for her was that night when the groom persuaded Matryona to marry him; then the usual hopeless life of a village woman began. True, her husband loved her and beat her only once, but soon he went to work in St. Petersburg, and Matryona was forced to endure insults in her father-in-law's family. The only one who felt sorry for Matryona was grandfather Saveliy, who lived out his life in the family after hard labor, where he ended up for the murder of the hated German manager. Savely told Matryona what Russian heroism is: a peasant cannot be defeated, because he "bends, but does not break."
The birth of the first-born Demushka brightened up the life of Matryona. But soon her mother-in-law forbade her to take the child into the field, and old grandfather Savely did not follow the baby and fed him to the pigs. In front of Matryona, the judges who came from the city performed an autopsy of her child. Matryona could not forget her first child, although after she had five sons. One of them, the shepherd Fedot, once allowed a she-wolf to carry away a sheep. Matrena took upon herself the punishment assigned to her son. Then, being pregnant with her son Liodor, she was forced to go to the city to seek justice: her husband, bypassing the laws, was taken to the soldiers. Matryona was then helped by the governor Elena Alexandrovna, for whom the whole family is now praying.
By all peasant standards, the life of Matryona Korchagina can be considered happy. But it is impossible to tell about the invisible spiritual storm that passed through this woman - just like about unrequited mortal insults, and about the blood of the firstborn. Matryona Timofeevna is convinced that a Russian peasant woman cannot be happy at all, because the keys to her happiness and free will are lost from God himself.
In the midst of haymaking, wanderers come to the Volga. Here they witness a strange scene. A noble family swims up to the shore in three boats. The mowers, who have just sat down to rest, immediately jump up to show the old master their zeal. It turns out that the peasants of the village of Vakhlachina help the heirs to hide the abolition of serfdom from the landowner Utyatin, who has lost his mind. For this, the relatives of the Last Duck-Duck promise the peasants floodplain meadows. But after the long-awaited death of the Afterlife, the heirs forget their promises, and the whole peasant performance turns out to be in vain.
Here, near the village of Vakhlachin, wanderers listen to peasant songs - corvée, hungry, soldier's, salty - and stories about serf times. One of these stories is about the serf of the exemplary Jacob the faithful. Yakov's only joy was to please his master, the petty landowner Polivanov. Samodur Polivanov, in gratitude, beat Yakov in the teeth with his heel, which aroused even greater love in the lackey's soul. By old age, Polivanov lost his legs, and Yakov began to follow him like a child. But when Yakov's nephew, Grisha, decided to marry the serf beauty Arisha, out of jealousy, Polivanov sent the guy to the recruits. Yakov began to drink, but soon returned to the master. And yet he managed to take revenge on Polivanov - the only way available to him, in a lackey way. Having brought the master into the forest, Yakov hanged himself right above him on a pine tree. Polivanov spent the night under the corpse of his faithful servant, driving away birds and wolves with groans of horror.
Another story - about two great sinners - is told to the peasants by God's wanderer Iona Lyapushkin. The Lord awakened the conscience of the ataman of the robbers Kudeyar. The robber prayed for sins for a long time, but all of them were released to him only after he killed the cruel Pan Glukhovsky in a surge of anger.
The wandering men also listen to the story of another sinner - Gleb the headman, who hid the last will of the late widower admiral for money, who decided to free his peasants.
But not only wandering peasants think about the happiness of the people. The son of a sacristan, seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, lives in Vakhlachin. In his heart, love for the deceased mother merged with love for the whole of Vahlachina. For fifteen years, Grisha knew for sure whom he was ready to give his life, for whom he was ready to die. He thinks of all mysterious Russia as a miserable, abundant, powerful and powerless mother, and expects that the indestructible strength that he feels in his own soul will still be reflected in her. Such strong souls, like Grisha Dobrosklonov, the angel of mercy himself calls for an honest path. Fate prepares Grisha "a glorious path, a loud name of the people's intercessor, consumption and Siberia."
If the wanderer men knew what was happening in the soul of Grisha Dobrosklonov, they would surely understand that they could already return to their native roof, because the goal of their journey had been achieved.
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“Who should live well in Russia” Nekrasov summary
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One of the most famous works Russian poet Nikolai Nekrasov - the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live." The summary of this work will help you study it thoroughly, learn in detail the history of the journey of seven peasants across the country in search of really happy person. The events in the poem unfold shortly after the historic abolition of serfdom, which took place in 1861.
The plot of the story
The poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia", a summary of which is given in this article, begins with the fact that seven men meet on a high road. All of them were serfs quite recently, and now they are temporarily liable, living in neighboring villages with telling and frankly depressing names - Dyryavina, Zaplatova, Gorelova, Razutova, Neyolova, Znobishina and Neurozhayka.
A dispute arises between them, who is having fun and at ease today in Russia. Each of them has its own version. Someone believes that the landowner lives well, also among the versions are an official, a priest, a sovereign minister, a boyar, a merchant and the tsar himself.
You will find out how this dispute will end from Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". You can get acquainted with it very briefly if you read this article. While talking, the men do not notice that they have made a detour of as much as 30 miles, realizing that it is too late to return home today, they make a fire, pour vodka and continue to argue. Gradually, the dispute develops into a fight, but even after it it is not possible to decide who is right.
The decision comes unexpectedly. One of the disputants named Pahom gets a warbler chick to free it, the bird tells the peasants where to find a self-assembled tablecloth. So all the participants in the dispute are provided with bread, vodka and all other food necessary for the journey. Then they decide for themselves to find out who in Russia has a good life. The summary of this work will help you quickly recall the main episodes if you read the work itself for a long time or decided to get acquainted with it in a truncated version.
Pop
The first person they meet is a pop. His men begin to wonder if he is doing well. He reasonably answers that happiness is in wealth, peace and honor. He himself does not possess any of these benefits.
In the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia", a summary of which will help you prepare for an exam or test, the pop describes his unenviable fate. In any weather, he is forced to go where people get sick, are born or die. His soul is torn from the sadness of orphans, sobs over the coffin, so he does not always dare to take money for his work.
You can't count on more. The landowners who used to live in family estates lived in them all year round, got married and baptized children, are now scattered throughout the country, and someone went abroad, so you can’t count on retribution from them.
Well, the fact that few people respect the priest, the men themselves know, he sums up. As a result, the heroes of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" (a summary of the chapters will help to better understand this work) even becomes uncomfortable when the clergyman begins to recall the insults and obscene songs that are regularly heard against him.
country fair
As a result, the heroes of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", a brief summary of which is now before you, end up at a rural fair in the village of Kuzminskoye. There they begin to question the people about true happiness.
The village is rich but dirty. It has a paramedic's hut, a rickety house that once had a "school", an untidy hotel, and many drinking establishments.
They meet the old man Vavila, who cannot buy shoes for his granddaughter, because he drank everything. He is saved by Pavlusha Veretennikov, whom everyone around for some reason calls "master", he buys a present for the old man.
The heroes are watching the farce Petrushka, trying to figure out where it is good to live in Russia. A summary of the poem will help to better consider the author's intention. They see that every trading day ends with drinking and fighting. At the same time, they do not agree with Pavlusha, who proposes to measure the peasant by the masters. The peasants themselves are sure that it is impossible for a sober person to live in Russia. In this case, there is no way to endure either the muzhik's misfortune or overwork.
Yakim Nagoi
These statements are confirmed by Yakim Nagoi, who came from the village of Bosovo, who, as everyone around says, "works to death, drinks half to death." At the same time, during a fire, he himself saves not the accumulated money, but his favorite pictures, which are completely useless. He believes that when drunkenness ends in Russia, great sadness will come.
Wanderers are trying to continue to find where in Russia to live well. The summary details their attempts. They promise to give water to the lucky ones, but there are none. It turns out that for a free drink, both the yard, paralyzed, and the ragged beggar are ready to declare themselves happy.
Ermil Girin
Finally, the heroes learn the story of Ermil Girin. It tells about the steward, who is known in the district for his honesty and justice in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" by Nekrasov. A summary of the chapters gives a complete picture of the work. For example, the peasants lent him money when he needed to buy a mill, without even requiring a receipt. But even now he is unhappy, as he ended up in prison after a peasant revolt.
The poem tells in detail about the nobles, many of whom were unhappy after the peasants received their freedom. A 60-year-old landowner named Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev says that before the master was happy with everything: fields, forests, serf actors, hunters, musicians, they all belonged to him, he himself was kind to them.
The peasants themselves understand that serfdom was far from the idyll painted by Obolduev, but they understand that the abolition of serfdom hit both the master, who had lost his usual way of life, and the peasants.
Russian women
Disappointed to find happy men among men, the heroes begin to ask women who and why live well in Russia. This episode is also summarized. One of the wanderers recalls that Matryona Korchagina lives in the village of Klin. Everyone around her considers her lucky. But she herself does not think so, telling the story of her life.
She was born into a wealthy and teetotal peasant family. Her husband was a stove-maker from the neighboring village Philip Korchagin. But the only happy night for her was when future husband persuaded her to marry him. After that, the monotonous life of a Russian woman in the village began.
At the same time, she admits that her husband loved her, beat her only once, but soon left for St. Petersburg to work. Matryona had to get along in her father-in-law's family. She was only sorry for her grandfather Savely, who returned after hard labor, which he got into because of the murder of a manager from Germany, whom everyone hated.
Birth of the first child
Soon Matryona had her first child, who was named Demushka. But the mother-in-law did not allow to take the child with her into the field, and old Savely did not watch over him, and the pigs ate him. In front of the mother, the judges, who came from the city, performed an autopsy. After her five sons were born, but she never forgot her first child.
A lot of suffering fell on her lot. One of her sons, Fedot, overlooked the sheep and one was dragged away by a she-wolf to protect him, Matryona took the punishment upon herself. Being pregnant with Liodor, she had to go to the city to seek justice when her husband was illegally taken into the soldiers. Then the governor's wife helped her, for whom everyone in the family now prays.
On the Volga
On the great Russian river, wanderers find themselves in the midst of haymaking. Here they become witnesses of another strange scene. A noble family is sailing to the shore in several boats. The mowers, who have just sat down to rest, jump up to demonstrate their zeal to the master.
These are peasants from the village of Vakhlachin, who in every possible way help the heirs to hide the abolition of serfdom from the landowner Utyatin, finally His relatives in exchange for this service promised floodplain meadows to the peasants. But when the old landowner still dies, the heirs do not keep their word, it turns out that the whole performance that the peasants staged was in vain.
Peasant songs
The main characters of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" listen to various peasant songs near this village. A summary of the chapters will allow you to know what this work is about without even reading it. Among them are soldiers, corvee, salty, hungry. All these are stories from the times of serfdom.
One of them is dedicated to an exemplary and honest serf named Yakov. His only joy in life was to please his master. It was a small landowner Polivanov. He was a tyrant, in gratitude for devotion and faithful service knocked out Yakov's teeth with his heel, arousing even greater love in the servant's soul.
In old age, the landlord lost his legs, then Yakov began to walk after him and take care of him like a child. But when the peasant's nephew decided to marry a local beauty named Arisha, Polivanov himself wants this girl and sends the guy to recruits. At first Yakov took to drink, but soon returned to his master again. In the end, he got his revenge on Polivanov in the only way a lackey like him could get his hands on. Yakov brought the master into the forest and hanged himself on a pine tree right in front of his master. Polivanov had to spend the whole night over the corpse of his servant, driving away wolves, birds and other animals.
Great sinners
Another story told about sinners. It is told by her divine wanderer named Iona Lyapushkin to the heroes of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". A summary of this story is also given in this article.
Once the Lord awakened the conscience of the leader of the robbers Kudeyar. That long time was forced to atone for his sins, but received absolution only when he killed the cruel Pan Glukhovsky.
Another sinner is Gleb the elder. For a monetary reward, he hid the will of the widower admiral, who, after his death, ordered the release of the peasants who belonged to him, but because of Gleb, no one knew about this for a long time.
Grisha Dobrosklonov
In addition to the peasants who want to find out who lives happily in Russia, the son of the local clerk Grisha Dobrosklonov, a seminarian, also thinks about the people's happiness. He loves his dead mother, this love merges with love for the whole Vahlachina.
At the age of 15, Grisha already knows for sure whom he is ready to die for, in whose hands he is ready to entrust his life. He reflects on the immense mysterious Russia, thinking of her as a mighty, powerless mother, expecting that the strength that he increasingly feels inside himself will still be felt in her.
Grisha Dobrosklonov is strong in spirit. Fate prepared for him the path of a people's intercessor, as well as Siberia and consumption.
The men do not know what is happening in the soul of this hero, otherwise they would surely have understood that they could return home, they learned everything that was necessary.
To whom in Russia it is good to live a summary of the chapters
So, in the first part of Nekrasov's work Whom in Russia to live well, we get acquainted with the prologue. In the prologue we meet men. These are seven people who met on the road, and they came from different villages. Each of them has a name and has his own opinion about who lives well in Russia, and then the peasants argue. It seems to Roman that it is good for the landowners to live, Demyan sees happiness in being an official. It seems to Luka that priests live best. Pakhom says that it is better for ministers to live in Russia, and the Gubin Brothers say that merchants live wonderfully, and Prov says that tsars feel best of all.
And in the dispute, they did not notice how the night had come. We decided to spend the night in the forest, continuing our argument. From their cries, all the animals flee, and a chick flew out of the nest, which was caught by one of the peasants. The mother bird asks to give the chick, fulfilling the desire of everyone in response. Further, the bird tells where to find a tablecloth - self-assembly. Having sat down to feast, they decide not to go home until they answer the question of who exactly lives well.
Chapter 1
The men meet the priest, who is asked how he lives and whether he is satisfied with life. The priest replied that if happiness is wealth and honor for them, then this is not about the priests. Pop today is not held in high esteem, the income is meager, because the nobles and landowners left for the capital, and mere mortals cannot take much. At the same time, the priest is called to him at any time of the year and in any weather.
Chapter 2
The men pass several rural settlements, but people are almost nowhere to be seen, because they are all at the fair. That's where the men went. There were a lot of people there, and everyone was selling something. There are many not only shops, but also hot places where you can get drunk. The men met an old man who drank away the money, but did not buy shoes for his granddaughter. Veretennikov, whom everyone knows as a singer, buys shoes and gives them to his grandfather.
Chapter 3
The fair is over and everyone is walking home drunk. The peasants also went, where disputes are heard along the way. They also met Veretennikov, who says that the peasants drink a lot, only they say that they drink from grief, and vodka is like an outlet for them. On the way, the peasants also met a woman who has a very jealous husband. Here they remembered their wives, they wanted to quickly find the answer to the question of who lives sweetly in Russia and return home.
Chapter 4
The men, with the help of a tablecloth - samobranki, receive a bucket of vodka and treat all those who prove that they are happy. Everyone came up and shared their vision of happiness. Someone was poured vodka, someone was driven away, and then the peasants heard a story about the clerk Yermil Girin, whom everyone knew and even helped out when the judges demanded to pay money for the mill. The people chipped in, but Yermila returned everything and never appropriated someone else's. Shielded once younger brother from the recruits, after which he repented for a long time, and then left the post of steward. The men decide to find this Yermila, but along the way they meet a gentleman.
Chapter 5
The peasants ask the landowner Obol-Obolduev how he lives. Tom lived well before, but not now, when there are lands, but no peasants. He himself cannot work, he can only walk and have fun. All property was sold for debts. The men only sympathize and decide to look for the happy among the poor.
Part two
Walking along the road, the peasants see a field where hay is being harvested. They also wanted to mow, and then they see how an old man swims to the shore, which gives orders that they immediately carry out. As it turned out, this is Prince Utyatin, who was seized by a stroke when he learned that there was no serfdom. Afraid of losing their inheritance, the sons persuaded people to play the role of peasants for a fee, and they played performances. One Agap was not going to hide and told everything. There was a second blow. When the prince came to his senses, he ordered the serf to be punished, he was asked to shout in the barn, for which wine was poured. Agap dies because the wine is poisoned. The people are watching the prince having breakfast and barely holding back their laughter. One could not resist and laughed, he was ordered to be whipped, but a caring woman says that this son is a fool. Soon the prince had a third blow and he died, but happiness did not come, because the sons and peasants began to wage war. Meadows, as the Usyatins promised, no one received.
Part Three
In order to understand who is happy, the peasants go to the peasant woman in the neighboring village, where hunger and theft flourish. A peasant woman is found, but she does not want to talk, because she needs to work. Then the men offer help, and Matrena shares her life.
She lived wonderfully in her parents' house. She had fun and did not know troubles, and then her father marries Philip Korchagin.
Now she is in her mother-in-law's house. She does not live well there, they even beat her once. A child is born there, but the woman was often scolded, and although occasionally the father-in-law comes to her defense, life does not get better.
The old man himself lives out his life in the upper room. He also went to hard labor for the murder of a German who did not give life to the villagers. The old man often talked with Matryona about his life, talking about Russian heroism.
Then she tells how the father-in-law forbade taking his son with him into the field, he stayed with the old man, who fell asleep and overlooked the child. The pigs ate it. The woman later forgave the old man, but she herself was very worried about the death of the child. The woman also had other children. One of the sons was accused of not following the sheep and giving it to the wolf. The mother took the blame and was punished.
Then she talks about the hungry year. Then she was pregnant, and her husband was going to be taken to the soldiers. Anticipating hard times, she goes to the governor's wife and faints at the meeting. When she woke up, she realized that she had given birth. She is nursed by the governor, and also gives the order to release her husband from service. The peasant woman goes home and constantly prays for the health of the governor's wife.
And here she sums up that among women they will not find happy ones, since all of them have long lost the key to happiness.
Part Four
Regarding the death of the prince, Klim arranges a party in the village. All the peasants gathered to take a walk at the feast, where they argue how to properly dispose of the meadows. Songs are sung at the feast.
In one of the cheerful songs, they remembered the old days, the old order. They told about the servant Jacob and his nephew, who liked Arisha, but the master also liked her, so he sent Grisha to the soldiers, Jacob drank himself, and when he started working again, he hung himself in front of the master in the forest. The master cannot find his way out of the forest and a hunter helps him. Later, the master admitted his guilt and asked him to be executed. Then other songs are sung, where they talk about different life situations.
Here the peasants started a dispute about who among the robbers, peasants or landlords is better to live and we get acquainted with another story.
They started a conversation about sinfulness, who is more sinful, and then a story about two sinners began. Kudeyar, who killed and robbed people, and Pan Glukhov, who was greedy for women and was a drunkard. Kudeyarov had to cut down the tree with the very knife he used to kill, and then God would forgive his sins. But at that moment a pan was passing by, whom Kudeyarov killed, because the latter brutally killed peasants. Immediately the tree falls and Kudeyaru was forgiven of sins.
The conversation went on to say that the sin of the peasant is the hardest of all. They told how the admiral was granted eight thousand peasant souls for his services. He wrote free to everyone and gave the casket to his servant. After death, the heir pestered the servant and took the casket from him, burning everything. And then everyone agreed that such a sin is the most.
Then the peasants saw how the soldier was going to Petersburg. He is asked to sing songs, and he sang about how hard his fate is and how unfairly the pension accrual was done to him, considering his bleeding wounds to be insignificant. The men donate a penny each and collect a ruble for the soldier.
Epilogue
Here the work comes to an end and we get acquainted with the epilogue, where the deacon's son studies at the seminary. He is smart, kind, loves to work, he is honest and loves to compose poetry, dreaming of improving the life of the people. And now he composed a song called Rat rises innumerable! The strength in it will be invincible. And he wants to teach this song to all the peasants. He sang and it is a pity that the wanderers had already gone far and did not hear the guy’s songs, because it would immediately become clear to them that they had finally found a happy person, and would have gone home.
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Prologue
In a fairy-tale form, the author depicts a dispute between seven peasants about "who lives happily, freely in Russia." The dispute turns into a fight, then the peasants reconcile and decide among themselves to ask the tsar, the merchant and the priest who is happier, without receiving an answer, they go across Russian land in search of a lucky man.
Chapter I
The first peasants meet a priest who assures them that "priestly life" is very difficult. He says that peasants and landowners are equally poor and have ceased to carry money to church. The peasants sincerely sympathize with the priest.
Chapter II
A bunch of interesting faces the author draws in this chapter, where he depicts a fair where, in search of the happy, seven peasants got. The attention of the peasants is attracted by bargaining in pictures: here the author expresses the hope that sooner or later the time will come when the peasant "will not carry my lord stupid - Belinsky and Gogol from the market."
Chapter III
After the fair, festivities begin, the “bad night”. Many peasants get drunk, except for seven travelers and a certain gentleman who writes down folk songs and his observations of peasant life in a book, the author himself probably embodied in this image in the poem. One of the peasants - Yakim Nagoi - blames the master, does not order to depict Russian people as drunkards without exception. Yakim claims that in Russia there is a non-drinking family for one drinker, but it is easier for those who drink, since all workers suffer from life equally. Both in work and in revelry, the Russian peasant loves scope, he cannot live without it. The seven wayfarers already wanted to go home, and they decided to look for the lucky one in the big crowd.
Chapter VI
Travelers began to invite other peasants to a bucket of vodka, promising a treat to the one who would prove that he was happy. There are a lot of “lucky ones”: the soldier is glad that he survived both foreign bullets and Russian sticks; the young stonecutter boasts of strength; the old stone-notes is happy that the sick man managed to get from St. Petersburg to his native village and did not die on the way; the bear hunter is glad to be alive. When the bucket was empty, "did our wanderers realize that they were wasting vodka for nothing." Someone suggested that Ermil Girin should be recognized as happy. He is happy with his own truthfulness and folk love. More than once he helped people, and people repaid him with kindness when they helped buy a mill that a clever merchant wanted to intercept. But, as it turned out, Yermil is in jail: apparently, he suffered for his truth.
Chapter V
The next person the seven peasants met was the landowner Gavrilo Afanasyevich. He assures them that his life is not easy either. Under serfdom, he was the sovereign master of rich estates, “loving” he inflicted judgment and reprisal on the peasants here. After the abolition of the "fortress", order disappeared and the manor estates fell into disrepair. The landowners lost their former income. "Idle hacks" tell the landowners to study and work, but this is impossible, since the nobleman was created for another life - "to smoke the sky of God" and "litter the treasury of the people", since this allows him to be noble: among the ancestors of Gavrila Afanasyevich there was also a leader with a bear Obolduev, and Prince Shchepin, who tried to set fire to Moscow for the sake of robbery. The landlord ends his speech with a sob, and the peasants were ready to cry with him, but then changed their minds.
Last
The wanderers end up in the village of Vakhlaki, where they see strange orders: the local peasants, of their own free will, became “non-humans with God” - they retained their serfdom from the wild landowner who survived the mind of Prince Utyatin. Travelers begin to ask one of the locals - Vlas, where such orders come from in the village.
The extravagant Utyatin could not believe in the abolition of serfdom, so that “arrogance cut him off”: the prince had a blow from anger. The heirs of the prince, whom he blamed for the loss of the peasants, were afraid that the old man would deprive them of their property before his imminent death. Then they persuaded the men to play the role of serfs, promising to give up the floodplain meadows. The Wahlaks agreed, partly because they were accustomed to the life of a slave and even found pleasure in it.
Wanderers become witnesses of how the local steward praises the prince, how the villagers pray for the health of Utyatin and sincerely cry with joy that they have such a benefactor. Suddenly, the prince had a second blow, and the old man died. Since then, the peasants have really lost their peace: between the Vakhlaks and the heirs, an endless dispute has gone on for flood meadows.
Feast - for the whole world
Introduction
The author describes a banquet hosted by one of the Vakhlaks, the restless Klim Yakovlevich, on the occasion of the death of Prince Utyatin. Travelers, along with Vlas, joined the feasting. Seven wanderers are interested in listening to Vahlat songs.
The author translates to literary language many folk songs. First, he cites "bitter", that is, sad, about peasant grief, about poor life. Lamentation opens bitter songs with an ironic saying “It is glorious for the people to live in Holy Russia!” The subchapter concludes with a song about “the serf of the exemplary Jacob the faithful”, who punished his master for bullying. The author summarizes that the people are able to stand up for themselves and inflame the landowners.
At the feast, travelers learn about pilgrims who feed on the fact that they hang on the people's neck. These loafers take advantage of the credulity of the peasant, over whom they are not averse to rising above the opportunity. But there were also those among them who faithfully served the people: he treated the sick, helped bury the dead, fought for justice.
The peasants at the feast are discussing whose sin is greater - the landowner's or the peasant's. Ignatius Prokhorov claims that the peasant one is bigger. As an example, he cites a song about a widower admiral. Before his death, the admiral ordered the headman to release all the peasants, but the headman did not fulfill the last will of the dying man. That is the great sin of the Russian muzhik, that he can sell his muzhik brother for a pretty penny. Everyone agreed that this is a great sin, and for this sin all the peasants in Russia are forever in slavery.
By morning the feast was over. One of the Vakhlaks composes a cheerful song, in which he puts his hope for a brighter future. In this song, the author describes Russia as "wretched and plentiful" as the country where he lives great power people. The poet foresees that the time will come and the "hidden spark" will flare up:
The army rises Innumerable! The power in it will be indestructible!
These are the words of Grishka, the only lucky man in the poem.
peasant woman
Prologue
The wanderers thought that they should abandon the search for happy men among the men, and it would be better to check the women. Right on the way, the peasants have an abandoned estate. The author draws a depressing picture of the desolation of the once rich economy, which turned out to be unnecessary for the master and which the peasants themselves cannot manage. Here they were advised to look for Matrena Timofeevna, "she is the governor's wife," whom everyone considers happy. Travelers met her in a crowd of reapers and persuaded her to talk about her, woman's "happiness".
Chapter I
The woman admits that she was happy as a girl while her parents cherished her. For parental affection and all the chores around the house seemed easy fun: the girl sang for yarn until midnight, danced while working in the field. But then she found a betrothed - a stove-maker Philip Korchagin. Matryona got married, and her life changed dramatically.
Chapter II
The author rewrites his story folk songs in his own literary work. These songs sing about a difficult fate married woman who got into someone else's family, about the bullying of her husband's relatives. Matryona found support only from grandfather Savely.
Chapter III
In the native family, grandfather was disliked, "stigmatized as a convict." At first, Matryona was afraid of him, frightened by his terrible, “bearish” appearance, but soon she saw in him a kind, warm-hearted person and began to ask for advice in everything. Once Savely told Matryona his story. This Russian hero ended up in hard labor for killing a German steward who mocked the peasants.
Chapter IV
A peasant woman talks about her great grief: how, through the fault of her mother-in-law, she lost her beloved son Dyomushka. The mother-in-law insisted that Matryona not take the child with her to the harvest. The daughter-in-law obeyed and with a heavy heart left the boy with Savely. The old man did not keep track of the baby, and the pigs ate him. The “chief” arrived and carried out an investigation. Having not received a bribe, he ordered the child to be autopsied in front of his mother, suspecting her of “conspiracy” with Savely.
Chapter Vmaterial from the site
The woman was ready to hate the old man, but then she recovered. And the grandfather, out of remorse, went into the woods. Ma-trena met him four years later at the grave of Dyomushka, where she came to mourn a new grief - the death of her parents. The peasant woman again brought the old man into the house, but Savely soon died, continuing to joke and instruct people until his death. Years passed, other children grew up with Matryona. The peasant woman fought for them, wished them happiness, was ready to please her father-in-law and mother-in-law, if only the children lived well. The father-in-law gave his son Fedot eight years as a shepherd, and trouble happened. Fedot chased after a she-wolf who stole a sheep, and then took pity on her, as she was feeding her cubs. The headman decided to punish the boy, but the mother stood up and accepted the punishment for her son. She herself was like a she-wolf, ready to lay down her life for her children.
Chapter VI
The “year of the comet” has come, foreshadowing crop failure. The bad premonitions came true: "the lack of bread has come." The peasants, maddened by hunger, were ready to kill each other. The trouble does not come alone: the husband-breadwinner "by deceit, not in a divine way" was shaved into soldiers. The male relatives, more than ever, began to mock Matryona, who at that time was pregnant with Liodorushka, and the peasant woman decided to go to the governor for help.
Chapter VII
Secretly, the peasant woman left her husband's house and went to the city. Here she managed to meet with the governor Elena Alexandrovna, to whom she turned with her request. In the governor's house, the peasant woman resolved herself with Lio-dorushka, and Elena Alexandrovna baptized the baby and insisted that her husband rescue Philip from recruitment.
Chapter VIII
Since then, in the village, Matrena has been denounced as a lucky woman and even nicknamed the "governor's wife." The peasant woman ends the story with a reproach that the travelers did not start a business - “to look for a happy one between the women.” God's companions are trying to find the keys to women's happiness, but they are lost somewhere far away, maybe swallowed by some fish: “In what seas that fish walks - God forgot! ..”
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